2005年MPA真题及详解【圣才出品】
2005年管理类联考综合真题及答案
绝密★启用前2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试 管理类专业学位联考综合试卷考生需知1.选择题的答案需用2B铅笔填涂在答题卡上，其它笔填涂的或做在试卷或其它类型答题卡上的答案无效。
2.其它题一律用蓝色或黑色钢笔或圆珠笔在答题纸上按规定要求作答，凡做在试卷上或未做在制定位置的答案无效。
3.交卷时，请配合监考人员验收，并请监考人员在准考证相应位置签字（作为考生交卷的凭据）。
否则，所产生的一切后果由考生自负。
一．问题求解：第1‐12小题，每小题4分，共48分，下列每题给出的A 、B 、C 、D 、E 五个选项中，只有一项是符合试题要求的，请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑1.甲、乙两个储煤仓的库存煤量之比为10：7.要使这两仓库的库存煤量相等，甲仓库需向乙仓库搬入的煤量占甲仓库库存煤量的A 10%B 15%C 20%D 25%E 30%2.已知队伍排成长度为800米的队伍行军，速度为80米/分，车队首的通讯员以3倍于行军的速度跑步到队尾。
花一分钟传达首长命令后，立即以同样的速度跑回到队首。
在这往返全过程中通讯员所花费的时间为A 6.5分B 7.5分C 8分D 8.5分E 10分3.满足不等式（x+4）（x+6）+3＞0的所以实数x 的集合是A [4,)+∞B (4,)+∞C (,2]-∞-D (,1)-∞-E (,)-∞+∞4. 'f x （）=g(x)，x ∈（a ，b ），已知曲线y=g （x ）的图像如下，则曲线f （x ）的极值点为 A 1C ，3C B 2C ，4C C 1C ，3C ，5C D 2C ，4C ，5CE 以上结论都不正确5.设f（x，y）=222x +y t x e dt ⎰，则N xy f x y =（，） A 22222x +y x x +y e （）（） B 22222x +y xy x +y e （）（）C 822222x +y xy x +y e （）（）D 22222x +y y x +y e （）（）6.过抛物线y= 2-x +4x-3上两点（0，‐3），（3，0）的两条切线与X 轴所围成图形的面积是A 49B 278C 94D 827E 2747.函数f （x ）= t x0e dt 1-t ⎰， 10f x dt ⎰（）的值为A e ‐1B 1‐eC e 1-eD eE 18.已知n 维向量组1α，2α，3α线性无关，1β可由1α，2α，3α线性表示，2β不能被1α，2α，3α线性表示，则下列结论不正确的是A 向量组1α，2α，3α，1β线性相关B 向量组1α，2α，3α，2β线性无关C 向量组1α，2α，3α，1β，2β线性相关D 向量组1α，2α，3α，1β‐2β线性相关E 向量组1α，2α，3α，1β+2β线性无关9.设A=123011abc ⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦，且r （A ）=2，则a A x=0的通集是 A 1k 10a ⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦ B 12k 1b ⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦ C 13k 1c ⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦D 11k 0a ⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦+22k 1b ⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦（注：1k ，2k 为任意常数）10.若P （A ）=1P A B 2⋃（）=0.3，则P （B A ）= A 13 B 25 C 37 D 12 E 5811.以一种检验方法诊断癌症，真患癌症跟未患癌症者被诊断正确的概率分别为0.95和0.90。
2005年华东师范大学公共管理学院公共管理学考研真题【圣才出品】
2005年华东师范大学公共管理学院公共管理学考研真题
华东师范大学2005年攻读硕士学位研究生入学试题
考试科目：公共管理学
招生专业：行政管理
考生注意：无论以下试题中是否有答题位置，均应将答案做在考场另发的答题纸上（写明题号）
一、概念题（每题6分，共30分）
1．公共行政
2．公共物品
3．公共组织
4．第三部门
5．公共财政
二、简述题（每题12分，共60分）
1．公共管理学的学科特征
2．公共政策的手段
3．公共责任的内容与特征
4．公共部门人力资源开发的内容
三、论述题（每题30分，共60分）
1．“以人为本”与公共服务型政府建设
2．略论公共部门绩效评估面临的困难和改进的途径。
2005年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题
2005年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题招生专业：企业管理考试科目：经济学经济学理论一、问答题1．用图形说明平均总成本、平均变动成本和边际成本的变动关系。
（13分）2．什么是科斯定理？科斯定理对解决外部性的理论意义和实践意义是什么？（13分）3．在蒙代尔－弗莱明模型中，可变汇率制下宏观经济政策的作用如何？请画图分析。
（14分）二、论述题1．对比分析完全竞争与垄断模型对资源配置的有效性（要有画图分析），简要说明该理论在经济生活中的实践意义。
（20分）2．什么是自动均衡的价格机制？举例分析货币市场中的宏观总量是如何实现自动均衡的。
（20分）企业管理理论三、简答题（每题10分，共40分）1．你认为人员配备在管理当中应处于什么位置，起什么作用？2．简述决策的概念及影响决策科学性的因素并举例说明。
3．简述控制工作与计划、组织、人员配备和领导职能关系。
4．简述组织文化的内容和功能。
四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）1．试述在组织运行中需要处理好哪些关系？如何处理？2．试述古典管理理论的三个主要代表人物提出的管理理论的基本观点，并说明每种理论对管理发展的主要贡献？参考答案天津财经大学2005年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题招生专业：企业管理考试科目：经济学经济学理论一、问答题1．用图形说明平均总成本、平均变动成本和边际成本的变动关系。
答：（1）平均总成本AC是厂商在短期内平均每生产一单位产品所消耗的全部成本，它等于平均不变成本和平均变动成本AVC之和；边际成本MC是厂商在短期内增加一单位产量时所增加的总成本。
在短期内的总成本中，由于有一部分要素是固定不变的，所以，边际成本随着产量的变动，只取决于变动成本的变动量。
下图是平均总成本、平均变动成本和边际成本的曲线图。
CMCACAVCO Q平均总成本曲线、平均变动成本曲线和边际成本曲线（2）三者的变动关系①平均变动成本和平均总成本的变动关系平均总成本是平均不变成本和平均变动成本之和，而平均不变成本是单位产量平均消耗的不变成本，是固定值。
中国人民大学企业管理2005真题及答案
中国人民大学2005硕士研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：企业管理
招生专业：企业管理、旅游管理、技术经济及管理、市场营销管理
考试时间：1月23日下午
考试代码：464
一、名词解释（每题3分，共15分）
1．客户关系管理
2．授权
3．风险报酬率
4．品牌
5．经济批量
二、简述题（每题10分，共60分）
1．简述沟通过程。
2．多元化经营与竞争优势的关系。
3．简述市场营销计划的内容。
4．简述五种竞争力模型及其作用。
5．试述债权资本在资本结构中的作用。
6．简述计划与控制的联系。
三、论述题（每题20分，共60分）
1．论述产品生命周期引入期的特点及营销策略。
2．论述合作战略与竞争优势的关系。
3．试比较分析以制度权威为中心的管理和以个人权威为中心的管理。
四、计算题（共15分）
某国有企业拟在明年初改制为独家发起的股份有限公司。
现有净资产经评估价值为6000万元，全部投入新公司，折股比率为1。
按其计划经营规模需要总资产3亿元，合理的资产负债率为30%。
预计明年税后利润为4500万元。
请回答下列问题：（1）通过发行股票应筹集多少股权资金？
（2）如果市盈率不超过15倍，每股盈利按0.40元规划，股票最高发行价格是多少？
（3）若按每股5元发行，至少要发行多少社会公众股？发行后，每股盈余是多少？市盈率是多少？。
2005年北京大学政府管理学院行政学原理考研真题及详解【圣才出品】
2005年北京大学政府管理学院行政学原理考研真题及详解北京大学2005年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：行政学原理一、名词解释（每题5分，共30分）1．人力资源开发2．行政国家3．管理方格理论4．违宪审查5．标杆管理6．行政生态学二、简答题（每题15分，共45分）1．简述职业资格的主要特点？2．简述后官僚制的主要特征？3．试评述公共选择理论中的理性经济人假设的特点及其局限。
三、论述题（每题25分，共75分）1．党的十六届四中全会提出了“大众人才观”，这对于我国社会主义现代化建设，对于促进我国的社会发展，经济发展和政治发展等都具有重大的战略意义和指导作用。
请运用人力资源开发的有关原理试述“大众人才观”对我国经济和社会发展的重要意义。
2．评述20世纪九十年代以来美国政府放松管制改革的特点及其发展趋势。
3．试述1999年以来我国财政体制改革的基本内容及今后财政改革的发展趋势。
参考答案北京大学2005年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：行政学原理一、名词解释（每题5分，共30分）1．人力资源开发答：人力资源开发是开发者通过学习、教育、培训、管理等有效方式，为实现一定的经济目标与发展战略，对既定的人力资源进行利用、塑造、改造与发展的活动。
当今社会，人力资源已经成为社会的第一资源。
要让人力资源创造更多的财富必须要对人力资源进行开发。
系统的工作分析是人力资源开发的基础，科学的人员素质测评是选人用人的前提，有效的绩效考评是工作质量的保障，完善的薪酬管理是良好激励机制的体现，人员的培训开发则是开发人力资源，提升人力资本的重要途径。
这五种基本要素相辅相成。
通过人力资源开发可以将人口转化为有效的资源, 也可以提高劳动者的素质和劳动生产率, 促进自然资源的有效利用和人的潜在能力的开发，最终推进社会的可持续发展和综合国力的不断提升2．行政国家答：行政国家这一概念最早是由美国行政学家沃尔多于1948年提出的。
MPA管理定量法考试题A(2005年11月)(苏州)答案
姓名………………..学号…………….成绩……………… 管理定量法考试试题（2005年11月）MPA （苏州）试卷A 答案一、从你的工作实践中，举出一个用系统分析的方法分析和解决问题的例子，并说明（1） 对象，（2）分析目的，（3）资料来源，（4）分析标准，（5）分析结果及用途。
答题要点：选出一种系统分析的方法，结合工作实践进行分析，不能使用讲过的例子。
二、某学院女学生体重的调查数据如下，求(1) 该学院女学生的平均体重；(2)女学生体重的中位数；(3)女学生体重的众数； (4)根据计算结果，判断女学生的体重分布是右偏、对称还是左偏分布。
体重分组(公斤) 人数 35～40 13 40～45 50 45～50 4250～55 25 55～60 1560～65 5 解：（1）3.475152********.6255.57155.52255.47425.42505.3713=+++++⨯+⨯+⨯+⨯+⨯+⨯==∑∑ii iii fx f X （2）d f S f L M m m i e ⨯-+=-∑121＝45＋5456375⨯-＝46.3 (3) 1.44583737402110=⨯++=⨯++=d L M δδδ （4）女学生的体重分布是右偏的三、计算概率在肝癌诊断中，有一种甲胎蛋白法，用这种方法能够检查出95%的真实患者，但也有可能将10%的误诊。
根据以往的纪录, 每10000人中有4人 患有肝癌，试求：（1） 某人经此检验法诊断患有肝癌的概率（2） 已知某人经此检验法检验患有癌症，而它确实是患有癌症的概率解： 解：设A 1为患有肝癌，A 2非肝癌，B 为检验患有肝癌，则（1）1.01.0)1041(95.0104)/()()/()()(442211≈⨯⨯-+⨯⨯=+=--A B P A P A B P A P B P（2）0038.01.000038.0)()/()()/(111≈==B P A B P A P B A P因此已知某人经此检验法检验患有癌症，而它确实是患有癌症的概率约为0.0038四、设随机变量 X i (i=1,2…..100) 独立同时服从在[0,1]上的均匀分布,假设利用中心极限定理求 P(Y>10) 及 P(Y<30) 概率值（用标准正态分布函数Φ（x ）表示） 解：121,21==i i DX EX 0)13(1)1211005010(1)12110021100(1)10(1)10(≈-Φ-≈⨯-Φ-≈⨯⨯--=≤-=>Y P Y P Y P )92.6()1211005030()30(Φ≈⨯-Φ≈<y P五、某粮库根据10天的统计资料知对外日均供粮2055千克,样本标准差为660千克，试以1－α=0.95的置信度估计日均供粮的置信区间（区间估计）(t 0.025(9)=2.262) 解：方差未知，因而区间估计为)2527,1583()4722055,4722055(7.208262.22055,7.208262.22055()10660(9)t 2055,10660(9)t 2055(0.0250.025=+-=⨯+⨯-=+-∑==1001i iX Y六、两个不同教师教的两个班的统计学的期末考试分数如下表：教师A 教师B n 1=12 n 2=151x =7278=x 81=s102=s对于α＝0.05检验这些数据是否足以推论两个班级的平均分数不同。
2005年MPA英语真题及参考答案
2005年MPA英语真题及参考答案Part I Dialogue Communication (15 minutes, 15 points)Section A Dialogue CompletionDirections: In this section, you will read 5 short incomplete dialogues between two speakers, each followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the answer that best suits the situation to complete the dialogue. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1. Speaker A: I’m exhausted. I had to work until 2 o’clock this morning.Speaker B: ______A. Don’t worry too much. You can do it later.B. Take it easy. You didn’t have to work so hard.C. Take time off and let it be.D. Take it or leave it. You don’t have to do it.2. Speaker A: My apartment is only 10 minutes’ walk from the office. Why don’t you drop by some time? Speaker B: ______A. Because I didn’t know you live so close by.B. Because I didn’t want to bother you.C. I’d love to. Can I take my roommate along?D. That’s OK. I’ll be there soon.3. Speaker A: Doctor Smith is engaged on Wednesday. Would you like to come on Thursday?Speaker B: ______A. Thursday would be fine.B. See you then.C. Thank you very much. Good-bye.D. It’s very kind of you.4. Speaker A: We came so close, really. We almost won that game!Speaker B: ______A. There, there.B. There’s no use crying over spilt milk.C. You guys were superb.D. I couldn’t care less.5. Speaker A: Don’t you think the concert is terrific?Speaker B: ______A. I want to hear other opinions.B. It certainly is. And I really like the band.C. Yes, the concert is terrible.D. No, everything went on perfectly.Section B Dialogue ComprehensionDirections: In this section, you will read 5 short conversations between a man and a woman. At the end of each conversation there is a question followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer to the question from the four choicesgiven and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.6. Woman: What do you like to do on your summer vacation?Man: I like nothing better than fishing on a hot summer day.Question: What does the man mean?A. He doesn’t like fishing on a hot summer day.B. Although he likes fishing, he doesn’t want to do it on a hot summer day.C. Fishing is his favorite pastime on a hot summer day.D. He likes nothing, including fishing on a hot summer day.7. Woman: I heard John and Frank had a quarrel.Man: Oh, they soon made up.Question: What does the man mean?A. John and Frank had an argument, but now they are friends again.B. John and Frank hate each other since their argument.C. John and Frank pretended that they had a quarrel.D. John and Frank often quarrel though they are friends.8. Woman: I’ve changed my mind and would like to take the new approach.Man: You’re on the right track now!Question: What does the man mean?A. The woman is right.B. The woman is getting on well.C. The woman is doing the right thing.D. The woman has changed her mind.9. Woman: Doctor, what’s wrong with my father?Man: He’s in pretty good shape, considering.Question: What do we learn from the dialogue?A. Her father is very sick.B. There is nothing serious with her father.C. Her father is an athlete.D. The man is not sure about her father’s condition.10. Man: Why don’t you dress up a little when you’re ou t with your friends? Woman: That’s a good idea!Question: What does the man suggest?A. The woman should put on nice clothes.B. The woman should wear makeup.C. The woman should get up right away.D. The woman should make a dress herself.Part II Vocabulary and Structure (20 minutes, 10 points)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.11. Scarcely ______ those words when suddenly the monster was transformed into a very handsome youth.A. had he utteredB. did he utterC. he had utteredD. he did utter12. The new automobile factory is expected to ______ around 30,000 to 50,000 vehicles annually in the first three years.A. assembleB. serviceC. supplyD. repair13. Within the foreseeable future there may be a major ______ of species, involving from one-third to two-thirds of all the species now in existence.A. exhaustionB. exhibitionC. extensionD. extinction14. ______ we arrived in a more urban area, where Jim took me to a place called Boston Market.A. Before longB. After longC. Shortly beforeD. Shortly after15. ______ urgent the situation may be, you will need to make one change at a time, and then move on.A. AsB. WheneverC. HoweverD. Whatever16. The museum’s new building will have ______ the exhibition space as before.A. three timesB. three times likeC. three times asD. three times larger17. When you are in your room, leave the door ______ so that your visitors do not have to knock.A. openB. openedC. openingD. being open18. Earth is believed to ______ by an object the size of Mars at some point in the distant past before its surface cooled.A. be hitB. have hitC. have been hitD. being hit19. The only thing ______ really matters to the parents is how soon their children can return home.A. whatB. thatC. whichD. this20. It is unacceptable that a person ______ for an uncommitted crime.A. gets punishingB. punishesC. get punishedD. punished21. In Australia the Asians have made their influence ______ in businesses, large and smallA. feelingB. feelC. feltD. to be felt22. The angry mother didn’t know who ______ for th e broken glass.A. will blameB. to blameC. to be blamedD. blames23. In the Chinese mind the Spring Festival is ______ with nice food and new clothes.A. joinedB. relatedC. linkedD. associated24. Mobile phones are proved to ______ with flight instruments and have a negative effect on flight safety.A. interfereB. disturbC. interruptD. trouble25. Some governments have forbidden cigarette ______ and launched anti-smoking campaigns.A. commissionsB. commoditiesC. commercialsD. commands26. If you try to sell them something that they ______ for free, they aren’t going to buy it.A. used to gettingB. used to getC. were used to getD. are used to get27. Applicants must show that they have $10,000 or more ______ for living expenses and approximately $10,000 for tuition.A. acceptableB. advisableC. availableD. applicable28. The director often says it is difficult to design a program that will meet the ______ needs of all our users.A. diverseB. distinctiveC. distinctD. distinguished29. ______ their differences, they are united by the common desire to transform their personal commitment into public leadership.A. But forB. For allC. Above allD. Except for30. The winter just ending was ______ severe, causing great hardship to the poorer people in this area.A. exceptionallyB. explosivelyC. extensivelyD. expressivelyPart III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes, 40 points)Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each of the passages is followed by 5 questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Passage OneDeclaring that physical exercise is one of the most powerful medicines to help improve our quality of life is 3not an exaggeration. The World Health Organization expressed the same view in its 2002 World Health Report, emphasizing that the damage produced by lack of physical activity was equal to the strong probability of serious illness such as heart disease and even some kinds of cancer.Those who have embraced an active lifestyle for years are familiar with the sort of physical and psychological benefits that come from exercise. Nevertheless, a lot of people would never think of physical activity as a way of feeling better, simply because they don’t think they are in need of it, or because they are lazy or maintain that they haven’t got enough time.There are many positive effects that result from physical exercise and they are not only concerned with the physical aspects but also psychological and social ones. Beginning with the physical benefits, physical activity improves the life of the heart, burns off fat, lowers high blood pressure, makes tissues more resistant, and increases muscle flexibility and joint mobility.On a psychological level, physical activity helps reduce anxiety and stress by causing tension to disappear and by encouraging us to have a better sense of ourselves through listening to our bodies during movement.Lastly, seeing ourselves in better health is advantageous socially. The sense of satisfaction thus obtained will result in an increase of self-respect and self-confidence in terms of our ability to interact with others.The benefits linked to exercise have also not gone unnoticed in the business world, with more and more companies setting up gyms on-site. Employees’ improved health translates into better performance and reduced costs as well as an increase in people’s satisfaction in the work place.Physical activity is recommended for all age groups, including children. It is an important growth factor in a child’s education.And for the elderly? There is no doubt that regular physical activity allows greater efficiency in daily life as well as creating more basic independence day by day, including the possibility of keeping in touch with others and not feeling isolated.31. The writer regards physical exercise as a strong medicine because ______.A. the WHO holds the viewB. it helps improve the quality of lifeC. the lack of it equals serious illnessD. it enables people to live longer32. Many people do not engage in physical exercise mainly because ______.A. they are not aware of its benefitsB. they don’t have the facilitiesC. they don’t think they need itD. they are physically unfit for it33. According to the passage, physical exercise can make people ______.A. stronger and more intelligentB. more intelligent and more open-mindedC. more open-minded and healthierD. healthier and stronger34. Physical exercise is socially beneficial because ______.A. it gives people competitive advantageB. it helps people reduce anxietyC. it enables employees to work better for their companyD. it makes people confident in dealing with others35. According to the passage, regular physical exercise can make old people ______.A. better able to look after themselvesB. look younger than they really areC. less likely to suffer from diseasesD. more aggressive in their interaction with othersPassage TwoAccording to the United States government, people are classified as homeless if they have no place to stay and no expectation of finding a place for the next thirty days. Although technically accurate, that is an impersonal assessment of an enormous and very human problem.The homeless population represents all of us Americans. It includes men and women, the elderly, children, and infants. Its members are from all ethnic (种族的) groups. What they have in common is poverty.Currently in the U.S., thirty-nine million people live in poverty. When money is really tight, paying the rent or buying food often becomes a choice. Government assistance in the form of food stamps does help but, as one homeless man explains, you can’t pay the rent with food stamps.With no money for rent, the streets and homeless shelters become the alternative. Although men constitute the largest group within the homeless population, homeless women with children are rapidly joining them. In fact, one quarter of the homeless people in the U.S. are teenagers and young children. People may become homeless for numerous reasons. However, there are certain factors that many of these individuals have in common. They include a lack of adequate education and job skills. A majority of the teenagers and adults have not completed high school.The abuse of alcohol and drugs is also a common factor. One third of the adult homeless population abuses alcohol, while one quarter of the same group uses drugs. Some members of this population suffer mental health problems. Within the pastseveral years many institutions for the mentally ill have been closed and their patients sent ―home‖. Unfortunately, a number of those people have no home to go to and they are unable to adequately look after themselves.Job loss in today’s economy has also become a real factor in the loss of people’s homes. The breakup of families through abandonment and divorce are also contributing factors, particularly when there are children involved. The parent who is left to care for the kids with inadequate income may be forced to depend on the homeless shelters to put a roof over their heads.36. The writer thinks that the U.S. government’s definition of the homeless reveals ______.A. an insincere attitude toward the homelessB. an unbearable attitude toward the homelessC. an uncivilized attitude toward the homelessD. an unsympathetic attitude toward the homeless37. The U.S. government helps the homeless by ______.A. giving them homeless allowancesB. giving them food stampsC. finding jobs for themD. finding residences for them38. Most of the homeless in the U.S. are ______.A. male adultsB. female adultsC. the elderlyD. children39. People become homeless for all the following reasons EXCEPT ______.A. the lack of adequate educationB. the abuse of alcohol and drugsC. the closure of institutions for the mentally illD. the poor performance of economy40. The breakup of families is likely to lead to homelessness because a parent with kids may ______.A. lose his or her job in today’s economyB. be unable to look after the kidsC. not have enough incomeD. find residence at a homeless shelterPassage ThreeIn early 2004 eight tiny sensors were dropped from a plane near a military base in California. After hitting the ground, the sensors—also known as smart dust sensors—organized themselves into a network and quickly detected a fleet of military vehicles on the ground. The determined the direction, speed and size of a series of military vehicles traveling along the road and later transmitted the data to a computer at a nearby base camp.Smart dust sensors are minicomputers—as small as a grain of rice in some cases—that can monitor and evaluate their physical environment and can relay the information via wireless communication. They can monitor elements such as temperature, moisture, humidity, pressure, energy use, vibration, light, motion, radiation, gas, and chemicals. These devices will soon have many applications, such as use in emergency rescue.Software has been developed to run these minicomputers. A key feature of thesoftware is the ability of the sensors to automatically organize themselves into a communications network and talk to each other via wireless radio signals. If any one connection is interrupted, the sensors will self-correct and pass the information on to the next available sensor.Each sensor has a chip that does the computing work—recording things like temperature and motion at its location. Each sensor also has a tiny radio transmitter that allows it to talk to other sensors within 100 feet or so. With a single network of 10,000 sensors—thought to be the biggest array (阵列) of sensors currently possible—you could cover 9 square miles and get information about each point along the way. The data finally works its way to a base station that can send the information to a computer or to a wireless network.The scientists who are working with this technology say smart dust sensors can be used to detect the location or movement of enemy troops in areas too dangerous or remote for soldiers to operate. Scattering hundreds of self-networking sensors from a manned or unmanned plane onto the battlefield, in theory, could produce critical information and lead to strategic advantage. Sensors could also be used to detect the presence of chemical weapons and could give troops the time needed to put on protective gear.41. Smart dust sensors can do all the following EXCEPT ______.A. giving troops their protective gearB. organizing themselves into a computer networkC. detecting the movement of military vehicles nearbyD. operating in remote and dangerous war zones42. By ―physical environment‖ (Paragraph 2), the writer means such elements as ______.A. the position of military troopsB. the presence of minicomputersC. the strength of radio signalsD. the amount of water vapor in the air43. If connection between two sensors is blocked, the network will automatically ______.A. replace the sensor involvedB. repair the sensor involvedC. ignore the sensor involvedD. destroy the sensor involved44. To cover an area of 3 square miles and get information about each point along the way, how many smart dust sensors are needed?A. About 3,000 sensors.B. About 3,300 sensors.C. About 5,000 sensors.D. About 6,600 sensors.45. The passage implies that the smart dust sensors are most likely to be used in ______.A. emergency rescueB. monitoring pollutionC. military operationsD. evaluating the environmentPassage FourEach semester, Andrew Tom receives a term bill outlining his expenses: tuition, dorm fee, student center fee, recreation fee, resident activity fee, health insurance. If only the rest of his expenses were as easy to quantify.―It’s like you start out the semester with plenty of money and then $20 for dinner outhere and $100 at the departme nt store there, it’s gone,‖ said Tom, a Northeastern University third-year student. ―And there are so many things you need like toothpaste or laundry detergent (洗涤剂) that you don’t think about until you get here and need it.‖From the books lining their shelves to the fashionable clothes filling their closets, college students say the expenses of a college education go well beyond tuition and a dining hall meal plan. Many say they arrive on campus only to be overwhelmed by unexpected costs from sports fees to the actual price of a slice of pizza.Balancing a job with schoolwork, especially at colleges known for their heavy workloads like Harvard and MIT, can be tough. So can the pressure students often feel to financially keep pace with their friends.―When you get dragged along shopping, you’re going to spend money; if you get dragged to a party and everyone wants to take a cab but you’re cheap and want to take a bus, chances are you’ll end up sharing the fee for the cab,‖ said Tom. ―I guess you could say no, but no one wants to be the only one eating in the snack bar while your friends are out to dinner.‖Max Cohen, a biology major at MIT, said he is accustomed to watching fellow students spend $40 a night to have dinner delivered or $50 during a night out at a bar. During the school’s recent spring break, friends on trips for the week posted away messages that read like a world map—Paris, Rome, Tokyo. ―Meanwhile I stay home and work,‖ said Cohen. ―I didn’t realize when I came here how much money I would spen d or how hard I would have to work to get by.‖It is a lesson some younger students learn quickly. Others, surrounded by credit card offers, go into debt, or worse, are forced to leave school.―A lot of people don’t think twice about how much they spend,‖ said a first-year student at MIT, ―and you feel the pressure sometimes to go along with them.‖46. The sentence ―If only the rest of his expenses were as easy to quantify‖ (Paragraph 1) implies that ______.A. there are many other unexpected expensesB. it is easy to calculate how much more to spendC. the tuition is too high to be calculatedD. he has to pay only a few other expenses47. All the following expenses are included in the term bill EXCEPT ______.A. health insuranceB. sports feesC. recreation feesD. dorm fees48. According to the passage, many college students ______.A. have to work hard in their studiesB. suspend their studies in order to workC. depend on their families for all the expensesD. are under great financial pressure49. The wo rd ―cheap‖ (Paragraph 5) is closest in meaning to ______.A. inferior in qualityB. inexpensiveC. unwilling to spendD. valueless50. From the last paragraph, one may learn that an important reason for the highhidden costs for college students is ______.A. the extremely high prices of daily necessitiesB. the school’s overcharging for campus activitiesC. the too many expenses the students have to payD. the pressure of keeping pace with their peersPart IV Cloze Test (15 minutes, 10 points)Directions: There are 10 blanks in the following passage. For each numbered blank, there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center. Ireland is the best place in the world to live for 2005, 51 a life quality ranking that appeared in Britain’s Economist magazine last week.The ambitious 52 to compare happiness levels around the world is based on the principle that wealth is not the only 53 of human satisfaction and well-being. The index of 111 countries uses 54 on incomes, health, unemployment, climate, political stability, job security, equality between men and women as well as what the magazine calls ―freedom, family and community life‖.Despite the bad weather, troubled health service, traffic problems, and the high cost of living, Ireland scored an impressive 8.33 points 55 10. That put it well ahead of second-place Switzerland, which managed 8.07. Zimbabwe (津巴布韦), troubled by political insecurity and hunger, is rated the lowes t, 56 only 3.89 points. ―Although rising incomes and increased individual choices in developed countries are 57 valued,‖ the report said, ―some of the factors associated with 58 such as the breakdown in traditional institutions and family values in part take away from a positive impact.―Ireland wins because it successfully combines the most desirable elements of the new—the fourth highest gross domestic product per head in the world in 2005, low unemployment, political 59 —with the preservation of certain warm elements of the old, such as 60 family and community life.51. A. following up B. coming with C. according to D. except for52. A. attempt B. attack C. attitude D. attraction53. A. reason B. volume C. measure D. monitor54. A. amount B. data C. number D. account55. A. up to B. out of C. off and on D. in about56. A. missing B. getting C. keeping D. putting57. A. hardly B. excessively C. highly D. passively58. A. modernization B. civilization C. constitution D. tradition59. A. liberties B. activities C. unions D. campaigns60. A. sticky B. static C. steep D. stablePART V English-Chinese TranslationDrinking water and water for domestic use often come from ground water. In order to protect this water, local water authorities can apply to local administrative authorities to mark certain locations as water protection areas. The size of these areas is calculated in such a way that the quantity of ground water taken from them corresponds to the acture rainfall going into them. In the water protection areas fall into three zones. Zone 3 is the other most zone with a diameter of 4 kilometers aroundthe ground water well, Here no chemical work or the use of pesticides are allowed. Zone I is determined around the so-called 50-day line. It is assumed that after 50 days in the ground water harmful bacteria will have died off. Here settlements and fertilizer storage are forbidden. Zone I marks the ten-meter boundary around the well. Here, any use of the land, as well as access by unauthorized person, is forbidden.PART VI Writing (15 points)在家所在的社区附近建一个购物中心，是否同意，并列举理由。
2005年中国人民大学经济法学考研真题及详解【圣才出品】
十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台圣才电子书中国人民大学2005年硕士生入学考试试题招生专业：经济法学考试科目：经济法学考试时间：1月23日上午考题编号：322一、名词解释（每题7分，共42分）1．责权利效相统一原则2．“学科经济法”学说3．复式预算4．掠夺性定价5．反补贴法6．自然垄断二、简答题（每题12分，共48分）1．什么是流转税？我国有那几种主要的流转税？2．简述《中华人民共和国价格法》关于价格听证会的规定。
3．简述《中华人民共和国反不正当竞争法》中规定的公用事业滥用优势地位的行为。
4．一些发达资本主义国家为什么把反垄断法作为经济法的“龙头法”？三、论述（每题30分，共60分）1．试论经济法和商法的关系。
2．第10届全国人大常委会第8次会议通过了对《中华人民共和国对外贸易法》的修订。
试论这次修订的必要性及修订的主要内容（列举三项以上）。
十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台圣才电子书 参考答案：中国人民大学2005年硕士生入学考试试题招生专业：经济法学考试科目：经济法学考试时间：1月23日上午考题编号：322一、名词解释（每题7分，共42分）1．责权利效相统一原则：是指在经济法律关系中各管理主体和公有制经营主体所承受的权（力）利、利益、义务和职责必须相一致，不应当有脱节、错位、不平衡等现象存在。
其核心是主体的责权利相一致，同时，经济效益和社会效益是我们一切经济工作的基本出发点和终极目的，因此，效既是责权利的起点，又是责权利的终点，也是检验责权利的设置和制衡机制是否正确得当的实践标准。
如若效益不高或未达到预期目的，则必是责权利的某个环节上出了问题，就需要予以及时调整。
在社会主义市场经济或以公有制为主导的市场经济条件下，这是作为经济法灵魂的一项根本性的原则。
责权利效相统一原则贯穿于经济法的整体和始终，各种经济管理主体和公有财产主体都必须遵循这一原则。
权责不统一，就会导致有权无责或有责无权，引起权（力）利及其救济不彰，或者滋生贪污、腐败、懈怠、推诿、扯皮等官僚主义习气；权责与利害不统一，也会发生同样弊端，经济法的经济性和效益性即无从体现。
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2005年MPA真题及详解认真阅读下面一则材料，写一篇600字左右的议论文，题目自拟。
在某村有一个不好不坏先生，这个先生从不计较，从不算账，凡事差不多就行，大家都非常信任这个不好不坏先生，这个先生也为村民解决了不少的纠纷，处理了不少问题。
这个不好不坏先生成了远近学习的榜样，结果大家都成了不好不坏先生。
你留意身边，也有不少不好不坏先生。
【真题详解】（一）材料分析上述材料大意选自胡适《差不多先生》一文，差不多先生办事只求“差不多”，“红糖白糖差不多，山西陕西差不多，十与千差不多，今天明天差不多”，最后因“人医牛医差不多”丧命，但仍坚持“最后活人死人差不多”，人们却把这种心态作为榜样，都成了差不多先生，而中国却成了懒人国了。
材料以讽刺的手法反映了社会存在的一种马马虎虎、敷衍消极、懒惰散漫的混世哲学。
考生可以从以下几个方面进行论述：（1）这种混世哲学是误国祸民害己的哲学，必须彻底改掉惰性散漫，奉行认真踏实的处世之道。
（2）切勿小看事物间的微妙差别，避免因小失大，要有防微杜渐的智慧。
（3）身为一国之青年才俊，我们应当心怀大志、自强不息，为国家之真正进步而努力奋斗。
附：胡适在《差不多先生传》一文中说：中国最有名的人物姓差，名不多，各省各县各村人氏。
差不多先生办事只求“差不多”，买红糖他买了白糖，他说：“红糖白糖差不多。
”河北西边的省是山西，他当成陕西，别人纠正，他说：“山西陕西差不多。
”他出差误了火车，今天走不成只好明天走，他说：“今天明天差不多。
”后来，他得了急病，匆忙中没请来人医而请来牛医，他说：“人医牛医差不多。
”结果，牛医误诊，他将要死去，还断断续续地说：“活人死人也差不多。
”差不多先生死后，众人认为他一生看得透，想得通，不肯认真，不肯计较，可谓大有德行者。
无数人学他的榜样，人人成了差不多先生。
然而，中国却成了一个懒人国了。
（二）名言警句1．在战争中，重大事件常常就是小事所造成的后果。
——恺撒大帝2．失之毫厘，谬以千里。
——《汉书》3．马，马，一马失社稷。
——莎士比亚4．千丈之堤，溃于蚁穴，以蝼蚁之穴溃；百尺之室，以突隙之烟焚。
——韩非《韩非子·喻老》5．如果你在小事上苟且，那么你在大事上、你在一生中一定也是一个苟且的人。
——李亦非6．凡事都要脚踏实地去做，不驰于空想，不骜于虚声，而惟以求真的态度作踏实的工夫。
以此态度求学，则真理可明；以此态度做事，则功业可就。
——李大钊7．人生就像奕棋，一步失误，全盘皆输。
（三）素材1．1967年苏联的联盟一号宇宙飞船在返回大气层时，突然发生了恶性事故——减速降落伞无法打开，究其根源，是因为地面检查时忽略了一个小数点，最终导致宇宙飞船在两小时后坠毁。
观众目睹宇航员弗拉迪米·科马洛夫殉难，举国上下顿时如晴天霹雳，人们都沉浸在巨大的悲痛之中。
此时宇航员科马洛夫叮嘱电视屏幕前的女儿说：“你学习时，要认真对待每一个小数点。
联盟一号今天发生的一切，就是因为地面检查时忽略了一个小数点。
”2．1485年，英国国王查理三世准备和兰凯斯特家族的亨利决一死战，以此决定由谁统治英国。
战斗打响之前，查理派马夫装备自己最喜欢的战马。
但在为战马钉马掌时，钉了三个马掌后，铁匠发现没有钉子来钉第四个马掌了，而查理却催促铁匠凑合将马掌挂上。
在两军交战时，查理国王冲锋陷阵，鞭策士兵迎战敌军。
突然，一只马掌掉了，战马跌倒在地，查理也被掀翻在地上，沦为败寇。
于是产生了这样一首歌谣：“少了一个铁钉，丢了一只马掌。
少了一只马掌，丢了一匹战马。
少了一匹战马，败了一场战役。
败了一场战役，失了一个国家。
”3．1993年全国小麦价格开始上涨，一家私营面粉厂的业务员来到小麦产区采购小麦，由于粮库负责人对粮食要价太高，使得业务员拿不定主意，于是给公司老板发电报问：“一万吨小麦，每吨1000元，价格高不高？买不买？”老板看到粮食价格过高拒绝购买，对秘书说“给他发电报，就说不。
太高！”但是秘书给业务员的电报却写“不太高”，“不”字后面少了个句号，使得业务员误以为老板同意购买，于是与粮库签订合同。
但如果履行合同势必给公司带来100多万元的经济损失，后来经过多次协商，最终赔偿了对方15万元才算了事。
这位秘书因此也被辞退并且在当地再也无法找到工作。
“不太高”和“不。
太高”不是差不多吗？可是就是差了一个小小的句号，却相差十万八千里，这位“差不多先生”也只好背井离乡了。
4．“差不多”有时会差很多，无论是相差0.01厘米还是0.01秒，都会“差之毫厘，失之千里。
”，尤其是在竞技场上。
冠军与亚军的差别，可能小到肉眼无法判断，如短跑，第一名与第二名有时可能相差0.01秒；又如赛马，第一匹马与第二匹马相差仅半个马鼻子，几厘米而已。
但是，众所周知，冠军与亚军所获得的荣誉与财富却是天壤之别，全世界的目光只会聚焦在冠军身上。
5．如果我们的品质总是可以允许存在一个AQL值（可接受质量水平），那就意味着我们做任何事总是有个偏差。
假如生产企业对生产产品的质量持着一种差不多的态度，其对每一道工序都可允许0.1%的不合格率，那么假设一个流程由100道工序组成，则结束后产品的合格率就会只有37%。
这样生产出的商品因为质量不过关而无法进入市场，就会造成企业生产资源的浪费。
如果我们的工作每天可以允许1个偏差，那么一个庞大的公司可以经得起多少个1%的偏差？有时候“差不多”意味着差很多，建筑时的一个小小误差，就可以使整幢大楼轰然倒塌。
6．李嘉诚在2006年汕头大学毕业礼致词中说道：“也许胡适的‘差不多先生’已变异为病毒，通过其散播，感染越来越多人。
病毒强烈的僵化力使脑筋本来聪敏的人思想停滞不前，神志昏沉，虚度其既漫无目的也无所期待的庸碌日子。
也许他还有发白日梦的本事，但缺乏追求梦想的意志，发酸地堕入无底的藉口世界以哄慰自己，种种似是而非的理由还在蔓延，慢慢侵蚀我们的社会、价值观、体系、技术和经济。
……医生常常说准确断症是痊愈的起点，差不多是一种折损人灵魂的病，令人闲散；要知道人的生命光辉需凭仗自我驰骋超越，各位同学，如若你不愿被命运扣上枷锁，你必需谨记，活着是一种参与，你要勇于思考、尊重科学、尊重原则，能感受、有追求、能关心，敢于积极，能经得起考验，骨中有节，心中有慈、心中有爱。
”李嘉诚拒绝让自己成为差不多先生，坚定信念，终其一生，毫不含糊地面对和处理事物，活出了精神力量的华彩。
7．古希腊神话中有一位伟大的英雄叫阿吉里斯，他有着超乎常人的神力和刀枪不入的身体。
在激烈的特洛伊之战中，凭借着出色的体魄和英勇无比的战斗精神，战无不胜，勇往直前，取得了赫赫战功。
然而，在阿吉里斯攻占特洛伊城之际，却因对手太阳神阿波罗射在脚后跟的一箭倒了下去。
这是因为他还是婴儿时，他的母亲——海洋女神特提斯就曾捏着他的右脚后跟，把他浸在神奇的斯提克斯河中，使他那被河水浸过的身体变得刀枪不入。
可就是那个被母亲捏起的右脚后跟，成了阿吉里斯全身惟一的弱点。
8．随意丢到地上的烟蒂，可以令整幢房屋甚至整条街道化为灰烬。
9．开车的司机，因为多喝了几口酒，就可能导致一起车毁人亡的惨剧。
10．生产线上的工人，也许因为一点点的误差，就会使一批产品统统报废。
11．销售线上的营业员，可能因为说错了一句话，而导致一笔大订单与之擦肩而过。
【真题范文】范文一“差不多”乃失败之母古文《易》曰：“君子慎始，差若毫厘，缪以千里。
”结果的天壤之别往往源于过程的毫厘之差，正如“差不多先生”遇事不刨根问底究其根源，总以敷衍之态对待世事，每一次他所谓的“差不多”，结果却谬以千里，酿成人生悲剧。
社会中“差不多先生”随处可见，“基本”、“好像”、“几乎”、“大约”等，成了“差不多先生”的常用词。
企业中，包装不方正，差不多就行；检验疵点没标识，差不多就行；管理者检查考核不认真，差不多就行；不肯算细账，质量差点、成本高点、价格低点、利润少点，差不多就行；遇事不求过得硬，只求过得去，对人对己差不多就行。
此种消极懒散之态度，实乃误国殃民之举。
人生就像奕棋，一步失误，全盘皆输。
当今社会，多少人因一步之差而自食失败苦果。
古有因一个凑合的马掌，使得英国国王查理三世与兰凯斯特家族的亨利决一死战中，“一马失社稷”；今有因一个“不太高”与“不。
太高”差不多的电报，使得误签合同，企业严重受损，责任人失业流离。
国外有因忽略一个差不多的小数点，使得苏联的联盟一号宇宙飞船在返回大气层时，发生突发恶性事故，造成永远无法弥补的悲壮告别；国内有因差不多的钻井工艺及预测估计，细微工作不到位，造成了重庆开县井喷事故，毒气扩散，万人受灾。
由此可见，世人跟风所学的“差不多”态度犹如大树里的蛀虫，看似不起眼，实则危害颇深，日复一日年复一年，它能侵蚀大树的根枝叶茎，使茁壮茂盛的大树日益萎靡，渐渐走向死亡。
国之昌盛不仅需要当政者的足智多谋与雄才韬略，更需要无数仁人志士的积极进取与良好的社会风气；企业之发展不仅需要高层管理者的管理才干与慧眼识金，更需要每一位职员的兢兢业业与认真细心；个人之飞黄腾达不仅需要渊博的学识与凌云之壮志，更需要自己点点滴滴的付出和积极上进的心态。
“差不多”之消极处世哲学是导致个人萎靡不振的毒品，是社会发展进步的大敌，必须根治。
只有报之以浩然进取之心，方能进步，正如李大钊所言：“凡事都要脚踏实地去做，不驰于空想，不骜于虚声，而惟以求真的态度作踏实的工夫。
以此态度求学，则真理可明；以此态度做事，则功业可就。
”范文二失之毫厘，谬以千里“千丈之堤，以蝼蚁之穴溃；百尺之室，以突隙之烟焚。
”世间万物，繁衍交替，推陈出新，正如先秦韩非子所言，其成败兴衰，尽在瞬息点滴之间。
“不好不坏先生”所谓的“差不多”，实则相去甚远，以致其悲惨而终，却至死未能明白“失之毫厘，谬以千里”之大道。
关羽大意失荆州，何其悲壮，亦何其惋惜。
荆州“北据汉陔，利尽南海，东连吴全，西通巴蜀。
”是历代兵家必争之地，其重要程度不言而喻。
三国时期，诸葛亮派关羽镇守荆州，而关羽错估形势，出兵攻打曹操，孙权趁机袭击荆州，导致荆州沦陷。
一代三国豪杰关羽因小失大，最终酿成大错，不仅使蜀国痛失如此宝地，也给他自己提前铺了一条败走麦城之死亡道路。
蔡桓公讳疾忌医，以致病入骨髓，何其悲哀，亦何其叹惋。
《内经》有云：“善治者治皮。