Understanding Pragmatics
pragmatics英语解释
Pragmatics is a subfield of linguistics that studies how context and social factors contribute to meaning in language. It looks at how language is used in real-life situations and how it can be interpreted beyond its literal or grammatical meaning. Pragmatics also examines howmunicative acts are performed and understood, including the role of speaker intentions, assumptions, and presuppositions inmunication.1. Definition of PragmaticsPragmatics is the study of how context influences the interpretation of language. It focuses on the use of language inmunication, taking into account the speaker's intentions, the context of the conversation, and the social and cultural factors that may impact meaning. Unlike semantics, which deals with the literal meaning of words and sentences, pragmatics looks at the implied or inferred meaning of language in use.2. Key Concepts in Pragmaticsa. Speech ActsOne of the central concepts in pragmatics is speech acts, whichrefers to the actions performed by speakers through their utterances. These actions can include making requests, giving orders, making promises, or expressing opinions. Speech acts are not just about the words themselves, but also the intentions and effects behind them.b. Grice's MaximsGrice's conversational maxims are another important concept in pragmatics. These maxims, proposed by philosopher H.P. Grice, outline the principles that guide cooperativemunication. They include the maxims of quantity, quality, relevance, and manner, which suggest that speakers should be informative, truthful, relevant, and clear in theirmunication.c. ImplicatureImplicature refers to the inferred meaning that arises from an utterance, beyond its literal meaning. The study of implicature is central to the understanding of how context and pragmatic principles affect the interpretation of language. For example, when someone says "It's cold in here," the implicature might be a request to close a window or turn up the heat.3. Applications of PragmaticsPragmatics has implications for various areas of language use, including language teaching, cross-culturalmunication, and discourse analysis.a. Language TeachingIn language teaching, an understanding of pragmatics is crucial for learners to effectively use language in real-world situations. Teaching pragmatics involves helping learners understand the appropriate use of language in different contexts and how to interpret the implied meanings and intentions inmunication.b. Cross-Cultural CommunicationPragmatics also plays a significant role in cross-culturalmunication. Different languages and cultures may have varying pragmatic norms and conventions, leading to potential misunderstandings or mimunications. By understanding the pragmatic differences between languages, individuals can navigate cross-cultural interactions more effectively.c. Discourse AnalysisIn discourse analysis, pragmatics is used to examine how language is used to achievemunicative goals in different contexts. This includes studying the patterns of interaction, power dynamics, and politeness strategies in discourse, as well as how context influences the interpretation of language in specific settings.4. Challenges and Controversies in PragmaticsDespite its importance, pragmatics also faces several challenges and controversies in its study. These include issues related to the cultural and context-specific nature of pragmatic meaning, the difficulty of establishing universal pragmatic principles, and the role of pragmatics in language processing and understanding.a. Cultural and Context-Specific NatureOne challenge in pragmatics is the recognition of the cultural and context-specific nature of pragmatic meaning. Differentcultures may have unique norms and conventions formunication, leading to variations in pragmatic interpretation. This makes it difficult to establish universal rules for pragmatic understanding.b. Universal Pragmatic PrinciplesAnother controversial issue is the search for universal pragmatic principles. While some scholars argue for the existence of cross-linguistic and cross-cultural pragmatic principles, others emphasize the diversity and variability of pragmatic norms across languages and cultures. This ongoing debate reflects theplexity of studying pragmatics on a global scale.c. Pragmatics and Language ProcessingThe relationship between pragmatics and language processing is another area of contention. Some researchers argue that pragmatics is an essentialponent of language understanding, while others m本人nt本人n that it is secondary to the processing of grammatical and semantic information. Resolving this issue has implications for the study ofmunication disorders and the development of natural language processing systems.5. ConclusionIn conclusion, pragmatics offers valuable insights into theplex nature of language use and interpretation. By examining the role of context, social factors, and speaker intentions inmunication, pragmatics enhances our understanding of how language works in the real world. Despite the challenges and controversies it faces, the study of pragmatics continues to be an important and dynamic field within linguistics, with implications for language teaching, cross-culturalmunication, and discourse analysis. As we strive to better understand the multifaceted nature of language andmunication, pragmatics rem本人ns a crucial area of investigation.。
普通语言学 8-Pragmatics讲解
5. 为什么研究语用学？
Humpty Dumpty:
“When I use a word, it means just what I choose it to mean -neither more nor less.”
英美语用学: 语用学的成分论 (component view of pragmatics)
欧陆语用学: 语用学的综观论 (perspective view of pragmatics)
英美语用学
语用学是语言理论的核心组成部分，与语 音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学 的地位相同。
语用学研究的是依赖于语言使用的意义。
Carnap (1942)：order of degree of abstractness: syntax is the most and pragmatics is the least abstract, with semantics lying somewhere in between. Syntax provides input to semantics, which provides input to pragmatics.
主要研究：含意、预设、言语行为、指示 语
欧陆语用学
语用学为语言行为的各个方面提供一个功 能的视角或综观。
语用学在总体上被看作是语言交际的理论。
包括社会语言学、心里语言学、语篇分析 所涵盖的领域。
欧陆语用学
更加接近Morris（1938）的语用学思想
Jacob Mey (1993):
1. Micropragmatics: context, implicature and reference; pragmatic principles; speech acts; conversation analysis
understanding_pragmatics__范文模板及概述
understanding pragmatics 范文模板及概述1. 引言1.1 概述在日常交流中，人们不仅通过语言表达直接的含义，还借助于语境、上下文和非语言符号等方式传递更多的信息。
这样的语言使用习惯和规则被统称为语用学。
理解语用学对于我们有效地进行交际和沟通至关重要。
本文将深入探讨理解语用学的重要性，并介绍一些实际应用领域。
1.2 文章结构本文将分为五个部分来探讨理解语用学。
首先，在第二部分中，将对语用学概念进行概述，并强调其在人际交流中的重要性。
然后，在第三部分中，将详细介绍一些实际应用领域，如跨文化交际、商务沟通以及教育和心理学领域中的语用学应用。
接下来，在第四部分中，将对一些关键概念进行解析，包括言外之意（Implicature）、呼应原则（Cooperative Principle）以及上下文（Context）与共指（Reference）。
最后，在第五部分中，将对主要观点和发现结果进行总结，并提出未来研究和实践建议。
1.3 目的本文的主要目的是帮助读者更好地理解语用学，并认识到它在日常交流和不同领域中的重要性。
通过探讨一些实际应用领域和关键概念，读者将能够更加灵活地应用语言技巧，提高沟通效果。
同时，本文也旨在促进对语用学的研究和未来发展方向的思考。
**请注意：上述内容为普通文本格式回答，非JSON格式。
**2. 理解语用学2.1 语用学概述语用学是研究言语行为和意义的学科。
它关注的是人们在特定语境中使用语言时所表达的意思和意图，以及这些意思和意图如何影响沟通和交流。
通过研究话语背后的含义和目的，语用学揭示了人们在具体情境中如何运用语言来构建社会关系、传递信息和实现交际目标。
2.2 语用学的重要性理解并掌握语用学对于有效的沟通至关重要。
在跨文化交际中，了解不同文化背景下表达方式的差异可以减少误解和冲突。
在商务沟通中，准确理解他人的请求、指示或谈判策略可以提高商业合作的效益。
在教育和心理学领域中，运用合适的语用策略可以促进教学效果和心理咨询过程。
Understanding Pragmatics评介
科●20世纪八九十年代，语用学得到快速的发展，关于语用学的类别，“英美学派”持有“基本分析单元说”，这一派认为语用学属于语言学的分支，与语音学，音系学，形态学，句法学，语义学并列。
而“欧洲大陆学派”认为语用学是一门跨学科领域，和心理语言学和文化语言学同属于跨学科领域研究。
这种学术上的争论未能充分地解释语言运用的全貌，语用学还是存在界定模糊，范围宽泛的问题。
而国际语用学学会秘书长耶夫.维索尔伦的这本《语用学新解》，是一部以新的视角来解释语用学。
他认为语用学，是着眼于研究语言使用的特征和过程的学问（p.1）。
作者独辟蹊径，以新的视角来阐释语用学。
提出了以顺应论为核心的语用综观论，即使用语言的过程就是语言选择的过程。
《语用学新解》这本书观点新颖，是很值得学习的（何自然，导读后记，F32）。
1内容简介该书凝集了作者20多年的研究成果。
全书分为三大部分九章内容，加有绪论，每个章节后面还附有小结，进一步阅读和研究课题，小结有利于帮读者归纳各章节所讲的内容，进一步阅读和研究课题为进一步拓宽读者视野提供可能。
另外本书后面还附有文库索引。
第一部分包含两章内容。
第一章首先对语用学的常见论题进行回顾，介绍和论证，并最终得出两个结论，一是这些传统领域在研究兴趣上的共同之处比表面看起来的要多；二是不能把上述的传统领域分开编著。
其次，作者在第一章里还简要介绍了两个研究领域，礼貌和论辩。
作者在本章结尾阐明了意义的重要地位，最后，作者重新介绍了一些在语用学中经常使用的术语，即言语体裁，语篇文本和会话在第二章中，作者将语言使用定义为语言的选择，为了更好地理解语言选择，作者提出了语言的三个特性，变异性，商讨性和顺应性。
接着适应性成了界定四个研究视角的出发点，即适应性的语境相关成分；适应性的结构对象，适应性的动态过程和适应性的意识突显性。
作者指出对任何语言现象进行语用研究就必须使四个研究视角的出发点合二为一。
第二部分包含第三章到第六章。
语用学Pragmatics An Introduction
1
Chapter 1:Defining Pragmatics
Preliminaries Pragmatics: definition and delimitation What use is pragmatics?
2
Preliminaries
15
Dynamic communication perspective: Pragmatics is the study of the expression of relative distance. (Yule, 1996:3) Pragmatics is the study of the ability of language users to pair sentences with the contexts in which they would be appropriate. (Levinson, 1983:24)
11
The complementarity by Leech
Semanticism (pragmatics inside semantics) Pragmaticism (semantics inside pragmatics) Complementarism (complementary but independent)
12
Definitions
Speaker’s perspective: Pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning. (George Yule, 1996:3) Pragmatics is the study of how people use language for successful communication. (Kempson, 1977:84)
英语课堂语码转换顺应性原则研究
英语课堂语码转换顺应性原则研究一、引言语码转换(Code-switching)是社会语言学的重要问题，语言学家从社会学、心理学、句法学、语用学等各个方面对其进行研究。
Fraomkin (1998)认为语码转换是将一个单词或词组插入正在使用的一句话中，或在两种语言变体或语码间来回变换使用的现象(转引自王娟，2008)。
Scotton (1993)认为语码转换是在同一次谈话中使用两种或两种以上的语言变体。
McKay & Hornberger (1996)认为当言语社团中存在两种或更多的语言时，讲话人经常从一种语言转换到另一种的现象是语码转换。
国内的语言学家也对语码转换进行了多角度的研究，探讨了语码转换的成因、功能、效果。
本文拟从顺应论的角度来探讨语码转换，认为语码转换是双语交际者进行顺应的具体体现。
同时对课堂中的语码转化进行具体的研究，旨在讨论外语教学中语码转换的顺应性功能，揭示其对英语教学的启示。
二、语码转化的顺应性语码转换的解释涉及到语言、心理认知和社会文化等因素。
Verschueren在所著书Understanding Pragmatics（1999）中提出的“顺应性理论”从一个全新的视角诠释了当今的语用学。
Verschueren 认为语用学是语言现象的认知、社会和文化的综观，一种功能性的综观，语用学渗透在语言使用的所有层次上，所以它为语码转换的研究提供了一个比以往研究更广阔、解释力更强的新视角，能全面阐释语码转换所涉及的语言、社会文化和心理认知等因素。
他认为语言的使用，说到底是一个不断选择的过程，不仅包括语言形式的选择，还包括语言策略的选择。
具体的选择手段和策略受社会和文化等因素的影响和制约。
语言使用者之所以能够做出种种恰当的选择，是因为自然语言具有变异性、商讨性和顺应性。
变异性使语言选择成为可能，并决定选择必须局限在一定的范围内;协商性排除语言的机械表达方式，使语言使用富有弹性; 顺应性使人们通过协商和选择，最终达到理想的交际目的(Verschueren, 1999) 。
语用学 pragmatics
语用学pragmatics语用学：语用学(pragmatics)是对人类有目的的行为所作的研究(广义)，对有目的的语言活动的研究(狭义)。
源起符号学(semiotics)。
符号学：符号学是系统地研究语言符号和非语言符号的学科。
有三个分支--符号关系学、语义学、语用学。
符号关系学(syntactics)研究符号之间的形式关系。
语义学(semantics)研究符号与符号所代表的事物之间的关系。
语用学(pragmatics)研究符号与符号解释者之间的关系。
语用学与语义学的联系和区别：语用学和语义学都是符号学的分支。
语义学主要指狭义的语义学，即逻辑语义学，它研究句子和词语本身的意义，研究命题的真值条件(truth conditions)。
语用学研究言语使用上的意义，研究传递语言信息的适宜条件(felicity conditions)。
语义学揭示的意义是二元关系的句子意义(sentence meaning)，解决"Whatdoes Xmean?"的问题。
语用学揭示的是三元关系的说话人意义(Speaker meaning)，解决"What did you mean by X?"的问题。
语境(context)：最狭义的语境是指语言的上下文。
语境还必须包括语言外的因素。
语境因素包括语言知识、语言外知识；语言知识包括对所使用的语言的掌握、对语言交际上文的了解；语言外知识包括背景知识、情景知识、相互知识，背景知识包括百科全书式的知识(常识)、特定文化的社会规范、特定文化的会话规则，情景知识包括交际的时间、地点、交际的主题、交际的正是程度、交际参与者的相互关系。
语境是一个动态的、发展的概念。
交际本身就是一个动态的过程，在交际过程中，语境也随之而变。
有些语境因素相对来说比较稳定，例如背景知识、交际的时间、地点等，但有些因素却会变化，特别重要的是相互知识这一因素，它在交际过程中不断扩大，原来不为双方所共有的知识完全可能在交际过程中变为相互知识，成为进一步交际的基础。
语言学资料Pragmatics解析
analyzing the role of utterances in relation to the behavior of the speaker and the hearer in interpersonal communication
users.
Some Basic Notions in Pragmatics
Pragmatics, Semantics
Semantics---- is the study of the literal meaning of a sentence (without taking context into consideration).
E.g. It is cold in here. You have left the door wide open. Morning !
*** the most important part = the illocutionary acts
E.g. ---- (the telephone rings) ----H: That’s the phone. (a) ----W: I’m in the bathroom. (b) ----H: Okay. (c)
Austin’s New Model of Speech Acts
a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking:
Locutionary act----an act of saying something, i.e. an act of making a meaningful utterance (conveying the literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology).
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John broke the cup The cup was broken by John The cup was broken
Pragamtic study at level of semantics
Word meaning: As a word gets used, more has to be taken into account than what would normally be regarded as its „dictionary meaning‟. Many words cannot even be understood unless aspects of world knowledge are invoked, a process which makes the accessibility of meaning gradable. For example:
The above branches study the ingredients that make up a language with focus on unit of analysis
Morris‟ distinction between syntax, semantics and pragmatics
Deixis
Deixix means pointing. There are essentially four dimensions involved:
time space society discourse
Temporal deixis
today, next Friday, the past tense of verbs like went or saw
Correlaitional object
Just as it is impossible to assign a basic unit of analysis to
pragmatics, it is impossible to identify a specific
correlational object
Non-smoking section Topless district Mental midwives
Unit analysis
All components disciplines have their respective unit of analysis:
speech
sound for phonetics and phonology morpheme for mrophology structure for syntax word and sentence for semantics
Pragmatics has no unit of analysis
Pragmatics: A link between language life
Pragmatics is concerned with the full complexity of linguistic
behaviour. From that perspective, there is no way of addressing issues of cognition without taking society and culture into account, nor are there ways of addressing issues of culture abstracted from their cognitive underpinnings and implications.
Syntax studies the relationship of sign to other signs
Semantics deals with relations of signs to the object to
which the sign refer
Pragmatics studies whatever relations there are between
Spatial deixis
Spatial deixis is marked by go and anywhere in (1), went,
down, to, Como, up, and back in (1)2, and there in (1)3.
The discourse itself does not indicate the deictic center,
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
Both phonetics and phonology deal with speech sounds Morphology investigates morphemes Syntax studies the sentence-formation processes Semantics studies meaning of language at word level or sentence level
Linguistics is traditionally divided into component disciplines such as phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics
Components of linguistic theory
Study of all aspects of the relationship between language and
societym including the linguistic identity of social groups, social attitudes to language, standard and non-standard forms of language, the patterns and needs of national language use, social varieties and levels of language, the social basis of multilingualism, and so on.
Understanding Pragmatics
Nankai University
Li Yi
16 August, 2007
What is pragmatics about ?
Pragmatics is defined as the study of language use
Components of a linguistic theory.
Anthropological linguistics
Study of the relationship between language and culture in a community, eg its tradition, beliefs, and family structure
Sociolinguistics
Common topics in pragmatics
1 Debby: Go anywhere today ?
2 Dan: Yes, we went down to Como. Up by bus, and back by hydrofoil. 3 Debby: Anything to see there ? 4 Dan: Perhaps not the most interesting of Italian towns, but it‟s worth the trip. 5 Debby: I might do that next Saturday. 6 Jane: What do you mean when you say perhaps not the most interesting of Italian towns ? 7 Jack: 8 Dan: He means certainly not the most interesting… Just trying to be polite…
which is only accessible through knowledge of the realworld context.
Social deixis
Pragmatic study at level of morphology
Compounding: the word-formation process which expands the vocabulary by creating new words. For example:
house Near
Psycholinguistics
the mental processes that a person uses in producing and understanding language how humans learn language. Psycholinguistics includes the study of speech perception, the role of memory, concepts and other processes in language use, and how social and psychological factors affect the use of language.
Pragmatics: A link between language and rest of humanities and social sciences
Neurolinguistics: studies the function the brain performs in language learning and language use. Neurolinguistics includes research into how the structure of the brain influences language learning, how and in which parts of the brain language is stored, and how damage to the brain affects the ability to sue language.