考研英语长难句：名词性从句-同位语从句
英语长难句结构
英语长难句结构长难句通常指的是结构复杂、信息量大、包含多个从句或复杂表达方式的英语句子。
理解长难句需要具备一定的语法知识和分析能力。
以下是一些常见的长难句结构：1. 并列句：由并列连词（如and、or、but等）连接的两个或多个简单句构成。
例如：I like apples and my sister likes oranges.2. 复合句：主句+从句。
从句可以是名词性从句（如宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句）、定语从句或状语从句。
例如：When I was young, I believed that the world was a beautiful place.（时间状语从句+主句）3. 定语从句：修饰名词或代词的从句，用关系代词（who、which、that等）或关系副词（when、where等）引导。
例如：The book that I borrowed from the library is very interesting.（定语从句修饰名词“book”）4. 状语从句：修饰动词、形容词或副词的从句，表达时间、条件、原因等。
例如：If you study hard, you will succeed.（条件状语从句）5. 同位语从句：解释或说明名词内容的从句，用that引导。
例如：The news that the team won the game is exciting.（同位语从句解释名词“news”）6. 复杂修饰：一个句子中可能有多个从句或短语修饰同一个名词或动词，需要仔细分析。
例如：The scientist who discovered the cure for the disease was awarded a Nobel Prize.（定语从句修饰名词“scientist”）7. 被动语态：当动作的接受者是句子中的主语时，使用被动语态。
例如：The book was written by a famous author.（被动语态）8. 虚拟语气：表示与实际情况相反的情况或假设。
考研英语怎么复习-考研英语长难句常见句型复习资料
2019考研英语怎么复习_考研英语长难句常见句型复习资料2019考研英语怎么复习?是困扰很多考生的问题，在每年的考研中，因为英语未达国家线造成的被刷几率很大，同时很多导师比较偏爱英语好的学生，所以良好的复习资料必不可少，尚考教育老师搜集汇总了19考研英语长难句常见句型复习资料，为考研助力。
1、分隔结构With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be-even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right-it can hardly be classed as Literature.[结构分析]本句的主干是the case is rather difficult, for... it can hardly be classed as Literature，前面的however表示本句与前一句形成对比，句首的介词结构With regard to Futurist poetry作状语，其中with regard to的意思是"关于…"; for...it can hardly be classed as Literature是一个并列分句，表示原因，主干是it can hardly be classed as Literature; for后面的从句whatever Futurist poetry may be 表示让步，作状语;破折号之间的部分even admitting that... 也是让步状语，其中that 引导一个宾语从句that the theory... may be right，而从句的主语theory后又带有定语从句on which it is based。
2016考研英语基础夯实：名词性从句之同位语从句(二)
2016考研英语基础夯实：名词性从句之同位语从句（二）《2016考研英语基础夯实：名词性从句之同位语从句（一）》里介绍了同位语从句的基本句式、定语从句与同位语从句的区别。
在基础夯实阶段，对付考研英语需要做的是熟悉语法，只有语法有一定基础后期对长难句解析才会不困难。
今天文都考研英语辅导老师就考研英语真题中的同位语从句给大家进行讲解，希望大家对同位语从句有个更深刻的认识。
句子一：MESBIC’s are the result of the belief that providing established firms with easier access to relevant management techniques and more job-specific experience, as well as substantial amounts of capital, gives those firms a greater opportunity to develop sound business foundations than does simply making general management experience and small amounts of capital available.句子主干是MESBIC’s are the result of the belief. 后边that引导belief的同位语从句，从句主语是providing established firms，谓语是gives，间接宾语是those firms，直接宾语是a greater opportunity，后边的不定式做目的状语。
参考翻译：MESBIC 的建立是基于这种信念：提供给已建立公司一些更容易获得的相关的管理技术，更具体的工作经验以及大笔资金，相比简单地给与一般的管理经验和小笔资金，这些更能使它们获得更多机会去建立稳固的商业基础。
2016考研英语：名词性从句之同位语从句(一)
在基础夯实阶段，对付考研英语需要做的是熟悉语法，只有语法有一定基础后期对长难句解析才会不困难。
今天老师就考研英语语法中的名词性从句的最后一种--同位语从句给大家进行讲解。
同位语从定义上看，是一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰，限定或说明;即对前者进一步说明它指的是谁、什么等。
同位语往往与被它限定的词紧挨在一起。
充当同位语成分的有名词、代词、数词、同位语从句。
同位语从句在主句中充当同位语，是个句子，通常句式是: “抽象名词+连接词+从句”,这些名词主要belief/idea/fact/promise/truth/problem/reason/thought/order/doubt/news/suggestion/advice/question/view/a rgument等。
当从句意义完整用that;不完整需增加是否用whether;需增加其他含义用相应连接词。
同位语从句与定语从句易混淆，下边两个简单的句子进行区分。
句一：The news that I have passed the examis true.我通过考试的消息是真的。
句二：The news that he told me just now is true.他刚刚告诉我的那个消息是真的。
单从翻译上看，两句话本质上没有区别，但确是两种不同的语法形式。
我们首先从意义上来看，同位语从句与其前的名词是同位关系，即说明它前面名词的内容;定语从句限定它前面的名词范围或补充一些情况。
句一中的从句that I have passed the exam(我通过考试)是前边名词news的具体内容，是同位关系，因此是同位语从句;句二中的从句that he told me just now中的直接宾语是前边的名词，因此该从句是限定前边的名词，因而是定语从句。
我们再从句法上来区分，看关系词在句中是否作成分。
句一that只是引导句子;句二that做从句中的直接宾语成分。
考研英语长难句总结
考研英语长难句总结一、定语从句1.The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.2.I can’t think of a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sittingCEOs first.3.In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patentedand not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.4.But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives ofthe founding generation.5.The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domesticsituations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals.二、名词性从句1.Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids, but unhappychildless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.2.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and morediverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways.3.What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast thingsare changing.4.But it’s obvious that a majority of the president’s advisers still don’t take global warmingseriously.三、状语从句1.Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Seniorwrites that ―the ve ry things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources ofintense gratification and delight.‖2.But in some cases, one marketer’s owned media become another marketer’s paid media – forinstance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site.3.We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizationsplace their content or e-commerce engines within that environment.四、后置定语1.According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples,single parents are the least happy of all.2.Consumers passionate about a product may create ―earned‖ media by willingly promoting itto friends, and a company may leverage ―owned‖ media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site.3.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional.4.The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in theinstitution of the traditional classical concert.5.Databases used by some companies don't rely on data collected systematically but rather lumptogether information from different research projects.6.It’s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suitsone to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.7.Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed inschool and in life, argues Robert J. Sternberg.五、伴随状语1.If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products,putting the reputation of the target company at risk.2.But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider theoriginal Puritans as carriers of European culture, adjusting to New World circumstances.3.Not long ago, with the country entering a recession and Japan at its pre-bubble peak, the U.S.workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of the primary causes of the poor U.S.economic performance.4.More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate,non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry's work.5.But particularl y when viewed against America’s turbulent past, today’s social indices hardlysuggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.六、形式主语1.But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free,happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience.2.To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is notnecessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music.3.It is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments thatscience can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.4.It’s OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until w e know for sure.5.Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable ofeconomic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore – and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.七、形式宾语1.The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one.2.At the start of the first year in infant school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front,to make it easier to remember their names.八、长主语1.The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director hasbeen the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009.2.The most thoroughly studied intellectuals in the history of the New World are the ministersand political leaders of seventeenth-century New England.3.The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widelymisunderstood by economists and politicians alike.4.The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the onlyMadonna-and-child image on newsstands this week.九、同位语1.Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a jobdatabase on the Internet.2.But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased inheight by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height.3.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court ineffect supported the medical principle of ―double effect‖, a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects — a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen — is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.4.Sternberg notes that traditional test best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measurecreativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success.十、并列结构1.Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective,gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies’ marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies con cerned.2.Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning thePhilharmonic into ―a markedly different, more vibrant organization.‖3.For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists mustcompete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century.4.Progress in both areas is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectualdevelopment of these and all other societies.5.This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient,condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance.十一、插入语1.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert iscomparatively little known.2.The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to theproper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised.3.Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing thebravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will.4.The Internet –and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercialpublishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it – is making access to scientific results a reality.5.I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life theactivity of thinking in a Socratic (苏格拉底) way about moral problems.十二、比较1.From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like anopportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders.2.Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating asmuch on technique as on outcome.3.In fact, the more new things we try — the more we step outside our comfort zone — the moreinherently creative we become, both in the workplace and in our personal lives.4.So it seems paradoxical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation.5.Rather than dismissing ourselves as unchangeable creatures of habit, we can instead direct ourown change by consciously developing new habits.6.Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite,‖ these were stores ―anyone couldenter, regardless of class or background.十三、倒装1.According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial Americawas ―s o much importance attached to intellectual pursuits.‖2.Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for otherthings.3.Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals are her increased ―opportunities‖ forstress.4.Among the firms making the biggest splash in this new world is Straitford, Inc., a privateintelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas.十四、强调句1.It was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision.2.It is the playgoers, the RSC contends, who bring in much of the town’s revenue because theyspend the night (some of them four or five nights) pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants.十五、That1.As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led bymusicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.2.When the competitive environment pushed our ancestors to achieve that potential, they couldin turn afford more education.。
2021考研英语;从语法成分分析长难句中的三大经典从句
2021考研英语;从语法成分分析长难句中的三大经典从句考研英语阅读理解一篇文章中一般会出现3-5句长难句，而且还至少命制一道针对长难句理解的考题，因此很有必要熟悉长难句的种类以及它们各自的重点。
长难句可从语法成分和句子间关系两个层面来分析，下面列举了一些实例，同学们可参考分析，考试时碰到类似句子就能抓住重点。
从语法成分来看1.名词性从句Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request.[参考译文]网络文化非常推崇这样一种理念：出现在用户屏幕上的信息应该是根据用户特定要求发送过来的。
[结构分析]本句的主干是Online culture thinks highly of the notion that...，其中notion后面的that引导一个同位语从句，说明notion 的具体内容;同位语从句的主干是the es there...，其中flowing onto the screen作定语，修饰the information，句末的by specific request作状语，修饰come there。
2.定语从句(1)The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.[参考译文]通过雇用大量的职业人才，这一变化满足了新时代的技术要求，防止了效率下降——在过去，这种效率下降经常使家族公司在充满活力的创业者之后的第二代或第三代毁掉全部财产。
2021刘晓燕考研英语语法长难句笔记(名词)
一、成分二、什么是名词性从句三、名词性从句的引导词四、分析（一）写作分析1.主语从句2.同位语从句（二）长难句分析1.主语从句2.宾语从句3.表语从句五、修饰名词的成分——定语1. 什么是定语2. 定语的成分3. 定语的位置4. 定语从句一、成分主语、宾语、表语、同位语主语：The movie proves brilliant.宾语：I appreciate the actress.表语：She keeps a ghost.同位语：I enjoy the part,the end.（同位语只能跟在名词后，the part=the end；作文中任何名词的后面都可以再加一个名词作为同位语出现）例句：Over fishing, a universal phenomenon throughout the word, has become increasingly grave under modern conditions.过度捕捞，一个全球普遍现象，已经变得越来越严重了。
二、什么是名词性从句主语从句：The movie proves brilliant.What I saw proves brilliant.宾语从句：I appreciate the actress.I appreciate what she did.表语从句：She keeps a ghost.She keeps who I admire.同位语从句：I enjoy the part, the end.I enjoy the part that she knew the truth.名词在句子中能够充当的成分从句都能充当这就是名词性从句，名词性从句一共包括四类：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句三、名词性从句的引导词例句她已经离婚了是显而易见的She has got divorced is conspicuous.（句子不能做主语）That she has got divorced is conspicuous.她离婚了吗是个秘密Has she got divorced keeps a secret.→whether she has got divorced keeps a secret.她什么时候离婚是个谜When did she get divorced remains a mystery. →When she got divorced remains a mystery.引导词名词性从句的引导词是按照从句的类型分的类，一共把引导词分成三类：that（当从句是陈述句时，并且that在从句中不充当任何成分也没有任何意思）whether（当从句是一般疑问句时，并且whether在从句中不充当任何成分，意思翻译成是否）所有特殊疑问词（当从句是特殊疑问句时）并且英语中所有的从句一定都是陈述句的形式，也就是引导词+主语+谓语的形式练习：练习一：我正在思考外星人存在吗I am wondering whether the allien exists.（宾语从句）（可数名词不能单独使用，a/复数/the；不确定是否可数用the）练习二：他们为什么去西藏离开家乡是一个谜Why they left hometown for Tibet remains a mystery.（可数名词不能单独使用）Why they left their hometown for Tibet remains a mystery.（主语从句）（主系表）练习三：关键是你什么时候有钱呀关键（主语）是（谓语）你什么时候有钱呀（表语）The point seem when wealth will be available for you.（表语从句）available可得到的练习四：有一天你会发现事业、友情、亲情都比爱情重要你（主语）发现（谓语）事业、友情、亲情都比爱情重要（宾语）Someday, you will find that career, kinship and friendship are all more indispensable than romance.（宾语从句）四、分析（一）写作分析1.主语从句主语从句的满分表达就是把主句从句放到句末去，加it做形式主语，主语从句的满分句型可以写在作文中任何一句话的前面用来拉长句子显而易见，众所周知：It keeps common knowledge thatIt looks beyond dispute that（超越争论）It is universally acknowledged thatIt has been widely accepted that我认为：It keeps my perspective that例句：女人总是对的是一个常识That ladies tend to be right keeps common knowledge.→It keeps common knowledge that ladies tend to be right.例句：关于养宠物这个话题已经引起广泛关注了It has been widely accepted that the subject about raising pets has been brought into the limelight.2.同位语从句同位语从句的位置：名词后；句末她的丈夫去世了这个消息传遍了整个村庄The news that her husband passed away has been spread the whole village.→(The news has been spread the whole village that her husband passed away.同位语从句可以放在句末，但作文中不要放在句末)河南人都是骗子这个想法是不正确的The outlook that individuals from henan province tend to be deceivers remains wrong.（outlook/perspective/idea观点，看法）温室里的花朵不能经受风雨这个事实表明我们不应该溺爱孩子The evidence that flowers in the greenhouse fail to endure storms demonstrates that kids should never be spoiled.穿自己的鞋不仅方便而且还确保了一点不用去管别人的感受Wearing my own shoes proves not only convenient but also ensures a point that the feelings of others can be ignored.（二）长难句分析能够快速的识别各个名词性从句，并且把他们通顺的翻译出来1.主语从句只要见到有引导词放在句首，并且从句后没有被逗号逗号隔开就绝对是主语从句，主语从句从句首开始到主句的谓语动词之前结束（前面没有引导词的动词就是主句的谓语动词）除此以外，只要见到it...that通常也是主语从句，主语从句从that开始到句末结束The outlook that individuals from henan province tend to be deceivers remains wrong.（同位语从句）When I saw you, I loved you.（状语从句）引导词在句首，不是主语从句就是状语从句例句：That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute.That the plates are moving主语 is谓语 beyond dispute表语例句：Whether the government should increase the financing of pure science at the expend of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.Whether...versa主语（由whether...or...并列的两个从句共同充当主语） depends on谓语 the issue宾语 of which is seen as the driving force定语政府是应该以技术为代价增加对纯科学的投入还是以纯科学为代价增加对技术的投入通常取决于哪一个被视为驱动力的问题例句：How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability,and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.depends upon谓语；the amount, reliability,and appropriateness宾语；with which it is interpreted定语（定前面所有名词）and+介词+定语upon→on；the skill and wisdom→the amount, reliability,and appropriateness；of the information used→ with which it is interpreted省略了depends以后的行为将会多么准确的证明这些预言取决于所使用的信息的数量、可靠性和适合性并且还取决于解释信息的技巧和智慧例句：It is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily, make distinctions, reason logically, and make use of verbal and mathematical symble in solving problems.that ...problems主句；谓语is agreed；主语从句中：谓语is，主语a person，定语of high intelligence，表语one，修饰one的定语成分who... problems为四个并列的定语从句→who can grasp ideas readily, who can make distinctions, who can reason logically, and who can make use of verbal and mathematical symble in solving problems.众所周知一个高智商的人是一个能够轻易理解思想的人，是一个能够做出辨别的人，是一个能够进行逻辑推理的人，并且还能够使用语言和数学的符号解决问题的人例句：For example, it has long been known that total sleep deprivation is 100％ fatal to rats, yet, upon examination of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal.主语that ...normal，谓语has been known（has帮助known构成现在完成时，been帮助known完成被动）主语从句之所以这么长是因为由yet并列的两个句子共同充当主语，两个句子均为主系表结构比如说，长期以来众所周知完全的睡眠的剥夺对老鼠来说是百分之一百致命的，但是通过检查这些尸体，这些动物看起来完全正常2.宾语从句只要实义动词的后面有个引导词，就暂定为宾语从句（还可能是状语从句He died when he saw me）She said that she would marry an old rich man.that 可省略，在名词性从句中，只有宾语从句可以省略，作文中不省略，作文为正式文体You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction(归纳法)and deduction(演绎法),that by the help of these operations,they,in a sort of sense, manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws,and that out of these , by some special skills of their own,they build up their theories.主谓宾宾补You主语，have heard谓语，it宾语，repeated宾补it形式宾语，指代that...你们听说以下的事情被重复吧：科学家们通过归纳法和演绎法进行工作，通过这些操作的帮助，他们成功地抽出从自然中抽出了一些自然法则，在这些自然法则之中，通过他们自己的一些特殊的技能，他们建立起了自己的理论（out of 在...之中，在...之外）This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in.A fact underlined by statistics shows that out of eight European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.（在...之中）3.表语从句只要系动词的后面有个引导词，就一定是表语从句Galileo's greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.Galileo's greatest glory主语，was谓语，that ...Earth表语从句从句中：he主语，was谓语，the first person表语，to ...planets定语伽利略最伟大的成就是在1609年他是第一个用新发明的望远镜观测天空证明了行星是绕着太阳转的而不是绕着地球转的第一人4. 同位语从句只要名词的后面有个引导词，就暂定为同位语从句（可能性很小）A century ago,Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears.Freud主语，formulated谓语，his revolutionary theory宾语，that ...fears同位语从句从句：dreams主语，were谓语，the disguised shadows表语，of our unconscious desires and fears定语（shadows的定语）一个世纪以前，弗洛伊德解释了他的革命性的理论梦是我们无意识地欲望和恐惧的映射But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.the idea主语，rests on谓语，that ...citizen同位语从句，an understanding+special responsibilities宾语，of the established+of the news media分别为两个名词的定语记者必须要比普通人更深刻的理解法律这种想法取决于对既定风俗的理解和新闻媒体的特殊责任Evidence came up that specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.Evidence主语，came up谓语，同位语从句后置 that ...old六个月大的婴儿能够识别具体的说话的声音这种证据已经出现了五、修饰名词的成分——定语1. 什么是定语只要听到...的+名词，...的就是修饰这个名词的定语成分2. 定语的成分1. 形容词修饰名词那个善良的夜莺失去了他的意志The naive nightingale lost his life.2. 名词修饰名词夜莺的歌声能够使那朵花开放The singing of the nighting enables the rose to bloom.3. 介词短语做定语窗外的夜莺听到了年轻人的感叹The nighting out of the window heard the sigh of the youngster.4. 非谓语动词修饰名词那只唱歌的夜莺死的很悲惨The singing nighting died pitifully.=The nighing to sing died pitifully.5. 从句修饰名词我喜欢王子送给我的珠宝3. 定语的位置前小后大特殊：1. 形容词修饰不定代词，放在不定代词后something special2. 当过去分词修饰名词的时候即使只有一个单词也通常放在名词后被抛弃的那个男人看起来很可怜The boy discarded looks pitiful这是一个关于夜莺和玫瑰的故事This is a fiction about a nighting and a rose.那个懂爱的年轻人离开了王子的舞会The youngster grasping romance left the party of the prince. 4. 定语从句（1）构成n（先行词）+引导词+句子定语从句修饰名词，名词性从句代替名词（2）引导词定语从句的引导词是按照先行词的种类分的类，一共把引导词分成5类①当先行词是人的时候引导词有：who whom whose②当先行词是物的时候引导词有：that which whose③当先行词是时间的时候引导词有：that which when④当先行词是地点的时候引导词有：that which where⑤当先行词是原因的时候引导词有：that which why名词后面不是定语从句就是同位语从句到底是谁决定了定语从句的引导词I will never forget the day when I met you.（从句不缺主谓宾）that在定语从句中充当关系代词，代替先行词引导定语从句（定从中that与which等同）。
(完整版)长难句重难点整理
长难句（1）考研英语长难句四大类型及五大特点一、长难句的特点英语长句一般指的是各种复杂句，复杂句里可能有多个从句，从句与从句之间的关系可能包孕、嵌套，也可能并列或平行。
从功能来说，英语有三大复合句,即：①名词性从句，包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句；②形容词性从句，即我们平常所说的定语从句；③状语从句。
英语长难句五大特点:1）结构复杂，逻辑层次多;2)常须根据上下文作词义的引申;3）常须根据上下文对指代词的指代关系做出判断;4)并列成分多;5）修饰语多，特别是后置定语很长；二、考研英语长难句分析类别第一类：复杂修饰成分句子本不难，但是修饰成分多且长。
1、从句（定语、状语、同位语从句等)修饰；2、介词短语修饰;3、分词修饰;4、不定式修饰。
经常是在同一个句子里既有从句又有介词短语，且都不止一个.例：The methods that a community devises to perpetuate itself come into being to preserve aspects of the cultural legacy that community perceives as essential.分析：主语:The methods；谓语：come into being；that a community devises to perpetuate itself为定语从句，修饰the methods；不定式to表示目的状语;that community perceives as essential为定语从句，修饰the cultural legacy。
译文:一个社会设计出来保存自己的方法得以形成来保持那个社会认为最重要的一些方面。
第二类：大段的插入与或同位语，打断读者的思路，割裂前后之间的语义，造成理解的困难。
我们称之为“打岔”。
例:Moreover, I can feel strong emotions in response to objects of art that are interpretations， rather than representations, of reality.分析:在浏览该句时，发现句子中出现了双逗号,其中间的内容rather than representations为插入语，浏览的时候先跳过。
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考研英语长难句：名词性从句-同位语从句所谓同位语，就是用来补充说明名词的成分。
当我们用一个完整的句子来补充说明名词时，即构成同位语从句。
所以同位语从句都是位于一个名词后面，用来进一步说明前面的名词的内容，这个名词就是同位语的先行词。
1.它一般跟在某些名词后面，用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。
后面可以接同位语从句的名词通常有news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words（消息），possibility，decision等（一般的“抽象”名词都可用），例如：
【第1句】
I’ve come from Mr Wang with a message that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon．
我从王先生那里来，他让我告诉你他今天下午不能来看你了。
2.英语中引导同位语从句的词通常有连词that（不能省略），whether，连接代词what，who。
连接副词how，when，where等。
（注：if不能引导同位语从句。
）例如：【第2句】
He must answer the question whether he agrees with it or not.
他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。
We haven’t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.
到哪儿去度暑假，这个问题我们还没有决定。
Our teacher gave us some advice how we (should) use the computer.
老师给我们提出了一些如何使用电脑的建议。
3.有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。
The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city．他突然想起敌人可能已经逃出城了。
1. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise”—the random by-products of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. (2005 Text 3)
【念念有词】
I)formulate v. 制定；规划（策略，提议）；（简练或系统地）阐述；用公式表示。
formulate a policy / theory / plan / proposal 制定一项政策/理论/计划/提议；She has lots of good ideas, but she has difficulty formulating them.（她有很多好想法，但很难把它们表达出来。
）
II)revolutionary a.（从事或宣传）政治革命的；（与）特定革命（有关）的；n. 革命者。
a revolutionary new drug（革命性新药）。
III)disguise v. 假扮；化妆；伪装；掩饰，掩盖；n. 假扮；化装。
He disguised himself as a girl.（他装扮成一个女孩。
）；Does holding a handkerchief over the mouthpiece really disguise your voice?（弄个手帕捂在嘴上就真能让人听不出你的声音了吗？）
IV)random a. 任意的，胡乱的，随机的；奇怪的；不同寻常的；出乎意料的。
a random sample / selection 随机抽样/选择；The winning numbers are randomly selected by computer.（中奖号码是由计算机随机选择的。
）at random（随意地；任意地）。
V)by-product n. 副产品。
Refinery and petrochemical operation produce a variety of byproduct gases.（炼油厂和石油化工生产中生成各种副产气体。
）
【句理力争】
本句是由分号连接的并列句，前后两句话的主干分别是Freud formulated his revolutionary theory ...；neurologists had switched to thinking of...。
前半部分中，theory后面的that引导的从句作theory 的同位语，具体说明其内容。
后半部分中的them指的是dream，破折号后面的内容是解释说明mental noise的同位语，that引导的定语从句修饰neural-repair work。
【译译生辉】
一个世纪前，弗洛伊德阐述了一条革命性的理论，即梦是对我们潜意识中的欲望和恐惧的间接反映。
到了20世纪70年代末期，神经学家们转而认为梦仅仅是“精神噪声”——是睡眠中神经修复活动产生的副产品。
2. There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.（1999翻译）
【念念有词】
I)methodology n. （从事某一活动的）方法，原则。
recent changes in the methodology of language teaching（语言教学法最近的变化）
II)peculiar a.奇怪的，怪异的；特有的，特殊的（peculiar to sb/sth）。
a peculiar taste/smell（奇怪的味道/气味）；a species of bird peculiar to Asia（亚洲独有的鸟类）。
III)appropriate a.合适的，恰当的（appropriate for/to sth）。
an appropriate response/measure/
Method（恰如其分的反应，恰当的措施/方法）；Jeans are not appropriate for a formal party.
（正式聚会上穿牛仔裤不合适）。
IV)inquiry (also enquiry) n. 调查，查究，查问（inquiry into sth）；询问，打听（inquiry from sb about sth/sb）。
to hold/order/set up an inquiry into the affair（对此事进行调查；责令/提出调查此事）；We received over 300inquiries about the job.（我们收到300多封信询问这个工作的情况）。
【句理力争】
这里的whether从句作同位语，来补充说明先行词agreement。
本句有一个并列连词or, 所以一定要先判断由它引导的并列结构关系——这里or后面的to the research...是与前面的to the concepts还是to history work并列呢？根据上下文的逻辑意思和句子本身的结构，能够判断出它是与to the concepts并列，所以这里to the research 相当于refer to the research而不是peculiar to the research。
而形容词短语peculiar to historical work in general修饰名词concepts，形容词短语appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry修饰名词techniques。
这两个形容词短语都是后置定语。
【译译生辉】
所谓方法是指一般历史研究中的特有概念，还是只历史探究中各个具体领域适用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。