第13章 资本充足率
商业银行资本充足率计算指引《商业银行资本充足率计算规则

商业银行资本充足率计算指引《商业银行资本充足率计算规则〔第二次征求意见稿〕1.总那么1.1为加强对商业银行资本充足率的监管,促进商业银行安全、稳健运行,依照«中华人民共和国银行业监督治理法»、«中华人民共和国商业银行法»、«中华人民共和国外资银行治理条例»等法律法规,制定本指引。
1.2本指引适用于«中国银行业实施新资本协议指导意见»确定的新资本协议银行和自愿实施新资本协议的其他商业银行。
1.3本指引所称资本充足率,是指商业银行持有的、符合本方法规定的资本与商业银行风险加权资产之间的比率。
核心资本充足率,是指商业银行持有的符合本方法规定的核心资本与商业银行风险加权资产之间的比率。
1.4商业银行资本应抵御信用风险、市场风险和操作风险。
1.5商业银行应同时运算未并表的资本充足率和并表后的资本充足率。
1.6商业银行资本充足率不得低于百分之八,核心资本充足率不得低于百分之四。
2.资本充足率运算范畴2.1原那么性要求2.1.1商业银行未并表资本充足率的运算范畴应包括商业银行境内外所有分支机构。
并表资本充足率的运算范畴原那么上应包括商业银行以及符合本指引规定的其直截了当或间接投资的金融机构。
2.1.2商业银行在运算并表资本充足率时应准确识别持有多数股权和操纵权的被投资金融机构。
以下机构应作为商业银行持有多数股权和操纵权的被投资金融机构:〔一〕商业银行直截了当拥有或子公司拥有或与其子公司共同拥有被投资机构50%以上表决权的被投资金融机构。
〔二〕商业银行拥有被投资金融机构50%以下〔含〕的表决权,但与被投资机构之间有以下情形之一的,应当将其纳入并表范畴:A、通过与其他投资者之间的协议,持有该机构50%以上的表决权;B、依照章程或协议,有权决定该机构的财务和经营政策;C、有权任免该机构董事会或类似权力机构的多数成员;D、在被投资机构董事会或类似权力机构占多数表决权。
2016年银行从业资格考试银行业法律法规与综合能力课件(第十三章-资本管理)

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二、资本的作用 第一,为银行提供融资; 第二,吸收和消化损失。 第三,限制业务过度扩张。银行 业资本监管
• 一、巴塞尔资本协议 • (一)第一版巴塞尔资本协议 • 1988年,巴塞尔委员会正式出台了《统一国际银行资 本计量和资本标准的国际协议》(即第一版巴塞尔资本协 议),确立了资本充足率监管的基本框架,第一次在国际 上明确了资本充足率监管的三个要素,即监管资本定义、 风险加权资产计算和资本充足率监管要求。 • 1统一了监管资本定义。 • 第一版巴塞尔资本协议提出了两个层次的资本:核心资本 和附属资本。核心资本主要包括实收资本(或普通股)、公 开储备〔资本公积、盈余公积、留存利润、股票发行溢 价);附属资本主要包括非公开储备、重估储备、普通准备 金、混合资本工具和长期次级债务等。
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4.资本扣除项。计算资本充足率时,商业银行应当从核 心一级资本中全额扣除一些不具备损失吸收能力的项目, 主要包括商誉、其他无形资产(土地使用权除外),由经营 亏损引起的净递延税资产、贷款损失准备缺口等。
• (四)过渡期安排 • 为缓解新的监管标准对国内银行资本充定率的影响, 降低因资本充足压力对银行信贷供给能力和经济增长可能 的负面效应,《资本办法》设定了6年的资本充足率达标 过渡期。我国商业银行应于2018年底前全面达到相关资本 监管要求,并鼓励有条件的银行提前达标。
• 2.引入杠杆率监管标准。杠杆率监管指标基于规模计算 (该指标采用普通股或核心资本作为分子,所有表内外风 险暴露作为分母),与具体资产风险无关的,以此控制商 业银行资产规模的过度扩张,并作为资本充足率的补充指 标。 • 杠杆率不能低于3% ,要求银行自2015年开始披露杠杆率信 息,2018年正式纳入第一支柱框架。 • 3.建立流动性风险量化监管标准。第三版巴塞尔资本协议 提出了两个流动性量化监管指标:流动性覆盖率(LCR ), 用于衡量在短期压力情景下(30日内)单个银行的流动性状 况;净稳定融资比率(NSFR),用于度量中长期内银行可供 使用的稳定资金来源能否支持其资产业务的发展。在正常 情况下,商业银行的流动性覆盖率和净稳定融资比率都不 得低于100%。
2020商业银行资本充足率管理办法

2020商业银行资本充足率管理办法商业银行资本充足率管理办法第一章总则第一条为加强对商业银行资本充足率的监管,促进商业银行安全、稳健运行,根据《中华人民共和国银行业监督管理法》、《中华人民共和国商业银行法》、《中华人民共和国外资金融机构管理条例》等法律法规,制定本办法。
第二条本办法适用于在中华人民共和国境内设立的商业银行,包括中资银行、外资独资银行、中外合资银行。
第三条本办法中的资本充足率,是指商业银行持有的、符合本办法规定的资本与商业银行风险加权资产之间的比率。
第四条商业银行资本充足率的计算应建立在充分计提贷款损失准备等各项损失准备的基础之上。
第五条商业银行资本应抵御信用风险和市场风险。
第六条商业银行应同时计算未并表的资本充足率和并表后的资本充足率。
第七条商业银行资本充足率不得低于百分之八,核心资本充足率不得低于百分之四。
第八条中国银行业监督管理委员会(以下简称银监会)按照本办法对商业银行资本充足率、资本管理状况进行监督检查。
第九条商业银行应按照本办法披露资本充足率信息。
第二章资本充足率计算?第十条商业银行计算并表后的资本充足率时,应将以下机构纳入并表范围:(一)商业银行拥有其过半数以上(不包括半数)权益性资本的被投资金融机构,包括:1.商业银行直接拥有其过半数以上权益性资本的被投资金融机构;2.商业银行的全资子公司拥有其过半数以上权益性资本的被投资金融机构;3.商业银行与其全资子公司共同拥有其过半数以上权益性资本的被投资金融机构。
(二)商业银行不拥有其过半数以上的权益性资本,但与被投资金融机构之间有下列情况之一的,应将其纳入并表范围:1.通过与其他投资者之间的协议,持有该机构半数以上的表决权;2.根据章程或协议,有权控制该机构的财务和经营政策;3.有权任免该机构董事会或类似权力机构的多数成员;4.在该机构董事会或类似权力机构有半数以上投票权。
可以不列入并表范围的机构包括:已关闭或已宣告破产的金融机构;因终止而进入清算程序的金融机构;决定在一年之内售出而短期持有其过半数以上权益性资本的金融机构;受所在国外汇管制及其他突发事件影响、资金调度受到限制的境外附属金融机构。
商业银行业务与经营习题集

4、对于商业银行来说,内生存款和外生存款具有相同的意义。
5、存款是商业银行为社会提供的特殊商品或投资工具。
6、票据交换日拆借是在票据交换所内进行的,主要弥补短期周转资金的不足。
7、票据贴现包含有双重信用关系,是商业信用与银行信用的结合。
8、由于发行长期金融债券是商业银行筹集资本的一种方式,因而在具体发行时,可不必考虑其贷款或投资用途。
A、30天B、60天C、90天D、180天
14、保证贷款是银行凭借()而对借款人发放的贷款。
A、借款人的信用B、第三人的信用
C、借款人的财产D、第三人的财产
15、银行审查保证人的担保能力时,应主要观察其()。
A、资产总额B、负债总额
C、净资产D、净现金流量
16、借款人申请贷款时,提供了如下担保物,银行选择的顺序是()。
三、判断改错题
1、商业银行基本业务包括吸收存款、发放贷款、办理结算和证券。
2、银行信用是社会信用的基础,从信用活动发展的历史顺序看,是先有商业信用,然后才有盈利性是目的,安全性是基础,流动性是条件。
4、严格地讲,商业银行的安全性表现在资产无损、规模扩大、信誉提高等方面。
、。
三、选择题
1、信用贷款的最大特点的是()。
A、流动性强B、风险较大
C、不需要担保D、手续简单
2、安全性、流动性较好的贷款有()。
A、担保贷款B、贴现贷款
C、自营贷款D、短期贷款
3、特定贷款的由()发放的。
A、中国人民银行B、国有独资商业银行
C、政策性银行D、股份制银行
4、下列贷款中属于不良贷款的有()。
7、银行审查保证人的担保能力时,应主要观察其( )
商业银行资本充足率管理办法

商业银行资本充足率管理办法第一章总则第一条为加大对商业银行资本充足率的监管,促进商业银行安全、稳健运行,按照《中华人民共和国银行业监督治理法》、《中华人民共和国商业银行法》、《中华人民共和国外资金融机构治理条例》等法律法规,制定本方法。
第二条本方法适用于在中华人民共和国境内设置的商业银行,包括中资银行、外资独资银行、中外合资银行。
第三条本方法中的资本充足率,是指商业银行持有的、符合本方法规定的资本与商业银行风险加权资产之间的比率。
第四条商业银行资本充足率的运算应建立在充分计提贷款缺失预备等各项缺失预备的基础之上。
第五条商业银行资本应抵御信用风险和市场风险。
第六条商业银行应同时运算未并表的资本充足率和并表后的资本充足率。
第七条商业银行资本充足率不得低于百分之八,核心资本充足率不得低于百分之四。
第八条中国银行业监督治理委员会(以下简称银监会)按照本方法对商业银行资本充足率、资本治理状况进行监督检查。
第九条商业银行应按照本方法披露资本充足率信息。
第二章资本充足率运算?第十条商业银行运算并表后的资本充足率时,应将以下机构纳入并表范畴:(一)商业银行拥有其过半数以上(不包括半数)权益性资本的被投资金融机构,包括:1.商业银行直截了当拥有其过半数以上权益性资本的被投资金融机构;2.商业银行的全资子公司拥有其过半数以上权益性资本的被投资金融机构;3.商业银行与其全资子公司共同拥有其过半数以上权益性资本的被投资金融机构。
(二)商业银行不拥有其过半数以上的权益性资本,但与被投资金融机构之间有下列情形之一的,应将其纳入并表范畴:1.通过与其他投资者之间的协议,持有该机构半数以上的表决权;2.按照章程或协议,有权操纵该机构的财务和经营政策;3.有权任免该机构董事会或类似权力机构的多数成员;4.在该机构董事会或类似权力机构有半数以上投票权。
能够不列入并表范畴的机构包括:已关闭或已宣告破产的金融机构;因终止而进入清算程序的金融机构;决定在一年之内售出而短期持有其过半数以上权益性资本的金融机构;受所在国外汇管制及其他突发事件阻碍、资金调度受到限制的境外附属金融机构。
商业银行资本充足率管理办法

商业银行资本充足率管理办法商业银行资本充沛率管理方法(2022修正)Measures for the Management of Capital Adequacy Ratios of Commercial Banks(Promulgated and implemented by Order No. 2 [2022] of China Banking Regulatory Commission and amended according to the Decision of China Banking Regulatory Commission on Revising the Measures for the Management of Capital Adequacy Ratios of Commercial Banks as adopted at the 55th chairmen's meeting of China Banking Regulatory Commission on December 28, 2022)Chapter I General ProvisionsArticle 1 In order to strengthen the supervision over the capital adequacy ratios of commercial banks, promote the safety and stability of commercial banks, the present Measures are formulated in accordance with the Banking Supervision Law of the People's Republic of China, the Law of the People's Republic of China on Commercial Banks, the Administrative Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Foreign-funded Financial Institutions and other relevant laws and regulations.Article 2 The present Measures shall be applicable to the commercial banks established within the territory of the People's Republic of China, including Chinese-funded banks, whollyforeign-funded banks and Sino-foreign equity joint banks.Article 3 The term "capital adequacy ratio" as mentioned in the present Measures refers to the ratio between the capital, which is held by a commercial bank and meets the requirements of the Present Measures,and the risk-weighted assets of the commercial bank.The "core capital adequacy ratio of a commercial bank" refers to the ratio between the core capital, which is held by the commercial bank and meets the requirements of the present Measures, and the risk-weighted assets of the commercial bank.Article 4 The calculation of the capital adequacy ratio of a commercial bank shall be based on provision for loan loss and other losses.Article 5 The capital of a commercial bank shall prevent credit risk and market risk.Article 6 A commercial bank shall simultaneously calculate the unconsolidated capital adequacy ratio and the consolidated capital adequacy ratio.Article 7 The capital adequacy ratio shall not be lower than 8%, the core capital adequacy ratio shall not be lower than 4%.Article 8 China Banking Regulatory Commission (hereinafter referred to as the CBRC)shall conduct supervision and inspection over the capital adequacy ratios and the capital management status of commercial banks.Article 9 The commercial banks shall disclose the information related to capital adequacy ratios in accordance with the present Measures.Chapter II Calculation of Capital Adequacy RatiosArticle 10 When calculating the consolidated capital adequacy ratio, a commercial bank shall list the following institutions into the consolidation scope:(1)The financial institutions with more than half of their equity capital owned by the commercial bank, including:(a)A financial institution with more than half of its equity capital directly owned by the commercial bank;(b)A financial institution with more than half of its equity capital owned by its wholly-funded subsidiary;(c)A financial institution with more than half of its equity capital owned by the commercial bank and its wholly-funded subsidiary.(2)A financial institution with at least half of its equity capital not owned by the commercial bank shall be listed into the consolidation scope if the commercial bank:(a)holds more than half of its voting rights by concluding agreements with other investors;(b)has the power to control the financial affairs and operating policies of this institution according to the articles of association or agreement;(c)has the power to appoint or dismiss most of the members in the board of directors or the similar powerful institution of this financial institution; or(d)holds more than half of the voting rights in the board of directors or the similar powerful institution.The institutions that may not be listed into the consolidation scope shall include the financial institutions that have been closed or have been announced bankruptcy; the financial institutions that have entered into theliquidation procedure; the financial institutions with more than half of their equity capital owned by the commercial bank, which decides to sell it out within a year; the overseas subsidiary financial institutions whose fund procurement capacity is limited due to the control on foreign exchange by the countries where they are located or the impact of other emergencies.Article 11 The calculation formulas of the capital adequacy ratio of a commercial bank:The capital adequacy ratio = (capital - the deduction items)/ (the risk-weighted assets + 12.5 times of market risk capital)The core capital adequacy ratio = (core capital - core capital deduction items)/ (the risk-weighted assets + 12.5 times of market risk capital)Article 12 The capital of a commercial bank includes the core capital and supplementary capital.The core capital includes the paid-up capital or common stocks, capital reserves, surplus reserves, undistributed profits and minority interests.The supplementary capital includes the re-evaluation reserves, general reserves, preferred stocks, convertible bonds, fixed capital bonds and long-term subordinated debts.The positive alteration, but no more than 50%, to the fair value of available-for-sale bonds that have been calculated into the owners' rights and interests may be calculated into the supplementary capital; and the negative alteration to the fair value shall be deducted from the supplementary capital. When a commercial bank calculates the capital adequacy ratio, it shall transfer the fair value of available-for-sale bondsthat have been calculated into the capital reserves from the core capital into the supplementary capital.Article 13 The supplementary capital of a commercial bank shall not exceed 100 % of its core capital. The long-term subordinated debts listed into the supplementary capital shall not exceed 50% of the core capital.Article 14 When calculating the capital adequacy ratio, the commercial bank shall deduct the following items from the capital:(1)Goodwill;(2)50% of the capital investment made by the commercial bank in the unconsolidated financial institutions; and(3)50% of the investment made by the commercial bank innon-self-use immovable property and enterprise capital.Article 15 When calculating the core capital adequacy ratio, the commercial bank shall deduct the following items from the core capital:(1)Goodwill;(2)50% of the capital investment made by the commercial bank in the unconsolidated financial institutions; and(3)50% of the capital investment made by the commercial bank in non-self-use immovable property and enterprise.Article 16 When calculating the weighted-risk assets of all loans, the commercial bank shall deduct the specific reserve from the book value of the loans, and shall deduct the provision for the depreciation of other types of assets from the book values of the corresponding assets.Article 17 The external credit grade evaluation result of the corresponding country or region shall be the benchmark of the risk weight of a commercial bank's credit abroad. When differentcredit grade evaluation companies have different evaluation results about the same country or region, the relatively lower one shall be chosen as the benchmark.(1)With regard to the credits held by it against the government of another country or region, if this country or region is with rating as AA or higher, the risk weight is 0%; if lower than AA, the risk weight is 100%;(2)With regard to the credits held by it against an overseas commercial bank or securities company, if the country or region where this commercial bank or securities company is located is with rating as AA or higher, the risk weight is 50%; if lower than AA, the risk weight is 100%.(3)With regard to the credits held by it against a public utility enterprise invested by the government of another country or region, if this country or region is with rating as AA or higher, the risk weight is 50%; if lower than AA, the risk weight is 100%.Article 18 The risk weight of the credits held by a commercial bank against a multi-lateral development bank shall be 0%.Article 19 The risk weight of all the credits in RMB or foreign currencies held by a commercial bank against the Central Government of our country and the People's Bank of China shall be 0%.The risk weight of the credits held by a commercial bank against the public utility enterprises invested by the Central Government of our country shall be 50%.Article 20 The risk weight of the credits held by a commercial bank against a policy bank of our country shall be 0%.Article 21 The risk weight of the credits held by a commercial bank against another commercial bank of our country shall be 20%, and the risk weight of the credits with an original time limit of four months or shorter shall be 0%.The risk weight of fixed capital bonds and long-term subordinated debts held by a commercial bank against another commercial bank of our country shall be 100%.Article 22 The risk weight of a commercial bank's directional bonds issued by the financial asset management companies invested by the Central Government of our country for the purpose of purchasing thenon-performing loans of state-owned banks shall be 0%.The risk weight of the other credits held by a commercial bank against the financial asset management companies invested by the Central Government of our country shall be 100%.Article 23 The risk weight of the credits held by a commercial bank against an enterprise, individual or other assets shall be 100%.Article 24 The risk weight of individual housing mortgage loans shall be 50%.Article 25 The following items can play a role of mitigating the risks:(1)The specified cash in the form of a special account, sealed money or security;(2)Gold;(3)Bank deposit certificates;(4)The state debts issued by the Ministry of Finance of our country;(5)The instruments issued by the People's Bank of China;(6)The bonds and instruments issued by the policy banks or commercial banks of our country and the drafts honored by them;(7)The bonds and instruments issued by the public utility enterprises invested by the Central Government of our country and the drafts honored by them;(8)The bonds issued by the government of a country or region with rating AA or higher, the bonds and instruments issued by the commercial banks and securities companies registered in this country or region, or the public utility enterprises invested by the government, and the drafts honored by them; and(9)The bonds issued by multi-lateral development banks.A loan by putting any of the items as mentioned in the preceding paragraph in pledge shall obtain the same risk weight as the corresponding item or the risk weight of the direct credit held by the issuer or acceptor of the corresponding item. With regard to a loan with any item partly pledged, the part under protection of the item shall obtain the corresponding low risk weight.Article 26 The guaranties provided by the following guaranty subjects can play a role in mitigating the risks:(1)The policy banks and commercial banks of our country;(2)The state organs of our country approved by the State Councilto re-lend loans extended by foreign governments or international economic organizations;(3)The public utility enterprises invested by the Central Government of our country;(4)The governments of the countries or regions with rating as AA or higher, the commercial banks registered in these countries or regions and the public utility enterprises invested by the governments of these countries or regions; and(5)Multi-lateral development banks.A loan on the basis of the full guaranty provided by any of the guaranty subjects as mentioned in the preceding paragraph shall have the same risk weight as the direct credit against the guarantor. As for a loan partly guaranteed, the guaranteed part of the loan shall have the corresponding low risk weight.Article 27 A commercial bank shall calculate and deduct the capital for the credit risks of the unconsolidated businesses.A commercial bank shall multiply the unconsolidated businesses in the name of the unconsolidated items by the credit conversion coefficient, obtaining the risk assets identical with the consolidated items, then it shall determine their risk weights according to the transaction objects, finally it shall calculate the corresponding risk-weighted assets of the unconsolidated items.The risk-weighted assets of exchange rates, interest rates and other agreements on derivative products shall be calculated through the current risk exposure approach.Article 28 A commercial bank shall calculate and deduct the capitalfor market risk.The term "market risks" refers to the risks of losses of consolidated and unconsolidated positions caused by the variation of market price. The market risks as mentioned in the present Measures include risks that various financial instruments and stocks in the transaction account may be affected by interest rates, all the risks of foreign exchange and risks of commodities of a commercial bank.Article 29 A commercial bank shall establish a transaction account. The prices of all the items in the transaction account shall be calculated according to the market prices.The transaction account shall cover the positions of financial instruments held for a short period by the commercial bank in carrying on self-operations and expected to yield profits from the actual or expected price differences, or the variation of other prices or interest rates in future sales or dealings; the positions held for making dealings entrusted by clients and making market; and positions held for avoiding risks of the transaction account and other items.Article 30 A commercial bank whose total positions in the transaction account exceed 10% of the total assets or RMB 8.5 billion yuan shall calculate and deduct the market risk capital.Article 31 A commercial bank that isn't required to calculate and deduct market risk capital according to the present Measures shall report its market risk positions to the China Banking Regulatory Commission (hereinafter referred to as CBRC)each quarter.Article 32 A commercial bank shall calculate the market risk capital through the standard approach as prescribed in the present Measures. Upon examination and approval of the CBRC, a commercial bank may calculate market risk capital through the internal model approach.Chapter III. Supervision and InspectionArticle 33 The board of directors of a commercial bank shall bear the final liabilities for the capital adequacy management of this bank, shall be responsible for determining the target of capital adequacy management, shall examine and decide the risk capacity and shall formulate andconduct supervision over the implementation of capital plans. Where the commercial bank has established the board of directors, the president of the bank shall be responsible.Article 34 The senior managerial personnel of a commercial bank shall be responsible for carrying out capital adequacy management, which includes formulating bylaws on the capital adequacy management of this bank, perfecting the identification, measurement and reporting procedures for credit risks and market risks, shall regularly assess the capital adequacy level, shall establish corresponding capital management mechanism, shall strengthen the examination and audit over the capital assessment procedure and shall ensure that all supervisory and control measures be carried out effectively.Article 35 A commercial bank shall report the unconsolidated and consolidated capital adequacy ratios to the CBRC. The consolidated capital adequacy ratio shall be reported once every half year and the unconsolidated capital adequacy ratio shall be reported once every quarter. When confronting any extremely serious matter involving capital adequacy, it shall report it to CBRC in time.Article 36 The CBRC shall conduct on-the-spot inspection andnon-on-the-spot monitoring over the capital adequacy ratio of each commercial bank. The inspection shall mainly cover the following:(1)The formulation and implementation of the bylaws related to the capital adequacy ratio of the commercial bank;(2)The commercial bank's capital plan on keeping the capital adequacy ratio and its implementation of the plan, its ability and methods to monitor the capital level;(3)The status of the credit risks and market risks of the commercial bank; and(4)Whether the establishment of the transaction account or the item pricing meets the provisions of the present Measures.Article 37 The CBRC may ask a commercial bank to increase the minimum standard for capital adequacy ratio according to its risk status and risk management capacity.Article 38 The CBRC may classify the commercial banks into the following three categories on the basis of their respective capital adequacy ratio:(1)Commercial banks with adequate capital: the capital adequacy ratio not lower than 8%, the core capital adequacy ratio not lower than 4%;(2)Commercial banks with inadequate capital: the capital adequacy ratio lower than 8%, or the core capital adequacy ratio lower than 4%; and(3)Commercial banks whose capital is seriously inadequate: the capital adequacy ratio lower than 4 %, or the core capital adequacy ratio lower than 2%.Article 39 The CBRC shall encourage the commercial banks withadequate capital to develop business stably and soundly. In order to prevent their capital adequacy ratio from sliding lower than the minimum standard, the CBRC shall adopt the following control measures:(1)To ask the commercial banks to perfect the bylaws on risk management;(2)To ask the commercial banks to increase the risk control capacity;(3)To ask the commercial banks to strengthen the analyses and forecasts about the capital adequacy ratios; and(4)To ask the commercial banks to formulate practical and feasible capital keeping plan, and to impose limits on their participation in some high risk business.Article 40 The CBRC shall take the following rectification measures against a commercial bank with inadequate capital:(1)To give the commercial bank supervisory advices, which shall include descriptions of the status quo of the commercial bank's capital adequacy ratio, the to-be-taken rectification measures and the detailed plan on the implementation of all the measures;(2)To ask the commercial bank to formulate practical and feasible capital complement plan within 2 months from the day when it receives the supervisory advices of the CBRC;(3)To ask the commercial bank to control the capital increase speed;(4)To ask the commercial bank to reduce the scale of risk assets;(5)To ask the commercial bank to control the purchase of fixed assets; and(6)To conduct strict examination or control on the establishment of new institutions or new operations by the commercial bank.In case a commercial bank still fails to make correction within the time limit after being given the rectification measures as provided in the preceding paragraph, or its act has seriously endangered the stable operation of this commercial bank, damaged the legitimate rights and interests of depositors or other clients, the CBRC shall, according to the risk degree of the commercial bank and the implementation of capital complement plan, have the power to restrict the commercial bank from distributing bonuses and other incomes, order the commercial bank to suspend all operations except the low risk ones, and suspend examining and approving the establishment of any new institution and new operation by the commercial bank.Article 41 With regard to a commercial bank facing serious shortage of capital, the CBRC may take the following rectification measures besides those as listed in Article 40 of the present Measures:(1)To ask the commercial bank to change the senior managerial personnel; and(2)To take over the commercial bank or urge it to restructure, even to cancel it.When dealing with this kind of commercial banks, the CBRC shall take into account the external factors comprehensively, and shall take other necessary measures.Chapter IV Information DisclosureArticle 42 The board of directors of a commercial bank shall be responsible for the information disclosure of the capital adequacy of this bank. If there is no board of directors, the president of the bank shall be responsible. The content of the information disclosure shall be subject to the approval of the board of directors or president.Article 43 The information disclosure of the capital adequacy ratio shall mainly include five aspects: the risk management target and policy, the consolidation scope, capital, capital adequacy ratio, credit risks and market risks. With regard to the items that can't be disclosed due to involving commercial secrets, the commercial bank may disclose the overall information about the items that can be disclosed and make explanations about the special items that can't be disclosed.Article 44 A commercial bank shall disclose the information about its capital adequacy ratio within 4 months after the end of every fiscal year. Where it is unable to disclose the said information within the time limit for special reason, it shall file an application to the CBRC for extension at least 15 days prior to the deadline.Article 45 The capital adequacy ratio information of a commercial bank shall be reported to the CBRC before it is disclosed.Article 46 A commercial bank shall announce the information required in disclosure by the present Measures, and shall ensure that the shareholders and relevant interested persons obtain the information in time.Chapter V Supplementary ProvisionsArticle 47 The calculation of the capital adequacy ratio of a wholly foreign-funded financing company or joint equity financing company, the supervision and examination and the information disclosure shall be made by referring to the present Measures. A foreign bank's branch inChina shall calculate the RMB risk weighted assets by referring to the risk weights as prescribed in the present Measures.The calculation, supervision and administration of capital adequacy ratio of a policy bank shall be carried out by referring to the present Measures, however, there is no uniform requirement for the disclosure of capital adequacy ratio of the policy bank.Article 48 Attachments 1 to 5 are component parts of the present Measures, which shall cover the following:(1)Attachment 1: The Definitions of Capital;(2)Attachment 2: The Risk Weights of Consolidated Assets;(3)Attachment 3: The Credit Conversion Coefficients of Unconsolidated Items and Definitions of Unconsolidated Items;(4)Attachment 4: The Standard Approach as Required for Calculating Market Risk Capital;(5)Attachment 5: The Content of Information DisclosureArticle 49 The Standard & Poor's rating denotation "AA" is adopted in the present Measures, but no limit is set on the commercial banks' options of external credit rating companies, the commercial banks may choose the rating result of a rating company by themselves, and keep the consistency.Article 50 The credits against the governments of other countries or regions include the credits against the governments of these countries or regions, their central banks and other institutions equivalent to the governments. The definition of the term "institutions equivalent to the governments" shall be in line with the regulations of the local bankingsupervisory authorities.Article 51 The term "equity capital" refers to the capital that gives the holder the right to participate in the company management and the voting power in operational decision-making.Article 52 The term "public utility enterprises" refers to the operators of public utilities, including the supplies of water, electricity, heat and gas, post, telecommunication, transport and transportation and other industries. The public utilities are mainly distributed in the basic industries of national economy, and most of them undertake the task of providing services to the general public. These enterprises are usually established by the state by making huge investment from the government finance.Article 53 The power to interpret the present Measures shall remain with China Banking Regulatory Commission.Article 54 The present Measures shall be implemented as of March 1, 2022.文档内容到此结束,欢迎大家下载、修改、丰富并分享给更多有需要的人。
金融机构的风险管理与资本充足率

金融机构的风险管理与资本充足率在现代经济中,金融机构在经济活动中扮演着至关重要的角色。
由于金融机构的业务性质、规模、产品种类等的差异,不同机构所面临的风险也不尽相同。
因此,金融机构需要在高风险的环境中保证业务的稳健运行,并确保其对投资人和存款人的承诺得以履行。
为此,金融机构必须对风险进行管理和控制。
本文将探讨金融机构的风险管理以及资本充足率。
一、风险管理1. 风险的分类在金融机构的业务中,所涉及的风险主要可以分为信用风险、市场风险、操作风险等。
信用风险主要是指银行经营中因贷款、担保等造成的客户违约风险;市场风险则是指不同市场的风险变动对银行业务带来的影响,如汇率风险、利率风险等;操作风险主要体现在银行内部管理体制不完善、员工行为不良等。
2. 风险管理方法针对不同的风险类型,金融机构有不同的风险管理方法。
对于信用风险,银行可以采用担保、保证金等手段进行控制;对于市场风险,银行可以通过投资组合的优化或者对冲等方法进行控制;对于操作风险,银行则需要建立良好的内部控制机制,例如风险管理部门、内部审计等。
3. 风险管理意义金融机构的风险管理具有至关重要的意义。
首先,风险管理能够降低金融机构的风险承担和负债服务成本。
其次,风险管理可以提高金融机构的资产质量和资本充足率。
最后,风险管理可以提升金融机构的信誉度和稳定性,从而增强市场竞争力。
二、资本充足率1. 定义资本充足率是衡量金融机构偿付能力的重要指标。
其定义为银行或其他金融机构的资本总额与风险加权资产的比率。
风险加权资产是指在不同风险类型下,银行实际上承担的资产的价值。
资本充足率越高,证明银行或其他金融机构越有能力承担各种金融风险。
2. 意义资本充足率是反映金融机构经营状况的重要指标之一,其意义包括:一是资本充足率能够保护金融机构免于各种风险的侵害;二是资本充足率能够保证金融机构稳健发展;三是资本充足率能够提高金融机构的信誉度,从而增强市场竞争力。
3. 国际标准国际金融标准委员会于1988年发布《巴塞尔资本协议》,规定要求金融机构必须维持特定比例的资本充足率,以防范风险。
2024年度商业银行资本管理办法(试行)(双份)

商业银行资本管理办法(试行)商业银行资本管理办法(试行)第一章总则第一条为了加强商业银行资本管理,保障银行稳健经营,防范金融风险,根据《中华人民共和国银行业监督管理法》、《中华人民共和国商业银行法》等法律法规,制定本办法。
第二条本办法适用于在中华人民共和国境内依法设立的商业银行,包括中资商业银行、外资独资银行、中外合资银行。
第三条商业银行资本管理应当遵循以下原则:(一)合法性原则:商业银行资本管理应当符合国家法律法规和监管要求;(二)审慎性原则:商业银行资本管理应当充分考虑银行经营风险,确保资本充足;(三)有效性原则:商业银行资本管理应当提高资本使用效率,促进银行稳健发展;(四)持续性原则:商业银行资本管理应当建立长效机制,持续改善资本状况。
第四条中国银行业监督管理委员会(以下简称“银监会”)负责全国商业银行资本管理的监督管理工作。
第二章资本定义与分类第五条商业银行资本分为核心一级资本、其他一级资本和二级资本。
第六条核心一级资本包括实收资本、资本公积、盈余公积、未分配利润等。
第七条其他一级资本包括优先股、永续债等。
第八条二级资本包括二级资本工具、超额贷款损失准备等。
第三章资本充足率要求第九条商业银行应当按照本办法规定计算资本充足率,确保资本充足率达到以下要求:(一)核心一级资本充足率不得低于5%;(二)一级资本充足率不得低于6%;(三)资本充足率不得低于8%。
第十条商业银行资本充足率计算公式(一)核心一级资本充足率 = 核心一级资本 / 风险加权资产;(二)一级资本充足率 = 一级资本 / 风险加权资产;(三)资本充足率 = 资本 / 风险加权资产。
第十一条商业银行应当按照银监会规定的风险权重计算风险加权资产。
第四章资本管理第十二条商业银行应当建立资本管理制度,明确资本管理目标、政策和程序。
第十三条商业银行应当制定资本规划,合理确定资本补充方式、时间和数量。
第十四条商业银行应当建立内部资本充足评估程序,定期评估资本充足状况,确保资本充足率符合监管要求。
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第13章 资本充足率
1.
资本的账面价值与市场价值有何区别?
2.
银行的资本充足性衡量方法主要有哪些?
3.
请简要比较杠杆比率与基于风险的资本充足率的优劣。
4.
美国联邦存款保险公司如何按照杠杆比率对金融机构进行资本充足性的监管?
5.
Basel协议 I如何对资本进行定义?有哪些资本充足率要求?
6.
Base 协议II对资本监管的基本框架包括哪些支柱?
7.
Base 协议II关于资本的定义与资本的计算标准与Basel协议 I相比有何改进?
8.
Basel 协议III对资本管理有何改变?
9.
Basel协议如何设计不同资产的风险权重?
10.
Basel协议如何计算表外资产的风险?
11.
简要回答计算金融机构的资本充足率的基本步骤。
12.
监管当局如何对证券公司进行资本管理?
13.
监管当局如何对保险公司进行资本管理?
14.
计算题,A银行的资产负债表如表13.18(单位:百万元)。
表13.18 A银行的资产负债表
资产(万元) 权益(万元)
证券 800 存款 1800
贷款 1200 资本 200
合计 2000 合计 2000
半年之后由于一些原因,A银行的贷款在二级市场价格为1100万元。如果按市场价值
计算, A银行的资本是多少。
15.
接上题,如果A银行的贷款在二级市场价格为900万元,请按市场价值计算A银行
资本。
16.
X银行的资产负债表数据如表13.19所示,求X银行的核心资本与总资本。
表13.19 X银行的资产负债表(万元)
资产 负债与所有者权益
现金 短期国债 100 50 存款 次级债券 970
100
住房抵押贷款 其它贷款 650 400 普通股 留存收益 120
10
合计 1200 合计 1200
17.
接13.16题数据,请计算X银行的杠杆比率。
18.
接13.16题数据,如果各资产的风险权数分别为:现金的为0%,国债为20%, 住
房抵押贷款为50%,其它贷款为100%,求X银行的核心资本充足率。
19.
计算题,Y银行的资产负债表数据如表13.20(单位:万元)。
20.
表13.20 Y银行的资产负债表数据
资产(万元) 风险权数% 负债与所有者权益(万元)
现金 市政证券 400 400 0 20 存款 联邦基金借款 3600
40
住房抵押贷款 商业贷款 BB+ 800 2400 50 100 次级债券 股本 160
200
合计 4000 合计 4000
不考虑表外业务,计算银行的资本充足率与核心资本充足率。
接19题,如果Y银行还拥有两项表外资产,对BB级企业200万元的银行承兑,向Z企业(评
级为AA-)提供备用信用证150万元,两者的信用转换系数分别为20%与100%,对应于表
内资产的风险权重分别为100%与20%,计算Y银行的资本充足率。
计算题参考答案
13.14
如果A银行的贷款在二级市场价格为1100万元,A银行的资产市值跌到1900万元,A
银行的资本从原来的200万变成100万元。
13.15
如果A银行的贷款在二级市场价格为900万元,A银行的资产市值跌到1700万元,已低于
存款(负债)1800万元,A银行的资本变成-100万元。13.16
X银行的核心资本=120+10=130(万元)
X银行的总资本=120+10+100=230(万元)
13.17
X银行的杠杆比率=核心资本/资产=130/1200=10.83%。
13.18
X银行风险资产额=100*0%+50*20%+650*50%+400*100%=735(万元);
X银行的核心资本充足率=130/735 X100%=17.68%。
13.19
根据Y银行的资产负债表,得出一级资本为200(万元),二级资本为160(万元人民币),
总资本为360(万元),
Y银行风险资产额=400*0%+400*20%+800*50%+2400*100%=2880(万元)
Y银行的资本充足率=360/2880 X100%=12.50%;
Y银行的核心资本充足率=160/2880 X100%=5.56%。
13.20
Y银行承兑的风险加权资产数=200×20%×100%=40(万元);
Y银行备用信用证的风险加权资产数=150×100%×20%=30(万元);
Y银行风险资产额=2880+40+30=2950(万元) ;
Y银行的资本充足率=360/2950 X100%=12.20%。