北京航空航天大学工商管理基础2008年考研真题
2008考研管理类联考综合能力真题及答案
2021考研管理类联考综合能力真题及答案一、问题求解：第1—15小题,每题3分,共45分. 以下每题给出的A、B、C、D、E五个选项中, 只有一项为哪一项符合试题要求的. 请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑.1、学科竞赛设一等奖、二等奖和三等奖，比例为1：3：8，获奖率为30％、10人获得一等奖，那么参加竞赛的人数为〔A〕300 〔B〕400〔C〕500 〔D〕550〔E〕600【答案】B2、为了解某公司员工的年龄构造，按男、女人数的比例进展了随机抽样，结果如下：根据表中数据估计，该公司男员工的平均年龄与全体员工的平均年龄分别是〔单位：岁〕〔A〕32，30 〔B〕32, 29.5〔C〕32, 27 〔D〕30, 27〔E〕29.5, 27【答案】A3、某单位采取分段收费的方式收取网络流量〔单位：GB〕费用：每月流量20〔含〕以内免费，流量20到30〔含〕的每GB收费1元，流量30到40〔含〕的每GB收费3元，流量40以上的每GB收费5元，小王这个月用了45GB的流量，那么他应该交费〔A〕45元〔B〕65元〔C〕75元〔D〕85元〔E〕135元【答案】B4、如图，圆O是三角形ABC的内切圆，假设三角形ABC的面积与周长的大小之比为1：2，那么圆O的面积为【答案】A〔A〕π〔B〕2π〔C〕3π〔D〕4π〔E〕5π5、设实数,满足|-|=2，|-|=26, 那么+=〔A〕30 〔B〕22〔C〕15 〔D〕13〔E〕10【答案】E6、甲、乙两人进展围棋比赛，约定先胜2盘者赢得比赛。
每盘棋甲获胜的概率是0.6，乙获胜的概率是0.4，假设乙在第一盘获胜，那么甲赢得比赛的概率为〔A〕0.144 〔B〕0.288〔C〕0.36 〔D〕0.4〔E〕0.6【答案】C7、如图，四边形平行四边形， , , ,分别是四边的中点，, , ,分别是四边的中点，依次下去。
得到四边形序列〔m=1，2，3…〕，设的面积为且 =12，那么 + + +…=〔A〕16 〔B〕20 〔C〕24 〔D〕28 〔E〕30【答案】C8、圆 + =b，假设圆C在点〔1.2〕处的切线与y轴的交点为〔0.3〕，那么ab=〔A〕1-2 〔B〕-1 〔C〕0 〔D〕1 〔E〕2【答案】E9、有96位顾客至少购置了甲、乙、丙三种商品中的一种，经调查：同时购置甲、乙两种商品的有8位，同时购置甲、丙两种商品的有12位，同时购置乙、丙两种商品的有6位，三种同时购置有2位，那么仅购置一种商品的顾客有〔A〕70位〔B〕72位〔C〕74位〔D〕76位〔E〕82位【答案】C10、将6张不同的卡片2张一组分别装入甲、乙、丙3个袋子中，假设指定的两张卡片要在同一组，那么不同的袋法有〔A〕12种〔B〕18种〔C〕24种〔D〕30种〔E〕36种【答案】B11、某单位为检查3个部门的工作。
2008年同等学力人员申请硕士学位学科综合水平全国统一考试工商管理试卷及答案
2008年同等学力人员申请硕士学位学科综合水平全国统一考试工商管理试卷一、单项选择题（每小题1分，共10分） 1.通过揭示组织形成、生存和发展的内在必然性探讨管理原理和方法的流派是：（C）A.管理过程流派B.管理科学流派C.组织管理流派D.经验管理流派2.早期人际关系学说的奠基人是：（B）A.泰罗B.梅奥C.法约尔D.马克斯·韦伯3.随着经验增加，能够形成单位成本下降趋势的原因不包括：（D）A.劳动效率B.工艺改进C.通过各种改善方式，生产出更标准化的产品D.生产出更高质量的产品4.小型多种经营企业，且大部分经营业务集中在少数几个密切相关的产品——细分市场上，应选择哪种矩阵分析其经营业务：（B）A.波士顿矩阵B.产品－市场演变矩阵C.通用矩阵D.同时运用产品－市场演变矩阵和通用矩阵5.根据家庭规模细分消费者市场，这被称为：（C）A.心理细分B.行为细分C.人口细分D.地理细分6.海尔集团在冰箱产品获得成功后，将“海尔”品牌使用到空调、洗衣机、手机等产品上，这被称为：（B）A.多品牌策略B.品牌扩展策略C.个别品牌策略D.分类品牌策略7.售后服务属于：（B）A.核心产品B.附加产品C.形式产品D.潜在产品8.优先股因为有固定股利而又无到期日，因而优先股股利可以看作：（B）A.普通年金B.永续年金C.延期年金D.即付年金9.一般来说，一个企业的速冻比率、流动比率和现金比率由大到小排列的顺序为：（D）A.速动比率、流动比率、现金比率B.速动比率、现金比率、流动比率C.现金比率、速动比率、流动比率D.流动比率、速动比率、现金比率10.某企业税后净利润为70万元，所得税率为30%，利息费用为20万元，则利息周转倍数为：（D）A.3.5B.4.5C.5D.6计算过程：[70/(1-30%)+20]/20=6二、多项选择题（每小题2分，共8分）11.程序化决策的传统手段包括：（BDE）A.判断、直觉B.习惯C.经验D.标准操作规程E.组织结构12.下面哪些是企业远景的要素：（ABCE）A.界定企业当前业务B.确定衡量效益的标准C.界定实现发展规划的具体步骤D.界定满足顾客需求的方式E.界定企业远景的特殊性13.菲利普·科特勒提出的“大市场营销”理论除了包括传统的4P外，还包括如下哪几个P？（AD）A.权力（Power）B.过程（Process）C.有形展示（Physical evidence）D.公共关系（Public relations）E.地点（Place）14.下列各项财务指标中，反映企业资产周转状况的指标有：（AD）A.应收帐款周转率B.流动比率C.资产负债率D.总资产周转率E.利息周转倍数三、名词解释（每小题3分，共12分）1.管理：是组织中维持集体协作行为延续发展的有意识的协调行为。
2008年 研究生综合真题
绝密★启用前2008年攻读硕士学位全国联考工商管理硕士综合能力试卷考生须知1．选择题的答案须用2B铅笔填涂在答题卡上，其它笔填涂的或做在试卷上的答案无效。
2．其他题一律用蓝色钢笔或黑色钢笔或圆珠笔在答题纸上按规定要求作答，凡做在试卷上或未做在指定位置的答案无效。
3．交卷时，请配合监考人员验收，并请监考人员在准考证相应位置签字（作为考生交卷的凭据）。
否则，所产生的一切后果由考生自负。
2008年全国攻读工商管理硕士研究生入学考试综合能力试题一、问题求解（本大题共15小题，每小题3分，共45分。
下列每题给出的五个选项中，只有一项是符合试题要求的。
请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑。
）1、24832234101(13)(13)(13)(13)(13)233333++++++=⨯⨯⨯⨯ A 10191332⨯+ B 19132+ C 19132⨯ D 9132⨯ E 以上都不对 2、若ABC ∆的三边为,,a b c 满足222a b c ab ac bc ++=++，则ABC ∆为（ ）A 等腰三角形B 直角三角形C 等边三角形D 等腰直角三角形E 以上都不是3、P 是以a 为边长的正方形，1P 是以P 的四边中点为顶点的正方形，2P 是以1P 的四边中点为顶点的正方形，i P 是以1i P -的四边中点为顶点的正方形，则6P 的面积是（ ） A 216a B 232a C 240a D 248a E 264a 4、某单位有90人，其中65人参加外语培训，72人参加计算机培训，已知参加外语培训而未参加计算机培训的有8人，则参加计算机培训而未参加英语培训的人数是（ ）A 5B 8C 10D 12E 155、方程2(10x x -=的两根分别为等腰三角形的腰a 和底b （a b <）,则该三角形的面积是（ ）A 4B 8C 4D 5E 86、一辆出租车有段时间的营运全在东西走向的一条大道上，若规定向东为正向，向西为负向。
北京航空航天大学2008年硕士研究生入学考试理论力学真题
北航2008年951力学基础理论力学部分考研试题答案 理论力学部分（共60分）七、（本题15分）重物由软绳悬挂如题七图所示。
设65β=，试利用力三角形求下列情况的α值：1）两绳的拉力相等；2）BC 绳拉力最小；3）BC 绳拉力不超过2P ；4）AC 绳拉力不超过2P 。
题七图八、（本题15分）一重2200NW =的均质梯子AB 长为L ，靠于墙上如题八图所示，(4arctg θ=。
设梯子与墙面间的摩擦系数1/3B f =。
今有一重1600N W =的人沿梯而上，问梯与地面间摩擦系数A f 应有多大，人才能安全到达梯顶？题八图九、（本题15分）求如题九图所示的各杆的内力。
题九图十、（本题15分）求如题十图所示椭圆规，连杆AB长为L，所有构件重力不计。
摩擦力忽略不计。
试用虚位移原理（虚功原理），求在图示平衡位置时主动力A F 和B F 之间的关系。
Ar δ题十图理论力学部分（共60分）三、 解：由题意可得以下平衡条件：2由力平衡条件得到x 轴方向：12cos cos F F βα= （7－1）由力平衡条件得到y 轴方向：12sin sin F F P βα+=（7－2）（1）当12F F =时，由式（7－1）得：65αβ==（2）将式（7－1）代入式（7－2）得：2(tg cos sin )F P βαα+=令 tg cos sin K βαα=+，求得：2P F K=，2F 对K 求导数可得：()22sin cos P F tg Kαβα'=--+取极大值时：sin cos tg αβα=，ctg tg αβ=即：25α= （3）tg cos sin 2PP βαα≤+，求得57.3α≤（4） 由式（7－1）和式（7－2）得： 11sin tg cos F F P βαβ+= 1Ps i n t gc o s2PF βαβ=≤+求解α即可得：68.87α≥ 。
八、解：在x.y 方向上的平衡方程：A B F N =12A B N F W W +=+力矩平衡方程(关于A 点)：21cos cos cos sin 2B B W W Y l F l N l θθθθ+=+另外：A A A F f N =B B B F f N =由以上各式可得：sin (cos )A B Kf f K θθ=+- ， 其中 2112()cos 2W Y W l K W W θ+=+讨论：(1) Af 是关于Y 的增函数，A f 必须满足Y 取最大值l 时的值。
2008年管理类专业学位联考(MBA)综合能力数学真题及答案含考点解析
2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试管理类专业学位联考 综合能力试题（数学真题）2008-1-19一、问题求解：第1~15小题，每小题3分，共45分。
下列每题给出的A 、B 、C 、D 、E 五个选项中，只有一项是符合试题要求的。
请在答题卡．．．上将所选项的字母涂黑。
1、=⨯⋅⋅⋅⨯⨯⨯++⨯⋅⋅⋅⨯+⨯+⨯+⨯+103232842333321)31()31()31()31()31(（ ）A.19103321+⨯ B.19321+ C.19321⨯ D.9321⨯ E.以上结果均不正确2、若△ABC 的三边c b a ,,满足bc ac ab c b a ++=++222，则△ABC 为（ ）A.等腰三角形B.直角三角形C.等边三角形D.等腰直角三角形E.以上结果均不正确3、P 是以a 为边长的正方形，1P 是以P 的四边中点为顶点的正方形，2P 是以1P 的四边中点为顶点的正方形，…，i P 是以1-i P 的四边中点为顶点的正方形，则6P 的面积为（ ）A.162aB.322aC.402aD.482aE.642a4、某单位有90人，其中有65人参加外语培训，72人参加计算机培训，已知参加外语培训而没参加计算机培训的有8人，则参加计算机培训而没参加外语培训的人数为（ ） A.5 B.8 C.10 D.12 E.155、方程03)31(2=++-x x 的两根分别为等腰三角形的腰a 和底b （a<b ），则该等腰三角形的面积是（ ） A.411 B.811 C.43 D.53 E.836、一辆出租车有段时间的营运全在东西走向的一条大道上，若规定向东为正，向西为负，且知该车的行驶公里数依次为-10，+6，+5，-8，+9，-15，+12，则将最后一名乘客送到目的地时，该车的位置（ ） A.在首次出发地的东面1公里处 B.在首次出发地的西面1公里处 C.在首次出发地的东面2公里处 D.在首次出发地的西面2公里处 E.仍在首次出发地7、如图所示，长方形ABCD 中AB=10厘米，BC=5厘米，以AB 和AD 分别为半径作41圆，则图中阴影部分的面积为（ ）平方厘米.A.π22525-B.π212525+C.π42550+D.504125-π E.以上结果均不正确8、若用浓度30%和20%的甲、乙两种食盐溶液配成浓度为24%的食盐溶液500克，则甲、乙两种溶液应各取（ ）A.180克和320克B.185克和315克C.190克和310克D.195克和305克E.200克和300克9、将价值200元的甲原料与价值480元的乙原料配成一种新原料.若新原料每千克的售价分别比甲、乙原料每千克的售价少3元和多1元，则新原料的售价是（ ） A.15元 B.16元 C.17元 D.18元 E.19元10、直角边之和为12的直角三角形面积的最大值等于（ ） A.16 B.18 C.20 D.22 E.不能确定11、如果数列{}n a 的前n 项和323-=n n a S ，那么这个数列的通项公式是（ ） A.)1(22++=n n a n B.n n a 23⨯= C.13+=n a n D.n n a 32⨯= E.以上结果均不正确12、以直线0=+x y 为对称轴且与直线23=-x y 对称的直线方程为（ ） A.323+=x y B.323+-=x y C.23--=x y D.23+-=x y E.以上结果均不正确13、有两排座位，前排6个座位，后排7个座位.若安排2人就座，规定前排中间2个座位不能坐，且此2人始终不能相邻而坐，则不同的坐法种数为（ ） A.92 B.93 C.94 D.95 E.9614、若从原点出发的质点M 向x 轴的正向移动一个和两个坐标单位的概率分别是32和31，则该质点移动3个坐标单位到达点（3,0）的概率是（ ） A.2719 B.2720 C.97 D.2722 E.272315、某乒乓球男子单打决赛在甲、乙两选手间进行，比赛采用7局4胜制.已知每局比赛甲选手战胜乙选手的概率均为0.7，则甲选手以4:1战胜乙选手的概率为（ ）A.37.084.0⨯ B.37.07.0⨯ C.37.03.0⨯ D.37.09.0⨯ E.以上结果均不正确二、条件充分性判断：第16~30小题，每小题2分，共30分。
2004年北京航空航天大学经济管理学院486工商管理基础考研真题(含部分答案)(圣才出品)
2004年北京航空航天大学经济管理学院486工商管理基础考研真题（含部分答案）北京航空航天大学2004年硕士研究生入学考试试题考试科目：486企业管理基础一、名词解释（本题共24分，每小题3分）1．市场机制答：市场机制指以市场为基本联结方式，即在商品等价交换关系的基础上，各种经济活动之内在的相互作用，或各种经济行为发生与形成的内在过程。
市场机制作为市场经济体制的功能，在资源配置中起基础性作用。
在市场经济中，各个市场行为主体和利益主体，礼会再生产过程的各个环节和各个方面，都以市场作为基本联结方式。
遵从商品等价交换的价值规律，以此为基础调节着国民经济的运行，调节着资源配置与利益分配。
市场机制被称为一只“看不见的手”。
市场机制主要包括价格机制、供求机制、竞争机制等，通过市场上各种价格的变动、供求关系的变化以及生产者之间的竞争，来推动经济的运行和实现资源的配置。
其优点在于：（1）充分发挥利益杠杆对经济活动的巨大推动作用，给企业以压力和动力，促使企业不断创新，努力改进技术，降低劳动消耗，提高经济管理水平，实现优胜劣汰；（2）通过价格杠杆和竞争功能，实现资源的合理配置，达到经济活动各方面的协调和平衡；（3）发挥市场对各种经济信号反应比较灵敏的优势，促进生产和需求的协调和均衡。
但是，市场机制的调节作用具有一定的自发性、事后性和盲目性。
为了克服市场机制的失效和失灵，政府必须实行必要的宏观调控，防止和克服各种失衡现象，保征经济正常运行和持续协调发展。
2．价格领导答：价格领导指在寡头市场中，某个行业的企业按照一个领导企业的价格制定其价格的做法，又称领导价格。
通常价格领导制有两种主要形式：（1）低成本企业的领导价格制。
在某些产品差别不大的行业中，某个企业由于其经营效率高，能以较低的价格出售其产品而成为该行业中确定价格的领导企业，其他企业为了保持市场份额，必须将价格降低到领导企业的水平，即使这样将减少利润，它们也会这样做。
2008年北京航空航天大学博士研究生考试(北航考博)英语真题
北京航空航天大学2008年博士研究生入学考试试题题单号：101英语考生注意：所有答题务必写在考场提供的答题纸上，写在本试题单上的答题一律无效（本题单不参与阅卷）。
Parts Ⅰ Listening Comprehension（20points）Section A（10%）Directions：In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C andD and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET1.1. A. Mary lost the photo album。
B. It’s difficult to take photographs indoors.C. The photo album is in the living room.D. Mary is a good photographer.2. A. The job’s short hours make it impossible for her to refuse.B. She’s looking forward to meeting her new colleagues.C. She refused the position because of the low salary.D. The job is turning into an excellent opportunity for her.3. A. Take the man to the station.B. Find out when the next bus leaves.C. Show the man the way to the station.D. Look after the man’s things.4. A. He has to do what is necessary in order to learn.B. He doesn’t have to memorize all the vocabulary.C. There’s not much he can learn by memorizing.D. He knows the whole vocabulary list already.5. A. He hasn’t had time to try it on yet.B. It doesn’t fit him very well.C. He needs a long-sleeved shirt.D. He’s not sure he likes the pattern.6. A. She doesn’t think it will snow.B. The location of session has been changed.C. The session might be canceled.D. She’ll probably be too tired to walk to the session.7. A. Use bleach on his socks.B. Buy new white socks.C. Wash his red T-shirt again.D. Throw away his pink socks.8. A. He hasn’t talked to his brother since he transferred.B. He doesn’t think his brother should transfer.C. His brother doesn’t want to transfer.D. He hadn’t heard the news about his brother.9. A. Which seminar the woman wants to sign up for.B. If the woman keeps money at the bank.C. Where the woman learned about the seminar.D. If the woman has taken other classes on personal finances.10. A. He’s used to cold weather.B. He expected the weather to be warmer over the weekend.C. He has never liked the weather in October.D. He didn’t see the forecast for the weekend.Section B (10%)Directions: In this section you will hear 2 passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear one question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B , C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET 1.11.A. The unemployment rate was the lowest in modern times.B. Inflation was the lowest in 50 years.C. Home ownership was the highest in the country’s history.D. A budget surplus was achieved.12. A. On the day he was born.B. When he was four years old.C. When he was in high school.D. When he was in Georgetown University.13. A. A professional musician.B. A professor.C. An actor.D. A lawyer.14. A. George Washington.B. Abraham Lincoln.C. Franklin Roosevelt.D. John Kennedy.15. A. Positive.B. Negative.C. Neutral.D. Hostile.16. A. 40,000.B. 14,000.C. 400,000.D. 140,000.17. A. On October 18, 1955.B. On October 28, 1955.C. On October 18, 1958.D. On October 28, 1958.18. A. In 1973.B. In 1974.C. In his junior year.D. In his senior year.19. A. His dream of making more profit.B. His mother’s advice.C. A belief the computer would be a valuable tool on every office desktop and in everyhome.D. The suggestion of his friends.20. A. Eight weeks.B. Seven weeks.C. Six weeks.D. Five weeks.Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension (30 points)Directions:There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, D. Read the passages carefully and decide on the best choice. Then mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET 1.Passage 1There has been a lot of hand-writing over the death of Elizabeth Steinberg. Withoutblaming anyone in particular, neighbors, friends, social workers, the police and newspapereditors have struggled to define the community’s responsibility to Elizabeth and to otherbattered children. As the collective soul-searching continues, there is a pervading sense that thesystem failed her.The fact is, in New York State the system couldn’t have saved her. It is almost impossible to protect a child from violent parents, especially if they are white, middle-class, well-educated and represented by counsel.Why does the state permit violence against children? There are a number of reasons. First, parental privilege is a rationalization. In the past, the law was giving its approval to the biblical injunction against sparing the rod.Second, while everyone agrees that the state must act to remove children from their homes when there is danger of serious physical or emotional harm, many child advocates believe that state intervention in the absence of serious injury is more harmful than helpful.Third, courts and legislatures tread carefully when their actions intrude or threaten to intrude on a relationship protected by the Constitution. In 1923, the Supreme Court recognized the “liberty of parent and guardian to direct the upbringing and education of children under their control.” More recently, in 1977, it upheld the teacher’s privilege to use corporal punishment against schoolchildren. Read together, these decisions give the constitutional imprimatur to parental use of physical force.Under the best conditions, small children depend utterly on their parents for survival. Under the worst, their dependency dooms them. While it is questionable whether anyone or anything could have saved Elizabeth Steinberg, it is plain that the law provided no protection.To the contrary, by justifying the use of physical force against children as an acceptable method of education and control, the law lent a measure of plausibility and legitimacy to her parents’ conduct.More than 80 years ago, in the teeth of parental resistance and Supreme Court doctrine, the New York State Legislature acted to eliminate child labor law. Now, the state must act to eliminate child abuse by banning corporal punishment. To break the vicious cycle of violence, nothing less will answer. If there isa lesson to be drawn from the death of Elizabeth Steinberg, it is this: Spare the rod and spare the child.21. The New York State law seems to provide least protection of a child from violent parentsof .A. a family on welfareB. a poor uneducated familyC. an educated black familyD. a middle-class white family22. “Sparing the rod” (黑体部分)means .A.childrenspoilingB. punishing childrenC. not caring about childrenD. not beating children23. Corporal punishment against schoolchildren is .A. taken as illegal in the New York StateB. considered being in the teacher’s provinceC. officially approved by lawD. disapproved by school teachers24. From the article we can infer that Elizabeth Steinberg is probably the victim of .A. teachers’ corporal punishmentB. misjudgment of the courtC. parents’ ill-treatmentviolencestreetD.25. The writer of this article thinks that banning corporal punishment will in the long run .A. prevent violence of adultsB. save more childrenC. protect children from ill-treatmentD. better the systemPassage 2For laymen ethnology is the most interesting of the biological sciences for the very reason that it concerns animals in their normal activities and therefore, if we wish, we can assess the possible danger and advantages in our own behavioral roots. Ethnology also is interesting methodologically because it combines in new ways very scrupulous field observations with experimentation in laboratories.The field workers have had some handicaps in winning respect for themselves. For a long time they were considered as little better than amateur animal-watchers—certainly not scientists, since their facts were not gained by experimental procedures: they could not conform to the hard-and-fast rule that a problem set up and solved by one scientist must be tested by other scientists, under identical conditions and reaching identical results. Of course many situations in the lives of animals simply cannot be rehearsed and controlled in this way. The fall flocking of wild free birds can’t be, or the roving animals over long distances, or even details of spontaneous family relationships. Since these never can be reproduced in a laboratory, they are then not worth knowing about?The ethnologists who choose field work have got themselves out of this impasse by greatly refining the techniques of observing. At the start of a project all the animals to be studied are live-trapped, marked individually, and released. Motion pictures, often in color, provide permanent records of their subsequent activities. Recording of the animals’ voices by electrical sound equipment is considered essential, and the most meticulous notes are kept of all that occurs. With this material other biologists, far from the scene, later can verify the reports. Moreover, two field observers often go out together, checking each other’s observations right there in the field.Ethnology, the word, is derived from the Greek ethos, meaning the characteristic traits or featureswhich distinguish a group-any particular group of people or, in biology, a group of animals such as a species. Ethnologists have the intention of studying “the whole sequence of acts which constitute an animal’s behavior.” In abridged dictionaries, ethnology is sometimes defined simply as “the objective study of animal behavior,” and ethnologists do emphasize their wish to eliminate myths.26. In the first sentence, the word “laymen” means .A. people who stand asideB. people who are not trained as biologistsC. people who are amateur biologistsD. people who love animals27. According to the passage, ethnology is .A. a new branch of biologyB. an old Greek sciencescienceforamateurspseudo-science D.aC.a28.“The field workers have handicaps in winning respect for themselves.” This sentence means .A. ethnologists when working in the field are handicappedB. ethnologists have problems in winning recognition as scientistsC. ethnologists are looked down upon when they work in the fieldD. ethnologists meet with lots of difficulties when doing field work29. According to the explanation of the scientific rule of experiment in the passage, “hand-and-fast” means experiment procedures .A. are difficult and quick to followB. must be carried out in a strict and quick wayC. must be followed strictly to avoid false and loose resultsD. hard and unreasonable for scientist to observe30. The meaning of the underlined words in “the details of spontaneous family relationships” can be expressed as .A. natural family relationshipsoccurringfamily relationshipsquicklyB.C. animals acting like a natural familyD. animal family behavior that cannot be preplanned or controlledPassage 3Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics- the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with sub-millimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge. ”While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,” says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA,“We can’t yet give a robot enough ‘common sense’ to reliably interact with adynamic world.”Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain’s roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented-and human perception far more complicated—than previously imaged. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey ate the side of a forest road or the single suspicious face in big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can’t approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don’t know quite how we do it.31. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in .A. the use of machines to produce science fictionB. the wide use of machines in manufacturing industryC. the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous workD. the elite’s cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work32. The word “gizmos” (line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means .programsA.expertsB.devicesC.creaturesD.33. According to the text, what is beyond man’s ability now is to design a robot that can .A. fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgeryB. interact with human beings verballyC. have a little common senseD. respond independently to a changing world34. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also .A. make a few decisions for themselvesB. deal with some errors with human interventionC. improve factory environmentsD. cultivate human creativity35. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are .A. expected to copy human brain in internal structureB. able to perceive abnormalities immediatelyC. far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant informationD. best used in a controlled environmentPassage 4When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn’t cutting, filling or polishing as many nails as she’d like to either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. “I’m a good economic indicator,” she says. “I provide a service that people can do without when they’re concerned about saving some dollars.” So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard’s department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. “Idon’t know if other clients are going to abandon me, too” she says.Even before Alan Greenspan’s admission that America’s red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year’s pace. But don’t sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy’s long-term prospects, even as they do some modest belt-tightening.Consumers say they’re not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding steady in most regions. In Manhattan, “there’s a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses,” says broker Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets. “Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three,” says john Deadly, a Bay Area real-estate broker. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job.Many folks see silver lining to this slowdown. Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldn’t mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swing, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. Diners might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattan’s hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant need to be impossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan & Co.may still be worth toasting.36. By “Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet” (Line 1, Paragraph 1), the author means .A. Spero can hardly maintain her businessB. Spero is too much engaged in her workC. Spero has grown out of her bad habitD. Spero is not in a desperate situation37. How do the pubic feel about the current economic situation?ConfusedA.B.OptimisticPanickedCarefree D.C.38. When mentioning “the $4 million to $10 million range”(Lines 3-4, Paragraph 3) the author is talking about .A. gold marketB. real estateC. stock exchangeD. venture investment39. Why can many people see “silver linings” to the economic slowdown?A. They would benefit in certain ways.B. The stock market shows signs of recovery.C. Such a slowdown usually precedes a boom.D. The purchasing power would be enhanced.40. To which of the following idea is the author likely to agree?A. A now boom, around the corner.B. Tighten the belt, the single remedy.C. Caution all right, panic not.D. The more ventures, the more chances.Part Ⅲ Vocabulary (10 points)Directions:In this part, there are 20 sentences with four choices below each sentence. Choose the best one from the 4 choices. Then mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET 1.41. The statement was an allusion to recent troubles with the agency’s computers.A. an explanationB. a contradictionC. a referenceD. a rejection42. A judge who is lenient will not punish people severely.loosemerciful B.A.sincere D.lunaticC.43. A balmy breeze came in and made us all feel refreshed.B.stronggentleA.D.fairywarmC.44. There is controversy even among doctors as to whether this disease is contagious or not.A. incisiveB. infertileC. allergicD. communicable45. The poem admirably expresses complicated nuance of feeling.innocenceB.annoyanceA.C. slight differenceD. great nuisance46. They believed that the merchants had conspired to undermine the nation’s economic independence.minimizeuphold B.A.C. weakenD. postpone47. Miss Black, an heir to a large fortune, is serving a life term.A. sentenceB. convictionofficeduty D.C.48. When doing business with an Arab, you have to endure hours of small talk, waiting for the topic of commerce to be broached.brokenA.B.raisedconcludedD.C.solved49. The ink had faded with time and so parts of the letter were illegible.illegitimateilliterate B.A.indecipherableD.C.inscrutable50. The process of respiration consists of two independent actions: inhaling and exhaling.recitingspeaking B.A.smelling D.breathingC.51. A briefcase full of counterfeit money was found on the counter.currencyB.A.forgedD.cashsubstitutedC.52. I hate to see the repulsive sights in commercials about cold remedies.A. soothingB. hypocriticaldeceitfulD.loathsomeC.53. Every of a motion picture is the responsibility of the director.A. sectionB. facetC. characterD. footage54. The criminal past a guard and managed to escape.stoleA. stormedB. sneezedC.sneaked D.55. Future scientific discoveries will make possible the further prolongation of the human life .pursuit D.spanC.well-beingcondition B.A.56. The sport of wrestling tests , strength, and stamina.A. agilityB. coordinationC. tacticsD. courage57. The travelers were into silence by the sight of a distant mountain.A. enlivenedB. awedC. forcedD. frightened58. What is missing from TV news would fill a book.A. coverageB. disseminationC. declarationD. consultation59. English in idioms, and so does Chinese.A. catersB. existsC. remainsD. abounds60. The university has sought to a special fund for physically disabled students.A. administerB. complimentC. performD. institutePart Ⅳ Cloze(10 points)Directions: In this part, there are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the blank. Then mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET 1.An Ohio State University study has linked behavior in young children 61 the type of job their mother has. Mothers with complex occupations that are self-directed and require working with other people 62 to have offspring with relatively low levels of behavior problems. The opposite held 63 when the jobs were routine, closely supervised, and dealt with things, rather than people.“A job that challenges and interests a mother and gives her an opportunity to exercise judgment and solve problems clearly has 64 consequences for her children’s behavior,” indicates 65 professor of sociology Elizabeth Mengaghan. Occupations with more positive conditions include management, sales, and teaching positions. Jobs that may be related to increased child behavior problems include book keeping, food service, and 66 line positions.Women who are supervised closely at work and made to 67 strict orders may be more likely to use this same style in 68 their kids. They may emphasize obedience to parental authority and the potential for 69 punishment. “We believe that the choice of such a parenting style may increase the 70 of behavior problems in children.” On the 71 hand, mothers whose jobs are less controlled by supervisors and 72 must work closely with other people probably rely less on physical punishment, 73 encouraging children to think about consequences of their actions and 74 responsibility for their behavior. 75 an approach encourages youngsters to follow parental demands 76 they aren’t being supervised because they have accepted parental values as their own. Moreover, mothers whose jobs don’t 77 constant supervision “ 78 problem-solving skills that they can bring to other parts of their life”.The research also found that those who have 79 challenging and interesting jobs provide better home environments for their children. The mothers give their offspring more intellectual stimulation and emotional support, and this, 80 turn, is linked to fewer behavior problem.with C.B.in D.onof61.A.D.tendedrelatedC.62.likely B.A.linkedD.thesamewrong63.A.true B.false C.64. A. negative B. positive C. affirmative D. denialC.associate D.juniorvice B.deputy65.A.gatherD.C.gatheringassembledA.66.assembly B.listenD.heargive C.followB.67.A.68. A. growing B. bringing C. feeding D. raising69. A. mental B. psychological C. physical D. bodyD.depth70.C.extentA.frequency B.degreeanother D.othersC.A.other71.one B.C.thosewhosewho D.B.whom72.A.73. A. instead B. rather than C. rather D. instead ofget C.makehave D.take B.74.A.Thus D.WhatSo C.Such B.A.75.76. A. even B. even then C. even when D. even so77. A. involve B. relate C. revolve D. relate78. A. invent B. develop C. developing D. inventingleast79.most D.C.A.less B.moreby D.withto C.in B.A.80.Part Ⅴ Translation (15 points)Directions:Read the following passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2.81. By now it’s hardly news that as education has risen to the top of the national agenda, a great wave of school reform has focused on two related objectives: more-stringent academic standards and increasingly rigorous accountability for both student and schools.82. In state after state, legislatures, governors, and state boards, supported by business leaders, have imposed tougher requirements in math, English, science, and other fields, together with new tests by which the performance of both students and schools is to be judged. In some places students have already been denied diplomas or held back in grade if they failed these tests. 83. In some states funding for individual schools and for teachers’ and principals’ salaries----and in some, such as Virginia, the accreditation of schools---will depend on how well students do on tests. More than half the states now require tests for student promotion or graduation.But a backlash has begun.84. In Virginia this spring parents, teachers, and school administrators opposed to the state’s Standard of Learning assessments, established in 1998, inspired a flurry of bills in the legislature that called for revising the test of their status as unavoidable hurdles for promotion and graduation. One bill would also have required that each new member of the sate board of education “take the eighth grade Standard of Learning assessments in English, mathematics, science, and social sciences” and that “the results of such assessments… be publicly reported.” 85. None of the bills passed, but there’s little doubt that if the system isn’t revised and the state’s high failure rates don’t decrease by 2004, when the first Virginia senior may be denied diplomas, the political pressure will intensify. Meanwhile, some parents are talking about Massachusetts-style boycotts.Part Ⅵ Writing(15 points)Directions:Write a composition of no less than 200 words about you opinions on academic plagiarism—the dishonest act in academic communication. Write your answer on ANSWER SHEET 2.。
北京航空航天大学历年真题快速下载索引
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