American Literature Review剖析

3、Thomas Jefferson 托马斯· 杰弗逊

1）drafted the Declaration of Independence. 起草 了独立宣言 2）与清教徒不同，主张追求幸福。All Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of happiness. 人人生而平等，他们都从“造物主”那 边被赋予了某些不可转让的权利，其中包括生命权、 自由权和追求幸福的权利。
（二）、Transcendentalism 超验主义
美国文学史复习2（the age of reason and revolution)







一、美国的性质： The war for Independence ended in the formation of a Federative bourgeois democratic republic - the United States of America. 联邦的资 产阶级民主共和国--美利坚合众国。 二、代表作家： 1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明· 富兰克林 1706-1790 1）"Poor Richard's Almanac" 穷人查理德的年鉴 annual collection of proverbs 流行谚语集 It soon became the most popular book of its kind, largely because of Franklin's shrewd humor, and first spread his reputation. 2）As an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor, sarcastic.作为作家具有非凡的才能，表达简洁明了，幽默，讽刺天才、 3) The Autobiography自传 18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传
3、William Cullen Bryant 威廉.卡 伦.布莱恩特 poet 诗人



①Bryant demonstrated to European readers that American poetry was ready to demand serious attention.布莱恩特向欧洲读者证实了美国的诗歌达 到相当高的水平。 ②He was the first American to gain the stature of a major poet.第一个获得美国主要诗人称号的作家。 ③ “To a Waterfowl”《致水鸟》the most perfect brief poem in the language. 用美国英语写作的最完 美的短诗。

美国文学史复习3（Romanticism)

(一)、文学特征： 1、Environment: 1)shaped by their New World environment 美洲大陆新环境 2）array of ideas inherited from the romantic traditions of Europe 欧洲早期浪漫主义思潮 2、美国文学特点： pluralism多元化 manifestations varied 表现形式多 样 Individualism个人主义 conflict 矛盾 3、Romanticism的特点：frequently shared certain general characteristics, moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of corruption.浪漫主义 之间大多是相通的，都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观和直 觉感受，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源。
2、Thomas Paine 托马斯· 佩 因 (1737-1809) "Great Common of Mankind" 最平凡的人


1）famous pamphlet "Common Sense" 著名的政 治小册子《常识》 it boldly advocated a "Declaration for Independence", and brought the separatist agitation to a crisis. 拥护独立宣言，是分 裂活动发展成最后危机。 2）Common Sense常识；American Crisis美国 危机；Rights of Man人的权利：Downfall of Despotism专制体制的崩溃；The Age of Reason 理性时代

2)wish to restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology. 重建教堂，提 供简单服务，建立神圣地位
3）look upon themselves as chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God's will and is not to be accepted. 认为自己是 上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝 4）puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 反对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒 唐的地步 5）religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。 .
4.Philip Freneau 菲利普· 费瑞诺 poet and political journalist

1）perhaps the most outstanding writer of the postrevolutionary period. 2)has been called the “Father of American Poetry” 美国诗 歌之父 Works:The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground印 第安人殡葬地
二、代表作家：




1、Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文 the first great belletrist 第一个纯文学作家，划线部分为三个主要contribution ① the first great prose stylist of American romanticism. 美 国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家 ②“Sketch Book”《见闻札记》, the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature.现代 文学史上第一部短篇小说和美国第一部伟大的青少年文学读 物。 The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为 美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家； ③Irving restored the waning Gothic romances which Poe soon infused with psychological subtleties.重振了没落的哥 特式浪漫主义小说，随后坡在此基础上，把心理学的一些知 识融入了这种体裁。
2、James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆 斯.芬尼莫.库珀



①contribution: launched two kinds of immensely popular stories → the sea adventure tale and the frontier saga 开创 了两种流传极广的小说体裁，边疆传奇小说和海上传奇小说。 ②“Leatherstocking Tales”《皮袜子故事集》，包括“The Deerslayer”《杀鹿者》、“The Last of the Mohicans”《最 后的莫希干人》、“The Pathfinder”《探路人》、“The Pioneers”《拓荒者》、“The Prairie”《大草原》, regard as “the nearest approach yet to an American epic.” 被认为是 迄今为止美国最接近史诗的作品。 The Spy 间谍 The Pilot 领航者 The Littlepage Manuscripts 利特佩奇的手稿






ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้



4、典型的清教徒： John Cotton & Roger William 他们的不同：John Cotton was much more concerned with authority than with democracy; William begins the history of religious toleration in America. 6、英国最早移民到美国的诗人：Anne Bradstreet 7、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：the best of Puritan poets is Edward Taylor 8、Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing. 9、The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry. 10、The earliest settlers included Dutch, Swedes, Germans, French, Spaniards Italian, and Portuguese.