The Dependence of the Occupation of Galaxies on the Halo Formation Time
篮球的好处（Thebenefitsofbasketball）
篮球的好处（The benefits of basketball）Playing basketball can discharge the waste, sweating is increased by the temperature or body temperature, sweat secretion caused by line. Body movement of the heat will increase sharply, mainly by athletes to regulate the body temperature of the sweat balance, can also remove some of this waste basketball leisure is a little tired belongs to leisure activities, because playing basketball requires a lot of physical strength, there is not a person to play basketball, have a group of people together to play, a group of people could enhance our team spirit and friendship and play. Play basketball advantage: it can promote the The new supersedes the old., when the mood is bad to play basketball can make trouble vent out, why play basketball can vent out of trouble? Because playing basketball must concentrate on further to play, when you play to a certain stage of your thinking only scoring, defense, cut, in this case your troubles will disappear a trace, after all is sweat at this time to take a shower at the sleep sleep troubles disappear. Strengthen physique, promoting and training, increase muscle The new supersedes the old. activity, strengthen the reflection force, team spirit, not bad, not easy to get sick, meet new friends, to make a good girlfriend can be 1, exercising to improve eyesight The eye movement makes the visual, but it is continuous the very small activity. Because of a very small movement like these snails were gently swaying in the wind, so we called it "saccade". There are two kinds of effects of saccade. First, they use continuous filter light projection to stimulate retinal nerve cells in your. This will then show the visual details back in your head at the back of the visual brain. Secondly, saccade from your recent spiritual interest points swept into your retina the mostsensitive visual section of "the central fovea". This exercise makes your brain and eyes, and give you a keen sight. often exercise, eyes will gradually improve, these not only have theoretical proof, and, from my classmates and I can feel. They play games than my long time, naturally, sitting in front of the computer time is longer than me, but their strength did not rise, but fell, these is because they play the results, they often exercise, than my eyesight drops quickly, and now I still rose, vision! 2, can reduce acne experts say that exercise can accelerate blood circulation, beneficial for the treatment of acne. How a specific principle I said is not clear, it is good. Other benefits I will not say, today drink, not written so much, want to know, can go to the Baidu search, certainly can find many benefits! 3. remove trouble playing basketball, it can promote the benefits of The new supersedes the old. when the mood is bad to play basketball can make trouble vent out, why play basketball can vent out of trouble? Because playing basketball must concentrate on further to play, when you play to a certain stage of your thinking only scoring, defense, cut, in this case your troubles will disappear a trace, after all is sweat at this time to take a shower at the sleep sleep troubles disappear. 4. can attract a lot of beauty Oh, feel when playing basketball boys basketball is the most handsome benefits: in physical aspect, because playing basketball needs to coordinate the activities of the body, it can promote and enhance personal The new supersedes the old. frame; in addition, often play basketball can increase the bounce and degree of accuracy, especially in the period of youth playing basketball, more conducive to grow taller! In terms of intelligence, basketball requires personal planning, deployment, to get higher scores! Of course, playing basketball can be involvedin the process of group activities, and can increase the team spirit of cooperation, at the same time, can experience the "participation is more important than winning.". If you play basketball in a bad mood, is also a good way to vent their emotions; moreover, playing basketball can kill time, make their full life. This is a little leisure basketball tired of leisure activities, because playing basketball requires a lot of physical,There is not a person to play basketball, have a group of people together to play, a group of people could enhance our team spirit and friendship and play. In addition, playing basketball is good: it can promote the The new supersedes the old., when the mood is bad to play basketball can make trouble vent out, why play basketball can vent out of trouble? Because playing basketball must concentrate on further to play, when you play to a certain stage of your thinking only scoring, defense, cut, in this case your troubles will disappear a trace, after all is sweat at this time to take a shower at the sleep sleep troubles disappear.Basketball, as nowadays one of the most popular forms of exercise, not only by the many lovers, at the same time for the movement of the physical exercise also plays a vital role. You know we often play basketball in the normal life of the benefits?1. effective in preventing cardiovascular disease.Effective prevention of cardiovascular disease.Basketball, because of the tight muscles, heart work increased, blood supply and metabolism of myocardial enhancement, myocardial fiber thickening, heart wall thickening, heart size, shape complete, strong. All this is a recipe for treating cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular disease is one of the world's leading killer endanger human lives. It is reported that in China, died of cardiovascular disease also ranks first.A large number of studies show that regular basketball exercise can significantly reduce cardiovascular disease and the risk of occurrence.2. control of body weight and shape change.Excessive obesity will affect people's normal physiological function, especially easy to cause the heart burden, life expectancy. If a person's subcutaneous fat than normal 15%-25%, so, his death rate will increase to 30%. Because basketball can reduce fat, increase muscle strength, maintain joint flexibility, it can control weight, improve body shape and appearance.3. enhance heart function.Often play basketball, can enhance heart function, the stroke volume increased, in the membrane thickening of the arterial wall, smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers increased; the number of capillary distribution in skeletal muscle increased, branches of coronary artery anastomosis; mouth thickening and weight increase; increase the number of myocardial capillaries. Can the heart itself, including blood and improve the function of organs. At the same time, basketball can make blood pressuredrops, and can reduce the content of serum cholesterol, for the prevention of hypertension, coronary heart disease has a good effect.4. to reduce the risk of diabetes.One of the features of diabetes is the person's blood sugar level is very high, if not controlled, can also cause many other health problems, such as poor eyesight and kidney etc.. Often play basketball because it can control blood glucose level, and thus the possibility of individuals who develop diabetes is greatly reduced.5. improve the digestive system function.Basketball can enhance the body of nutrients consumption, make the whole body's metabolism is enhanced, thereby improving appetite; in addition, can also promote gastrointestinal motility and secretion of digestive juice, improve liver and pancreatic function, so as to make the whole digestive system function improved, provide good material for human health and longevity.6. often participate in basketball exercise can improve human body quality.This is because the physical exercise is carried out in special conditions and under special circumstances, the organism must maximize the mobilization and play the organ system such as body function, neural regulation, respiration, accelerate blood circulation, so that a variety of fitness will continue aftera considerable period of time, high.Good girls playing badmintonA fast, fitnessPlaying badminton in less than ten minutes to sweat, fitness effect.Two, fitnessThe badminton athletes in both men and women are well proportioned figure, especially female players, slender limbs, slim, this is part of the exercise decided to play badminton badminton movement characteristics, other sports is not easy to do.Three, beautyBadminton is an indoor sport,The indoor temperature and humidity are higher, and tennis are often exposed to do comparison in the sun, like in the pan and the Pan-Fried Meat Dumplings in the steamer steamed buns Steamed Buns, which the skin is good?Four, feminismDue to biological differences, women in strength and speed far less than men. But the badminton sport is the most complex technology movement, but also the beauty of strength, in thecourse of MM, put some GG hit everywhere to find the ball phenomenon.Five, elegantBadminton emphasizes the coordination, action stretch, footwork is reasonable, can use 42 pounds, if you saw the occupation players in the field, they must be very envious of the beautiful action. Unlike other sports that emphasize the strength and physical confrontation, such as tennis, in order to vigorously, many female athletes howl again and again, even there are too big for the direction of the referee to voice, what is indecent.Six, entertainmentMM mahjong tacky, clubbing's too avant-garde is more suitable for middle school students. Football basketball and table tennis tennis is too rough, if not good, always pick the ball. The badminton level difference, playing ball can also play a few rounds of peace, to play a few times to find out interesting.Seven, friendsBadminton can participate in free, two people to a dozen people can, many people pack several venues, tired on the sidelines and others. MM and GG doubles, or GG to teach how to play. In short, people tired after the muscle is not so nervous, emotional defense coefficient will decrease. It is easier to communicate.Eight, enjoyWhen playing GG are intolerable heat, dress less, they can work in just ways to enjoy MM GG muscles in the next.Nine, beautiful figureA short skirt and a T-shirt badminton sport suit, MM can show a good body figure.ShuttlecockMatters needing attention1, dress, as long as not too big sports clothes can be used as badminton sportswear. But it is best to wear special badminton shoes, this is a protection of their own. Of course, can not wear underwear and bikinis playing badminton. Don't play like a key metal objects.2, invitations, men and women can offer each other. It is best not to date when playing in each other very tired of the invitation, the other party shall be given some time to rest. Please don't cry is to play the ball with his friends playing it on the other side of the friends of the ball is not respect. Men shall not refuse the invitation of mrs..3, if there is no match, the referee, the parties shall abide by the rules, the two sides is difficult to identify the ball should be in line with the comity approach to solve the problem, do not care about a ball.4, pick up the ball, generally from the ball near the side of the more convenient to pick up the ball should take the initiative to pick up the ball. Of course the man should take the initiative to pick up the ball. If the ball falls on his side of the site and other service, should take the initiative to pick up the ball the ball thrown to each other from the internet. He must not put the ball to each other but not grilled kicking to each other. Pick up the ball with the racket to blow gently thrown to each other the most elegant and chic style. Take the initiative to return the adjacent site mistakenly hit the ball.5, give yourself sparring, was lower than the level of tennis sparring should be based on the weaknesses of the other ball to improve other skills, patience to correct each other's mistakes, don't be impatient (if you don't want to you can not promise to give each other a sparring sparring). If not to practice defensively and not to the other side to smash, so as to avoid misunderstanding for you impatient. By the friends of the ball should thank sparring6, OTC OTC should rest rest, sitting quietly watching others play, when the referee duty is better. The following acts should be banned from the stadium: from the sidelines through standing watching and playing chat talk to people playing basketball on the ground near the football and other influence others play behavior should be prohibited7, after all, should say goodbye to each other and remind the holding of the belongings picked up items did not find the ownershall properly keep the next time when playing with back to the owner. Car golfers can take the initiative to carry on the way golfers leave,If the seat is not enough men should let the lady ride.Related: the ten largest in the world's fastest car fishing appreciation tide tables for Weihai (fishing hand all necessary)Playing basketball can not only physical and mental pleasure, but also can enhance physical fitness. In addition to playing basketball can also exercise will help people get a positive mental attitude, positive attitude towards life.And playing basketball is not an individual sport, it requires teamwork, physical confrontation, to dare to challenge, we need to cooperate with you good at basketball ball de you can make a lot of friends. To help you become an open-minded person.The basketball sweat will make your body fully stretch, make your blood circulation, full of energy. Playing basketball on the human body a lot of benefits for example: playing basketball can exercise the leg muscles, abdominal muscles, upper limb muscles, in playing basketball on the muscle exercise is very helpful. Playing basketball can really make people grow taller, because playing basketball on the calf muscle exercise is helpful, so can improve people's jumping ability. Playing basketball can also exercise the coordination ability of coordination, because a lot of basic movement of basketball people have great demands. The ability to respond to peopleplaying basketball exercise is also very helpful, so that playing basketball on a lot of benefits, but we still have to pay attention to protect themselves, do a lot of action is not in place is also very easy to hurt. Playing basketball can discharge the waste, sweating is increased by the temperature or body temperature, sweat secretion caused by line. Body movement of the heat will increase sharply, mainly by athletes to regulate the body temperature of the sweat balance, can also remove some wasteThis is a little leisure basketball tired of leisure activities, because playing basketball requires a lot of physical strength, there is not a person to play basketball, have a group of people together to play, a group of people could enhance our team spirit and friendship and play. Play basketball advantage: it can promote the The new supersedes the old., when the mood is bad to play basketball can make trouble vent out, why play basketball can vent out of trouble? Because playing basketball must concentrate on further to play, when you play to a certain stage of your thinking only scoring, defense, cut, in this case your troubles will disappear a trace, after all is sweat at this time to take a shower at the sleep sleep troubles disappear.Strengthen physique, promoting and training, increase muscle The new supersedes the old. activity, strengthen the reflection force, team spirit, not bad, not easy to get sick, meet new friends, to make a good girlfriend can be 1, through the movement to improve eyesightThe eye movement makes the visual, but it is continuous small activities. Because of a very small movement like these snailswere gently swaying in the wind, so we called it "saccade". There are two kinds of effects of saccade. First, they use continuous filter light projection to stimulate retinal nerve cells in your. This will then show the visual details back in your head at the back of the visual brain. Secondly, saccade from your recent spiritual interest points swept into your retina the most sensitive visual section of "the central fovea". This exercise makes your brain and eyes, and give you a keen sight. ?2, can reduce acneExperts say, more exercise can accelerate blood circulation, beneficial for the treatment of acne. How a specific principle I said is not clear, it is good.Other benefits I will not say, today drink, not written so much, want to know, can go to the Baidu search, certainly can find many benefits!3. remove troubleThe benefits of playing basketball, it can promote the The new supersedes the old. when the mood is bad to play basketball can make trouble to let off,Why play basketball can vent out the trouble? Because playing basketball must concentrate on further to play, when you play to a certain stage of your thinking only scoring, defense, cut, in this case your troubles will disappear a trace, after all is sweat at this time to take a shower at the sleep sleeptroubles disappear.4. can attract a lot of beauty Oh, feel when boys playing basketball is the most handsomeThe benefits of playing basketball:In the physical aspect, because playing basketball needs to coordinate the activities of the body, it can promote and enhance personal The new supersedes the old. frame; in addition, often play basketball can increase the bounce and degree of accuracy, especially in the period of youth basketball, more conducive to grow taller! In terms of intelligence, basketball requires personal planning, deployment, to get higher scores!Of course, playing basketball can be involved in the process of group activities, and can increase the team spirit of cooperation, at the same time, can experience the "participation is more important than winning.". If you play basketball in a bad mood, is also a good way to vent their emotions; moreover, playing basketball can kill time, make their full life.This is a little leisure basketball tired of leisure activities, because playing basketball requires a lot of physical strength, there is not a person to play basketball, have a group of people together to play, a group of people could enhance our team spirit and friendship and play. In addition, playing basketball is good: it can promote the The new supersedes the old., when the mood is bad to play basketball can make trouble vent out, why play basketball can vent out of trouble? Because playingbasketball must concentrate on further to play, when you play to a certain stage of your thinking only scoring, defense, cut, in this case your troubles will disappear a trace, after all is sweat at this time to take a shower at the sleep sleep troubles disappear.。
开口说话的四大要素（Thefourelementsofspeaking）
开口说话的四大要素（The four elements of speaking）The four elements of speakingThe four realm of speaking makes conversation become an art, but it is also a subject. The most basic thing about knowledge is to know what to say, what to say, what to say, and what to say. This seems simple, but it is not so easy to do, then how to grasp the skills? In fact, speak and write novels in general, should pay attention to the time and place, characters and events of the four elements, said more fine point, is to pay attention to the time, talking, talking on occasions like, the way of speaking and propriety. Pay attention to these four points, and you can often achieve unexpected results.First, the timing of the speechThe ancients said: "the mountain is not high, there is an immortal name; the water is not deep, there are Long Zeling."." The same is true of words, words are not many, the time must be right. He is the man who speaks best when he speaks the right thing at the best time. Otherwise, if the timing of the conversation is not good, on the contrary, it will bring you negative results. This is probably the case with Yang Xiuzhi's death in the romance of the three kingdoms. Yang Xiu Cao Cao as close to a direct participation in the priority, all the tents all the secrets of March secretaries in an emergency war defeat, no fancy cover, from the "chicken ribs" password at random jump to guess, and in the army wantonly spreads negative remarks, and end up by Cao Cao as a "disorderly my morale" crime of death. Yang Xiukong has a chance to talk but because the true skill and genuine knowledge, wrong, and provoke fataldisaster".So, when is the best time to speak? For example, when is the best opportunity to speak in a discussion? If you speak first, although it can cause the impression to the audience First impressions are strongest, but the general situation is, because the time is premature, the atmosphere is dull, the audience has not adapt, not too good to mobilize their emotions. But if to say behind, the benefit is to absorb the results of others, the effective consolidation is arranged in good order for other people, or vulnerabilities, issued more perfect opinions, but because of the time too late, many in the audience will feel tired, want to end as soon as possible to speak rather than delay again, so the effect is not ideal. According to these circumstances, studies have shown that the best opportunity to speak is after second or third people speak, in time to cut into the topic, this effect is best. At this time, the atmosphere of conversation has been active, and if you lose no time in putting forward your own ideas, it is most likely to attract people's attention.Confucius was in "the Analects of Confucius?" Ji Shi said: "no words for it was impatient, but do not say that the hidden, not see that color blind." This sentence has 3 meanings: one is not the time to talk, called irratable; two is to speak without saying, called hide; three is not to see each other's face changes, hastily called lip, eyes closed. Choosing time is a way to show respect for each other and a good way to speak. Only when the other person is interested in what you are talking about, your words will produce the desired effect and achieve the desired goal. It turns out that the best time to convinceothers is when the other person is in a more peaceful mood. They are not in the mood to listen to you when you are tired, frustrated, or focused on something else.Second, the occasion of speakingQueen of England and her husband, Albert, love each other and live in harmony. The wife is the king of a country, busy with official duties and social engagements all the time, while the husband is less concerned with politics and less interested in socializing. One day, the queen after work, already late at night, she went back to the bedroom, see the door closed, he knocked on the door.Question: "who?""Answer: "I am the queen."." The door opened, and then knock.Question: "who?""Answer: Vitoria." The door opened, and then knock.Question: "who?""Answer: your wife." The door opened and Vitoria went in.When the queen came home, the occasion changed, and she was no longer a queen, but a wife. It is a situation in court to speak to princes and nobles, and to speak home is another case. Do not look at the occasion, arbitrary, talk, think of what to say, "this is a poor man not speak". Famous writer Li Cunbao said:in the heat of battle, propaganda is not a long and minute statement in the face of the enemy at the sound, sometimes, back to his comrades waved and shouted: "a, follow me!" this propaganda is more effective than. This also tells us, speak, only according to the occasion, flexible use of language, in order to achieve better results.The occasion is different, the atmosphere is different,People have different moods, and they feel different about how they feel and understand some problems. In the same sentence, the occasion is considered reasonable and insightful, and on occasion it may cause disgust and resentment. Imagine, we exchange a poor farmer with sixty or seventy year old when talking about the Internet, the information superhighway will be what circumstances, I think the good agriculture must not know what you might think of the cloud, you are out of your mind. It's called "what song is sung on any mountain, what key is taken, what lock is it?"."Third, talking about the image and identityWe all know there is a phrase called ", it is to cast pearls before swine" Satire "speak not the object". Playing the violin well is no good to the cow. Speaking is the same, no one did not speak any role, sometimes provoke unnecessary trouble, even fatal disaster. To understand the identity of the listener, age, occupation, hobbies, culture, and many other aspects, only in this way can we achieve the desired purpose if what we say is meaningful.It is said that in ancient times there was a man named Xu Yun in the official department official, promoted a lot of folks. After Wei Mingdi had noticed, he sent for him. His wife in order to languo situation, told Xu Yun: "the main reason for difficult situation can be taken." Because she knows that dealing with the royal prerogative emperor to intercede, but can "reason" to contend with, according to the emperor's status is not easily to love breaking things, to the country as the emperor, to the public for the weight, only to break things and to speak, in order to safeguard the interests of the state and as a the country's identity.So, when Wei emperor tried Xu Yun, Xu Yun bluntly said: "Your Majesty shall use the principle of" for you know ', my fellow I know best, please your majesty examines whether they qualified, if not qualified, I would be punished." Wei Mingdi sent people to inspect Xu Yun promotion fellow, they are really competent, so not only will Xu Yun release, but also reward a new suit. According to the official appointment system of feudal dynasty for personal recommendation, Xu Yun promoted a fellow, regardless of propriety, can be recognized by the emperor in the status of science "". This is a good example of how to choose the right way to speak according to the identity of the speaker.Talking without considering an object is shooting without aiming. And what kind of object, what to say. Can refer to the article "the right" Guiguzi said: "with the wise words, according to Bo; and Bo said, according to the resolution; and identify those words, according to your words; and, according to potential; and the rich, according to high and poor; said,according to the good and cheap; who said, according to Yu Qian; and the brave words, according to dare; and a fool says, according to rui."Fourth, the manner and propriety of speakingThe so-called speechpatterns and inch, is the same thing, you will choose to say which one, the angle at which said, for example, your wife cooking four dishes, only a delicious, you will say that three is not good, or is that a delicious? Must say that one is delicious, because you said that the three are not good to eat is no use, and say good, she is as clear as you, why should I say?Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, was a cowboy and had made some poor friends when he was young. After the emperor, there are two poor friends had come to see him. Because two people's words are different, the fate of the two are also different. The first one is the introduction of a palace, he will sit around and said: "I long live lord! Do you remember the emperor? When you and I are rich for cattle. One day I in the reed marshes, stolen beans in the jar boil. Everyone was rushing to eat until they were cooked. You put the jar are broken up, and the ground peas, soup spilled on the ground. You just grab the beans from the ground and carelessly put the grass blades in your mouth and get stuck in your throat. Is my idea, ask you to swallow the cabbage leaves, only put the card into the stomach pharynx in the throat of grass to." Zhu Yuanzhang listened to his story, in front of the old dumbfounding, in order to keep decent, he sinks the face snapped: "how can I play for a madman, disorderly stick out!"The head down the hapless, go to another old friend Zhu Yuanzhang - former Comrade Fang niuwa said this thing. The cowboy's mouth with a smile, said: "you see me, Paul was rich." So he went into the house to see come swaggeringly, Zhu Yuanzhang, kowtow, then Syria old: "the emperor remember? When you are with your L ride cow to raid the Lu state, broke the pot soup Chow, marshal at large, but you caught red beans general, blocked in the throat, thanks to the general food repelled him. We won a great victory in that fight." Zhu Yuanzhang of old boast of the war too, but he said the scandal too subtle and beautiful,There is light on the surface. And remember the time we have to suffer hunger and cold with the scene at that time, excitement, immediately sealed the old guards for duct.For one thing, one way, was launched a beheading; circumlocutory said the results done. The way words are different, the effect will be different. Mo-tse said to his student bird, "what's the good of saying so much?" For example, the frogs in the pond every day, get nobody mouth parched and tongue scorched, pay attention to it. But the only in the morning call two or three times, you will know that day to hear the light, so they pay attention to it. Similarly, in life, incisive insights are often welcome, and casual talk is easy to bore. Practice has proved that the correct grasp of good sense of speech, to add charm to themselves, to win more opportunities for success.People are always in a certain time and place, on differentoccasions, in the face of different people and different things, you should say different words, speak in a different way, so to speak, not only in his own way of thinking, to consider the other party interested in whether to tell yourself to. Considering the position of the other side, and their views can be acceptable. He is a wise man, though he is not an honest man.A person with excellent speaking skills can quickly find topics of interest to the audience, and can speak at the right time and the right place. In other words, he can make the audience want to hear what they want to hear in time, say in a proper way, this is a kind of incomparable talent, this time people can grasp the advantages, to the effect often extraordinary. (text / wind Qingyang)。
银河系的结构和演化
1920年H. Shapley（美）发现球状星团均匀 地分布在银河的两侧，并且有向人马座聚集的 倾向。 Shapley利用球状星团内的天琴RR型变星测 量星团距离，并给出球状星团的空间分布。
The Creater Milky Way
Shapley认为球状星团是银 河系的子系统，并以银心为 分布中心。 Shapley估计太阳系到银心 的距离为16 kpc. 在Shapley的模型中，银河 系的结构是扁盘状的，直径 为100 kpc. 1kpc=3.262光年
厚盘的形成和演化成为天体物理研 究的新热点
随着银河系厚盘的发现，原来关于银河系恒星分 布的3成分(核球+银盘+银晕)模型，应代之以4 成分(核球+薄盘+厚盘+银晕)模型。 今天，银河系厚盘的存在，已经为天文界所普遍 接受。不仅如此，在一些河外旋涡星系中也发现 了存在厚盘的观测证据。 因此，至少对一部分星系来说，厚盘很可能是星 系结构中普遍存在的一种成分，它的形成和性质 必然与星系演化过程密切相关。
利用实测资料确定函数的具体形式(D0和h的值)，便成为 研究银河系结构和恒星分布的主要内容之一。 自赫歇尔时代以来，天文学家一直认为银盘中恒星只具 有单一的指数分布结构——银盘，仅此而已。
厚盘的发现
1 9 8 3 年， 两位英国天文学家吉尔莫(N.Gilmore) 和莱德(G.Reid)经过详细的研究后首次明确提出， 银盘中的恒星可以分属于薄盘和厚盘两种形态不 同的结构。 他们发现，恒星在垂直银道面方向上的分布需要 用2个指数成分来表述：在银面距z≤1000pc内，银 盘恒星可以用一个指数分布来描述，标高约为 300pc, 这就是薄盘，也就是原来意义上的银盘。 另一方面，在银面距z=1000〜5000pc范围内的恒 星主要属于第二个指数成分，标高约为1450pc, 称 为厚盘。
THE_ICY_DEFENDER
be reckoned with: be taken into consideration All these problems had to be reckoned with as they arose.
toll 1) n. the number of people killed or injured The toll of road deaths and injuries is on the rise.
launch vt. start; send (sth) on its course Beginning in the early 1960s, humans launched probes to explore other planets. The miners launched a strike. We launched a new project. unequaled adj. superior to all others He faced his enemy with unequaled courage. teach sb. a lesson: to punish someone so that they will not behave badly again Someone ought to punish the thief and teach him a lesson.
heroic adj. very brave He was famed for his heroic deeds during the war. reckon v. count; consider; think Many people reckon him to be a great tennis player.
bring to a halt: stop completely Our journey was brought to a halt by a storm. offensive 1) n. attack The Red Army brought its winter offensive to a successful conclusion. 2) causing sb. to feel upset; very unpleasant His remarks were deeply offensive. There is an offensive smell in the room.
剑桥商务英语听说 星系
剑桥商务英语听说星系The Milky Way GalaxyThe Milky Way is the galaxy that contains our Solar System, with the Earth and Sun. This galaxy is a vast, spinning collection of stars, planets, dust and gas, held together by gravity. It is just one of hundreds of billions of galaxies in the observable universe.The Milky Way galaxy is estimated to contain 100-400 billion stars and have a diameter between 100,000 and 180,000 light-years. It is the second-largest galaxy in the Local Group, with the Andromeda Galaxy being larger. As with other spiral galaxies, the Milky Way has a central bulge surrounded by a rotating disk of gas, dust and stars. This disk is approximately 13 billion years old and contains population I and population II stars.The solar system is located about 25,000 to 28,000 light-years from the galactic center, on the inner edge of one of the spiral-shaped concentrations of gas and dust called the Orion Arm. The stars in the Milky Way appear to form several distinct components including the bulge, the disk, and the halo. These components are made of different types of stars, and differ in their ages and their chemicalabundances.The Milky Way galaxy is part of the Local Group, a group of more than 50 galaxies, including the Andromeda Galaxy and several dwarf galaxies. The Local Group in turn is part of the Virgo Supercluster, a giant structure of thousands of galaxies. The Milky Way and Andromeda Galaxy are moving towards each other and are expected to collide in about 4.5 billion years, although the likelihood of any actual collisions between the stars themselves is negligible.The Milky Way has several major arms that spiral from the galactic bulge, as well as minor spurs. The best known are the Perseus Arm and the Sagittarius Arm. The Sun and its solar system are located between two of these spiral arms, known as the Local Bubble. There are believed to be four major spiral arms, as well as several smaller segments of spiral arms.The nature of the Milky Way's bar and spiral structure is still a matter of active research, with the latest research contradicting the previous theories. The Milky Way may have a prominent central bar structure, and its shape may be best described as a barred spiral galaxy. The disk of the Milky Way has a diameter of about 100,000 light-years. The galactic halo is a spherical component of the galaxy that extends outward from the galactic disk, as far as 200,000 light-years from the galactic center.The disk of the Milky Way Galaxy is marked by the presence of a supermassive black hole known as Sagittarius A*, which is located at the very center of the Galaxy. This black hole has a mass four million times greater than the mass of the Sun. The Milky Way's bar is thought to be about 27,000 light-years long and may be made up of older red stars.The Milky Way is moving with respect to the cosmic microwave background radiation in the direction of the constellation Hydra with a speed of 552 ± 6 km/s. The Milky Way is a spiral galaxy that has undergone major mergers with several smaller galaxies in its distant past. This is evidenced by studies of the stellar halo, which contains globular clusters and streams of stars that were torn from those smaller galaxies.The Milky Way is estimated to contain 100–400 billion stars. Most stars are within the disk and bulge, while the galactic halo is sparsely populated with stars and globular clusters. A 2016 study by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey suggested that the number is likely to be close to the lower end of that estimate, at 100–140 billion stars.The Milky Way has several components: a disk, in which the Sun and its planetary system are located; a central bulge; and a halo of stars, globular clusters, and diffuse gas. The disk is the brightest part of theMilky Way, as seen from Earth. It has a spiral structure with dusty arms. The disk is about 100,000 light-years in diameter and about 13 billion years old. It contains the young and relatively bright population I stars, as well as intermediate-age and old stars of population II.The galactic bulge is a tightly packed group of mostly old stars in the center of the Milky Way. It is estimated to contain tens of billions of stars and has a diameter of about 10,000 light-years. The Milky Way's central bulge is shaped like a box or peanut. The galactic center, which lies within this bulge, is an extremely active region, with intense radio source known as Sagittarius A*, which is likely to be a supermassive black hole.The Milky Way's halo is a spherical component of the galaxy that extends outward from the galactic disk, as far as 200,000 light-years from the galactic center. It is relatively sparse, with only about one star per cubic parsec on average. The halo contains old population II stars, as well as extremely old globular clusters.The Milky Way's spiral structure is uncertain, and there is currently no consensus on the nature of the Milky Way's spiral arms. Different studies have led to different results, and it is unclear whether the Milky Way has two, four, or more spiral arms. The Milky Way's spiral structure is thought to be a major feature of its disk, and it may berelated to the generation of interstellar matter and star formation.The Milky Way's spiral arms are regions of the disk in which the density of stars, interstellar gas, and dust is slightly higher than average. The arms are thought to be density waves that spiral around the galactic center. As material enters an arm, the increased density causes the material to accumulate, thus causing star formation. As the material leaves the arm, star formation decreases.The Milky Way's spiral arms were first identified in the 1950s, when radio astronomers mapped the distribution of gas in the Milky Way and found that it was concentrated in spiral patterns. Since then, astronomers have used a variety of techniques to study the Milky Way's spiral structure, including observations of the distribution of young stars, star-forming regions, and interstellar gas and dust.One of the key challenges in studying the Milky Way's spiral structure is that we are located within the disk of the galaxy, which makes it difficult to get a clear view of the overall structure. Astronomers have had to rely on indirect methods, such as measuring the distances and motions of stars and gas clouds, to infer the shape and structure of the galaxy.Despite these challenges, our understanding of the Milky Way's spiral structure has advanced significantly in recent years, thanks tonew observations and more sophisticated modeling techniques. Ongoing research is continuing to shed light on the nature and evolution of the Milky Way's spiral arms, and the role they play in the overall structure and dynamics of the galaxy.。
unit 1 The Boys' Ambition
figurative language
• Besides, he resorts to figurative language, such as simile and personification which adds freshness and life to his description. • For example, he depicts "the white town drowsing in the sunshine" (para. 2) by employing personification; • he draws a picture of "the boats that lay packed together like sardines" by using simile (para. 6).
Байду номын сангаас
Permanent/transient ambition
Describe the scene before the steambaot came and the water-street clerk.
Conclusion
• In a word, Mark Twain makes his narration and description attractive to the readers with his marvelous writing techniques. • Perhaps, the story reminds you of your own ambition either transient or permanent in your life. • By writing a narrative like this essay, you can recollect your ambitions both at present and in the past.
高一年级英语天文知识单选题40题
高一年级英语天文知识单选题40题1. Which planet is known as the "Red Planet" because of its reddish appearance?A. EarthB. MarsC. JupiterD. Venus答案：B。
解析：在太阳系中，火星（Mars）因为其表面呈现出红色的外观而被称为“Red Planet（ 红色星球）”。
地球（Earth）是我们居住的蓝色星球；木星（Jupiter）是一个巨大的气态行星，外观不是红色；金星 Venus）表面被浓厚的大气层覆盖，不是以红色外观著称。
2. Which planet has the most moons in the solar system?A. EarthB. MarsC. JupiterD. Mercury答案：C。
解析：木星（Jupiter）是太阳系中拥有最多卫星（moons）的行星。
地球（Earth）只有一颗卫星；火星（Mars）有两颗卫星；水星 Mercury）没有卫星。
3. The planet with the shortest orbit around the Sun is _.A. MercuryB. VenusC. EarthD. Mars答案：A。
解析：水星（Mercury）是距离太阳最近的行星，它的公转轨道是最短的。
金星 Venus）、地球 Earth）、火星 Mars）距离太阳比水星远，它们的公转轨道都比水星长。
4. Which planet has a thick atmosphere mainly composed of carbon dioxide?A. EarthB. MarsC. VenusD. Jupiter答案：C。
解析：金星（Venus）有一层非常厚的大气层，其主要成分是二氧化碳 carbon dioxide）。
地球 Earth）的大气层主要由氮气和氧气等组成；火星（Mars）大气层很稀薄，主要成分虽然有二氧化碳但比例和金星不同；木星（Jupiter）的大气层主要由氢和氦等组成。
unit-1-the-Shadowland-of-Dreams-梦想的阴暗面
15
New words and Phrases
• manual [‘mæ njuəl] • adj. 用手的, 手工的
16
Para. 1-4
• According to the author, what’s the difference between “being a writer” and writing? • What did I have when I became a freelance writer? • What is called “the Shadowland of hope” by the author?
Eg. • John is in high spirits at the prospects. 约翰对前景充满希望。
23
New words and Phrases
• genuine [‘dʒenjuin] adj.(para.3 line 6）
Eg. 这枚奖章是真金制成的。 This medal is made of genuine gold. 随着时间的推移, 我们之间产生了一种真挚的友情。 As time went on, a genuine friendship grew up between us.
1. For every writer kissed by fortune there are thousands more whose longing is never requited. Even those who succeed often know long periods of neglect and poverty. (para.2 ）
Roots was eventually published in 37 languages, and Haley became a popular writer, and won the Pulitzer Prize. Roots was also adapted into a popular television miniseries (集数少的电视连续 剧)that year. The serial reached a record-breaking 130 million viewers. Roots emphasized that African Americans have a long history.
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arXiv:astro-ph/0601120v3 23 Feb 2006DraftversionFebruary5,2008PreprinttypesetusingLATEXstyleemulateapjv.6/22/04
THEDEPENDENCEOFTHEOCCUPATIONOFGALAXIESONTHEHALOFORMATIONTIMEGuangtunZhu1,2,ZhengZheng3,4,W.P.Lin1,Y.P.Jing1,XiKang1,5,andLiangGao6DraftversionFebruary5,2008
ABSTRACTWestudythedependenceofthegalaxycontentswithinhalosonthehaloformationtimeusingtwogalaxyformationmodels,onebeingasemianalyticmodelutilizingthehaloassemblyhistoryfromahighresolutionN-bodysimulationandtheotherbeingasmoothedparticlehydrodynamicssimulationincludingradiativecooling,starformation,andenergyfeedbackfromgalacticwinds.WeconfirmthefindingbyGaoetal.thatatfixedmass,theclusteringofhalosdependsonthehaloformationtime,especiallyforlow-masshalos.Thisagedependenceofhaloclusteringmakesitdesirabletostudythecorrelationbetweentheoccupationofgalaxieswithinhalosandthehaloage.Wefindthat,inhalosoffixedmass,thenumberofsatellitegalaxieshasastrongdependenceonhaloage,withfewersatellitesinolderhalos.Theyoungestone-thirdofthehaloscanhaveanorderofmagnitudemoresatellitesthantheoldestone-third.Forcentralgalaxies,inhalosthatformearlier,theytendtohavemorestarsandthusappeartobemoreluminous,andthedependenceoftheirluminosityonhaloageisnotasstrongasthatofstellarmass.Theresultscanbeunderstoodthroughthestarformationhistoryinhalosandthemergingofsatellitesontocentralgalaxies.Theagedependenceofthegalaxycontentswithinhaloswouldconstituteanimportantingredientinamoreaccuratehalo-basedmodelofgalaxyclustering.Subjectheadings:galaxies:formation—galaxies:halos—large-scalestructureofuniverse—cos-mology:theory—darkmatter
1.INTRODUCTION
Inthecolddarkmatterhierarchicalmodelofstruc-tureformation,theformationandevolutionofgalaxiesarecoupledwiththoseofdarkmatterhalos.Studyingthedistributionofgalaxiesinsidehaloscanaidusintheunderstandingofthegalaxyformationprocessandintheinterpretationofclusteringpropertiesofgalaxies.InthisLetter,weinvestigatethedependenceofthegalaxycon-tentsonthehaloformationtimeusingnumericalgalaxyformationmodels.Ourstudyiscloselyrelatedtorecentlydevelopedmodelsofgalaxyclustering,namely,theframeworkofthehalooccupationdistribution(HOD)andtheap-proachoftheconditionalluminosityfunction(CLF).Bothmodelsarebasedonstatisticaldescriptionsoftherelationbetweengalaxiesanddarkmatterhalos.TheHODcharacterizestherelationintermsoftheprobabil-itydistributionP(N|M)thatahaloofmassMhostsNgalaxiesofagiventype,andthespatialandve-locitydistributionsofgalaxieswithinhalos(Jingetal.1998;Ma&Fry2000;Peacock&Smith2000;Seljak2000;Scoccimarroetal.2001;Berlind&Weinberg2002;Cooray&Sheth2002).InsteadofP(N|M)forgalax-iesofagiventype,theCLFmethodusesthelumi-nosityfunctionofgalaxieswithinhalosasafunction
1ShanghaiAstronomicalObservatory,JointInstitutefor
GalaxyandCosmology(JOINGC)ofSHAOandUSTC,NandanRoad80,Shanghai,200030,China;gtzhu@shao.ac.cn.2GraduateSchooloftheChineseAcademyofSciences,19A,
YuquanRoad,Beijing,China.3InstituteforAdvancedStudy,SchoolofNaturalSciences,Ein-
steinDrive,Princeton,NJ08540.4HubbleFellow.
5Astrophysics,UniversityofOxford,KebleRoad,Oxford,OX1,
3RH,UK.6InstituteforComputationalCosmology,Universityof
Durham,DHE3LE,UK.
ofhalomasstoestablishtherelationbetweengalaxiesanddarkmatterhalos(Yangetal.2003).HODandCLFmodelshavebeenappliedtointerprettheobservedgalaxyclusteringinanumberofsurveys(e.g.,Jingetal.1998,2002;Bullocketal.2002;Moustakas&Somerville2002;Yangetal.2003;vandenBoschetal.2003;Magliocchetti&Porciani2003;Yanetal.2003;Zheng2004;Zehavietal.2004,2005;Ouchietal.2005;Leeetal.2005;Cooray2005),andwiththehelpofthesemodelsourunderstandingofgalaxyclusteringhasbeengreatlyimprovedandrefined.Onekeyassumptioninthesehalo-basedmodelsisthatthestatisticaldistributionofgalaxiesinsidehalosde-pendsonlyonhalomass.Thisassumptionhasitstheo-reticaloriginintheexcursionsetformalism(Bondetal.1991),whichpredictsthatahalo’sassemblyhistoryde-pendsonlyonitsmass.Itisinherentinanysemianalyticgalaxyformationmodelthatuseshalomergertreesbasedontheexcursionsetformalism.Usingthehigh-resolutionMillenniumN-bodysimulation,Gaoetal.(2005)(alsoseeHarkeretal.2005)showthattheclusteringofhalosatagivenmasshasadependenceonthehaloforma-tiontime,andthedependencebecomesmuchstrongerathalomasses≪M∗,thenonlinearcharacteristicmass.Galaxypropertiesareexpectedtobecorrelatedwiththehaloformationtime,andtothisextent,theenvironmen-taldependenceofthehaloformationtimewouldleadtoadependenceofthestatisticaldistributionofgalax-iesinsidehalosontheenvironmentaswellasonhalomass.Oncehighaccuracymodelingeventuallybecomesdemandedbygalaxyclusteringdataand/orbycosmo-logicalapplications,thecurrentHODandCLFmodelsmayhavetobemodifiedtotakeintoaccounttheenvi-ronmentaldependence.Giventheagedependenceofthehaloclustering,thestudyofgalaxycontentsasafunc-tionofhaloageatfixedhalomasswouldshedlighton