新托福词汇分类-iBT
TOEFL iBT一般功能性词汇
1. 一般功能词汇表示逻辑关系导致，产生give rise to, lead to, result in, be responsible for产生于result from, originate in(from)归因于attribute … to, blame..on事物数量几个a number of, a couple of很多个可数a large (significant) number of, numerous很多，大量不可数a significant deal (amount) of很多可数&不可数plenty of充足sufficient, adequate, ample事物的重要性重要essential, vital, key, integral, indispensable不重要minor, secondary普遍的widespread事物的大小和程度较大considerable, significant巨大tremendous, enormous过度excessive, excessively极度extreme, extremely合理适度reasonable, reasonably, moderate, moderately 相似性相同的similar不同的different, distinct变化增加不及物increase, grow, rise使…增加及物increase, boost变少及物decrease, dwindle使…减少不及物decrease, reduce, cut, trim, slash越来越increasingly, progressively时间开始from the onset及时up-to-date过时out-of-date, obsolete短期的temporary, short term长期的lasting, long term代替supplant意愿强制mandatory选择optional可能性可能possible, likely, probably, chances are that不可能impossible, unlikely, improbably可行的practical, viable不可行的impractical利弊分析好事/坏事blessing, curse有益bring benefits to, benefit from有害cause damage/harm to改善，提高及物improve, enhance削弱及物weaken, undermine提供provide, offer, afford获得gain, acquire学会pick up帮助be helpful to, go a long way towards培养develop, foster促成contribute to使……；令……enable, allow, make it possbile 安全和危险保护protect, safeguard危害endanger, put..in danger, be at risk动作做参与take part in, participate in全力做throw one’s heart and soul in不做fail to, abstain from证明和举例证明back up,举例…is a case in point. Take... for example.比较练习1.Acid rains _______ human activities, which cause severe damages to the environment.2.What’s secret of being successful? Does it ________ taking part in various things or concentrating on one area?3.Acid rains _______ human activities, which cause severe damages to the environment.4.What’s secret of being successful? Does it ________ taking part in various things or concentrating on one area?5.What’s the secret of being successful? Some draw their success from careful planning. Others _____ their success __taking risk.6.Many parents ____ their children’s aggressive behavior ____ the increasingly violent content of television programs7.Children today are increasingly violent than they were in the past. Many parents believe that the increasingly violentcontent of television programs is ______8._______reasons can be provided.9.Every year______________ outstanding Chinese students are taking courses at the New Oriental School.10.For ____________ illustrious scientists, the most important aspect of their work is not to increase personal wealth,but to advance science. Take Marie Curie, two-time Nobel laureate, for example.11.Powerful search engines provide ____________________information, rendering libraries and encyclopediasobsolete.12.One of the major advantages of working in a big company is that you get to meet people of _______ backgrounds.13.New York is a very culturally/ethnically ______ city.14.There is _____________ evidence that wearing uniform clothes can effectively reduce the rates of traffic accidents.15.___________ school facilities, like libraries, labs and gyms, are essential to the well-rounded development ofstudents.16.Parents teach children _________ facts about science and life.17.Giving teachers sufficient training and further education is of ________ importance to improving the country’squality of education.18.With oil prices skyrocketing to over 100 dollars and global warming intensifying, governments come to therealization that to develop renewable energy is their ____________________19.Admittedly, some commercial advertisements can provide a certain amount of information which consumers mightfind useful. But compared with the hypes and deceptions of advertisements, these benefits are ___________.20.It has been argued that compared with higher education early education is a low __________ of the government.21. A group of travelers can get __________________ discounts at airlines, hotels, and tourist attractions whiletraveling alone means you have to pay full prices.22. A recent survey can back up this point. It suggests that high school students who are in the school choir or dopainting in their spare time achieved _______________ higher scores in their SAT tests.23.For instance, the famous Three Gorges Dam can generate ___________ power for china and reduce the use of fossilfuels.24.George Soros, the Hungarian-born U.S. billionaire, said on Tuesday that the upcoming G20 summit has“_____________ influence" on the world economy deeply affected by the financial crisis.25.Surfing the Internet __________ decreases interpersonal communication, resulting in loneliness, self-inflictedisolation, and other mental illnesses.26.Thirdly, making school uniforms mandatory improves the physical health of teenagers, precluding students from27.Practicing _____________sports improves the physical health of teenagers.28.Practicing sports ________________ improves the physical health of teenagers.29.However, as the gas prices _________ in the past decade, renewable energy has been playing an increasinglyimportant role.30.With traveling agencies _________ these days, the question a rises, “Is traveling in the company of kindred souls thebest way of traveling?”31.This payment will ______their pension funds by an average of 20 per cent.32.Those commercials (featuring Michael Jordan), along with the company’s “Just Do It” marketing campaign andcampaigns featuring football and baseball star Bo Jackson and motion-picture director Spike Lee, _____ Nike’s profits in the United States, particularly for its sports apparel.33.The world’s natural resources are ______ very rapidly.34.The country’s foreign currency reserves have __________ over the past few years.35.Television has never really “destroyed” interpersonal communication even though it has ________ the quality timespent with family members and friends to a degree.36.CFCs released by air-conditioners and refrigerators are rapidly _______ the Earth’s ozone layer.37.The major aviation companies need to ______ prices if they are to compete with budget airlines.38.People will spend less time on cooking because the pace of life is becoming ______ frantic.39.With children spending an inordinate amount of time on surfing the Internet, parents and educators have expressedserious concern, “Is television a __________ for children?”40.People enter colleges and universities because a higher education can_ ______________ to them.41.If it is educational and serious program that we are talking about, then children can definitely _______ fromwatching them.42.I believe television viewing ___________to children physically, academically and socially.43.Sponsoring athletics brings huge financial benefits to the country, _________ economy and creating jobopportunities44.In order to ____________ working and academic performances, some people argue that employees and studentsshould wear uniform clothes when they are at work or in school.45.Playing mahjong excessively can _____________ people’s health.46.Secondly, computer games _______ useful information about science and history.47.Working experiences help students ______ various essential skills, e.g. communication skills, organizing skills andleadership.48.efficiency.49.First, technology ____ people to communicate in a faster, more economical and more time-saving way.50.According to a survey __________ by the China Daily, five out of ten respondents said they spent more than threehours a day on watching television.51.College students should _________________extracurricular activities as much as possible.52.In many cases, parents_ ____________carry out their responsibilities.53.We should ______________ consuming products made of animal parts to save endangered species.54.As a result, teachers, for fear of getting negative evaluations, may _____________carry out their responsibility asdisciplinarians.55.The plan of allowing high school students to choose any subjects they are interested in has given rise toconsiderable _____________56.In order to improve educational standards, some educators ______________ the implementation of astudent-evaluation system of teachers.57.Admittedly, some parents and educators may ______________ teenager students having jobs, citing reasons fromdrops in academic performances to negative physical effects.58.Music and art enhance children’s concentration. A recent survey can__________this point.59.Movies about real life are worth watching because they make people reflect on their lives. Shawshank Redemptionis a __________ in point.pared with complaining in person, complaining in a letter is a _______ choice.61.Generally speaking, traveling abroad _____________-traveling domestically.。
托福听力分类词汇完整版
新托福IBT听力场景入学：enrollment 登记, 注册opening ceremony n.开业典礼, 仪式commencement ceremony 毕业典礼convocation n.正式会议（可指简单的毕业典礼）orientation meeting开学说明会staff n.全体职员freshman （大学）一年级学生sophomore （大学）二年级学生junior （大学）三年级学生senior （大学）四年级学生tuition, fee 费用placement test 开学测试excellent 出色的average 平均的，一般的below average 低于平均水平的，差的结构及称谓:university- president 大学，校长chancellor 名誉校长college 学院school 学院dean 院长principal 中学校长professor 教授associate professor 副教授assistant professor 助理教授coordinator 班主任，协调人counselor 辅导员advisor 指导老师instructor 讲师tutor 个人辅导supervisor 管理人undergraduate 本科graduate 研究生建筑物buildings:canteen.餐厅cafeteria.自助餐厅administration building 行政大楼main building主楼wing/annex 配楼teaching building教学楼dormitory n.宿舍auditorium n.会堂, 礼堂=lecture hall assembly n.集合,集会hall computer lab 计算实验室，机房dining hall 食堂选课学科major 主修minor 副修science理科, arts文科, engineering 工科Mathematics 数学physics 物理chemistry 化学biology 生物学geography 地理学electronics 电子学computer science 计算机科学astronomy 天文学electronics engineering 电子工程学botany 植物学psychology 心理学zoology 动物学architecture 建筑学oceanography 海洋学ecology 生态学medical science 医学archaeology 考古学history 历史学linguistics 语言学pedagogies 教育学，教学法anthropology 人类学economics 经济学statistics 统计学accounting 会计学philosophy 哲学类型required、compulsory course 必修课selective/optional course选修课elective course 选修课lecture 讲座seminar 高级研讨性课colloquium n.报告课tutorial 个人辅导课程workshop 专题课程级别Introductory 入门级elementary, fundamental 初级Intermediate, secondary 中级Advanced 高级Prerequisite 先修课程上课：Attend class 上课Miss class 缺课Skip class逃课Syllabus 教学大纲Required textbook 要求的课本Attendance 出勤Grading system 打分体系Class participation 课堂参与杂semester/term 学期quarter小学期course guideline 课程纲要major 主修minor 副修exemption 免修syllabus 教学大纲Professor’s signature 教授的签字（用于注册课程）Course cap课程容量（可以招收的学生数）,openings （可供注册的名额）Take选（课）, drop 退（课）Late registration晚注册Deregistration 注销教师称号professor 教授lecturer = instructor 讲师teaching assistant = TA 助教research assistant = RA 助研counselor, adviser 咨询者，顾问president 大学校长teacher/faculty 教师student's advisor 学生顾问physicist 物理学家mathematician 数学家chemist 化学家historian 历史学家statistician 统计学家作业：assignment 作业homework = coursework = schoolwork = studies 作业lab report 实验报告book report 读书报告project 作业presentation 发言term paper 学期论文（research paper）thesis/essay/dissertation 论文journal 学术期刊social investigation 社会调查survey 调查questionnaire n.调查表, 问卷observation n.观察interview vt.n.采访collect data 收集数据broad (论文等)内容宽泛narrow down (论文等)缩小范围source （写论文的）参考资料critical thinking 评判性思维lack your own ideas缺少自己的想法deadline n.最终期限extension 延期due date/time期限outline n.大纲, 提纲(roadmap) bibliography n书目, 参考书目reference 参考plagiarism n. 抄袭revise v. 修改rewrite v. 重写final draft 完成稿speech n.演讲presentation 演讲，陈述eye contact 目光接触intonation 音调考试：mid-term exam 期中考final exams = finals 期末考cumulative final 总结性考试take-home exam（拿回家的开卷考试，一般有限定的时间）open-book exam 开卷考试subjective test 主观性测试objective test 客观性测试pop quiz 抽查式测验blue book 答题本assessment n估价appraisal n.评价, 估价make up for补考,resit, retake重考grade （mark 、score）分数成绩：perfect grade 优异成绩low grade 低分high mark 高分passing grade 及格分failing grade 不及格分full marks 满分straight A's 全Abe all A's and B's 全是A和BB plus B加A minus A减pass the iexam with flying colors 以优异成绩通过考试graduate with honors 以荣誉毕业diploma, degree, certificate 文凭，学位，证书考试问题：分析成绩低的原因，给出解决办法图书馆：library图书馆librarian图书管理员publication 出版物periodical 期刊magazine 杂志book catalogue 图书目录classified catalogue 分类目录bibliography 参考书目title index 书目索引alphabetic index 按字母顺序排列的索引circulation desk借书处reserved books 馆藏书（只能在图书馆内借阅）library card 借书证overdue fine 过期罚金periodical reading room 期刊阅览室online journal 在线期刊video tape 录像带back issue 过期杂志current issue 近期杂志archive 档案non-fiction 非小说类文学作品science-fiction 科幻小说copier 复印机check out 办理（借、还）手续renew 续借overdue过期interlibrary service 馆际服务部分名称information desk n.服务台delivery/circulation desk借书台shelf n.书架photocopy room复印室return area 还书处students locker 学生存储间reference section 参考书部科研过程HypothesisAlternative hypothesis择一假说Null hypothesis无效假说, 零假说Collect dataSurvey, questionnaire ExperimentInterfere, influence ObservationAnalyze dataInterpret dataAnalysisAnalyticalSubjectSampleTreatment groupNon-treatmentControl group校内工作，课外活动及寻找经济援助：Letter of reference/recommendation CompetitiveBenefit future careerField researchCollect data for papersWaiter, waitress，BabysitterWork at the library Qualification资格, qualified 合格的Resume, CVfinancial aid经济援助Scholarship Fellowship Teaching assistantship 助教奖学金Research assistantship 研究奖学金Grant 助学金Loan 贷款Need-based以需求为基础Merit-based 以优秀为基础Student union 学生会Clubs 俱乐部Membership 成员资格Career service住宿：宿舍：accommodation n.住处, 膳宿residence hall宿舍suite 套间studio 工作室，独立套间village 村落（校内一栋一栋的房子，可以用做宿舍）lounge n.公共大厅（可以用做娱乐）home-stay 在国外住在房东家里的那种roommate同屋者,室友corridor n. 走廊,过道，租房lease n.租借, 租约landlord 房东landlady女房东rent租金tenant 房客patio n.阳台，sliding door n.推拉门single room 单人房twin room 双人房two-bedroom apartmenthouse key 房锁匙床上用品:pillow n.枕头bed linen n. 床上用品sheet n. 被单mattress n.床垫blanket n.毯子towel n.手巾, 毛巾quilt n.棉被电器类electric appliance(instrument; equipment) 电器heater, furnace 加热器，炉子heating unit 暖气片air conditioner 空调设备stove 炉子microwave oven 微波炉washer / dryer 洗衣机/烘干机（laundry 洗衣店）utensil 器皿；用具kitchen utensil 炊具oven 烤箱；烤炉range 煤气灶dishwasher 洗碟机washing machine 洗衣机(hot-water) heater 热水器coffeepot 咖啡壶refrigerator (freezer) 冰箱vacuum cleaner 吸尘器tape player 录音机CD player CD机Laundromat 自动洗衣店maintenance 维修，保养家具类furniture 家具bookshelf 书架bookcase 书柜couch 沙发chest 柜子；橱；箱子dresser (bureau) 梳妆台cabinet (电视机等)机箱；储藏柜；陈列柜cupboard (closet) 碗橱storage wall 壁橱rug 小地毯carpet 地毯curtain 窗帘bathtub 浴缸fixture （房屋）固定装置furnishings 室内陈设日常生活/问题:personal possessions/property/belongings个人财产get insurance for personal possessions/property/belongs garbage/rubbish/waste n.垃圾dispose v. 处理gas meter煤气表insect n.昆虫burglar n.夜贼leaking/leakage n. 泄漏lost key丢钥匙break in 闯入讲座场景词汇Geology地质学Slide n. 滑坡Landslide n.山体滑坡Mud泥土, soil土壤Earth n. 土Sink v.下沉Ground water 地下水Irrigation n. 灌溉Freeze, froze, frozen v.冷冻Melt v.融化moltenGravity n.重心Aggravate v.加重Lean v.倾斜Slope n.斜坡Steep adj.陡峭Erode v., erosion n.腐蚀Fossil n.化石Dinosaur n.恐龙Sediment, deposit 沉淀物Marble 大理石granite 花岗岩Ore 矿石Stalactite 钟乳石Refine v. 提炼Platinum v. 铂金Seismology 地震学Vibration, tremor, 震动Wave 波动Volcano, volcanic 火山，火山的Volcanic eruption 火山喷发Magnitude 级数Collision n.碰撞Active adj.积极的Dormant adj.休眠的Extinct adj. 熄灭的Magma n.岩浆Lava n.岩浆Erupt v.喷发explode v.爆炸(explosion)boom n.爆炸Blast n.爆炸Avalanche n.雪崩地球科学Earth’s interior 地球的内部Seismic waves地震波Compression 压缩Shear（a deformation of an object in which parallel planes remain parallel but are shifted in a direction parallel to themselves）Slow down减慢速度Reflect 反射Depth深度Density 密度Boundary边界Mantle地幔Crust地壳Core地心Continental plate 大陆板块Tectonic plate (地球表面的)构造板块Continental drift 大陆漂移Layer, strata 层Stratify 分层Crack 裂缝Molten lava 融化的岩浆Climatic shift=Climatic changes气候变化Consistent pattern 统一的，始终一致的Solar energy太阳能Radiate 发射，放射Crude approximation 大概的猜测Speculation猜测Cooling down冷却Mechanism 机制Length of the dayPhysical force 体力Imaginary line虚拟线Artificial reservoir 人工水库LatitudeRedistribute再分配，再分布Spin 快速旋转Minerals 矿物质Diverse 多样的Specimen，Sample样品Abundant 丰富的Glassy像玻璃的Amazon stones天河石Firing vapor 炙热的水蒸汽Wipe out 根除，彻底消灭Mt Everest 珠穆朗玛峰Elevation 海拔，海拔增高Precise measurement精确的测量Global Positioning System全球定位系统Longitude 经度Latitude 维度Alternative sources of energy 可替代资源Gas hydrate气体水合物Trap 困住Flame 火焰Potential 潜在的Model 模式Geological fault地质断层Crack 裂缝seismic gap地震活动空白地带postulate 假设chunk 大块cylinder 圆柱cylindrical 圆柱形的ground tilt measurement地倾斜观测evacuate 撤出sedimentary adj. 沉淀性的accumulate 积累商业Insurance 保险Note 注意Contract合约Verbal agreement口头协议Repay 偿还Interest 利息Merchant 商人Cautious 谨慎的Paramount 极为重要的Manufacture 制造Label 标签Contention 所持观点Inform 告知Cost成本Profit利润loss损失Net净的，gross粗略的Supply and demand供求Supply chain供应链Fluctuation 浮动Recession 衰退Depression 萧条Marketing strategies市场营销策略Survey 调查Surplus 剩余Shipment 运输Distribution 分布Retail 零售Whole sale 批发Franchise特许经营Budget预算哲学Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Theme 主题Logic 逻辑Rhetoric 修辞Fundamental causes 基本原因Principles of the universe 宇宙的原则Perceive 看待，观察Perception 观点Sense 感觉Soul 灵魂spiritElement 组成成分Reasoning 推理Ration理性, rational有理性的Contemplation 沉思，思考Judgment判断Just公正的，justice公正Justify证明, justification 合理的理由Explicit 明确的Ethics道德规范Ethical theory 伦理理论Moral 有道德的Ultimate truth终极真理Universal 普遍的Search for truth 追求真理Vary v.不相同Intrinsic 内部的Extrinsic 外部的Critic 评论家Old-fashioned 过时的Valuable 有价值的Survive 生存，存活Conservative 保守的Liberal 开放的Impractical不实际的Empirical经验主义的Cognitive 认知的Weaken 削弱Diminish （影响力）减小Medieval 中世纪Renaissance 文艺复兴Doctrine教义,主义,学说Idealism 唯心论，理想主义Epistemology n. 认识论Metaphysics形而上学,玄学Reconcile和解,调停天文学astronomy constellation 星座zodiac （星象学的星座）planet 行星sun 恒星Jupiter 木星Pluto 冥王星Saturn 土星Mercury 水星Mars 火星Venus金星Neptune海王星Uranus天王星Ceres 谷物星（the largest asteroid and the first discovered）White dwarf 白矮星Big Dipper 北斗七星Asteroid belt 小行星带Milky Way 银河系Galaxy n.星系orbit v.运行n.轨道rotate v. 转Axis n.轴track n. 轨道outer space外太空gravity n.重力equator n.赤道tropical 热带的brightness n.亮度dimension n.维度distance n. 距离Eclipse (日月食)Wane, diminish v. 逐渐变小Centripetal 向心Centrifugal 离心Nebula 星云(an immense cloud of gas (mainly hydrogen) and dust in interstellar space）Nebulous adj. 星云的Gas 气体(rock, ice, hydrogen, oxygen)Particle 微粒Polar light 极光Astronomical 天文的Astrophysics 天文物理学Big Dipper 北斗七星Black hole 黑洞Celestial天体的Celestial map 天体图Centrifugal force 离心力Chondrite 球粒状陨石Chromosphere太阳的色球层Clockwise 顺时针Cluster 星团，一群星星Comet 彗星Cosmos宇宙, cosmetic宇宙的Cosmology宇宙学Emission 排放物，发射Faint 微弱的Feeble 微弱的Gaseous bodies 气态包Gravitational force 吸引力Greenwich mean time 格林尼治时间High resolution 高清晰度Ignite 引燃Illusive object 幻影物体Image 影响，形象Infinite 无限的Infrared ray 红外射线Interferometer 干扰仪Intergalactic 星系间的International date line 国际日期变更线Interplanetary 星球间的Interstellar星际的Leap year 闰年Light year光年Luminosity光亮度Lunar阴历的，月亮的Massive 巨大的Meteor流星Meteor shower 流星雨Meteorite陨石Meteoroid流星体Molten 融化的Naked eye 裸眼Observatory 天文台Photosphere 光球层Planetarium 天文馆Planetoid 小行星Polestar 北极星Pseudoscience 伪科学Quasar类星体Radiation 辐射Revolution 旋转Rotation 旋转Satellite 卫星Sky atlas天体图Solar corona日冕Space debris 太空垃圾Space shuttle 太空飞船Space suit 太空服Spin 快速旋转Star cluster 星群，星团Stellar 星星的Sunspot 太阳黑子Time difference 时差Time zone 时区表演艺术（舞蹈，电影，音乐etc.）Genre 艺术分类Performing art 表演艺术modern dance piece现代舞concert 音乐会play剧opera歌剧film 电影camera 摄影camera shotanalytical 分析的parallel 平行的ballet芭蕾舞choreographer 舞蹈指导Fine/visual arts 视觉艺术Abstract art抽象艺术landscape风景photography摄影exposure 曝光develop film 冲洗胶卷negative n. 底片portrait(portray v. )肖像, 人像、still life静物sculpture雕塑statue 人物雕像lifelike 逼真的vividanthem 国歌Critic 评论家Criticism 批评，评论Review n.评论Masterpiece 杰作Have aesthetic value 有美学价值Aesthetic appeal 美学吸引力Feature 特点Characteristics 特点Distinct adj.与众不同的Unique 独一无二的Style 风格Technique 技巧Gallery n.画馆Edition n.专辑Release v. 发行Debut n.首映Impressionist 印象主义者Impressionism 印象派Perspective 透视法Angle 角度Press/Publishing house出版社Acclaim v. 盛赞mirage 海市蜃楼prolific 多产Preserve v. 保存Extinct adj.灭绝的，消失的文学Literature 文学Poetry诗歌biography传记autobiography 自传detective stories 侦探小说drama戏剧novel小说Novelist 小说家collection of short stories短篇小说集Allegory寓言Comparative literature比较文学Diary 日记Editorial 社论，重要评论Fiction 小说Aestheticism 唯美Autobiography 自传Descriptive prose 描述散文Fairy tale 童话Futurism 未来派Legend 传说Literary studies 文学研究Narrative prose 叙述性散文Podium 讲台Prose 散文Realism 现实主义School of literature 文学派别Leading character 主要角色Literary criticism 文学评论Literary studies 文学学习Modernism 现代主义Plot 情节Poetry 诗歌Prologue前言Proverb谚语Surrealism 超现实主义美术Art gallery艺廊Calligraphy书法Imitating模仿Landscape painting风景画Oil painting油画Paste粘贴Crayon 蜡笔，粉笔，颜料Pigmentation 颜料Canvas 帆布Wax 蜡Spectrum 光谱Perspective透视画法Poster海报Portrait肖像Model模式，模特mural 壁画Panorama全景Pastel drawing蜡笔画Sketch草图Autograph手稿建筑Architecture建筑学Architect建筑师Architectural style建筑风格Art deco 装饰艺术Art moderneGeometric patterns 几何图形Arch 拱门Castle 城堡Cathedral大教堂Framing结构Lobby n. 大厅(entrance hall) Elevator n. 电梯Façade n. 正面Stairs 楼梯Interior 内部的Exterior 外部的Impressionistic style印象派风格Mosque清真寺Pyramid金字塔Revival 复活Renaissance 文艺复兴Medieval中世纪Byzantine architecture 527 (Sofia)-1520音乐Accompaniment 伴奏Audition 试听，试表演Band music 乐队音乐Chord弦乐，弦Classical music古典音乐Concerto 协奏曲Lullaby 催眠曲Duet 二重奏Harmony 和弦，和谐Rock and roll 摇滚Serenade 小夜曲Solo 独奏Sonata 奏鸣曲Symphony 交响乐Ballad歌谣Folk music 民间音乐Prelude 前奏Epilogue 尾声Score 乐谱Note 音符Notation 乐谱，记号法Chord symbol和弦符号Lyrics 歌词Tempo 节奏Melody 主旋律Rhythm节奏Tune 旋律Conduct 指挥Violin 小提琴Viola 中提琴Cello大提琴Oboe双簧管Clarinet单簧管krummhorn['krʌmhɔ:n]n. 变号(一种古双簧乐器)Harp 竖琴考古anthropologist 人类学家ecological 生态的anthropologist 生态人类学家archaeology 考古学anthropology 人类学morphology 形态学Ancient civilization 古代文明origin 起源originate 起源于ancestor 祖先hominid 人（科）homogeneous 同一种族（种类）的tribe 部落clan 氏族archeologist 考古学家excavation 挖掘excavate (unearth) 挖掘Scoop铲子ruins 遗迹，废墟remains 遗迹，遗骸artifact 手工艺品pottery 陶器(potter) Porcelain瓷器fossil 化石relic 遗物，文物Rock painting 岩石画antique 古物，古董antiquity 古代，古老skull 颅骨Cranial颅骨的Stone Age 石器时代Bronze Age （青）铜器时代Iron Age 铁器时代Paleolithic 旧石器时代的Mesolithic 中石器时代的Neolithic 新石器时代的Exhume 挖掘Paleoanthropology Prehistoric史前的Primitive原始的动物微生物Amino acid 氨基酸Antibody 抗体Bacterium 细菌Biological agency Calcium钙Carbohydrate 碳水化合物Carbon dioxide 二氧化碳Cell细胞Chromosome 染色体Disinfection 消毒Enzymes 酶Fatigue 疲惫Fermentation 发酵Fungus 菌类Gene基因Genetic engineering 基因工程学Glucose 葡萄糖Immunology免疫学Incubation 孵蛋Inflection传染Malaria 疟疾Microbe 微生物Nucleus 细胞核One-celled单细胞的Oxidation氧化Parasitic animal 寄生动物Parasite disease 寄生虫病Parasitology 寄生虫学Pathogen 病菌，病原体Protozoa 原生动物Sanitation 卫生Schistosomiaisis 血吸虫病Starch 淀粉Sterilization 消毒Toxin 毒素Vaccine 疫苗Virus 病毒Yeast 酵母动物living organism 生物bacterium(pl.bacteria) 细菌algae海藻coral珊瑚rodent 啮齿类动物primate 灵长类动物ape 猿chimpanzee n. 黑猩猩gorilla 大猩猩monkey n. 猴子mammal 哺乳类动物dinosaur n.恐龙bat (ecolotion) 蝙蝠（声波定位）snowshoe hare 雪兔子raccoon 浣熊polar bear 北极熊snout (动物的)口鼻部;reptile 爬行类动物snake, cobra眼镜蛇, rattle snake 响尾蛇lizard蜥蜴,snail 蜗牛amphibian adj. 两栖动物crocodile 鳄鱼frog n. 青蛙tadpole 蝌蚪toad 蟾蜍pond 池塘puddle 水坑insect n.昆虫mosquito 蚊子fly 苍蝇cricket 蟋蟀grasshopper 蚱蜢honey beemonarch butterfly 大花蝶large migratory American butterfly having deep orange wings with black and white markings; the larvae feed on milkweed egg 卵larvae 幼虫caterpillar 毛虫pupa/ chrysalis 茧termite n. 白蚁marine adj. 海洋的beaver 狸whale 鲸shark 鲨鱼dolphin 海豚penguin 企鹅predator n. 捕食者prey n. 被捕食者aquatic adj.水生的shrimp 虾lobster 龙虾clam 蚌crab 螃蟹bird, humming bird artery 动脉scale 鳞片claw爪, paw爪子horn 角hormone 荷尔蒙intestine 肠hive 蜂巢pollen n. 花粉pollinate v.授粉hibernate 冬眠migrate v. 迁徙communicate v. 交流camouflage 保护色evolve 进化evolution n. 进化endotherm n.温血动物,恒温动物poikilotherm n. 冷血动物beak 鸟嘴enzymes 酵母secretion(n.) secrete(v.) 分泌pancreas 胰腺odor 气味(还有aroma fragrance scent smell)gland 腺体chromosome 染色体植物botany植物学botanist 植物学家tundra苔原;冻土地带,冻原fungus(pl. fungi ) 菌类laurel 月桂chestnut tree 栗子树root 根branch 枝stem 茎algae(pl. alga) 海藻organism 有机物birch tree (bark) 桦树crops 谷物corn 玉米maize 玉米chlorophyll 叶绿素amino acids 氨基酸protein 蛋白质nitrogen 氮photosynthetic(adj.) photosynthesis(n.) 光合作用lichen 地衣,苔藓squash 南瓜one of a group of large vegetables with solid flesh and hard skins, such as PUMPKIN sbean 豆类植物nectar花蜜flower花floral 花的petal 花瓣bloom 开花blossom 花pollen花粉moss 苔藓herbicide 除草剂herb 草本植物herbivorous 食草的classification 分类hierarchy 级别hazardous 有毒害的Meteorology 气象meteorology 气象meteorologist 气象学家forecast (predict) 预报climate 气候atmosphere 大气层troposphere 对流层Convection 对流Stratosphere 同温层Barometer 气压计current （气）流vapor 蒸汽evaporate 蒸发damp (wet; moist; humid) 潮湿的humidity 湿度moisture 潮湿；水分saturate 饱和absorb 吸收dew 露frost 霜fog (mist) 雾smog 烟雾droplet 小水珠condense 浓缩crystal 水晶体downpour (torrential rain) 大雨tempest (storm) 暴风雨drizzle 细雨shower 阵雨hail 冰雹blizzard (snowstorm) 暴风雪avalanche (snowslide) 雪崩precipitation （雨、露、雪等）降水Thunder 雷Lightening 闪电breeze 微风Blast 大风gale 大风whirlwind 旋风Cyclone 旋风，飓风typhoon 台风hurricane 飓风Monsoon 季风Sandstorm沙尘暴Dust storm沙尘暴tornado (twister, cyclone) 龙卷风Tropical depression热带低气压Wind direction 风向Wind velocity 风速Wind scale 风力funnel 漏斗，漏斗云cumulonimbus 积雨云disaster (calamity, catastrophe) 灾难devastation 破坏submerge 淹没overwhelm v. 淹没drought 干旱Avalanche雪崩Balmy 温和的Chilly寒冷的Frigid僵硬的，严格的Heat-wave热浪Tepid adj.微温的环保environmental protection 环境保护environmentally-friendly 环保的preserve v.保护，保存污染：pollute, pollution, pollutant contaminant n.污染物contaminate v.污染ecosystem生态系统ecology n.生态学antiseptic adj.防腐的atmospheric pollution大气污染垃圾: rubbish, garbage, trash, waste, litter处理: dispose of, burn, bury (landfill), recycle, reduce, reuse,dump回收:glass, paper, water,milk carton牛奶盒, tyre, aluminium cans铝罐,plastic bags, rubbish bags biodegradable packaging可降解包装,throwaway 可丢弃的disposable 可丢弃的discourage v. 不鼓励燃料none-renewable 不可再生的fossil fuels矿石燃料: natural gas, coal, petroleum limited/finite natural resources 有限的自然资源alternative energy替代能源, replace=substitute v.取代wind power, hydropower水电, solar (lunar) power太阳能, nuclear power核能radioactivity n. 辐射性use up, deplete, exhaust v. 用光，耗尽conserve v. 节省，节约,污染: water pollution, air pollution, soil pollution土壤污染,noise pollutionsoil erosion 土壤侵蚀soil pollution土壤污染stain n.污染，污点，玷污stink v.发出臭味tar n.焦油toxic chemical 有毒的化学物品fume n.烟，气味light pollution日光污染refuse废物sewage污水pesticide n.杀虫剂chemical waste化学废料congest v.使充满危害动物:poaching非法打猎，盗猎, damage natural habitat破坏自然栖息地,rare breed稀有物种, endangered species濒危物种, extinct adj.灭绝(die out, disappear), animal rights activist动物权益保护者,natural reserve(giant panda大熊猫)自然保护区,protect wild life保护野生动物, preserve v.保护disastrous灾难性的, devastation破坏,have disastrous effect on…对。
TOEFL iBT List 6~10词汇
1, collaborate [kə'læbəreit] v. 合作,通敌2, collaborator [kə'læbəreitə(r)]n. 合干者,合作者,共同研究者3, collectivelyad. 共同的(集体地,总起来说)4, collide [kə'laid]v. 碰撞,互撞,砥触5, column ['kɔləm]n. 柱，圆柱；柱形物,专栏[计算机] 列6, pillar ['pilə]n. 柱子vt. 用柱支持7, combustible [kəm'bʌstəbl]a. 易燃的,燃烧性的,易动激情的n. 燃质物,可燃物8, comet ['kɔmit]n. 慧星9, command [kə'mɑ:nd] n. 命令,指挥,控制v. 命令,指挥,支配n.[计算机] dos命令: 引用辅助命令处理器10, commemorate [kə'meməreit]v. 纪念,庆祝vt.&n. 纪念11, commission [kə'miʃən] n. 委任状,任官令,佣金v. 委任,委托,使服役12, commit [kə'mit]v. 委托(托付),犯罪,作...事,承诺[计算机] 委托13, review [ri'vju:]n. 检讨,复习,回顾,评审v. 温习,检讨,评论14, commodity [kə'mɔditi] n. 商品,日用品15, communal ['kɔmjunl]a. 公有的16, commute [kə'mju:t]v. 交换,改换支付方法,减轻v. 交换, 折偿17, compact ['kɔmpækt]a. 紧凑的,紧密的,简洁的v. 使装满,使简洁18, article ['ɑ:tikəl]n. 文章,物品,条款,冠词19, comrade ['kɔmrid]n. 同志20, compel [kəm'pel]v. 强迫,迫使21, competence ['kɔmpətəns]n. 能力22, compile [kəm'pail]v. 编译,编辑,编纂[计算机] 编译23, complement ['kɔmplimənt]n. 补足物,补语,余角v. 补助24, complementary [kɔmplə'mentəri]a. 补充的25, completion [kəm'pli:ʃ(ə)n]n. 完成,完满26, compliment ['kɔmplimənt]n. 称赞,恭维,致意v. 称赞,褒扬,恭维27, comply [kəm'plai]v. 顺从,答应28, comprehend [,kɔmpri'hend]vt. 充分理解(综合,包含)29, comprise [kəm'praiz]v. 包含30, compromise ['kɔmprəmaiz]n. 妥协,折衷,折衷案v. 妥协处理,危害v. 妥协,让步31, compulsory [kəm'pʌlsəri]a. 被强制的,强迫的,义务的32, conceal [kən'si:l]v. 隐藏33, concede [kən'si:d]v. 承认,让步,退让34, Grant [grɑ:nt]n.拨款vt.授予,同意,承认35, conceive [kən'si:v]v. 构思,以为,怀孕36, concise [kən'sais]a. 简明的,简要的37, concrete ['kɔnkri:t]n. 水泥,混凝土a. 具体的,实在的,水泥的v. 凝结,结合38, cement [si'ment]n. 水泥,接合剂v. 接合,用水泥涂39, material [mə'tiəriəl]n. 材料,原料,物质;n. 素材,题材,资料a. 物质的,实体的40, condense [kən'dens]v. 浓缩,摘要,缩短41, condensation [kɔnden'seiʃən]n. 压缩,凝缩,液化42, confederacy[kən'fedərəsi]n. 同盟,联邦43, confer [kən'fə:]v. 赠予,协议44, confession [kən'feʃən]n. 自认,自白,招供45, configuration[kən,figju'reiʃən]n. 结构,布局,形态[计算机] 配置46, confine ['kɔnfain]v. 限制,闭居[计算机] 限制47, validate ['vælideit]v. 使...有效,确认48, clash [klæʃ]n. 冲突,撞击声,抵触v. 冲突,抵触,使...发出撞击声49, conform [kən'fɔ:m] v. 使一致,遵守,使顺从50, confront [kən'frʌnt] v. 面对,对抗,遭遇51, congenial [kən'dʒi:njəl] a. 同性质的,适意的,趣味相同的52, congestion [kən'dʒestʃən]n. 混杂,拥挤,过剩[计算机] 拥挤53, clog [klɔg]n. 阻塞(止轮器)vt 阻塞(粘住,塞满)54, congress ['kɔŋgres]n. 代表大会,国会,议会55, parliament ['pɑ:ləmənt] n. 议会,国会56, perceptual [pə'septjuəl] a. 感性的,知觉的57, consent [kən'sent]n. 同意,许可v. 同意,承诺58, conserve [kən'sə:v]n. 蜜饯,果酱v. 保存,保全59, sustained [səs'teind] a. 持久的,经久不衰的60, compatible [kəm'pætəbl]a. 能共处的,可并立的,适合[计算机] 相兼容的61, consonant ['kɔnsənənt] n. 子音a. 一致的,调和的62, consort ['kɔnsɔ:t]n. 配偶,夫妻v. 陪伴,结交,符合63, constellation [kɔnstə'leiʃən]n. 星座,星群64, constituent[kən'stitjuənt]n. 成份,选民,构成物a. 构成的,组织的,有提名权的65, electorate [i'lektərət]n. 选民,有选举权者,选区66, constrain [kən'strein]v. 强迫,勉强,驱使67, constrict [kən'strikt]v. 压缩,束紧,使收缩68, consult [kən'sʌlt]v. 商讨,向...请教,查阅69, counsel ['kaunsəl]n. 商议,忠告,法律顾问v. 商议,劝告70, contaminate[kən'tæmineit]v. 弄脏,污染71, prolongate [prəu'lɔŋgeit]vt. 延长(拖延)72, continuum[kən'tinjuəm]n. 连续,连续统,闭连集73, succession [sək'seʃən]n. 连续,继承权,继位74, contour ['kɔntuə]n. 轮廓(等高线,周线,电路,概要)vt 画轮廓(画等高线)75, continuity [,kɔnti'nju(:)iti]n. 连续性76, contract ['kɔntrækt]n. 合约,婚约,立约v. 缩短,缩小v. 订约77, pact [pækt]n. 契约,协定,条约78, shrink [ʃriŋk]n. 收缩,萎缩v. 收缩,退缩,萎缩79, contrast ['kɔntræst]n. 差别,对比,对照物v. 对比,成对照[计算机] 反差80, convection [kən'vekʃən]n. 传达,对流,对流81, conveying [kən'veiiŋ]n. 传输82, converge [kən'və:dʒ]v. 聚合,集中于一点(或一块)83, converse [kən'və:s]n. 相反的事物,倒,逆向a. 相反的,逆向的,倒的v. 交谈,谈话[计算机] 转换84, convict ['kɔnvikt]n. 囚犯,罪犯v. 使...确信自己犯错,宣告...有罪,使...知罪85, criminate ['krimineit]v. 使负罪,定罪,陷入于罪86, coordinate [kəu'ɔ:dinit]n. 同等的人物,同位格a. 同等的,等位的v. 协调,整合,综合[计算机] 坐标87, coral ['kɔrəl]a. 珊瑚(色)的n. 珊瑚88, corona [kə'rəunə]n. 电晕(冠状物,日冕,飞檐的上部)89, auran. 气味,气氛90, corporate ['kɔ:pərit]adj.社团的, 法人的, 共同的, 全体的n.法人,公司91, corrosion [kə'rəuʒən] n. 侵蚀(腐蚀,锈)92, corrosive [kə'rəusiv] a. 腐蚀的,腐蚀性的,蚀坏的n. 腐蚀物,腐蚀药93, cosmic ['kɔzmik]a. 宇宙的94, cosmos ['kɔzmɔs]n. 宇宙95, counseling ['kaunsəliŋ] n. 顾问服务96, counselor ['kaunsələ] n. 顾问,参事,法律顾问97, counteract [,kauntə'rækt]v. 抵消,阻碍,中和98, counterpart ['kauntəp ɑ:t]n. 相似之物(正副二份中之一,对应物)99, coupon ['ku:pɔn]n. 试样(配给票,息票,附单) 100, cramped [kræmpt] a. 狭促的,难懂的,难辨的101, crater ['kreitə]n. 弹坑,火山口102, crawl [krɔ:l]n. 爬行,匍匐而行v. 爬行103, credential [kri'denʃəl] n. 国书,凭据,印信104, crest [krest]n. 冠,饰毛,顶部v. 到达绝顶,加以顶饰105, crew [kru:]n. 全体船员,全体乘务员vi. 一起工作106, crippling ['kripliŋ]a. 造成严重后果的107, crisscross ['kriskrɔs] a. 交叉的,十字形的108, criterion [krai'tiəriən] n. 标准,准则109, peak [pi:k]n. 山顶,顶点,帽舌v. 到达高点,消瘦,竖起110, critique [kri'ti:k]n. 批评,批评法,评论111, crucial ['kru:ʃiəl, 'kru:ʃəl]a. 关键的,决定性的112, crude [kru:d]a. 粗鲁的,简陋的,天然的,未加工的n. 原油113, crusade [kru:'seid]n. 改革运动,十字军东侵v. 干改革运动,加入十字军114, crustacean [krʌs'teiʃjən]n. 甲壳类动物115, cue [kju:]n. 开端,线索,开始116, cultivated ['kʌltiveitid]a. 耕耘的,栽植的,有教养的v. 种植,耕耘vbl. 种植,耕耘117, cumbersome ['kʌmbəsəm]a. 笨重的118, cuneiform ['kju:niifɔ:m]a. 楔形的,楔形文字的119, curriculum课程，全部课程curricula(复数）curriculum vitae:履历表120, cylinder ['silində]n. 汽缸,圆筒,圆柱体121, dairy ['dєəri]a. 牛奶的n. 牛奶场,乳品店,乳制品122, dam [dæm]n. 水坝123, dawn [dɔ:n]n. 破晓124, dazzling ['dæzliŋ]a. 眼花撩乱的,耀眼的125, debris ['debri:, 'deib-]n. 碎片,残骇126, remains [ri'meins]n. 残余(余物,遗物,化石)127, debut ['debju;'deibju:]n. 初次登场128, decay [di'kei]n. 衰退,腐败v. 衰退,腐败129, rot [rɔt]n. 腐烂,腐蚀,败坏v. 腐烂,使...枯朽,衰弱130, decent ['di:snt]a. 有分寸的,得体的,相当好的131, deceptive [di'septiv]a. 迷惑的,虚伪的,诈欺的132, fraudulent ['frɔ:djulənt]a. 欺诈的,不正的,不诚实的133, deciduous [di'sidʒjuəs]a. 每年落叶的,非永久性的134, decipher [di'saifə]v. 译解135, decode [,di:'kəud]v. 解码,译解[计算机] 译码136, dedicate ['dedikeit]v. 献出137, dedication [,dedi'keiʃən]n. 奉献138, deficiency [di'fiʃənsi]n. 缺乏,不足139, deficient [di'fiʃənt]a. 不足的,不充份的,有缺陷的140, definite ['definit]a. 明确的,一定的141, definitive [di'finitiv]n. 限定词a. 限定的,决定性的142, deform [di:'fɔ:m]v. 使...残缺,使...变形143, delegate ['deligit]n. 代表vt. 派…为代表；委任144, inadequate [in'ædikwit]a. 不充分的,不适当的145, deliberate [di'libəreit] a. 故意的,深思熟虑的v. 仔细考虑vt. 研讨146, delicate ['delikit]a. 细致优雅的,微妙的,美味的147, subtle ['sʌtl]a. 微妙的,敏感的,精细的,狡猾的148, exquisite ['ekskwizit] a. 精致的,细腻的,敏锐的149, delta ['deltə]n. (河流的)三角洲150, demanding [di'm ɑ:ndiŋ; (US) di'mændiŋ]a. 要求多的,吃力的151, democratic [,demə'krætik]a. 民主的152, demolish [di'mɔliʃ] v. 毁,破坏,粉碎153, dismantle [dis'mæntl] v. 拆除...的设备,分解154, demonstrate ['demənstreit]v. 示范,演示,证明,示威155, denote [di'nəut]v. 指示,表示156, dense [dens]a. 不易看透的,密集的,浓厚的,愚钝的157, dentist ['dentist]n. 牙科医生158, negate [ni'geit] v. 否定,否认,打消159, depict [di'pikt]v. 描述160, deplete [di'pli:t]v. 耗尽,使...空竭161, deprive [di'praiv]v. 剥夺162, derive [di'raiv]v. 得自,起源,引申于163, descent [di'sent]n. 降落,家系,侵袭164, deserted [di'zə:tid]a. 废弃的v. 遗弃vbl. 遗弃165, obsolete ['ɔbsəli:t]a. 已废弃的,过时的166, void [vɔid]n. 空虚a. 空的167, designate ['dezigneit]v. 指定,标示168, desolate ['desəlit]a. 荒凉的169, destineda. 去往…的170, deter [di'tə:]v. 制止,使...断念171, deteriorate[di'tiəriəreit]v. 恶化172, detest [di'test]v. 厌恶173, devastate ['devəsteit]v. 毁坏174, countless ['kaʊtlis]a. 无数的175, devastating['devəsteitiŋ]a. 破坏性的, 全然的176, devoid [di'vɔid]a. 全无的,缺乏的177, apparatusn. 装置,器具,器官178, contrive [kən'traiv]v. 发明,设计,图谋179, detour ['di:tʊə(r); (US)di'tʊər]n. 绕路,便道v. 绕路而行180, diagnose ['daiəgnəuz]v. 诊断vi. 判断,诊断(疾病)vt. 诊断(疾病)181, diagnosis[,daiəg'nəusis]n. 诊断182, diameter [dai'æmitə]n. 直径183, dictate [dik'teit]v. 听写,口述,口授n. 命令,指挥,指令184, idiom ['idiəm]n. 成语,惯用语185, diction ['dikʃən]n. 措辞186, differentiate [,difə'renʃieit]v. 区别,差别187, diffuse [di'fju:z]v. 散播188, abdicate ['æbdikeit]v. 放弃189, dilemma [di'lemə,dai-]n. 困境,进退两难190, dilute [dai'lju:t, di'l-]v. 冲淡,稀释191, DIM [dim]adj. 暗淡的, 模糊的vt. 使暗淡, 使失去光泽n. <美俚>笨蛋、傻子192, dimension [di'menʃən]n. 尺寸,次元,容积,维度193, diminish [di'miniʃ]v. 减少,变小194, diplomat ['dipləmæt]a. 外交官,外交家n. 外交家195, directory [di'rektəri] n. 目录,工商名录,指南[计算机] 目录196, discern [di'sə:n]v. 辨别,看轻楚197, ascertainv. 确定,探知198, discharge [dis'tʃɑ:dʒ] v. 卸下,放出,解雇,放电,解除199, discrete [dis'kri:t]a. 不连续的[计算机] 分离200, discrimination [dis,krimi'neiʃən]n. 歧视201, discernment [di'sə:nmənt]n. 眼光,洞察力202, disguise [dis'gaiz]n. 假面目,假装v. 假装203, disintegrate [dis'intigreit]v. (使)粉碎,(使)碎裂,解体,瓦解vt. 瓦解,崩溃204, smash [smæʃ]n. 破碎,大败,冲突a. 非常的,了不起的v. 粉碎,溃裂,使破产[羽]扣球205, disinterested [dis'intristid]a. 无私欲的,廉洁的,公平的206, dismal ['dizməl]a. 阴沉的,凄凉的,暗的207, dismay [dis'mei]n. 沮丧v. 使...惊愕,使...气馁208, disrupt [dis'rʌpt]a. 分裂的,分散的v. 使...分裂,使...瓦解209, disseminate[di'semineit]v. 散播,传播,宣传210, distort [dis'tɔ:t]v. 扭曲211, misrepresent['mis,repri'zent]vt. 误称(把...颠倒黑白,错误表现)212, domain [dəu'mein]n. 领域[计算机] 域213, territory ['teritəri]n. 领土,版图,领域,范围214, dominate ['dɔmineit]v. 支配,占优势215, household['haushəuld]a. 家庭的n. 家庭,户216, monopolize [mə'nɔpəlaiz]v. 独占,垄断217, dormant ['dɔ:mənt]a. 睡眠状态的,静止的[计算机] 静止的218, draft [drɑ:ft]n. 草稿,草图,汇票v. 起草,征兵219, drain [drein]n. 下水道,排水沟,消耗v. 耗尽,排出沟外220, striking ['straikiŋ]a. 引人注目的,显著的221, theatrical [θi'ætrikəl]a. 剧场的,夸张的222, fierce [fiəs]a. 猛烈的,残忍的,狂暴的,强烈的223, drift [drift]n. 漂移,漂流物,观望,漂流,吹积物,趋势v. 漂移,漂流,吹积224, drill [dril]n. 钻孔机,钻子,播种机v. 训练,钻孔225, dubious ['dju:bjəs]a. 怀疑的,可疑的226, ductile ['dʌktail]a. 易延展的,柔软的,易教导的227, dump [dʌmp]n. 垃圾场v. 倾卸,切断电源,倾倒228, duplicate ['dju:plikeit]n. 副本,复本,复制品a. 复制的,二重的v. 复制[计算机] 复制229, dwelling ['dweliŋ]n. 住处230, ease [i:z]n. 安乐,安逸,悠闲v. 使...安乐,使...安心,减轻,放松231, eccentric [ik'sentrik]n. 怪人a. 古怪的,反常的232, edifice ['edifis]n. 大厦,大建筑物233, editorial [edi'tɔ:riəl]n. 社论a. 编辑的234, elaborate [i'læbərət]a. 精细的,详尽的,精心的v. 详细地说明,用心地作,推敲235, ornate [ɔ:'neit, 'ɔ:neit]a. 装饰的,华丽的236, elective [i'lektiv]a. 可任意选择的n. 选修科目237, elementary[,eli'mentəri]a. 初级的,基本的238, elicit [i'lisit]v. 引出,抽出239, educe [i(:)'dju:s]v. 演绎,引出240, eligible ['elidʒəbl] a. 可以选的,有资格的,合格的n. 有资格者,合格者,适任者241, eliminate [i'limineit] v. 除去,排除,剔除[计算机] 消除242, elliptical [i'liptikəl] a. 椭圆的243, eradicate [i'rædikeit] v. 根除,扑减,根绝244, remove [ri'mu:v]n. 距离v. 除去,迁移,开除245, elm [elm]n. 榆树246, eloquent ['eləkwənt] a. 雄辩的,有口才的,动人的247, expressive [iks'presiv] a. 表达的248, appealinga. 引起兴趣的,动人的。
iBT新托福重点考察词汇解析：hold ／propose／deem(1)
iBT新托福重点考察词汇解析：hold ／propose／deem在托福考试里面HOLD/PROPOSE/DEEM都表示“认为，提出”的意思。
hold / h?uld； hold/ v （pt， pp held / held； h?ld/）[Tn， Tn．pr] take and keep or support （sb/sth）in one’s arms， hands， teeth， etc 拿住，抓住，抱住，咬住，托住，支撑住（某人[某物]）：*The girl was holding her father’s hand．那女孩抓住她父亲的手．* The lovers held each other tight．这一对情侣紧紧地搂抱着．* They were holding hands，ie holding each other’s hands．他们手握着手．* She was holding an umbrella．她拿着一把伞．* She held me by the sleeve．她抓住我的袖子．* She was holding the baby in her arms．她抱着婴儿．* He held the rope in his teeth as he climbed the tree．他爬树时用牙齿咬着绳子．[Tf， Cn．a， Cn．t] （fml 文） believe， consider or regard 相信；认为；视作：*I hold that the government’s economic policies are mistaken．我认为政府的经济政策是错误的．* I hold the parents responsible for their child’s behaviour．我认为父母应对子女的行为负责．* I hold him to be a fool．我认为他是个傻瓜．propose / pr??p?uz；pr?ˋpoz/ v[Tn， Tf， Tg] offer or put forward （sth） for consideration；suggest 提议，建议（某事物）： The motion （ie for debate） wasproposed by Mr X and seconded by Mrs Y．那动议经X先生提出有Y夫人附议． * The committee proposed that new legislation should be drafted．委员会建议着手起草新法规． Cf 参看 second3 2．[I， Ipr， Tn， Dn．pr] ～（sth）（to sb） suggest or offer marriage （to sb）， esp formally （向某人）求婚（尤指正式地）：*He was trying to decide whether he should propose （to her）．他反覆思量是否该（向她）求婚．* He had proposed marriage， unsuccessfully， twice already．他已经两次求婚，均未成功．（idm 习语）propose sb’s 'health/a 'toast ask people to drink to sb’s health a nd happiness 提议为某人的健康和幸福而乾杯：I should like to propose a toast to the bride and bridegroom．我提议为新娘新郎的幸福乾杯．deem / di?m； dim/ v [Tf， Tnt esp passive 尤用於被动语态，Cn．a esp passive 尤用於被动语态， Cn．n] （fml 文） consider；regard 认为；视为：*He deemed that it was his duty to help．他认为他有责任加以援助．* She was deemed （to be） the winner．人们认为是她获胜．* It is deemed advisable．这认为是可取的．* I deem it a great honour to be invited to address you．要我向诸位讲几句话，我觉得非常荣幸．。
iBT新托福必备专业分类词汇
iBT 新托福必备专业分类词汇托福考试本身是一个专业化的语言水平评测考试，本身专业知识是不应该影响到托福成绩的，但是在设计考试的过程中不可避免地会涉及到一些专业的词汇。
虽然这些词汇在美国人看来是日常中都会遇到的词汇，不应该算是专业词汇。
但是对于中国考生来说，由于教育体制的限制以及平时积累的不足，因此很多考友在面对专业词汇的时候，都感觉手足无措。
而且经常有很多文科生反馈，对于理科文章听不懂，当然也有很多理科生表示，理科的文章不好理解，由于托福考试的文章根本不会很深的涉及专业考试的内部知识原理，因此，唯一的面对不熟悉的专业就不知所云的可能就是对于专业词汇不够熟悉。
本次，无老师搜集了网上一个很强大的专业词汇的版本，进行大刀阔斧的删节为各位考友奉献出这个新托福考试专用的专业分类词汇，将各位考友在考试中可能遇到的专业词汇一网打尽，绝对不留死角。
此分类文件中大量删减了一些过于专业，以至于不可能在托福考试中出现的词汇，而且5页A4纸也十分易于携带，各位考友可以在公车上，地铁上，煲电话粥的时候，甚至听家长碎碎念的时候都可以背这份专业分类词汇！本专业词汇一共分为30大类，天文，地理，生态，人物，经济。
总之，只要是托福考试当中出现过的，这份专业分类词汇之中就一定会出现！而且最后还附上了一份重要学科名称，对于各位考友在听力考试中熟悉该lecture的属于哪一大项十分有帮助！可以说这份资料中所列出的词汇99%以上都是在托福考试之中出现过的，反之亦然。
而且无老师本次特别贴心的加入了无数励志诗词，欢迎各位考友也把自己的单词诗词在微博里@ 给无老师。
^_^ 新托福最新、11. ASTRONOMY 天文学astronomical天文的astronomer天文学家galaxy (Milky Way) 银河系astrophysics天文物理学observable可观察到的astrology占星学cluster星团deviate偏离solar太阳的solar system太阳系cosmos (universe) 宇宙solar corona日冕cosmology宇宙学solar radiation太阳辐射infinite无限的planet行星cosmic宇宙的planetoid (asteroid)小行星celestial天的revolve旋转；绕转celestial body (heavenly body)天体twinkle闪烁celestial globe天球仪naked eye肉眼terrestrial …地球仪Mercury水星celestial navigation (astronavigation)天文导航Venus金星stellar星的Earth地球nebula (复数nebulae或nebulas)星云Mars火星nebular(nebulous)星云的；星云状的Jupiter木星dwarf (dwarf star)矮星Saturn土星constellation星座Uranus天王星planisphere平面天球图,星座图Neptune海王星我寄愁心与明月，随君一起背单词。
Toefl iBT 高分作文高频词汇
T o e f l i B T高分作文高频词汇AAbove-mentioned adj.上述的Accolade n.称赞Aesthetic adj.审美的Affection n.友情；爱情Age-old adj.古老的Adage n.格言Adept adj.熟练的Adversity n.逆境Adversary n.对手Appease v.平息，安抚，缓和，使满足Approximately adv.大约Apex n.顶点，高潮Aptitude n.才能，才华Attest v.证明；表明Ailment n.疾病Ambassador n.使者，大使Amiable adj.和蔼的Anatomy n.解剖学Anarchic adj.无政府主义的Anarchy n.无政府状态，政治混乱Antisocial adj.孤僻的，不善社交的;反社会的Aquatic adj.水的，水生的Assimilation n.同化Asthma n.哮喘Amicably adv.友好地Assume v.假定，假如Asset n.资源Attribute n.特征Athletically adv.运动性地Awry adj.错误的Arena n.舞台；领域Array n.展示，排列，盛装Artificially adv.人工地Acquaintanceship n.相识Authority n.负责人Autographe n.亲笔签名Alarmingly adv.惊人地Alter v.改变Alleged adj.所谓的Ark n.方舟BBarmaid n.酒吧女招待Barbeque n.烧烤；烤肉野餐Bare adj.无遮蔽的；赤裸的；秃的Barren adj.荒芜的Basal adj.基础的Balcony n.阳台Bulb n.电灯泡Buzzword n时髦词汇，漂亮口号Boast v.自夸，以拥有~而自豪Bond v.维系，联结Bonding adj.联络感情的Bonus n.奖赏Blameworthy adj.该受责备的Blockbuster n.一鸣惊人者Bustling adj.繁忙的，热闹的；熙熙攘攘的CCast n.投掷，抛射Camaraderie n.友情，同志之爱Catalyst n.催化剂；接触剂Captivate v.迷住，迷惑Charismatic adj.有超凡魅力的Cholesterol n.胆固醇Coerce v.强制，强迫Collective adj.集合的，共同的Confine v.限制，禁闭Complex n.综合性建筑Compromising adj.妥协的，让步的Commute v.每天往返上班；定期往返于两地间Copious adj.很多的，丰富的Conceive v.构思，以为Conceivable adj.可想象的，可能的Connotation n.涵义，言外之意Conjure v.想象，变出Conjecture n.推测Considerably adv,相当大地Counterpart n.极为相似的人或物，副本；对应物Connoisseur n.鉴赏家Corresponding adj.相应的，通讯的Controversial adj.争论的，争议的Contemplate v.沉思Coupling n.联结，接合，耦合Conceptual adj.概念上的Conductive adj.有助于~的Confront v.面对Congest v.使充满，使拥塞Console v.安慰，慰藉Consumption n.消费；消费量Consensus n.共识，意见一致Consistent adj.始终如一的Controversial adj.有争议的Couch n.睡椅Courtesy n.礼貌Core n.中心Copious adj.丰富的Civic adj.市的，市政的Closeness n.亲密Crucial adj.决定性的Culinary adj.厨房的，厨房用的Curl v.蜷曲Chunk n.大块，相当大的数量Cuisine n.烹饪DDay-to-day adj.日常的，例行的Dean n.院长Debris n.碎石Decent adj.不错的，相当好的Decomposition n.分解，腐败，腐烂Democratic adj.民主的，民主主义的Depravity n.堕落，腐坏Desensitize v.使不敏感Determinative n.起决定性作用的事Detrimental adj.有害的Degradation n.堕落，退化Demographic adj.人口的，人口统计学的Documentary n.纪录片Disc jockey（DJ）电台音乐节目主持人Discern v.洞悉，识别Disheveled adj.不整洁的Distract v.分散~的注意力Dissemination n.分发，传播Dramatically adv.戏剧性地；剧烈地；引人瞩目的Drastically adv.激烈地Dissipate v.驱散Disposal n.布置，安排Disseminate v.散布Discourse n.谈话，讲话Discipline n.修养Disguise n.伪装Dissipate v.消散Divine adj.神的，神圣的Divergent adj.有分歧的，不同的Distinctive adj.与众不同的，有特色的Dramatically adv.极大地Duplicate n.完全相同的东西EEcosystem n.生态系统Elevator n.电梯Etcetera n.附加的人；附加物；等等Etiquette n.礼节Esteem n.尊重；尊敬Enamel n.瓷釉；vt.涂上瓷釉Entertainer n.演艺人员Enduring adj.持久的Engross v.用大字体书写；吸引Endeavor n.努力，尽力Endow v.赋予Enchant adj.使~入迷Ethics n.道德规范，伦理Endorse v.认可，签署Enforce v.实施，执行；强迫Errand n.差事Epitomize v.摘要；成为···缩影Emanate v.散发，发出；发源Embody vt.具体表达，包含Empathy n.通感Empirical adj.根据经验的，实用的Endeavor n,努力，尽力Excel v.优秀，胜过别人Exceptionally adv.格外地，特别地Exceedingly adv.及其，非常Expertise n.专门技能；专门知识Exploitative adj.开发资源的Explicitly adv.明白地Exponentially adv.成指数地，越来越快地Exorbitant adj.昂贵的Exorbitantly adv,过分地Equation n.相等，平衡，综合体Equalizer n.平衡器Elimination n消除Evoke v.唤起，引起FFancy adj.花哨的Fame n.声明，声望Fatal adj.致命的，重大的Flora n.植物Framework n.框架，构架，结构Feat n.技艺，功绩forge v.塑造Foster v.培养Frivolously adv.轻浮地，愚昧地Frivolity n.无聊的东西Fulfilling adj.有成就感的，有满足感的Flawlessly adv.无误地Flavor n.滋味Flip v.快速翻动，轻抛GGaiety n.欢乐的气氛Gear v.使适用于，调整，搭配活动Gesture n.表示Gloat v.心满意足Gracious adj.亲切的，高尚的Grant n.赠款Gospel n.真理Greenery n.草木Gross v.总共赚得Grumble n.怨言v.抱怨Grim adj.严峻的Grinding adj.折磨的HHaggard adj.憔悴的Halt n.停住，止步Hands-on adj.亲身实践的Handcrafted adj.手工的Handmade adj.手工制作的Habitual adj.习惯性的Habitat n.栖息地Hasty adj.轻率的Harness v.掌握Hearty adj.丰盛的Healing adj.有治疗功用的Heavy adj.油腻的Harshly adv.严厉地，苛刻地Hibernation n.冬眠Hindrance n.障碍Hygienic adj.卫生的Humanoid adj.人形的Humble adj.卑微的，微贱的Hectic adj.发热的，兴奋的Heavenly adj.神圣的IIconic adj.图标的Idolize v.极度崇拜Incredibly adv.非常,极端地Indecision n.优柔寡断，犹豫不决Inevitably adv.不可避免地Ingrained adj.根深蒂固的Impulsive adj.冲动的Implement n.工具；器具Immobility n.牢固Inherent adj.内在的，与生俱来Intelligent adj.智能的Intensive adj.集中的Intently adv.专注地，专心的Incorporate v.综合，合并Intricate adj.错综复杂的Intimate adj.亲密的Intensity n.强度Intense adj.极端的Indulge vi.沉溺Ideological adj.意识形态的，思想的Introverted adj.性格内向的；含蓄的Intrinsic adj.内在的，本质的Irrefutably adv.无可辩驳地Interact vi.相互交往Innumerable adj.数不清的，无数的Innocent adj.纯真的Innovation n.改革创新Innovative adj.创新的Irritating adj.令人不愉快的Insight n.见识，见解（+on) Inexpert adj.不熟练的Infamous adj.声名狼藉的Indispensable adj.不可缺少的Inspiration n.灵感Inseminate v.向~授精Immune adj.免疫的Illustrate v.举例说明，阐明Ill adj.卑劣的Impoverish v.使贫穷，使枯竭Impair v.削弱Indicator n.指示器；指示针；指标Intensely adv,剧烈地，热情地Intensive adj.密集的Interrelate v.互相关联Interrupted adj.被中断的Intertwine v.(使)缠绕Intricate adj.错综复杂的Irreconcilable adj.不协调的，矛盾的Inevitably adv,不可避免地Indulge v.迁就JJasmine n.茉莉，素馨，淡黄色Juxtaposition n.毗邻，并置，并列KKinship n.亲密关系LLaminate n.层压板Lavatory n.洗手室，厕所Likelihood n.可能性Logic n.逻辑Lonesome adj.感到寂寞的MMarshland n.沼泽地Metaphysics n.玄学Metropolis n.首都，大都会Metaphor n.隐喻，暗喻，比喻说话Massive adj.厚重的，大块的Maturity n.成熟，到期，完备Manifest v.出现；表明Manual n.手册；指南Maid n.仆人Malevolent adj.有恶意的，坏心肠的Manipulative adj.操纵的，控制的；巧妙处理的Messy adj.凌乱的，杂论的Merit n.优点Memento n.纪念品Monetary adj.货币的，金钱的Migration n.迁徙Misinterpretation n.曲解，误译Mystical adj.神秘的Monotonous adj.单调的，无变化的Mountainous adj.山一般的，巨大的Mode n.方式，样式Myth n.神话NNamely adv.即，也就是Navigate v.航行，航海；驾驶Nomad n.游牧民Nominal adj.金额极小的Norm n.标准，规范Notoriety n.恶名，声名狼藉；名声远扬Notorious adj.声名狼藉的Notoriously adv.臭名昭著地，众所周知地Nicotine n.尼古丁Nuance n.颜色，意义等细微差别OOblivion n.遗忘Occurrence n.事件Off-limits adj.禁止入内的Overall 总的来说Overwhelming adj.压倒性的Overwhelmingly adv.极其Onlooker n.旁观者，观众Outlet n.途径，发泄途径Outperform v.比~做得好PProgrammer n.程序员Partial adj.Parallel n.平行线，平行面Partake v.参加，参与；享受Paycheck n.付薪水的支票；薪水Patriotic adj.爱国的，有爱国心的Parvenu n.暴发户Photosynthesis n.光合作用Pockmark n.痘痕，麻子Poignantly adv.（味觉，嗅觉方面）刺激地Pop n.汽水Postage n.邮资，邮费Posit v.提出以供考虑或研究的建议；假定，认为Porthole n.通道Prevalent adj.普通的；流行的Preoccupy v.使全神贯注，迷住Prickly adj.易怒的Perception n.感知Peer n.同伴，同辈；同等的人；v.盯着看Perfume n.香水Pester v.纠缠Procrastinate v,延迟，耽搁Prophet n.先知，预言家Profound adj.深远的Proficient adj.熟练地，精通的Propose v,建议，向~提议Puberty n.青春期Prominent adj.卓越的，显著的Prolong vt.延长Prosperity n.兴旺，繁盛Precise adj.精确的，准确的Presumptuous adj.自以为是的Preferable adj.可取的Phonograph n.留声机，电唱机Phase n.阶段Phenomenal adj.出众的，非常的Photography n.摄影，摄影术Perspective n.观点，看法；见解，洞察Perceive v.理解，领悟Plague v.折磨，使苦恼Playful adj.活泼的，有趣的Plethora n.过多，过剩Plumbing n.管道装置Prominent adj.突出的，显著的Prudent adj.谨慎的，慎重的Present v.介绍，引荐Publicist n.公共关系顾问Picturesque adj.独特的QQuery n.质问RRatio n.比例，比率Readily adv.容易地Rookie n.新手；新兵Recruit v.聘用Refresh v.使恢复精神Rejuvenate v.使恢复活力Remedy n.补救法Retain v.保持，保留Resounding adj.响亮的Repetitive adj.重复的；反复性的Revelation n.显示，揭露，启示Relevant adj.有实际重要性的Regarding prep.关于~Ripple n.波动，起伏Reject v.否认Resume n.个人简历Reckon v.认为SSanitation n.卫生设备；环境卫生Sanctuary n.避难所Savvy adj.有见识的Savor v.尽情享受Spark v.激发Scrutiny n.详细审查Stationary adj.固定的Stable adj.稳定的Stability n.稳定性Stimulating v.促进Serenity n.平静Sensation n.感情，耸人听闻的Sensible adj.合理的Self-perceived adj.自以为的Soothing adj.平静的Sooth v.使~平静Shed v.流下；流出，发散Showcase n.陈列柜；v.使~展现Slumber n.睡眠Silt n.泥沙Signify v.象征，预示Sizable adj.相当大的Socialize v.交往Solely adv.独自地，单独地；仅仅Solidify v.巩固Sophisticated adj精致的，复杂的，富有经验的Socialization n.交际Spacious adj.宽敞的Spontaneously adv.自然地Sportsmanship n.运动家精神Stimulus n.促进(因素)；刺激(物) Stimulating adj.刺激的，有刺激性的Stool n.马桶Subtlety n.微妙Supplement v.辅助Supervise v.监督Surpass v.超越，胜过Sub-culture n.亚文化，次文化Subjective adj.主观的Subconsciously adv.下意识地Sustainability n.可持续性Susceptible adj.易得病的Studious adj.勤学的，认真的Strategy n.策略，计策Steady adj.平稳的，稳定的Sneaker n.运动鞋Succinctly adv.简洁地，简便地Speculation n.思索TTaboo adj.禁忌的，忌讳的Tardy adj.迟到Tantrum n.发怒Tedious adj.单调乏味的Trailer n.追踪者Transpire v.蒸发Tolerance n.宽容Tolerant adj.包容的Topsoil n.地表土Token n.筹码，信物，纪念品Thoughtful adj.善于思考的Toil n.辛苦；苦工Toss v.投掷Thrift n.节俭，节约Thrive v.兴旺，繁荣Titillate v.瘙痒；使愉快Time-honored adj.历史悠久的Turbulent adj.骚动的，动乱的UUnderage adj.未成年的，未到法定年龄的Uncaring adj.漠不关心的，冷漠的Uncouth adj.粗俗的Uninformed adj.未充了解情况的，莽撞的Utilize v.利用Utilitarian adj.实际的Utmost adj.极度的，最大的Unwind v.放松，松弛Ultimately adv.最终地Urinal n.小便处；尿壶Upheaval n.剧变VVancouver n.温哥华Vaccination n.接种疫苗Valid adj.合理的；正确的Venture v.冒险Venue n.审判地，犯罪地点Versatile adj.多方面的Vicious adj.恶意的Vedioconference n.视频会议Visionary n.空想家，梦想者Visualize v.想象出Visibly adv.显然地Vigorous adj.强大的Virtual adj.虚拟的V oice n.发言权Vulnerable adj.脆弱的WWary adj.小心谨慎的Warrant v.授权，证明Wasteland n.废墟Weld v.焊接Westernization n.西化Well-adjusted 有教养的Whence adv&conj.从那里Whereas adj.鉴于，而~ Whatsoever adv.任何地Wield v.支配，掌握，拥有Withstand v.抵御，承受Workout n.体育锻炼；测验XYZ。
TOEFL ibt 听力分类学术词汇
暗礁
tide
湖水
torrent
水的急流
tropical rain forest
热带雨林
continental island
大陆岛
volcanic island
火山岛
coral island
珊瑚岛
islet
小岛
peninsular
半岛
archipelago
群岛
delta
三角洲
landlocked area
蓄水层
swamp
沼泽
peat bog
泥炭沼泽
GreatCanyon
大峡谷
NileRiver
尼罗河
Colorado river
科罗拉多河
crumples zones
地质缓冲地带
bedrock
岩床
bulge
凸起物
地理学
hemisphere
半球
meridian
子午线/经线
parallel
平行圈
latitude
fjord
峡湾
coral reef
珊瑚礁
Chalk
白垩纪
cataclysm
大洪水
ridge
山脊；分水岭
abyss
深渊
territory
版图；领土；地域
Pyrenees
比利牛斯山脉
Carpathians
喀尔巴阡山脉
Vesuvius
维苏威火山
Pompeii
庞贝
precipice
悬崖
eon
世；纪；代
glacier
岩浆
quartz
石英
新托福iBT词汇分类突破
1.Basic building materials include: timber, mud, stone, marble, brick, tile, steel, andcement concrete. Masonry walls are built with stones or bricks, cohered through the use of mortar, first composed of lime and sand. The profusion of aluminum and its anodized coatings provided cladding material that is lightweight andvirtually maintenance free. Glass was known in prehistory and is celebrated for its contributions to Gothic architecture.✓timber [ ♦♓❍♌☜] n. 木材✓marble [ ❍♌●] n. 大理石✓tile [♦♋♓●] n. 饰面砖，瓷砖✓cement concrete [♦♓❍♏⏹♦] [ ⏹❒♓♦] n. 水泥混凝土✓masonry wall [ ❍♏♓♦☜⏹❒♓] [♦●] n. 砖墙，砖瓦墙✓cohere [ ☜◆♒♓☜] v. 粘合✓mortar [ ❍♦☜] n. 砂浆，灰浆✓lime [●♋♓❍] n. 石灰✓profusion [☐❒☜♐◆✞☜⏹] n. 大量(a profusion of 大量的)✓aluminum [ ●◆❍☜⏹☜❍] n. 铝✓anodized coating[ ✌⏹☜◆♎♋♓♎] [ ☜◆♦♓☠] n. 电镀层，电镀膜(anodize [ ✌⏹☜◆♎♋♓] 阳极氧化: 用电解方式给金属面镀上一层保护性或装饰性的氧化物)✓cladding [ ●✌♎♓☠] n. 覆层: 在高温高压下结合到另一金属上的金属外层✓celebrated [ ♦♏●☜♌❒♏♓♦♓♎] adj. 著名的✓Gothic [ ♈♓] adj. 哥特式的✓architecture [ ☜♦♏♦☞☜] n. 建筑，建筑学2.Two basic approaches to spanning over masonry walls are post-and-lintelconstruction and arch, vault, and dome construction.✓span [♦☐✌⏹] v. (桥、拱等)横跨✓post-and-lintel [☐☜◆♦♦✌⏹♎●♓⏹♦●] n. 框架(结构)，抬梁式: 在立柱上架梁, 梁上又抬梁, 在宫殿、庙宇、寺院等大型建筑中普遍采用✓arch [ ♦☞] n. 拱(连柱的)✓vault [ ●♦] n. 拱(不连柱的)✓dome [♎☜◆❍] n. 穹隆(结构): 类似于穹隆或圆屋顶的结构3.The Chicago architect Louis Sullivan’s career converges with the so-calledChicago School of architects, whose challenge was to invent the skyscraper or high-rise building, facilitated by the introduction of the electric elevator and the abundance of steel. The building’s skeleton could be erected quickly and the remaining components hung on it to complete it, an immense advantage forhigh-rise buildings on busy city streets.✓architect [ ♓♦♏♦] n. 建筑师✓converge [ ☜⏹☜♎✞] v. 聚合于，集中于一点✓school [♦◆●] n. 学派✓skyscraper [ ♦♋♓♦❒♏♓☐☜] n. 摩天大楼✓facilitate [♐☜♦♓●☜♦♏♓♦] v. 提供便利✓electric elevator [♓●♏♦❒♓] [♏●☜♏♓♦☜] n. 电梯✓abundance [☜♌✈⏹♎☜⏹♦] n. 充裕✓skeleton [ ♦♏●☜♦☜⏹] n. 框架结构，整体框架✓erect [♓❒♏♦] v. 树立，建立✓component [ ☜❍☐☜◆⏹☜⏹♦] n. 零件，构件✓immense [♓❍♏⏹♦] adj. 极大的4.Interior design of apartments and houses, that is, dwellings, usually involves bothpractical and aesthetic decisions. Choices have to be made for almost everyelements, ceilings and lamps, curtains and blinds, corridor and doorway, niches and ledges, grate and ventilations, terraces and staircases, even sewers ordrainers. Sometimes such designs are extended to the façade of the building, & and even to a fountain, or a gardening yard.✓interior design [♓⏹♦♓☜❒♓☜] [♎♓♋♓⏹] n. 室内设计✓dwelling [ ♎♦♏●♓☠] n. 住处，居住空间✓involve [♓⏹●] v. 包括✓aesthetic [♏♦♏♦♓] adj. 美学的✓ceiling [ ♦♓●♓☠] n. 天花板✓curtain [ ☜♦☜⏹] n. 窗帘✓blind [♌●♋♓⏹♎] n. 窗帘: 尤指固定在卷轴上能够拉下来的布质窗帘✓corridor [ ❒☜♎☜] n. 走廊✓doorway [ ♎♦♏✋] n. 门口✓niche [⏹♓♦☞] n. 壁橱✓ledge [●♏♎✞] n. 壁架✓grate [♈❒♏♓♦] n. 壁炉✓ventilation [ ♏⏹♦☜●♏♓☞☜⏹] n. 通风设备✓terrace [ ♦♏❒☜♦] n. 阳台✓staircase [ ♦♦♏☜♏♓♦] n. 楼梯✓sewer [ ♦◆☜] n. 排水沟✓drainer [ ♎❒♏♓⏹☜] n. 下水道装置，滤水器✓façade [♐☜♦♎] n. (建筑物的)外立面(正面)✓fountain [ ♐♋◆⏹♦♓⏹] n. 喷泉✓yard [ ♎] n. 庭院5.The lease is a contract of rent under which one party, called landlord or lessor,grants possession and use of the property for a limited term to the other party, who is called tenant or lessee.✓lease [●♓♦] n. 租约✓rent [❒♏⏹♦] n. 租金✓landlord [ ●✌⏹♎●♎] n. 房东✓lessor [ ●♏♦] n. 出租人✓grant [♈❒⏹♦] v. 授与(权利)，让与(财产)✓possession [☐☜♏☞☜⏹] n. 占有，拥有✓property [ ☐❒☐☜♦♓] n. 财产，所有物✓tenant [ ♦♏⏹☜⏹♦] n. 房客✓lessee [●♏♦♓] n. 承租人6. A big city, or metropolis, is often accompanied by suburbs. Such cities areusually associated with metropolitan areas and urban sprawl, creating largeamounts of business commuters. Once a city sprawls far enough to reach another city, this region can be deemed a conurbation or megalopolis.✓metropolis [❍☜♦❒♋☐☜●♓♦] n. 大城市✓suburb [ ♦✈♌☜♌] n. 城郊(缩写: sub [♦✈♌])✓be associated with [♌♓] [☜♦☜◆☞♓♏♓♦] [♦♓❆] v. 与……相关✓metropolitan [❍♏♦❒☜☐●☜♦☜⏹] adj. 大城市的✓urban [ ☜♌☜⏹] adj. 城市的✓sprawl [♦☐❒●] n. (城市的)无计划扩展✓commuter[ ☜❍◆♦☜] n. 通勤者: 定期从一地到另一地旅行的人, 如从郊区到城市并回来✓deem [♎♓❍] v. 视为✓conurbation [ ♋⏹☜♌♏♓☞☜⏹] n. (连带卫星城镇和市郊的)大都市✓megalopolis [ ❍♓♈☜●♋☐☜●☜♦] n. 特大城市7.Sanitation is the hygienic means of preventing human contact from the hazardsof wastes, either physical, microbiological, biological or chemical agents ofdisease, which include human and animal feces, solid wastes, domesticwastewater (sewage, sullage, greywater), etc. Hygienic means of prevention can be practiced by using simple technologies (e. g. latrines, septic tanks), or bypersonal hygiene practices.✓sanitation [♦✌⏹☜♦♏♓☞☜⏹] n. 公共卫生✓hygienic [♒♋♓♎✞♓⏹♓] adj. 卫生学的(hygiene [ ♒♋♓♎✞♓⏹] 卫生学)✓microbiological [ ❍♋♓❒☜◆♌♋♓☜●♎✞♓☜●] adj. 微生物学的✓agent [ ♏♓♎✞☜⏹♦] n. 媒介✓feces [ ♐♓♦♓] n. 粪便✓domestic [♎☜❍♏♦♦♓] adj. 家庭的✓sewage [ ♦◆♓♎✞] n. 污水✓sullage [ ♦✈●♓♎✞] n. (房屋、街道等排出的)污物✓greywater [ ♈❒♏♓♦♦☜] n. 生活污水✓latrine [●☜♦❒♓⏹] n. 公共厕所✓septic tank [ ♦♏☐♦♓] [♦✌☠] n. 化粪池✓personal hygiene practice [ ☐☜♦☜⏹●] [ ♒♋♓♎✞♓⏹] [ ☐❒✌♦☜♦] v. 个人卫生习惯8. A public utility (usually just utility) is a company that maintains and provides theinfrastructure for a public service. Although utilities can be privately owned or publicly owned, they often involve natural monopolies.✓public utility [ ☐✈♌●♓] [ ◆♦♓●☜♦♓] n. 公用事业✓infrastructure [ ♓⏹♐❒☜♦♦❒✈♦☞☜] n. 基础设施✓privately owned [ ☐❒♋♓☜♦●♓] [☜◆⏹♎] adj. 私有✓publicly owned [ ☐✈♌●♓●♓] [☜◆⏹♎] adj. 公有✓monopoly [❍☜⏹☐☜●♓] n. 垄断9.The field of transport has several aspects: infrastructure, vehicles, andoperations. Infrastructure includes the transport networks (roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals, pipelines, etc.) that are used, as well as the nodes or terminals (such as airports, railway stations, bus stations and seaports). Vehicles travelling on the networks will include automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains and aircraft. The operations deal with the way the vehicles are operated on thenetwork and the procedures set for this purpose including the legal environment (Laws, Codes, Regulations, etc.) Policies, such as how to finance the system (for example, the use of tolls or gasoline taxes) may be considered part of theoperations.✓vehicle [ ♓♓●] n. 交通工具✓operation [ ♋☐☜❒♏♓☞☜⏹] n. 运营✓canal [ ☜⏹✌●] n. 运河✓pipeline [ ☐♋♓☐●♋♓⏹] n. 管道，输送管道✓node [⏹☜◆♎] n. 中转站✓terminal [ ♦☜❍♓⏹●] n. 终点站✓seaport [ ♦♓☐♦] n. 港口✓law [●] n. 法律✓code [ ☜◆♎] n. 法规✓regulation [❒♏♈◆●♏♓☞☜⏹] n. 规章制度✓toll [♦☜◆●] n. 通行费✓gasoline [ ♈✌♦☜●♓⏹] n. 汽油10.Rail transport is the conveyance of passengers and goods by means of wheeledvehicles specially designed to run along railways or railroads. Typical railwaytracks consist of two parallel rails, normally made of steel, secured tocrossbeams, termed ties. The ties maintain a constant distance between the two rails; a measurement known as the "gauge" of the track. To maintain thealignment of the track it is either laid on a bed of ballast or else secured to a solid concrete foundation. Rail transport is an energy-efficient andcapital-intensive component of logistics; in contrast, a traditional wagon can carry no more than several tons of freight.✓rail transport [❒♏♓●] [♦❒✌⏹♦☐♦] n. 铁路运输✓conveyance [ ☜⏹♏♓☜⏹♦] n. 运送✓by means of [♌♋♓] [❍♓⏹] [☜] prep. 通过……方式✓consist of [ ☜⏹♦♓♦♦] [☜] v. 由……组成✓secure to [♦♓◆☜] [♦◆] v. 固定在……✓crossbeam [♊❒♦♌♓❍] n. 横梁✓tie [♦♋♓] n. 枕木✓gauge [♈♏♓♎✞] n. 轨距✓alignment [☜●♋♓⏹❍☜⏹♦] n. 直线排列✓ballast [ ♌✌●☜♦♦] n. 道碴✓concrete [ ⏹❒♓♦] n. 混凝土✓energy-efficient [ ♏⏹☜♎✞♓] [♓♐♓☞☜⏹♦] adj. 能源节约的✓capital-intensive [ ✌☐♓♦●♓⏹♦♏⏹♦♓] adj. 资本密集型的✓logistics [●☜◆♎✞♓♦♦♓♦] n. 物流✓wagon [ ♦✌♈☜⏹] n. 四轮马车✓freight [♐❒♏♓♦] n. 货物11.Developments in technology have eroded some of the natural monopoly aspects oftraditional public utilities. For instance, electricity generation, electricityretailing, telecommunication and postal services have become competitive insome countries and the trend towards liberalization, deregulation andprivatization of public utilities is growing, but the network infrastructure used to distribute most utility products and services has remained largelymonopolistic.✓erode [♓❒☜◆♎] v. 侵蚀✓retailing [ ❒♓♦♏♓●♓☠] n. 零售✓postal service [ ☐☜◆♦♦☜●] [ ♦☜☜♦] n. 邮电业✓competitive [ ☜❍☐♏♦☜♦♓] adj. 竞争的✓trend [♦❒♏⏹♎] n. 趋势✓liberalization [ ●♓♌☜❒☜●☜♏♓☞☜⏹] n. 自由化✓deregulation [♎♓❒♏♈◆●♏♓☞☜⏹] n. 撤销(价格, 费用方面的)管制规定✓privatization [ ☐❒♋♓☜♦☜♏♓☞☜⏹] n. 私有化✓infrastructure [ ♓⏹♐❒☜♦♦❒✈♦☞☜] n. 基础设施✓distribute [♎♓♦♦❒♓♌◆♦] v. 分配✓monopolistic [❍☜⏹☐☜♊●♓♦♦♓] adj. 垄断的12.An aspiring master would have to pass through the career chain from apprenticeto journeyman before he could be elected to become a master craftsman. He would then have to produce a sum of money and a masterpiece before he could actually join the guild.✓aspiring [☜♦☐♋♓☜❒♓☠] adj. 有志向的✓master [ ❍♦♦☜] n. 大师✓pass through [☐♦] [ ❒◆] v. 经过✓apprentice [☜☐❒♏⏹♦☜♦] n. 学徒✓journeyman [ ♎✞☜⏹♓❍☜⏹] n. 学徒期满的职工✓masterpiece [ ❍♦♦☜☐♓♦] n. 杰作✓actually [ ✌♦☞◆☜●♓] adv. 实际上✓guild [♈♓●♎] n. (中世纪的)行会13.A craftsperson who perhaps has at first sold craft items only to friends or atlocal bazaars may find that increased demand leads to a wider clientele and sales by mail order, at crafts fairs, or through a shop.✓craft [ ❒♐♦] adj. 手工制作的✓bazaar [♌☜] n. 集市✓clientele [ ●♋♓☜⏹♦♏●] n. 顾客✓fair [♐♏☜] n. 市集14.There is a fine line of distinction between crafts produced by amateur hobbyistsfor their personal satisfaction and those made by gifted artisans with a view toward the use and enjoyment of others.✓fine [♐♋♓⏹] adj. (区别)微小的，细微的✓distinction [♎♓♦♦♓☠☞☜⏹] n. 区别✓amateur hobbyist [ ✌❍☜♦☜] [ ♒♋♌♓♓♦♦] n. 业余爱好者✓artisan [ ❒♦♓⏹] n. 工匠15.Fabric weaving involves interlacing warp and weft. The yarn threads of warp arearranged parallel to one another and held in tension on a loom, while the single thread wefts pass over or under the warp threads to create a solid or patterned piece of clothes. To create larger pieces, a treadle loom is usually needed.✓fabric weaving [ ♐✌♌❒♓] [ ♦♓♓☠] n. 纺织编织✓involve [♓⏹●] v. 包括✓interlace [ ♓⏹♦☜●♏♓♦] v. 使交织✓warp [♦☐] n. 织物上纵的方向的纱或线✓weft [♦♏♐♦] n. 织物上横的方向的纱或线✓yarn threads [ ⏹] [ ❒♏♎] n. 纺线丝✓parallel [ ☐✌❒☜●♏●] adj. 平行的✓tension [ ♦♏⏹☞☜⏹] n. 绷紧状态✓loom [●◆❍] n. 织布机✓solid [ ♦●♓♎] adj. 结实的✓treadle loom [ ♦❒♏♎●] [●◆❍] n. 脚踏织布机16.Basketry is the craft of making baskets and bags, mats, rugs, and other itemsthrough weaving, plaiting, and coiling techniques, using materials such as reed, cane, rush, sisal fiber, ash-wood splints, and ropes twisted from strands of hemp.✓basketry [ ♌♦☜♦❒♓] n. 编篮工艺✓mat [❍✌♦] n. 垫子✓rug [❒✈♈] n. 地毯✓plait [☐●✌♦] v. 打褶✓coil [ ♓●] v. 缠绕✓reed [❒♓♎] n. 芦苇✓cane [ ♏♓⏹] n. 藤条✓rush [❒✈☞] n. 灯心草✓sisal [ ♦♋♓♦☜●] n. 波罗麻: 一种分布在墨西哥和中美洲的植物✓fiber [ ♐♋♓♌☜] n. 纤维✓ash-wood [✌☞♦◆♎] adj. 梣木的✓splint [♦☐●♓⏹♦] n. 薄木条✓twist [♦♦♓♦♦] v. 捻✓strand [♦♦❒✌⏹♎] n. 股✓hemp [♒♏❍☐] n. 大麻纤维17.In ornamental knotting, cotton, linen, or jute cord is used to make bags, wallhangings, and containers.✓ornamental [ ⏹☜❍♏⏹♦●] adj. 装饰性的✓knotting [ ⏹♦♓☠] n. 结形花边，流苏✓cotton [ ♋♦⏹] n. 棉布✓linen [ ●♓⏹☜⏹] n. 亚麻布✓jute cord [♎✞◆♦] [ ♎] n. 黄麻绳✓wall hanging [♦●] [ ♒✌☠♓☠] n. 壁毯18.In quilting, three layers of fabric (a decorative top layer, filler, and a liner) arestitched or tied together.✓quilt [ ♦♓●♦] v. 缝被子✓quilting [ ♦♓●♦♓☠] n. 被子面料✓layer [ ●♏♓☜] n. 层✓decorative [ ♎♏☜❒☜♦♓] adj. 装饰性的✓filler [ ♐♓●☜] n. 填充物✓liner [ ●♋♓⏹☜] n. 衬里✓stitch [♦♦♓♦☞] v. 缝合19.Many useful objects can be fashioned from leather, using such special tools asleather shears, punches for carving thick leather, thonging chisels, and lacing needles.✓fashion [ ♐✌☞☜⏹] v. 制造✓leather [ ●♏❆☜] n. 皮革✓shear [☞♓☜] n. 剪刀✓punch [☐✈⏹♦☞] n. 打孔器✓carve [ ] v. 切割✓thong [ ☠] v. 给……装上皮带子✓chisel [ ♦☞♓●] n. 凿子✓lace [●♏♓♦] v. 穿线✓needle [ ⏹♓♎●] n. 针20.Ceramic objects can be molded completely by hand or thrown on a potter’s wheel.When the clay hardens, it is fired in a high-temperature oven, or kiln, tostrengthen it. To make the object waterproof, glazes may then be applied and the piece fired again.✓ceramic [♦☜❒✌❍♓] adj. 陶器的✓mold [❍☜◆●♎] v. 塑造✓throw [ ❒☜◆] v. 在陶轮上形成✓potter's wheel [ ☐♦☜♦] [♦♓●] n. 陶轮✓clay [ ●♏♓] n. 粘土✓oven [ ✈☜⏹] n. 烤炉✓kiln [ ♓●⏹] n. 窑✓waterproof [ ♦♦☜☐❒◆♐] adj. 防水的✓glaze [♈●♏♓] n. 釉料21.Such basic woodworking techniques as sawing, joining, and finishing can beemployed to make a wide variety of useful and ornamental objects, from jewelry boxes to picture frames.✓woodworking [ ♦◆♎♦☜♓☠] adj. 木工的✓sawing [ ♦♓☠] n. 锯✓joining [ ♎✞♓⏹♓☠] n. 拼接✓finishing [ ♐♓⏹♓☞♓☠] n. 抛光✓ornamental [ ⏹☜❍♏⏹♦●] adj. 装饰性的✓picture frame [ ☐♓♦☞☜] [♐❒♏♓❍] n. 相框22.Carpenter tools include saws, planes, flat-edged chisels, semicircular gouge,boring tools such as brace, drills, and measuring tools such as steel rules,C-clamp, squares and trisquare, etc.✓carpenter [ ☐♓⏹♦☜] n. 木匠✓saw [♦] n. 锯✓plane [☐●♏♓⏹] n. 刨✓chisel [ ♦☞♓●] n. 凿子✓gouge [♈♋◆♎✞] n. 半圆凿✓boring [ ♌❒♓☠] n. 钻(孔)✓brace [♌❒♏♓♦] n. 手摇曲柄钻✓drill [♎❒♓●] n. 钻孔机✓C-clamp [♦♓●✌❍☐] n. C型夹✓square [♦♦♏☜] n. 直角尺✓trisquare [ ♦❒♋♓♦♦♏☜] n. 曲尺23.The tenon, a rectangular or square projection from the end of one member, fitssnugly into the mortise cut in the second member, thus joining the twoperpendicularly.✓tenon [ ♦♏⏹☜⏹] n. 榫✓projection [☐❒☜♎✞♏☞☜⏹] n. 凸出物✓snugly [ ♦⏹✈♈●♓] adv. 紧紧地✓mortise [ ❍♦☜♦] n. 榫眼✓perpendicularly [ ☐☜☐☜⏹♎♓◆●☜●♓] adv. 垂直地24.Finishes serve to protect and preserve the wood and to bring out the beauty ofthe grain. Pieces are finished with rasps, files, and sandpaper. Common finishes include waxes, oils, bleaches, fillers, stains, shellac, varnish, lacquer, sealers, and paints, including enamels.✓bring out [♌❒♓☠] [♋◆♦] v. 显示出✓grain [♈❒♏♓⏹] n. 纹理图案✓rasp [❒♦☐] n. 粗锉: 一种有锋利凸起的钝锉✓file [♐♋♓●] n. 锉刀✓sandpaper [ ♦✌⏹♎☐♏♓☐☜] n. 沙纸✓wax [♦✌♦] n. 石蜡✓bleach [♌●♓♦☞] n. 漂白✓filler [ ♐♓●☜] n. 填料: 用于在完工前将木头、塑料或其它建筑表面填入孔、裂缝或洞✓stain [♦♦♏♓⏹] n. 着色剂: 能够渗透表层并着深色的一种液体物质, 尤用于木头上✓shellac [☞☜●✌] n. 虫胶清漆: 用于涂饰木料的物质✓varnish [ ⏹☜☞] n. 清漆: 用于把表面涂成坚硬的物质, 有光泽的透明的膜✓lacquer [ ●✌☜] n. 天然漆: 一种用作表面涂层的光滑的树脂般的物质✓sealer [ ♦♓●☜] n. (油漆)封底层: 一种密封物质, 比如用来给平面上胶的油漆或清漆的底层✓paint [☐♏♓⏹♦] n. 油漆✓enamel [♓⏹✌❍☜●] n. 瓷漆: 一种玻璃似的, 烧制在金属、玻璃或瓷器上通常不透明的、保护性或装饰性的覆盖层25.Paints are formed by mixing a pigment and a binder, a fluid vehicle, such aslinseed oil, that solidifies when exposed to air. A varnish is a transparent solution that solidifies into a protective coating. Opaque and colored varnishes are called lacquers.✓pigment [ ☐♓♈❍☜⏹♦] n. 色素✓binder [ ♌●♋♓⏹♎☜] n. 粘合剂✓vehicle [ ♓♓●] n. 调漆料: 与油漆混合在一起以供使用的一种物质, 如润滑油等✓linseed oil [ ●♓⏹♦♓♎] [ ♓●] n. 亚麻油✓solidify [♦☜●♓♎♓♐♋♓] v. (使)凝固✓expose [♓♦☐☜◆] v. 暴露✓transparent [♦❒✌⏹♦☐♏☜❒☜⏹♦] adj. 透明的✓solution [♦☜●◆☞☜⏹] n. 溶液✓coating [ ☜◆♦♓☠] n. 涂层✓opaque [☜◆☐♏♓] adj. 不透明的26.Cookery involves a diverse array of cuisines. Food may be immersed in liquidssuch as water, stock, or wine (boiling, poaching, stewing); immersed in fat or oil (frying); exposed to vapor (steaming and, to some extent, braising); exposed to dry heat (roasting, baking, broiling); and subjected to contact with hot fats (sauting).✓cookery [ ◆☜❒♓] n. 烹饪✓diverse [♎♋♓☜♦] adj. 不同的✓cuisine [ ♦♓♓⏹] n. 烹饪法✓immerse [♓❍☜♦] v. 浸没✓stock [♦♦] n. 浓汤✓wine [♦♋♓⏹] n. 酒✓boil [♌♓●] v. 煮✓poach [☐☜◆♦☞] v. 水煮✓stew [♦♦◆] v. 炖: 用小火烧或慢慢地煮沸来烹饪食物✓fat [♐✌♦] n. 油脂✓fry [♐❒♋♓] v. 油炸✓vapor [ ♏♓☐☜] n. 蒸汽✓steam [♦♦♓❍] v. 蒸✓braise [♌❒♏♓] v. 炖: 先用油炒, 然后在有盖容器中炖✓dry heat [♎❒♋♓] [♒♓♦] n. 干热✓roast [❒☜◆♦♦] v. 烘烤✓bake [♌♏♓] v. 烘焙✓broil [♌❒♓●] v. 烤✓subject to [ ♦✈♌♎✞♓♦] [♦◆] v. 使经受✓contact [ ⏹♦✌♦] n. 关联✓saute [♦♦♏♓] v. 炒27.Essential modern kitchen equipment includes the following: a stove, or range;sink; work surface; various knives, pots and pans; such utensils as spatulas,whisks, specialized spoons, and rolling pins; a more highly specialized array of gear for producing pastries and other baked goods; and more recentsophisticated equipment such as blenders, food processors, and microwave ovens.✓kitchen [ ♓♦☞♓⏹] n. 厨房✓stove [♦♦☜◆] n. 炉子✓range [❒♏♓⏹♎✞] n. 火炉✓sink [♦♓☠] n. 水槽✓work surface [♦☜] [ ♦☜♐☜♦] n. 工作台✓knife [⏹♋♓♐] n. 刀子✓pot [☐♦] n. 锅✓pan [☐✌⏹] n. 平底锅✓utensil [ ◆♦♏⏹♦●] n. 器具✓spatula [ ♦☐✌♦☞☜●☜] n. (调拌用的)刮铲✓whisk [♦♓♦] n. 搅拌器✓spoon [♦☐◆⏹] n. 匙✓rolling pin [ ❒☜◆●♓☠] [☐♓⏹] n. 擀面杖✓gear [♈♓☜] n. 设备✓pastry [ ☐♏♓♦♦❒♓] n. 点心✓sophisticated [♦☜♐♓♦♦♓♏♓♦♓♎] adj. 复杂精巧的✓blender [ ♌●♏⏹♎☜] n. 搅拌器✓microwave oven [ ❍♋♓❒☜◆♦♏♓] [ ✈☜⏹] n. 微波炉28.In ancient times mosaics were a form of floor decoration made of small pebblesand later of cut or shaped pieces of marble, hard stone, glass, terra-cotta,mother-of-pearl, and enamels. The shaped pieces, in the form of small cubes, are called tesserae. The tesserae are embedded in plaster, cement, or putty to hold them in place.✓mosaic [❍☜◆♏♓♓] n. 镶嵌工艺✓pebble [ ☐♏♌●] n. 鹅卵石✓marble [ ❍♌●] n. 大理石✓terra-cotta [♊♦♏❒☜♋♦☜] n. 赤陶✓mother-of-pearl [ ❍✈❆☜❒☜☐☜●] n. 珍珠母✓enamel [♓⏹✌❍☜●] n. 瓷漆: 一种玻璃似的, 烧制在金属、玻璃或瓷器上通常不透明的保护性或装饰性的覆盖层✓cube [ ◆♌] n. 立方体✓tessera [ ♦♏♦☜❒☜] n. 镶嵌物✓embed [♓❍♌♏♎] v. 镶嵌✓plaster [ ☐●♦♦☜] n. 石膏✓cement [♦♓❍♏⏹♦] n. 水泥✓putty [ ☐✈♦♓] n. 油灰✓in place [♓⏹] [☐●♏♓♦] adv. 在适当的位置29.Molten glass was tinted in a wide range of colors with metal oxides and thenpoured on a flat surface such as a marble slab to form a disk of colored glass;this was scored with a sharp tool and broken into strips and cubes.✓molten [ ❍☜◆●♦☜⏹] adj. 熔化的✓tint [♦♓⏹♦] v. 给……着色✓ a wide range of [☜] [♦♋♓♎] [❒♏♓⏹♎✞] [☜] adj. 广泛的✓metal oxide [ ❍♏♦●] [ ♦♋♓♎] n. 金属氧化物✓pour on [☐❒] [ ⏹] v. 把……倾泻在……上✓flat [♐●✌♦] adj. 扁平的✓marble slab [ ❍♌●] [♦●✌♌] n. 大理石板✓score [♦] v. 刻痕✓strip [♦♦❒♓☐] n. 条✓cube [ ◆♌] n. 立方体30.Portraits can be executed in any medium, including sculpted stone and wood, oil,painted ivory, pastel, encaustic on wood panel, tempera on parchment, carved cameo, and hammered or poured metal.✓portrait [ ☐♦❒♓♦] n. 肖像✓sculpt [♦✈●☐♦] v. 雕刻✓ivory [ ♋♓☜❒♓] n. 象牙✓pastel [☐✌♦♦♏●] n. 彩色蜡笔画✓encaustic [♓⏹♦♦♓] n. 蜡画✓tempera [ ♦♏❍☐☜❒☜] n. 蛋彩画✓parchment [ ☐♦☞❍☜⏹♦] n. 羊皮纸✓cameo [ ✌❍♓☜◆] n. 浮雕✓hammer [ ♒✌❍☜] v. 锤打✓pour [☐❒] v. 浇注31.Sculpture (from Latin, "to carve"), three-dimensional art concerned with theorganization of masses and volumes. The two principal types have traditionally been freestanding sculpture in the round and relief sculpture.✓sculpture [ ♦✈●☐♦☞☜] n. 雕刻✓mass [❍✌♦] n. 质量✓volume [ ●☜❍] n. 体积✓principal [ ☐❒♓⏹♦☜☐☜●] adj. 主要的✓freestanding [ ♐❒♓♦♦✌⏹♎♓☠] adj. (雕刻、建筑物等)独立的，自力撑持的✓in the round [♓⏹] [❆☜] [❒♋◆⏹♎] adj. 雕刻成立体的，栩栩如生的，表现无余的✓relief [❒♓●♓♐] n. 浮雕32.Casting is accomplished in two stages: &(1) an impression or negative mold isformed from the original — a clay model, for instance — and &(2) a positive cast or reproduction is made of the original work from the negative impression.✓casting [ ♦♦♓☠] n. 铸造✓impression [♓❍☐❒♏☞☜⏹] n. 印痕✓negative mold [ ⏹♏♑☜♦♓] [ ♦♦] n. 凹模✓clay [ ●♏♓] n. 黏土，泥土✓positive cast [ ☐♓♦♓] [ ♦♦] n. 正像✓reproduction [ ❒♓☐❒☜♎✈☞☜⏹] n. 复制品33.Pitch depends upon the rate of vibration, or frequency, of sound waves thatproduce a particular tone. Most Western music was based on 12 equivalentintervals per octave; however, a great deal of Western folk music conforms to pentatonic scale, the best-known form of which contains no half steps.✓pitch [☐♓♦☞] n. 音高✓vibration [ ♋♓♌❒♏♓☞☜⏹] n. 振动✓frequency [ ♐❒♓♦☜⏹♦♓] n. 频率✓tone [♦☜◆⏹] n. 音调✓equivalent interval [♓♦♓☜●☜⏹♦] [ ♓⏹♦☜☜●] n. 等间隔的音程✓octave [ ♦♏♓] n. 八度音程(音阶)✓folk [♐☜◆] adj. 民间的✓conform [ ☜⏹♐❍] v. (+to/with)遵照，依照✓pentatonic [ ☐♏⏹♦☜♦⏹♓] adj. 五声音阶的✓scale [♦♏♓●] n. 音阶✓step [♦♦♏☐] n. 音级✓relief [❒♓●♓♐] n. 浮雕34.Rhythm is the way music uses time, which includes characteristics such asduration of tones and silences, and patterns of duration.✓rhythm [ ❒♓❆☜❍] n. 节奏✓characteristic [ ✌❒♓♦☜❒♓♦♦♓] n. 特性✓duration [♎◆☜❒♏♓☞☜⏹] n. 持续时间35.The most important and style-defining patterns are formed by pitches thatoverlap with one another in time, producing a chord, or harmony. Two or more tones heard simultaneously may belong to separate melodies that fit welltogether, but which occupy different octave registers, have distinct rhythmic patterns, or otherwise have different shapes or contours.✓style-defining [♦♦♋♓●♎♓♐♋♓⏹♓☠] adj. 定义完整的，仔细定义过的✓overlap [ ☜◆☜●✌☐] v. 与……重叠✓chord [ ♎] n. 和弦✓harmony [ ♒❍☜⏹♓] n. 和声✓simultaneously [♦♋♓❍☜●♦♏♓⏹♓☜♦●⍓] adv. 同时地✓melody [ ❍♏●☜♎♓] n. 曲调✓occupy [ ♋◆☐♋♓] v. 占用，填满✓register [ ❒♏♎✞☜♦♦☜] n. 音域✓distinct [♎♓♦♦♓☠♦] adj. 截然不同的✓rhythmic patterns [ ❒♓❆❍♓] [ ☐✌♦☜⏹] n. 有节奏的模式✓contour [ ♋⏹♦◆❒] n. (音调或声调的)升降曲线，变化方式36.Score, musical notation for a multipart composition, in which the music to beperformed by each voice or instrument is written with clefs on a separate staff, all the staves being aligned one above another.✓score [♦] n. 乐谱✓notation [⏹☜◆♦♏♓☞☜⏹] n. 谱号(musical notation 音乐记谱法)✓composition [ˌ ❍☐☜♓☞☜⏹] n. 乐曲✓perform [☐☜♐❍] v. 演奏✓instrument [ ♓⏹♦♦❒◆❍☜⏹♦] n. 乐器✓clef [ ●♏♐] n. 谱号✓staff [♦♦♐] n. 五线谱✓align [☜●♋♓⏹] v. 排列37.Orchestra, ensemble of musical instruments, in the narrowest sense, thecharacteristic ensemble of Western music, having as its core a group ofbowed-string instruments of the violin family, augmented by woodwind, brass, and percussion instruments.✓orchestra [ ☜♦♦❒☜] n. 管弦乐✓ensemble [♋⏹♦❍♌●] n. 合奏✓musical instruments [ ❍◆♓☜●] [ ♓⏹♦♦❒◆❍☜⏹♦] n. 乐器✓core [ ] n. 中心✓bowed-string [♌♋◆♎♦♦❒♓☠] adj. 演奏弦乐的✓violin [ ♋♓☜●♓⏹] n. 小提琴✓augment [ ♈❍♏⏹♦] v. 增补，扩充✓woodwind [ ♦◆♎♦♓⏹♎] n. 木管乐器✓brass [♌❒♦] n. 铜管乐器✓percussion [☐☜✈☞☜⏹] n. 打击乐器38.Percussion instruments are referred to as membranophones if they producesound through the vibrations of a stretched skin or other membrane. They are called idiophones if they produce sound through their natural resonance when struck, rubbed, plucked, or shaken. Drums are membranophones; hollowed logs, bells, gongs, xylophones, and pianos are examples of idiophones.✓membranophone [❍♏❍♌❒♏♓⏹☜♐☜◆⏹] n. 膜鸣乐器✓stretched [♦♦❒♏♦☞♎] adj. 有弹性的✓membrane [ ❍♏❍♌❒♏♓⏹] n. 膜✓idiophone [ ♓♎♓☜◆♐☜◆⏹] n. 体鸣乐器✓resonance [ ❒♏☜⏹☜⏹♦] n. 共振✓strike [♦♦❒♋♓] v. 敲击✓rub [❒✈♌] v. 摩擦✓pluck [☐●✈] v. 拨(弦)✓shake [☞♏♓] v. 摇晃✓drum [♎❒✈❍] n. 鼓✓hollowed log [ ♒♋●☜◆♎] [●♈] n. 中空的原木✓bell [♌♏●] n. 铃，钟，钟琴✓gong [♈☠] n. 锣✓xylophone [ ♋♓●☜♐☜◆⏹] n. 木琴✓piano [☐♓⏹☜◆] n. 钢琴39.Wind instruments, or aerophones, produce sound by vibration, which may beproduced by performers’ lips (brass), a column of air split across a sharp edge (flutes, pipes, whistles), or by one or two reeds, as with instruments such as the clarinet, saxophone, oboe, bassoon.✓wind instrument [♦♓⏹♎] [ ♓⏹♦♦❒◆❍☜⏹♦] n. 管乐器✓aerophone [ ♏☜❒☜♐☜◆⏹] n. 管乐器✓column [ ●☜❍] n. 柱✓split [♦☐●♓♦] n. 裂缝✓edge [♏♎✞] n. 边缘✓flute [♐●◆♦] n. 长笛，横笛✓pipe [☐♋♓☐] n. 风笛✓whistle [♦♓♦●] n. 口哨✓reed [❒♓♎] n. 簧片✓clarinet [ ●✌❒☜⏹♏♦] n. 单簧管，黑管✓saxophone [ ♦✌♦☜♐☜◆⏹] n. 萨克斯管✓oboe [ ☜◆♌☜◆] n. 双簧管✓bassoon [♌☜♦◆⏹] n. 大管，巴松40.The string, or chordophone, family has several branches. In one branch, whichincludes the zither, dulcimer, strings are stretched across a flat body. In asecond branch, each instrument has a neck, for example the lute, guitar, or violin.A third branch includes plucked instruments with multiple strings, such as thelyre or the harp, where each string produces only one pitch.✓string [♦♦❒♓☠] n. 琴弦✓chordophone [ ♎☜◆♐☜◆⏹] n. 弦乐器✓zither [ ♓❆☜] n. 齐特琴: 与中国的“筝”相似✓dulcimer [ ♎✈●♦♓❍☜] n. 洋琴✓neck [⏹♏] n. 琴颈✓lute [●◆♦] n. 琉特琴✓guitar [♈♓♦] n. 吉他✓violin [ ♋♓☜●♓⏹] n. 小提琴✓lyre [ ●♋♓☜] n. 里拉，(古希腊的)七弦竖琴: 古希腊的一种弦乐器✓harp [♒❒☐] n. 竖琴41.The modern pianoforte has six major parts: & (1) The frame is usually made ofiron. At the rear end is attached the string plate, into which the strings are fastened. In the front is the wrest plank, into which the tuning pins are set. Around these is wound the other end of the strings, and by turning these pins the tension of the strings is regulated. & (2) The soundboard, a thin piece offine-grained spruce placed under the strings, reinforces the tone by means of sympathetic vibration. & (3) The strings, made of steel wire, increase in length and thickness from the treble to the bass. The higher pitches are each given two or three strings tuned alike. The lower ones are single strings made heavier by being overspun – that is, wound around with a coil of thin copper wire. & (4) The action is the entire mechanism required for propelling the hammers (wrapped with felt) against the strings. The most visible part of the action is the keyboard, a row of keys manipulated by the fingers. The keys corresponding to the natural tones are made of ivory or plastic; those corresponding to the chromatically altered tones, of ebony or plastic. & (5) The pedals are levers pressed down by the feet. The damper, or loud pedal, raises all the dampers so that all the strings struck continue to vibrate even after the keys are released. The use of these pedals can produce subtle changes in tone quality. & (6) According to the shape of the case, pianos are classified as grand, square, and upright. Grand pianos are built in various sizes, from the full concert grand, 2.69 m long, to the parlor or baby grand, less than 1.8 m long.✓pianoforte [☐♓✌⏹☜◆♐♦♏♓] n. 钢琴✓frame [♐❒♏♓❍] n. 骨架✓rear [❒♓☜] adj. 后面的✓attach [☜♦✌♦☞] v. 附加✓fasten [ ♐✌♦⏹] v. 使固定，加固✓plank [☐●✌☠] n. 支架(wrest plank (校准弦音的)扭钥架)✓tuning pin [ ♦◆⏹♓☠] [☐♓⏹] n. 调音弦轴✓wind [♦♓⏹♎] v. 绕，缠✓tension [ ♦♏⏹☞☜⏹] n. 压力，张力✓regulate [ ❒♏♈◆●♏♓♦] v. 调节，校准✓fine-grained [ ♐♋♓⏹♈❒♏♓⏹♎] adj. 纹理细腻平整的✓spruce [♦☐❒◆♦] n. 云杉质木材✓reinforce [ ❒♓♓⏹♐♦] v. 加强✓sympathetic vibration [ ♦♓❍☐☜♏♦♓] [ ♋♓♌❒♏♓☞☜⏹] n. 共振✓treble [ ♦❒♏♌●] n. 高音部分✓bass [♌♏♓♦] n. 低音部分✓pitch [☐♓♦☞] n. 音高✓overspin wire [ ☜◆☜♦☐♓⏹] [ ♦♋♓☜] n. 缠弦✓coil [ ♓●] n. 一卷✓action [ ✌☞☜⏹] n. 机械装置✓mechanism [ ❍♏☜⏹♓☜❍] n. 机械装置✓propel [☐❒☜☐♏●] v. 推动✓hammer [ ♒✌❍☜] n. 音锤✓felt [♐♏●♦] n. 毡制品✓manipulate [❍☜⏹♓☐◆●♏♓♦] v. (熟练地)操作、使用(机器等)。
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artery动脉
baboon狒狒
barren不孕育的
bat蝙蝠
beak鸟嘴
beast野兽
beaver狸
bird鸟
breed繁殖
calorie卡路里
camouflage伪装
canary金丝雀
carnivore食肉动物
carnivorous食肉的
caterpillar毛虫
caviar鱼子酱
centipede蜈蚣
frontier边境；新开发的地带
frost heaving冻涨现象
funnel漏斗
gem宝石
geographer地理学家
geography地理学
geologic survey地质调查
geologist地质学家
geology地质学
geomagnetism地磁学
geonomy地球学
geothermal地热的
chameleon变色蜥蜴
chimpanzee黑猩猩
chirp唧唧喳喳叫
cicada蝉
circulatory system循环系统
clam蚌
claw爪子
cockroach蟑螂
coelenterate腔肠动物
cold-blooded animal冷血动物
coral reef珊瑚礁
crab虾
crab螃蟹
unearth挖出
uniform相同的,一致的
unreachable无法达到的
upper reaches上游
valley山谷
vault使构成拱顶
vegetation植被
venomous有毒的
vertical垂直的
vibration振动
volcanic ash火山灰
volcanic dust火山尘
volcanic island火山岛
island岛屿
islet小岛
knot山脉的交结点
landlocked area内陆
latitude纬度
lava火山岩浆；熔岩
layer (stratum,复数strata)地层
lead铅；石墨
limestone石灰岩
lithogenous岩成的
lithosphere岩石圈
lodge小屋
longitude经度
extinct volcano死火山
extract开采,提炼
fault plane断层面
fault zone断层面
fault断层
favored有利的
fieldstone大卵石
filed trip
fold
forbidding可怕的,难接近的
formation形成；构成
former创造者,模型
frigid寒冷的
dispose处理,处置
distribute散布,分布
diversity多样性
dormant volcano休眠火山
dormant静止的
drill钻孔,钻通
earthquake (quake; tremor; seism)地震
ecological生态学的；社会生态学的
edge边缘,边界
elevation抬升；高地；海拔
plain平原
plate板块
plateau高原；高地
platinum白金，铂
poisonous有毒的
potential潜在的
precipice悬崖
precipitate使蒸汽凝结而下降
preferred首选的
prevailing占优势的
proclaim宣布,显示出
psychological心理学的
quake地震
Autarkic Circle南极圈
barren贫瘠的
basin盆地
bay海湾
bored hole
canal运河
canyon峡谷
cataclysm灾难；大洪水；地震
cavern (cave)大洞
channel (strait)海峡
chilly寒冷的
cliff悬崖
coast
coastland沿海地区
coastline海岸线
extinction灭绝
falcon隼
fat脂肪
fauna动物群
feathers羽毛
fingernail指甲
flock羊群
food chain食物链
frog青蛙
gland腺体
gorilla大猩猩
grasshopper蚂蚱
habitat动物的生活环境
hair毛发
hatch孵化
herbivorous食草的
lower reaches下游
lowland低地
magma岩浆
magnitude地震震级
make up the earth interior
mantle地幔
marble大理石
margin(湖,池等的)边缘
melt使融化
mercury汞，水银
meridian子午线
metamorphic rock mineral矿物；矿石
cycle天体的循环
dam水坝
Death Valley
debris碎片,岩屑
decomposition分解；腐烂
delta三角洲
demolish破坏,粉碎
deposit堆积物；沉淀物；沉积；矿床
desert沙漠
diamond钻石
diffuse传播,扩散
disintegration (decomposition)分解
glacial age冰川时期
glacial drift冰碛（qi4）
glacial epoch ( age, period)冰川时期
glacial period冰川时期
glacial冰川的；冰河时代的
glacier冰川
global warming
gorge峡谷
Grand Canyon大峡谷
granite花岗岩
collide碰撞
Colorado river
compact压紧,固结
compressed扁平的
concentrate集中
conduct传导
conflicting相冲突的,不一致的
continent大陆
continental crust大陆地壳
continental drift theory大陆飘移说
North Pole北极
oasis绿洲
ocean bottom海床
oceanic crust海洋地壳
offshore向海面吹的；离岸的
orbit轨道
ore矿石
origin起源
originate起源
outer core外核
p waves
parallel平行的
peak山顶
peninsula半岛
peninsular海岛的
quartz石英
quartzite石英岩
range山脉,多山的地区
rapid
ravine峡谷
receptacle容器,内存
reclaim开垦,垦殖
reef暗礁
reformation变形
relic遗迹
remains残余物
remnant残余物
remote-sensing遥感的
remove移动
Richter scale李氏震级
metamorphic rock变质岩
mid-ocean ridge
mineral矿物
Hale Waihona Puke molten lava岩浆morphology生物学形态学
mountain chain山脉
mountain range山脉
mountain slope山坡
natural wonder
nickel镍
Nile River
Great Canyon
Greenwich mean time格林威治时间
gulf海湾
hemisphere半球
hem给...镶边；包围
highland高地
hillside山坡
homogeneous同类的
horizon地平线
horizontal水平的
hypothesize假设
ice sheet
iceberg冰山
crane鹤
creature动物
cricket蟋蟀
digestion消化
digestive enzyme消化酶
digestive system消化系统
dinosaur恐龙
die out灭绝
dolphin海豚
domesticate驯养
eagle鹰
earthworm蚯蚓
entomology昆虫学
excretory system排泄系统
herd牧群
heredity遗传
hibernate冬眠
hibernation冬眠
hive蜂巢
homotherm恒温动物
hordes游牧民族
hormonal system内分泌系统
hormone荷尔蒙，激素
horn角
hornet大黄蜂
hygiene卫生
immunity免疫
ingestion摄食
insect昆虫
sediment沉淀物
seismic activity
seismic wave地震波
seismic地震的
seismology地震学
seism地震
silver银
slide使滑动
slope斜坡
smelt冶炼
sodium钠
South Pole南极
speculate推测