山东师范大学翻译讲义

山东师范大学外国语学院英汉翻译English-Chinese Translation贾磊20111.Editing/修改English Chinese..the best collection of his drawings being in the Uffizi inFlorence他最好的草图都被收集在佛罗伦萨的乌菲兹美术馆…during the funeral service,St Stephen and St Augustine were said to have miraculously intervened to place the body in its tomb with their own hands.据说圣史蒂芬和圣奥古斯丁神秘地介入了殡葬仪式并亲手将尸体放入墓地He(Prince of Angri)had offered Caravaggio6,000scudi(a large sum)to fresco a loggia,an offer that was refused, doubtless because he disliked the medium,which he is not definitely know to have employed.亲王支付给卡拉瓦乔六千银币（一大笔钱）请他为自己的凉廊绘制壁画却遭到了拒绝，显然画家不喜欢这种绘画，因为这样不能明确地表明他是受雇而创作。

This marriage of convenience is clearly doomed.显然，这场贪图财利的婚姻，将不可避免地走向灾难的结局。

Wright of Derby was one of the earliest artists to restore men and women(pictorially at least)to what society then believed was their proper spheres:men think and reason, women feel.德比的莱特是把男人和女人重新恢复到当时社会所认为的适当社会地位的早期艺术家之一（至少在绘画上如此），即：男人善于思考推理，女人善于感性体验。

Unfetted by the conventions that such grandiloquent portaits required,Reynolds created his freshest and most daring portait of a society beauty.雷诺兹没有被这种浮华肖像画的惯例所束缚,他创造了一个上流社会美女的最令人耳目一新，也是最大胆创新的肖像画。

Sitting backwards in a chair,Mrs Abington has her thumb in her mouth as she stares distractedly,yet with bright, captivating eyes,out into space.阿宾顿夫人靠在椅背上，拇指放于嘴中，瞪着眼睛若所所思，但她明亮美丽的眼睛却望向苍穹。

在20世纪初期拿破仑的妈妈在骄傲地观礼。

He confronts a people whose language he does not know, on whose kindness he must rely,and with whom–his poetic gifts now all but useless to him–he must attempt to communicate.他碰上的这个民族，他不懂他们的语言，他又必须依赖他们的善良生存，而且他必须试着去跟他们沟通——现在诗人的天赋对他来说已是百无一用。

The painting must have been admired by Edgar Degas, because the older artist started in earnest on his own quest to represent the“modern”,but female,body in the act of bathing in1884-85,just as Caillebotte signed and dated his most important late painting.这幅画肯定受到了埃德加•德加的赞美，因为这位艺术前辈早在1884-85年就开始用他自己的方式虔诚地表现“现代的”，而不是女性的，浴中人体艺术，正如同卡耶波特在他晚期最重要的作品中所签署并注明的一样。

当它还在画架上时便被著名的俄国收藏家史楚金(Sergei Shchukin)预定收藏。

Schwitters was particularly influenced by Kandinsky’s ideas about the synthesis of different art forms and his ideal of creating a universal Gesamtkunstwerk（‘total work of art’）.康定斯基对不同艺术表现形式之间应相互融合的思想以及他希望创造一个世界性的完全的纯艺术作品的理想深深地影响着施维特斯。

Essentially self-taught,in autumn1954the young American Jasper Johns destroyed all the works in his New York studio as a prelude to reinventing his art from first principles.1954年秋天，贾斯帕•约翰斯——一位基本上是自学成才的年轻的美国小伙子——销毁了他纽约工作室里所有的作品，这一举动，拉开了约翰斯挑战抽象主义画风的序幕。

2.Q&A:China's Scientist PremierIn a rare one-on-one interview,Premier Wen Jiabao spoke with Science about China's efforts to ground its economic and social development in sound scienceBEIJING—2008has been a roller-coaster ride for China and for Premier Wen Jiabao.Recent highs were the spectacular Olympics and the successful space walk late last month during the Shenzhou-7mission,a key step toward China’s aspirations of building a space station and sending astronauts to the moon.Lows included the Tibet riot,a devastating earthquake in Sichuan Province,and the tainted-milk scandal.In2003,early in his first term as head of China’s government,Wen promoted measures to address the spread of AIDS and the emergence of SARS.His leadership qualities were tested again after the12May Wenchuan earthquake.Within hours,Wen was on the scene,rallying rescuers and comforting victims.Wen led the earthquake response with technical authority few politicians anywhere could match.The Tianjin native studied geological surveying as an undergraduate and geological structure as a graduate student at Beijing Institute of Geology from1960to 1968,then spent the next14years with Gansu Provincial Geological Bureau in western China.In the1980s,Wen rose through the ranks of the Communist Party and became vice premier of the State Council,China’s Cabinet,in1998and premier in2003.Wen began a second5-year term as premier last March.In a2-hour conversation with Science Editor-in-Chief Bruce Alberts at the Zhongnanhai leadership compound in the heart of Beijing on30September,Wen,66,spoke candidly and forcefully,without notes,on everything from the role of social and economic development being“the wellspring”of science and technology to cultivating scientific ethics and reducing China’s reliance on fossil fuels.3.From How to Mellify a CorpseDuring a meditative stroll around his home turf,the region of Turkey that the Greeks of old called Asia Minor,a keen-eyed thinker named Thales stumbled across naturally occurring magnets called lodestones.Experimenting,he discovered their ability to attract iron;back in600b.c.,this amounted to headline news.Giving the world its earliest sound bite,he exclaimed,"Lodestone made the iron move—it has a soul!"With that statement,he rejected the prevailing belief about inexplicable events:that the gods must have done it.That took courage.Thales spent his life inquiring into the animating principles of the universe,the deeper nature of matter.Like other Greek seekers,he embraced learning from more ancient cultures,studying geometry and astronomy with the Egyptian sages.With his newly won knowledge he was able to accurately predict a solar eclipse,forcing armies to cancel a perfectly good battle slated for that day.This insightful eccentric has been called the first Greek scientist.In the same era,his class act was echoed by Pythagoras,who sought answers to the universe in numbers and in music.A Greek born on the island of Samos,Pythagoras chose to establish his community of three hundred like-minded geeks,male and female,in southern Italy.It would grow to include thousands of adherents,including his wife and daughters,and thrive for centuries.4.Earth-friendly schoolBy Rebecca BarnsKids at Sidwell Friends School in Washington,D.C.,love their new'green'campus.What has light,fresh air,and is a great place to learn?An ecofriendly middle school.At Sidwell Friends Middle School in Washington,D.C.,one of the newest teachers on campus this year is a building.From top to bottom it's energy efficient,environmentally friendly,and an inviting place to learn everything from science to singing.It all started when the school needed more classroom space.Instead of tearing down the existing building,a construction crew brought in a bulldozer to clear out the interior,and an L-shaped addition went up beside it.The new,U-shaped building is filled with earth-friendly features,but the spacious rooms with huge windows are the first things you notice."The extra natural light in the classrooms really keeps you awake and enjoying the day,"says Isabel Dorval,a ninth-grader at Sidwell.Walkways made of what?The architects chose natural,recycled,and renewable materials wherever possible.Most of these could be used with minimal impact on the environment.Doors were made with a veneer of bamboo(a fast-growing grass),bulletin boards with cork(which can be harvested without cutting down trees),and cabinets from wheatboard(which is made of wheat straw–the part of the plant that's left over after the grain is harvested).Old materials were also reused in new ways.Bleachers from another school were used to make the window trim.Wood for walkways came from a pier in Baltimore.The"skin"on the outside of the building was made with wood from wine casks.The sun is turning the boards a beautiful silvery gray.On the roof,tall,glass-sided chimneys vent warm air,creating a current that pulls cool,fresh air through the building's north-facing windows.Sixth-graders tend rooftop beds of herbs that they cut and bring to the cafeteria.Native plants help insulate the building and filter rain-water that flows through downspouts to the landscaped area below.Recycled waterInstead of planting a grass lawn,the school created a terraced wetland area and pond by the main entrance.The area has become a hands-on science lab where students take water samples,identify microorganisms,and study wildlife.Another important purpose of the wetlands is to treat the water from sinks and toilets.Waste goes into an underground tank,where tiny organisms begin to break it down.Then it filters through plants,rock,and sand in the wetland and back through the building to be used in sinks and toilets and to cool machinery.Fresh water in drinking fountains comes from the city supply.The school uses about90percent less water than a traditionally built school of the same size."My favorite place is probably the benches outside by the wetlands,"says Isabel."It feels like it's a little habitat out there because you're enclosed on three sides by the building.There's a mural that illustrates the sedimentation process.That brings awareness of what's happening right in front of you.That's very neat."Lessons from the buildingMechanical controls,vents,and pipes in plain view make it easier to understand how everything works.Along the wide,open hallways filled with natural light,wind chimes in vents signal when fresh air is being taken into the building.In science class,everyone reads the monitors to note how temperature and levels of carbon dioxide change throughout the day.The building is a great place for environmental detective work,too."I asked the students to look around and tell me where paper was used to make something in the classroom,"says Jennifer Mitchell, who teaches fifth-grade science."One student looked up and said it was in the ceiling tiles,and he was right.The ceiling tiles are made from recycled newspaper."Let the sunshine inThe building's greatest energy saving is in its use of light.The large windows have light shelves above that reflect natural light farther into rooms without letting in heat from the sun.On the south side of the building,where the sun is strongest,horizontal screens shade classrooms from glare.On the east and west sides,vertical screens shade windows when the sun is low.Some days,the overhead fluorescent lights never need to be turned on.That saves not only the energy it takes to keep lights on;it also saves the energy it takes to cool down the building from all the heat that lights can generate.The result is that such an efficient building has helped the school cut its energy use by60percent.All about the environmentFrom the day the doors to the new building opened,changes have echoed through Sidwell Friends School.The cafeteria has been serving more organic and locally grown food.There's an environmental club called ECO,and students have begun to teach their parents about more energy-efficient ways of doing things at home."We have such an opportunity here,"says Ms.Mitchell."As you learn about the building,it makes you think how much sense it makes to do things this way."Isabel likes science very much and says the new building has made science even more interesting for her."It went from little in-class experiments to really learning about the school itself as an experiment,"she says."I think I can speak for our whole grade,saying that suddenly you just understood your environment and how you affect it."Green schools across AmericaFrom Hawaii to New Jersey,a growing number of schools in the United States are going green.An organization called the U.S.Green Building Council is helping to spread the word.It has certified more than70schools as"green,"and hundreds more have applied for certification.Here are some neat ways schools across the country have cleaned up their acts:Clackamas High School in Clackamas,Ore.,used native plants that are pest-tolerant to reduce the need for pesticide use on school grounds.Solar power serves as an energy source.And students monitor the effect their school has on its watershed.They also plant trees,help remove invasive species,and collect garbage in their community on weekends.East Clayton Elementary School in Clayton,N.C.,uses recycled denim to insulate walls and protects the air around the school by not allowing buses to idle outside the building.Desert Edge High School in Goodyear,Ariz.,has a white roof to reflect the blazing desert sun,motion and daylight sensors to turn off lights when they're not needed,and sensors that monitor stale air in the building and automatically open vents.Fossil Ridge High School in Fort Collins,Colo.,runs on energy from wind and solar power.Great Seneca Creek Elementary School in Germantown,Md.,uses a geothermal heating and cooling system that's buried deep underground.Lick-Wilmerding High School in San Francisco has photovoltaic cells that generate the power to run dozens of computers,and there are plans to erect a windmill.Students compost cafeteria food and run a recycling program.One World Montessori School in San Jose,Calif.,uses green cleaning products and avoids using pesticides on school property.Punahou School in Honolulu,Hawaii,has student lockers made from milk cartons and floors made of recycled tires.T.C.Williams High School in Alexandria,Va.,has a rooftop garden and a huge underground storage tank to hold rainwater runoff for use in the building.Willow School in Gladstone,N.J.,turns off the heating and air conditioning when the outside temperature is between65and80 degrees F.Then,a light comes on to remind students to open the windows.Solar power that's generated on campus provides some electricity.5.Lego Celebrates50Years of BuildingBy Leo CendrowiczFor devotees,Monday sees the50th anniversary of an event in Copenhagen that transformed toys and revolutionized childhood itself.It was at1:58p.m.on January28,1958,that then-Lego head Godtfred Kirk Christiansen filed a patent for the iconic plastic brick with its stud-and-hole design.Since then,the company has made a staggering400billion Lego elements,or62bricks for every person on the planet.And if stacked on top of one another,the pieces would form10towers reaching all the way from the Earth to the Moon. But Lego's legacy lies less in numbers than in its creative influence.The colorful bricks have littered playroom floors for generations of families.But they have also spurred ingenuity among children that few toys can claim before and since.The company has always emphasized the importance of free-form play,and Lego's popularity can be attributed to the amount of imagination children use to build with the bricks.The Lego company was founded in1932by Danish carpenter Ole Kirk Christiansen,a carpenter from Billund who had a sideline in wooden toys.He named the company after an amalgamation of the Danish phrase"leg godt,"which means"play well."The basic eight-stud red Lego brick was first sold in Denmark in1949.But it took a further nine years for Ole Kirk's son,Godtfred Kirk, to file the patent for the versatile"Automatic Binding Brick"with its interlocking2x4studs.The plastic bricks are part of a unique system:tiny tubes inside give the knobs on top of other blocks more places to grip.They hold together well but can be taken apart easily by a child.And consistency has been key:the bricks produced today have the same bumps and holes,and can still interlock with those produced back in1958.Fifty years on and the Lego Group is the world's fifth largest toymaker in terms of sales,after Mattel,Hasbro,Bandai and MGA Entertainment.Over the years,the Lego group has built up the brand.It developed the larger Duplo series in the1960s for younger children who had trouble handling the original tiny Lego bricks(Duplo is still going strong too).In1968,the company opened its first Legoland theme parks,near its Billund birthplace.Parks in Windsor,England,Carlsbad,California and Günzburg,Germany followed,each using around 50million bricks to create replicas of monuments and landmarks such as the Eiffel Tower,Mount Rushmore,and the Sydney Opera House.Each park receives around1.4million visitors per year.But over the past decade,the group has struggled to keep pace with changing toy trends:the basic plastic bricks find it particularly tough to compete with games consoles like XBox and PlayStation to attract kids'attention.After years of eroding sales,the company posted its first-ever losses in1998.Radical remedies were needed to restore the brick's reputation.Tie-ins helped:the company's link-up with Star Wars revived the brand,and even led to its own video games:Lego Star Wars II sold1.1million units in its first week of release in2006.If you can't beat'em,join'em,it would seem.In recent years,a series of brutal job cuts,asset sales and cost-cutting measures have pruned the company down.Staff numbers have fallen from6,000in2004to some4,500today.The Legoland parks were sold in2005to Merlin Entertainments,part of the Blackstone private equity group,which owns Madame Tussauds and Sea Life.And critically,distribution,packaging and production has been outsourced to Eastern Europe and Mexico.As a result,the Lego Group turned a$374million loss in2004into a$281million profit in2006.The group itself is only planning low-key celebrations of the patent anniversary:a special-edition of its1950s-style Town Plan set with three gold bricks,and a worldwide building contest with a grand finale at Legoland Billund.And for most Google users—itself a website which keeps building and growing in size—the homepage spelling of the company name in Lego blocks Monday will come across as just another of the web giant's quirks.But for the millions who grew up on the brick—and the millions more still fitting them together—that lunchtime visit to the patent office proved priceless.。