Interpretation of residual gravity anomaly caused by simple shaped bodies using very fast
反重力研究英语
反重力研究英语Antigravity research refers to the scientific study of mechanisms, technologies, and phenomena that counteract or negate the force of gravity. The goal of antigravity research is to explore and understand how to manipulate gravity or create propulsion systems that work against gravity for various practical applications.The field of antigravity research has attracted both scientific and speculative interest. Some scientists are researching potential theories and investigating experimental evidence related to antigravity. They explore concepts such as the manipulation of spacetime or the development of materials with negative mass or gravitational properties.One prominent area of study is the development of propulsion systems that could overcome Earth's gravity and enable space exploration and travel. This research explores concepts like warp drive, which is a hypothetical method of surpassing the speed of light, and anti-inertia propulsion, which aims to counteract inertia when accelerating objects.While some scientific progress has been made in this field, antigravity research is still largely considered speculative and theoretical. Many aspects of gravity and its behavior remain poorly understood, making the development of practical antigravity technologies challenging.However, antigravity research continues to intrigue scientists, engineers, and enthusiasts alike. The curiosity and exploration ofsuch concepts push the boundaries of our understanding and may potentially lead to breakthroughs in the future.。
仪器分析常见术语英汉对照
仪器分析常见术语英汉对照Chapter 1 Preface/绪论analytical chemistry/chemical analysis/ instrumental analysis/分析化学/化学分析/仪器分析spectral analysis/光谱分析 electroanalytical chemistry/电分析化学chromatography/色谱法 methods for inorganic species/ 无机物的分析 methods for organic and biochemical species/有机物、生物化学物质的分析description of validation parameters/有效参数的描述precision/精密度 accuracy/准确度 sensitivity/灵敏度 detection limit/检出限quantitation limit/定量限 linearity/线性 linear range/线性范围absolute error/绝对误差 relative error/相对误差 systematic error/系统误差determinate error/可定误差 accidental error/随机误差 indeterminate error/不可定误差debiation/偏差 average debiation/平均偏差 relative average debiation/相对平均偏差 standerd deviation;S/标准偏差（标准差） relatibe standard deviation;RSD/相对平均偏差coefficient of variation/变异系数 propagation of error/误差传递 significant figure/有效数字 partial least squares method ,PLS/偏最小二乘法Chapter 2 Introduction to Optical Methods of Analysis/光学分析导论properties of electromagnetic radiation/电磁辐射的性质 wave properties/波性质 the particle Nature of light: photons/光的粒子性质 interaction of radiation and matter/辐射与物质的相互作用 the electromagnetic spectrum/电磁波谱spectroscopic measurements/光谱测量 radiation absorption/辐射吸收 absorption process/吸收过程 absorption spectra/吸收光谱 limits to Beer's Law/比尔定律的局限性 qualitative sqectrometric analysis/光谱定性分析semiquantitative spectrometric analysis/光谱半定量分析 quantitative spectrometric analysis/光谱定量分析 instruments for optical spectrometry/光谱仪器 spectrophotometer /光谱仪instrument components/仪器的组成部件 optical materials/光学材料 spectroscopic sources/光源 wavelength selectors/单色器 sample containers/样品池spectrophotometer/分光光度计 single beam spectrophotometer/单光束分光光度计double beam spectrophotometer/双光束分子光光度计 dual wavelength spectrophotometer/双波长分光光度计 colorimeter/比色计 visual colorimeter/目视比色计 photoelectric coolorimeter/光电子比色计 holographic grating/全息光栅interference filter/干涉滤光片 calibration filter/校准滤光片 neutral filter/中性滤光片 absorption cell/cuvette/吸收池/比色皿 photocell/photovoltaic cell/光电池photomultiplier/光电倍增管 detecting and measuring radiant energy/辐射能检测signal processors and readouts/信号处理和数据输出molecular Luminescence Analysis/分子发光分析 molecular fluorescence spectroscopy/分子荧光分光光度法 theory of molecular fluorescence/分子荧光光谱法理论 effect of concentration on fluorescence intensity/影响荧光强度的因素 molecular phosphorescence/分子磷光 chemiluminescence methods/化学发光法Chapter 3 Atomic Emission Spectrometry(AES)/原子发射光谱origins of atomic spectra/原子光谱的起源 formation of atomic emission spectra/原子发射光谱的产生 outer electron/外层电子 electron transition/电子跃迁production of atoms and ions/原子和离子的产生 excited potential/激发电位ionization potential/电离电位 transition rule/跃迁定则 energy level diagram/能级图 characteristic spectrum/特征光谱 spectrum line intensity /谱线强度self-absorption and self reversal of spectrum line /谱线的自吸与自蚀 atomization efficiency/原子化效率 atomic line/原子线 resonance line/共振线 sensitive line/灵敏度 Boltzmann distribution/波尔兹曼分布定律 Boltzmann factor/波尔兹曼因子Boltzmann constant/波尔兹曼常数 device and instrument of AES /原子发射光谱分析装置与仪器 types and process of AES /仪器类型与流程 slit/ 狭缝 diffraction grating/衍射光栅 steeloscope/看谱镜 photoelectric direct reading spectrometer/光电直读光谱计 flame photometer/火焰光度计 excitation light source/激发光源 spectrum projictor/映谱仪 spectral photographic plate/光谱感光板microphotometer,microdens-tometer/测微光度计 spectrograph/摄谱仪 plsma source/等离子体[光]源 glow discharge/辉光放电 high firequency discharge/高频放电inductively coupled high frequency plasma torch/电感耦合高频等离子体焰炬capacitively coupled high frequency plasma torch/电容耦合高频等离子体焰炬capacitively coupled microwave plasma torch/电容耦合微波等离子体焰炬 laser microprobe/激光微探针 plate/相板（又称干板） flame spectrometer /火焰光度计 arc and electric spark emission spectrometer/电弧和电火花发射光谱仪 sample introduction systems/样品引入系统 multi-element/多元素 plasma sources/等离子体光源 electrothermal atomizers/电热原子化器 other atomizers/其它原子化器 sources of nonlinearity in atomic emission spectrometry/非线性光源plasma emission spectrometry/等离子发射光谱 direct current plasma jet（DCP）/直流等离子体喷焰 inductively coupled plasma(ICP)/电感耦合等离子体 principle and feature of ICP-AES /电感耦合等离子体发射光谱原理和特点 microwave induced plasma( MIP)/微波感生等离子体 interferences in plasma and flame atomic emission spectroscopy/等离子体和火焰原子光谱中的干扰 matrix interference/基体干扰photomultiplier tube （PMT）/光电倍增管 charge injection detector(CID)/电荷注入式检测器 qualitative and quantitative analysis method /定性和定量分析方法linear dispersion/曲线 angular dispersion/线色散 angular dispersion/角色散reciprocal linear dospersion/倒数线色散 resolving power,resolution/分辨本领spectral line interfernce/谱线干扰 spectral interference/光谱干扰 ionization interference/电离干扰 chemical interference/化学干扰 emission interference/发射干扰 matrix modifier/基体改进剂 spectral buffer/光谱缓冲剂 background absorption/背景吸收 maximum absorption/最大吸收 molecular absorption/分子吸收background absorption Correction/背景吸收校正 enhancement effect/增感效应depression effect/抑制效应Chapter 4 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry and Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry /原子吸收光谱和原子荧光光谱absorption line/吸收线 resonance line/共振线 line profile/分析线 line profile/谱线轮廓 line width/谱线宽度 entegrated absorption method/积分吸收法 peak absorption method/峰分吸收法 Zeeman effect/塞曼效应 atomization/原子化 line width effects in atomic absorption/原子吸收中的变宽效应 flame atomic absorption/火焰原子吸收 relaxation processes/弛豫过程 atomic absorption with electrothermal atomization/ 原子吸收与电热原子化 interferences in atomic absorption/原子吸收中的干扰 fame atomizers/火焰原子化器 atomic fluorescence spectrometry/原子荧光光谱法 fluorescent species/荧光物质类型 fluorescence instruments/荧光光谱仪applications of fluorescence methods/荧光法的应用Chapter 5 Ultraviolet and Visible Absorption Spectroscopy/紫外-可见吸收光谱ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrometry/紫外可见吸收光谱 ultraviolet-visible photometers and spectrophotometers/紫外—可见分光光度计 spectrophotometric methods/分光光度法 apsorbing species/吸收类型 single-beam Instruments/单光束分光光度计 double-beam instruments/双光束分光光度计 multichannel instruments/多通道仪器 shoulder peak/肩峰 end absorbtion/末端吸收 chromophore/吸收生色团auxochrome/助色团 electron donating group/供电子取代基 electron with-drawing group/吸电子取代基 red shift/红移 blue shift/蓝（紫）移 bathochromic shift/长移hypsochromic shift/短移 hyperchromic effect/增色效应（浓色效应） hypochromic effect/减色效应（淡色效应） strong band/强带 weak band/弱带 absorption band吸收带 transmitance,T/透光率 absorbance/吸光度 band width/谱带宽度 stray light/杂散光 noise/ 噪声 dark noise/暗噪声 signal shot noise/散粒噪声 blazed grating/闪耀光栅 holographic graaing/全息光栅 photodiode array detector/光二极管阵列检测器convolution spectrometry/褶合光谱法 convolution transform,CT/褶合变换 wavelet transform,WT/离散小波变换 multiscale analysis/多尺度细化分析Chapter 6 Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy/红外吸收光谱infrared ray,IR/红外线 mid-infrared absorption spectrum/Mid-IR/中红外吸收光谱far infrared /Far-IR/远红外 near infrared/近红外 microwave spectrum,MV/微波谱infrared spectroscopy/红外吸收光谱法 infrared spectrophotometry/红外分光光度法mode of vibration/振动形式 stretching vibration/伸缩振动 symmetrical stretchingvibration/对称伸缩振动 asymmetrical stretching vibration/不对称伸缩振动 bending vibration/弯曲振动 formation vibration/变形振动 in-plane bending vibration,β/面内弯曲振动 scissoring vibration,δ/剪式振动 rocking vibration,ρ/面内摇摆振动out-of-plane bending vibration,γ/面外弯曲振动 wagging vibration,ω/面外摇摆振动twisting vibration ,τ/蜷曲振动 symmetrical deformation vibration ,δs/对称变形振动 asymmetrical deformation vibration, δas/不对称变形振动 ring prckering vibration/环折叠振动 charateristic avsorption band/特征吸收峰 characteristic frequency/特征频率 correlation absorption band/相关吸收峰 hybridization affect/杂化影响 ring size effect/环大小效应 intensity of absorption band/吸收峰的强度deactivation/去活化过程 vibrational relaxation（VR）/振动弛豫 vibration spectrum/振动光谱 internal Conversion（IC）/内转换 external conversion（EC）/外转换intersystem conversion（ISC）/系间跨跃 dichroism/二色性 wave number calibration/波数校准 group frequency/基团频率 cell-in -cell-ort method/池入-池出法 baseline/基线法 stray light/杂散法 infrared spectrophotometers/红外分光光度计 infrared absorption spectra/红外吸收光谱 absorption intensity/吸收强度 fundamental frequency band/基频谱带 spurious band/乱真谱带 vibrational-rotational spectrum/振转光谱 instruments for infrared spectroscopy/红外光谱仪器fourier transform infrared spect-rometer(FTIR)/傅里叶这换红外光谱计 infrared source/红外光源 infrared beam condenser/红外光束聚光器 infrated polarizer/红外偏振器 studies of complex ions/络合物研究 dispersive infrared instruments/色散型红外光谱仪 fourier transform instruments/傅立叶变换红外光谱仪Chapter 7 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy/核磁共振波谱学introduction to NMR Spectroscopy/核磁谱的简介 definition of NMR Spectroscopy/核磁谱学的定义 NMR History/核磁的历史 properties of nuclei/核的性质 nuclear magnetic resonance,NMR/核磁共振 NMR spectrum/核磁共振波谱 NMR spectroscopy/核磁共振波谱法 continuous wave NMR,CW NMR/连续波核磁共振 fourier transformation NMR spectrum/ FT-NMR/傅立叶变换核磁共振谱 proton magnetic resonance spectrum,PMR/质子核磁共振谱 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectrum/氢谱和碳－13核磁共振谱 spin angular momentum/自旋角动量 magnetogyric ratio/磁旋比 magnetic quantum number,m/磁量子数precession/进动 relaxation mechanism/弛豫历程 local diamagnetic shielding/局部抗磁屏蔽 shielding constant/屏蔽常数 swept field/扫场 seept frequency/扫频schematic NMRspectrometer/核磁仪的概图 magnetic anisotropy/磁各向异性 long range shielding effect/远程屏蔽效应 magnetic eqivalence/磁等价 spin system/自旋系统chemical shift/化学位移 standard for chemical shift/核磁的内标物 shielding and deshielding/屏蔽和去屏蔽效应 spin-spin coupling/自旋-自旋耦合 J-coupling/ J-耦合spin-spin coupling/自旋－自旋偶合 spin=spin splitting/自旋－自旋分裂 coupling constant/耦合常数 decoupling/去耦 nodal plane/结面 factors to affect 1Hchemical shift/影响氢化学位移的因素 signalsplitting for 1H/氢谱的裂分 chemical shift - 13C-NMR/碳谱的化学位移 13C-NMR integration/碳谱中积分 interpreting NMR spectra/核磁谱的解析 2D NMR/二维核磁共振 singlet,s/单峰 doublet,d/双峰 triplet,t/三重峰quartet/ quintet/ sextet/四重峰/五重峰/六重峰 geminal coupling /vicinal coupling/偕偶/邻偶 long range coupling/远程偶合 first order spectrum/一级光谱 second order spectrum/二级光谱（二级图谱） C-H correlated spectroscopy,C-H COSY/C-H光谱Chapter 8 Introduction to Electrochemistry/电化学导论electrochemical analysis/电化学分析 electrolytic analysis method/电解法electtogravimetry/电重量法 coulometry/库仑分析法（电量分析） coulometric titration/库仑滴定法 conductometry/电导法 conductometric analysis/电导分析法conductometric titration/电导滴定法 potentiometry/电位分析法 dirext potentiometry直接电位法 potentiometric titration/电位滴定法 voltammetry/伏安法polarography/极谱法 stripping method/溶出法 amperometric titration/电流滴定法chemical double layer/化学双电层 phase boundary potential/相界电位 electrode potential/金属电极电位 chemical cell/化学电池 liquid junction boundary/液接界面galvanic cell/原电池 electrolytic cell/电解池 cathrode/负极 anode/正极eletromotive force/电池电动势 potentials/电极电势 Plank constant/普朗克常数Nernst equation/能斯特方程 indicator electrode/指示电极 reference electroade/参比电极Chapter 9 Potentiometry/电位法principles of potentiometric measurements/电位法测定原理 direct potentiometry/直接电位法 potentiometric titrations/电位滴定法 standard hydrogen electrode/标准氢电极 primary reference electrode/一级参比电极 standard calomel electrode/饱和甘汞电极 silver silver-chloride electrode/银－氯化银电极 liquid junction boundary/液接界面 asymmetry potential/不对称电位 apparent PH /表观PH值combination PH electrode/复合PH电极 ion selective electrode/离子选择电极 sensor/敏感器 crystalline electrodes/晶体电极 homogeneous membrance electrodes/均相膜电极 heterog eneous membrance electrodes/非均相膜电极 non- crystalline electrodes/非晶体电极 rigid matrix electrode/刚性基质电极 electrode with a mobile carrier/流流体载动电极 gas sensing electrodes/气敏电极 enzyme electrodes/酶电极 glass electrodes/玻璃电极 liquid membrane electrodes/液膜电极 solid-state electrodes/固体电极 selectivity coefficient/选择性系数 electrode-ealibration method/电极校正方法 standard-addition method/标准加入法Chapter 10 Electrolytical Analysis and Coulometry/电解分析法和库仑法bulk electrolysis: electrogravimetry and coulometry/整体电解:电重量法和库仑法controlled-Current electrolytical analysis/控制电流电解法 controlled -Potentil electrolytical analysis/控制电势电解法 choice of negative potential/负极电位的选择 controlled-Potential coulometry/控制电势库仑法 coulometric titration/库仑滴定法 coulometric methods/库仑分析法Chapter 11 Voltammetry and Polarograph/伏安法和极谱法polarography/极谱法 polarogram/极谱图 polarography Equation/极谱波方程linear-sweep Voltammetry /线性扫描伏安法 cyclic voltammetry/循环伏安法 pulse polarographic and voltammetri cmethods/脉冲极谱和伏安法 polarography catalytical waves/极谱催化波 parallel polarographic catalytic wave/极谱平行催化波 hydrogen catalytic wave/氢催化波 adsorptive complex wave/络合物吸附波 stripping voltammetriy/溶出伏安法 anodic stripping voltammetry/阳极溶出伏安法 cathodic stripping voltammetry/阴极溶出伏安法Chapter 12 Chromatography: Theory and Concepts/色谱分析法理论与概念concepts and terms/概念及术语 chromatography/色谱法（层析法） chromatography processor/色谱过程 stationary phase/固定相 mobile phase/流动相 peak height/峰高peak width,W/峰宽 peak width at half height,W1/2 or Y1/2/半峰宽leading peak/前延峰 tailing peak/拖尾峰 symmetry factor,fs/对称因子 retention time/保留时间 retention volume/保留体积 dead time/死时间 asjusted retention time/调整保留时间 isotherm line/等温线 height equivalent to atheoretical plate/理论塔板高度分离度resolution normalization method/归一化法 external standardization外标法 distribution cofficient/分配系数 partition coefficient/狭义分配系数 plate theory/塔板理论 number of theoretical plates/理论塔板数 rate theory/theory of rate/速率理论 resolution ,R/分离度 separation number,SN/分离数 relative Rf, Rr/相对比移值 gas chromatography,GC/气相色谱法 liquid cromatography,LC/液相色谱法planar, plane chromatography//平板色谱法 paper chromatography/纸色谱法 thin layer chromatography ,TLC/薄层色谱法thin film chromatography/薄膜色谱法 capillary electrophoresis,CE/毛细管电泳法high-performance/高效 high performance capillary electroporesis,HPEC/高效毛细管电泳法 high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC/高效液相色谱法 normal-phase/正相 recersed-phase/反相 ion-exchange/离子交换 gel-filtration/凝胶过滤chromatography applications database/色谱应用数据库Chapter 13 Gas chromatography/气相色谱法chemically bonded phase/化学键合相 polydiethylene glycol succinate,PDEGS,DEGS/丁二酸二乙二醇聚酯 GDX/高分子多孔微球 STY/苯乙烯; EST/乙基乙烯苯; DVB/二乙烯苯wall coated open tubular column,WCOT/涂壁毛细管柱 supprot coated open tubular column,SCOT/载体涂层毛细管柱 thermal conductivity detector,TCD/热导检测器hydrogen flame ionization detector,FID/氢焰离子化检测器 electron capture detector ,ECD/电子捕获检测器 noise,N/噪声 drift,d/漂移 column chromatography/柱色谱法 column selector/柱子的选择 packed column/填充柱 capillary column/毛细管柱microbore packed column 微填充柱 instruments in gas chromatography/气相色谱仪GC/MS: instruments and applications/气相色谱-质谱联用技术Chapter 14 High performance liquid chromatography/高效液相色谱liquid –solid chromatography adsorption ,LSC/液-固吸附色谱（液固色谱法）liquid-liquid partition chromatography液-液分配色谱法（分配色谱） normal phase,NP/正相 reversed phase, RP/反相 octadecylselyl,ODS/十八烷基 isocraic elution/恒组成溶剂洗脱 gradient elution/梯度洗脱 ion exchange chromatography,IEC/离子交换色谱法 chemically bonde phase/化学键合相 bonded phase chromatography,BPC/键合相色谱法 chemically bonded-phase chromatography/化学键合相色谱法 ion chromatography,IC/离子色谱法 paired ion chromatography,PIC/离子对色谱法 ion suppression chromatography,ISC/离子抑制色谱法 steric exclusion chromatography,SEC/空间排阻色谱法 size-exclusion chromatography/尺寸排阻色谱gel chromatography/凝胶色谱法 gel permeation chromatography,GPC/凝胶渗透色谱法gel filtration chromatography,GFC/凝胶过滤色谱法 permeation coefficien;Kp/渗透系数 chiral chromatography,CC/手性色谱法 chiral stationary phase,CSP/手性固定相cyclodextrin chromatography,CDC/环糊精色谱法 micellar chromatography,MC/胶束色谱法 affinity chromatography,AC/亲和色谱法 supercritical fluid chromatography,SFC/超临界流体色谱法 end capping/封尾、封顶、遮盖 capillary electrophoresis/毛细管电泳 instruments in capillary electrophoresis/毛细管电泳仪 electroosmotic flow/电渗流 criticak micolle concentration ,CMC/临界胶束浓度 DNA sequencing and capillary array electrophoresis/DNA序列分析及毛细管阵列电泳ultraviolet detector,UVD/紫外检测器 fluorophotomeric detector,FD/荧光检测器 ECD/电化学检测器 RID/示差折光检测器 photodiode array detector ,DAD/光电二极管检测器3D-spectrochromatogram/三维光谱－色谱图 evaporative light scatteringdetector,ELSD/蒸发光散射检测器 ampere detector,AD、安培检测器 high performance capillary electrophoresis,HPCE、高效毛细管电泳法 mobility/淌度 electrophoresis/电泳 electroosmosis/电渗 hydrodynamic injection/动力进样 electrokinetic injection/电动进样 capillary zone electrophoresis,CZE/毛细管区带电泳法 micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography,MECC/胶束电动毛细管色谱 capillary gel electrophoresis,CGE/毛细管凝胶电泳 sieving筛分 thin layer plate/薄层板;TLC/薄层色谱法 adsorption/吸附 activation/活化 deactivation/脱活性 degree of cross linking/交联度 exchange capacity/交换容量 developing solvent ,developer/展开剂Chapter 15 Mass Spectrometry /质谱分析法mass spectrum,MS/质谱 bar graph/棒图 selected ion monitoring ,SIM/选择离子检测direct probe inlet ,DPI/直接进样 interface/接口 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS/气相色谱－质谱联用 high performance liquidchromatography-mass spectrometry,HPLC-MS /高效液相色谱－质谱联用ionizationmethods/离子化方法 electron impact source,EI/电子轰击离子源 fast atom bombardment ,FAB/快速原子轰击离子源 chemical ionization source,CI/化学离子源field ionization,FI/场电离 field desorptiion,FD/场解析 matrix assisted laser desorption (MALDI)/基质辅助的激光解吸 electro spray ionization ( ESI )/电喷雾 mass analyzer/质量分析器 magnetic-sector mass spectrometer/磁质谱仪 quadrupole mass spectrometer/四极杆质谱仪（四极质谱仪）amu/原子质量单位 ion abundance/离子丰度 relative avundance/相对丰度(相对强度) base peak/基峰 mass range/质量范围 resolution/分辨率 sensitivity/灵敏度 S/N /信噪比 molecular ion/分子离子 fragment ion/碎片离子 isotopic ion/同位素离子metastable ion/亚稳离子 metastable peak/亚稳峰 parent ion/母离子 daughter ion/子离子 odd electron/含奇数个电子的离子 even eletron,EE/含偶数个电子的离子homolytic cleavage/均裂 heterolytic cleavage/异裂（非均裂） hemi-homolysis cleavage/半均裂 rearragement/重排 MW/分子量α-cleavage/α－裂解 relative Abundance of Isotopes/同位素的相对丰度 isotopic Ratio from the Spectra/质谱中的同位素比例 magnetic sector analyzer/磁分析器 time of flight analyzer/飞行时间分析器 quadrupole analyzers/四极质量分析器 fourier transform ioncyclotron/傅立叶离子回旋共振分析器 MS interpretation and fragmentation/质谱解析和化合物裂解presentation of data/数据表达 determination of Molecular Mass/分子量的测量 high resolution mass spectrometry/高分辨质谱 important fragmentation patterns in EI/ 电子轰击电离下的重要裂解方式patterns of different organic compounds’ fragmentation/不同类型有机物的裂解模式 hyphenated MS techniques/质谱联用技术。
课文翻译
1、Origin of Oil and Gas 石油及天然气成因Oil and gas result mostly from dead microorganisms buried quickly in anoxic environments，where oxygen is so scarce that they do not decompose. This lack of oxygen enables them to maintain their hydrogen-carbon bonds，a necessary ingredient for the production of fossil fuels．Newly developing ocean basins, formed by plate tectonics and continental rifting (deformation)，provide just the right conditions for rapid burial in anoxic waters．Rivers fill these basins with sediments carrying abundant organic remains．Because the basins have constricted water circulation，they also have lower oxygen levels than the open ocean.石油和天然气大多是由缺氧环境下迅速被掩埋的死亡微生物生成的。
这种环境氧气奇缺致使这些微生物无法分解。
氧气的缺乏能够使那些死去的微生物保持它们的碳氯键——这是产生化石燃料的一种必要组分。
由板块构造运动和大陆裂谷作用(变形)而新近演化形成的大洋盆地，正好为在缺氧水域的快速埋藏提供了合适环境。
河流携带着丰富的有机残余物充填这些盆地。
残差的英文单词
残差的英文单词Residuals, in the context of statistical analysis, refer to the differences between observed values and the values predicted by a model. They are crucial in understanding the performance of a statistical model and can provide insights into its accuracy and reliability.When a statistical model is applied to a dataset, it attempts to explain the relationship between variables or predict outcomes based on the data provided. The model generates predictions, and these are compared to the actual values observed in the dataset. The residuals are the discrepancies between these two sets of numbers. In an ideal scenario, a good model would have small residuals, indicating that the predictions are close to the observed values.In regression analysis, for instance, the residual sum of squares (RSS) is a measure of the sum of the squares of the residuals. A lower RSS value suggests that the model has a better fit to the data. Analysts often use various diagnostic tools to examine residuals, looking for patterns that might indicate issues with the model, such as non-linearity, heteroscedasticity, or autocorrelation.Residuals are not just a measure of error; they can also reveal underlying structures in the data that the model has not captured. For example, in time series analysis, if the residuals show a pattern over time, it might suggest that themodel is missing a trend or seasonality component.In conclusion, residuals are a fundamental concept in statistics, playing a key role in model validation and diagnostics. They are the building blocks for assessing the adequacy of a model and for guiding improvements to enhance its predictive power. Understanding and interpreting residuals is essential for anyone working with statistical models to ensure that the conclusions drawn from the data are robust and reliable.。
引力波观测原文PhysRevLett.116.061102
Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole MergerB.P.Abbott et al.*(LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration)(Received21January2016;published11February2016)On September14,2015at09:50:45UTC the two detectors of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory simultaneously observed a transient gravitational-wave signal.The signal sweeps upwards in frequency from35to250Hz with a peak gravitational-wave strain of1.0×10−21.It matches the waveform predicted by general relativity for the inspiral and merger of a pair of black holes and the ringdown of the resulting single black hole.The signal was observed with a matched-filter signal-to-noise ratio of24and a false alarm rate estimated to be less than1event per203000years,equivalent to a significance greaterthan5.1σ.The source lies at a luminosity distance of410þ160−180Mpc corresponding to a redshift z¼0.09þ0.03−0.04.In the source frame,the initial black hole masses are36þ5−4M⊙and29þ4−4M⊙,and the final black hole mass is62þ4−4M⊙,with3.0þ0.5−0.5M⊙c2radiated in gravitational waves.All uncertainties define90%credible intervals.These observations demonstrate the existence of binary stellar-mass black hole systems.This is the first direct detection of gravitational waves and the first observation of a binary black hole merger.DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.061102I.INTRODUCTIONIn1916,the year after the final formulation of the field equations of general relativity,Albert Einstein predicted the existence of gravitational waves.He found that the linearized weak-field equations had wave solutions: transverse waves of spatial strain that travel at the speed of light,generated by time variations of the mass quadrupole moment of the source[1,2].Einstein understood that gravitational-wave amplitudes would be remarkably small;moreover,until the Chapel Hill conference in 1957there was significant debate about the physical reality of gravitational waves[3].Also in1916,Schwarzschild published a solution for the field equations[4]that was later understood to describe a black hole[5,6],and in1963Kerr generalized the solution to rotating black holes[7].Starting in the1970s theoretical work led to the understanding of black hole quasinormal modes[8–10],and in the1990s higher-order post-Newtonian calculations[11]preceded extensive analytical studies of relativistic two-body dynamics[12,13].These advances,together with numerical relativity breakthroughs in the past decade[14–16],have enabled modeling of binary black hole mergers and accurate predictions of their gravitational waveforms.While numerous black hole candidates have now been identified through electromag-netic observations[17–19],black hole mergers have not previously been observed.The discovery of the binary pulsar system PSR B1913þ16 by Hulse and Taylor[20]and subsequent observations of its energy loss by Taylor and Weisberg[21]demonstrated the existence of gravitational waves.This discovery, along with emerging astrophysical understanding[22], led to the recognition that direct observations of the amplitude and phase of gravitational waves would enable studies of additional relativistic systems and provide new tests of general relativity,especially in the dynamic strong-field regime.Experiments to detect gravitational waves began with Weber and his resonant mass detectors in the1960s[23], followed by an international network of cryogenic reso-nant detectors[24].Interferometric detectors were first suggested in the early1960s[25]and the1970s[26].A study of the noise and performance of such detectors[27], and further concepts to improve them[28],led to proposals for long-baseline broadband laser interferome-ters with the potential for significantly increased sensi-tivity[29–32].By the early2000s,a set of initial detectors was completed,including TAMA300in Japan,GEO600 in Germany,the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory(LIGO)in the United States,and Virgo in binations of these detectors made joint obser-vations from2002through2011,setting upper limits on a variety of gravitational-wave sources while evolving into a global network.In2015,Advanced LIGO became the first of a significantly more sensitive network of advanced detectors to begin observations[33–36].A century after the fundamental predictions of Einstein and Schwarzschild,we report the first direct detection of gravitational waves and the first direct observation of a binary black hole system merging to form a single black hole.Our observations provide unique access to the*Full author list given at the end of the article.Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution3.0License.Further distri-bution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s)and the published article’s title,journal citation,and DOI.properties of space-time in the strong-field,high-velocity regime and confirm predictions of general relativity for the nonlinear dynamics of highly disturbed black holes.II.OBSERVATIONOn September14,2015at09:50:45UTC,the LIGO Hanford,W A,and Livingston,LA,observatories detected the coincident signal GW150914shown in Fig.1.The initial detection was made by low-latency searches for generic gravitational-wave transients[41]and was reported within three minutes of data acquisition[43].Subsequently, matched-filter analyses that use relativistic models of com-pact binary waveforms[44]recovered GW150914as the most significant event from each detector for the observa-tions reported here.Occurring within the10-msintersite FIG.1.The gravitational-wave event GW150914observed by the LIGO Hanford(H1,left column panels)and Livingston(L1,rightcolumn panels)detectors.Times are shown relative to September14,2015at09:50:45UTC.For visualization,all time series are filtered with a35–350Hz bandpass filter to suppress large fluctuations outside the detectors’most sensitive frequency band,and band-reject filters to remove the strong instrumental spectral lines seen in the Fig.3spectra.Top row,left:H1strain.Top row,right:L1strain.GW150914arrived first at L1and6.9þ0.5−0.4ms later at H1;for a visual comparison,the H1data are also shown,shifted in time by this amount and inverted(to account for the detectors’relative orientations).Second row:Gravitational-wave strain projected onto each detector in the35–350Hz band.Solid lines show a numerical relativity waveform for a system with parameters consistent with those recovered from GW150914[37,38]confirmed to99.9%by an independent calculation based on[15].Shaded areas show90%credible regions for two independent waveform reconstructions.One(dark gray)models the signal using binary black hole template waveforms [39].The other(light gray)does not use an astrophysical model,but instead calculates the strain signal as a linear combination of sine-Gaussian wavelets[40,41].These reconstructions have a94%overlap,as shown in[39].Third row:Residuals after subtracting the filtered numerical relativity waveform from the filtered detector time series.Bottom row:A time-frequency representation[42]of the strain data,showing the signal frequency increasing over time.propagation time,the events have a combined signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)of24[45].Only the LIGO detectors were observing at the time of GW150914.The Virgo detector was being upgraded, and GEO600,though not sufficiently sensitive to detect this event,was operating but not in observational mode.With only two detectors the source position is primarily determined by the relative arrival time and localized to an area of approximately600deg2(90% credible region)[39,46].The basic features of GW150914point to it being produced by the coalescence of two black holes—i.e., their orbital inspiral and merger,and subsequent final black hole ringdown.Over0.2s,the signal increases in frequency and amplitude in about8cycles from35to150Hz,where the amplitude reaches a maximum.The most plausible explanation for this evolution is the inspiral of two orbiting masses,m1and m2,due to gravitational-wave emission.At the lower frequencies,such evolution is characterized by the chirp mass[11]M¼ðm1m2Þ3=5121=5¼c3G596π−8=3f−11=3_f3=5;where f and_f are the observed frequency and its time derivative and G and c are the gravitational constant and speed of light.Estimating f and_f from the data in Fig.1, we obtain a chirp mass of M≃30M⊙,implying that the total mass M¼m1þm2is≳70M⊙in the detector frame. This bounds the sum of the Schwarzschild radii of thebinary components to2GM=c2≳210km.To reach an orbital frequency of75Hz(half the gravitational-wave frequency)the objects must have been very close and very compact;equal Newtonian point masses orbiting at this frequency would be only≃350km apart.A pair of neutron stars,while compact,would not have the required mass,while a black hole neutron star binary with the deduced chirp mass would have a very large total mass, and would thus merge at much lower frequency.This leaves black holes as the only known objects compact enough to reach an orbital frequency of75Hz without contact.Furthermore,the decay of the waveform after it peaks is consistent with the damped oscillations of a black hole relaxing to a final stationary Kerr configuration. Below,we present a general-relativistic analysis of GW150914;Fig.2shows the calculated waveform using the resulting source parameters.III.DETECTORSGravitational-wave astronomy exploits multiple,widely separated detectors to distinguish gravitational waves from local instrumental and environmental noise,to provide source sky localization,and to measure wave polarizations. The LIGO sites each operate a single Advanced LIGO detector[33],a modified Michelson interferometer(see Fig.3)that measures gravitational-wave strain as a differ-ence in length of its orthogonal arms.Each arm is formed by two mirrors,acting as test masses,separated by L x¼L y¼L¼4km.A passing gravitational wave effec-tively alters the arm lengths such that the measured difference isΔLðtÞ¼δL x−δL y¼hðtÞL,where h is the gravitational-wave strain amplitude projected onto the detector.This differential length variation alters the phase difference between the two light fields returning to the beam splitter,transmitting an optical signal proportional to the gravitational-wave strain to the output photodetector. To achieve sufficient sensitivity to measure gravitational waves,the detectors include several enhancements to the basic Michelson interferometer.First,each arm contains a resonant optical cavity,formed by its two test mass mirrors, that multiplies the effect of a gravitational wave on the light phase by a factor of300[48].Second,a partially trans-missive power-recycling mirror at the input provides addi-tional resonant buildup of the laser light in the interferometer as a whole[49,50]:20W of laser input is increased to700W incident on the beam splitter,which is further increased to 100kW circulating in each arm cavity.Third,a partially transmissive signal-recycling mirror at the outputoptimizes FIG. 2.Top:Estimated gravitational-wave strain amplitude from GW150914projected onto H1.This shows the full bandwidth of the waveforms,without the filtering used for Fig.1. The inset images show numerical relativity models of the black hole horizons as the black holes coalesce.Bottom:The Keplerian effective black hole separation in units of Schwarzschild radii (R S¼2GM=c2)and the effective relative velocity given by the post-Newtonian parameter v=c¼ðGMπf=c3Þ1=3,where f is the gravitational-wave frequency calculated with numerical relativity and M is the total mass(value from Table I).the gravitational-wave signal extraction by broadening the bandwidth of the arm cavities [51,52].The interferometer is illuminated with a 1064-nm wavelength Nd:Y AG laser,stabilized in amplitude,frequency,and beam geometry [53,54].The gravitational-wave signal is extracted at the output port using a homodyne readout [55].These interferometry techniques are designed to maxi-mize the conversion of strain to optical signal,thereby minimizing the impact of photon shot noise (the principal noise at high frequencies).High strain sensitivity also requires that the test masses have low displacement noise,which is achieved by isolating them from seismic noise (low frequencies)and designing them to have low thermal noise (intermediate frequencies).Each test mass is suspended as the final stage of a quadruple-pendulum system [56],supported by an active seismic isolation platform [57].These systems collectively provide more than 10orders of magnitude of isolation from ground motion for frequen-cies above 10Hz.Thermal noise is minimized by using low-mechanical-loss materials in the test masses and their suspensions:the test masses are 40-kg fused silica substrates with low-loss dielectric optical coatings [58,59],and are suspended with fused silica fibers from the stage above [60].To minimize additional noise sources,all components other than the laser source are mounted on vibration isolation stages in ultrahigh vacuum.To reduce optical phase fluctuations caused by Rayleigh scattering,the pressure in the 1.2-m diameter tubes containing the arm-cavity beams is maintained below 1μPa.Servo controls are used to hold the arm cavities on resonance [61]and maintain proper alignment of the optical components [62].The detector output is calibrated in strain by measuring its response to test mass motion induced by photon pressure from a modulated calibration laser beam [63].The calibration is established to an uncertainty (1σ)of less than 10%in amplitude and 10degrees in phase,and is continuously monitored with calibration laser excitations at selected frequencies.Two alternative methods are used to validate the absolute calibration,one referenced to the main laser wavelength and the other to a radio-frequencyoscillator(a)FIG.3.Simplified diagram of an Advanced LIGO detector (not to scale).A gravitational wave propagating orthogonally to the detector plane and linearly polarized parallel to the 4-km optical cavities will have the effect of lengthening one 4-km arm and shortening the other during one half-cycle of the wave;these length changes are reversed during the other half-cycle.The output photodetector records these differential cavity length variations.While a detector ’s directional response is maximal for this case,it is still significant for most other angles of incidence or polarizations (gravitational waves propagate freely through the Earth).Inset (a):Location and orientation of the LIGO detectors at Hanford,WA (H1)and Livingston,LA (L1).Inset (b):The instrument noise for each detector near the time of the signal detection;this is an amplitude spectral density,expressed in terms of equivalent gravitational-wave strain amplitude.The sensitivity is limited by photon shot noise at frequencies above 150Hz,and by a superposition of other noise sources at lower frequencies [47].Narrow-band features include calibration lines (33–38,330,and 1080Hz),vibrational modes of suspension fibers (500Hz and harmonics),and 60Hz electric power grid harmonics.[64].Additionally,the detector response to gravitational waves is tested by injecting simulated waveforms with the calibration laser.To monitor environmental disturbances and their influ-ence on the detectors,each observatory site is equipped with an array of sensors:seismometers,accelerometers, microphones,magnetometers,radio receivers,weather sensors,ac-power line monitors,and a cosmic-ray detector [65].Another∼105channels record the interferometer’s operating point and the state of the control systems.Data collection is synchronized to Global Positioning System (GPS)time to better than10μs[66].Timing accuracy is verified with an atomic clock and a secondary GPS receiver at each observatory site.In their most sensitive band,100–300Hz,the current LIGO detectors are3to5times more sensitive to strain than initial LIGO[67];at lower frequencies,the improvement is even greater,with more than ten times better sensitivity below60Hz.Because the detectors respond proportionally to gravitational-wave amplitude,at low redshift the volume of space to which they are sensitive increases as the cube of strain sensitivity.For binary black holes with masses similar to GW150914,the space-time volume surveyed by the observations reported here surpasses previous obser-vations by an order of magnitude[68].IV.DETECTOR VALIDATIONBoth detectors were in steady state operation for several hours around GW150914.All performance measures,in particular their average sensitivity and transient noise behavior,were typical of the full analysis period[69,70]. Exhaustive investigations of instrumental and environ-mental disturbances were performed,giving no evidence to suggest that GW150914could be an instrumental artifact [69].The detectors’susceptibility to environmental disturb-ances was quantified by measuring their response to spe-cially generated magnetic,radio-frequency,acoustic,and vibration excitations.These tests indicated that any external disturbance large enough to have caused the observed signal would have been clearly recorded by the array of environ-mental sensors.None of the environmental sensors recorded any disturbances that evolved in time and frequency like GW150914,and all environmental fluctuations during the second that contained GW150914were too small to account for more than6%of its strain amplitude.Special care was taken to search for long-range correlated disturbances that might produce nearly simultaneous signals at the two sites. No significant disturbances were found.The detector strain data exhibit non-Gaussian noise transients that arise from a variety of instrumental mecha-nisms.Many have distinct signatures,visible in auxiliary data channels that are not sensitive to gravitational waves; such instrumental transients are removed from our analyses [69].Any instrumental transients that remain in the data are accounted for in the estimated detector backgrounds described below.There is no evidence for instrumental transients that are temporally correlated between the two detectors.V.SEARCHESWe present the analysis of16days of coincident observations between the two LIGO detectors from September12to October20,2015.This is a subset of the data from Advanced LIGO’s first observational period that ended on January12,2016.GW150914is confidently detected by two different types of searches.One aims to recover signals from the coalescence of compact objects,using optimal matched filtering with waveforms predicted by general relativity. The other search targets a broad range of generic transient signals,with minimal assumptions about waveforms.These searches use independent methods,and their response to detector noise consists of different,uncorrelated,events. However,strong signals from binary black hole mergers are expected to be detected by both searches.Each search identifies candidate events that are detected at both observatories consistent with the intersite propa-gation time.Events are assigned a detection-statistic value that ranks their likelihood of being a gravitational-wave signal.The significance of a candidate event is determined by the search background—the rate at which detector noise produces events with a detection-statistic value equal to or higher than the candidate event.Estimating this back-ground is challenging for two reasons:the detector noise is nonstationary and non-Gaussian,so its properties must be empirically determined;and it is not possible to shield the detector from gravitational waves to directly measure a signal-free background.The specific procedure used to estimate the background is slightly different for the two searches,but both use a time-shift technique:the time stamps of one detector’s data are artificially shifted by an offset that is large compared to the intersite propagation time,and a new set of events is produced based on this time-shifted data set.For instrumental noise that is uncor-related between detectors this is an effective way to estimate the background.In this process a gravitational-wave signal in one detector may coincide with time-shifted noise transients in the other detector,thereby contributing to the background estimate.This leads to an overestimate of the noise background and therefore to a more conservative assessment of the significance of candidate events.The characteristics of non-Gaussian noise vary between different time-frequency regions.This means that the search backgrounds are not uniform across the space of signals being searched.To maximize sensitivity and provide a better estimate of event significance,the searches sort both their background estimates and their event candidates into differ-ent classes according to their time-frequency morphology. The significance of a candidate event is measured against the background of its class.To account for having searchedmultiple classes,this significance is decreased by a trials factor equal to the number of classes [71].A.Generic transient searchDesigned to operate without a specific waveform model,this search identifies coincident excess power in time-frequency representations of the detector strain data [43,72],for signal frequencies up to 1kHz and durations up to a few seconds.The search reconstructs signal waveforms consistent with a common gravitational-wave signal in both detectors using a multidetector maximum likelihood method.Each event is ranked according to the detection statistic ηc ¼ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2E c =ð1þE n =E c Þp ,where E c is the dimensionless coherent signal energy obtained by cross-correlating the two reconstructed waveforms,and E n is the dimensionless residual noise energy after the reconstructed signal is subtracted from the data.The statistic ηc thus quantifies the SNR of the event and the consistency of the data between the two detectors.Based on their time-frequency morphology,the events are divided into three mutually exclusive search classes,as described in [41]:events with time-frequency morphology of known populations of noise transients (class C1),events with frequency that increases with time (class C3),and all remaining events (class C2).Detected with ηc ¼20.0,GW150914is the strongest event of the entire search.Consistent with its coalescence signal signature,it is found in the search class C3of events with increasing time-frequency evolution.Measured on a background equivalent to over 67400years of data and including a trials factor of 3to account for the search classes,its false alarm rate is lower than 1in 22500years.This corresponds to a probability <2×10−6of observing one or more noise events as strong as GW150914during the analysis time,equivalent to 4.6σ.The left panel of Fig.4shows the C3class results and background.The selection criteria that define the search class C3reduce the background by introducing a constraint on the signal morphology.In order to illustrate the significance of GW150914against a background of events with arbitrary shapes,we also show the results of a search that uses the same set of events as the one described above but without this constraint.Specifically,we use only two search classes:the C1class and the union of C2and C3classes (C 2þC 3).In this two-class search the GW150914event is found in the C 2þC 3class.The left panel of Fig.4shows the C 2þC 3class results and background.In the background of this class there are four events with ηc ≥32.1,yielding a false alarm rate for GW150914of 1in 8400years.This corresponds to a false alarm probability of 5×10−6equivalent to 4.4σ.FIG.4.Search results from the generic transient search (left)and the binary coalescence search (right).These histograms show the number of candidate events (orange markers)and the mean number of background events (black lines)in the search class where GW150914was found as a function of the search detection statistic and with a bin width of 0.2.The scales on the top give the significance of an event in Gaussian standard deviations based on the corresponding noise background.The significance of GW150914is greater than 5.1σand 4.6σfor the binary coalescence and the generic transient searches,respectively.Left:Along with the primary search (C3)we also show the results (blue markers)and background (green curve)for an alternative search that treats events independently of their frequency evolution (C 2þC 3).The classes C2and C3are defined in the text.Right:The tail in the black-line background of the binary coalescence search is due to random coincidences of GW150914in one detector with noise in the other detector.(This type of event is practically absent in the generic transient search background because they do not pass the time-frequency consistency requirements used in that search.)The purple curve is the background excluding those coincidences,which is used to assess the significance of the second strongest event.For robustness and validation,we also use other generic transient search algorithms[41].A different search[73]and a parameter estimation follow-up[74]detected GW150914 with consistent significance and signal parameters.B.Binary coalescence searchThis search targets gravitational-wave emission from binary systems with individual masses from1to99M⊙, total mass less than100M⊙,and dimensionless spins up to 0.99[44].To model systems with total mass larger than 4M⊙,we use the effective-one-body formalism[75],whichcombines results from the post-Newtonian approach [11,76]with results from black hole perturbation theory and numerical relativity.The waveform model[77,78] assumes that the spins of the merging objects are alignedwith the orbital angular momentum,but the resultingtemplates can,nonetheless,effectively recover systemswith misaligned spins in the parameter region ofGW150914[44].Approximately250000template wave-forms are used to cover this parameter space.The search calculates the matched-filter signal-to-noiseratioρðtÞfor each template in each detector and identifiesmaxima ofρðtÞwith respect to the time of arrival of the signal[79–81].For each maximum we calculate a chi-squared statisticχ2r to test whether the data in several differentfrequency bands are consistent with the matching template [82].Values ofχ2r near unity indicate that the signal is consistent with a coalescence.Ifχ2r is greater than unity,ρðtÞis reweighted asˆρ¼ρ=f½1þðχ2rÞ3 =2g1=6[83,84].The final step enforces coincidence between detectors by selectingevent pairs that occur within a15-ms window and come fromthe same template.The15-ms window is determined by the10-ms intersite propagation time plus5ms for uncertainty inarrival time of weak signals.We rank coincident events basedon the quadrature sumˆρc of theˆρfrom both detectors[45]. To produce background data for this search the SNR maxima of one detector are time shifted and a new set of coincident events is computed.Repeating this procedure ∼107times produces a noise background analysis time equivalent to608000years.To account for the search background noise varying acrossthe target signal space,candidate and background events aredivided into three search classes based on template length.The right panel of Fig.4shows the background for thesearch class of GW150914.The GW150914detection-statistic value ofˆρc¼23.6is larger than any background event,so only an upper bound can be placed on its false alarm rate.Across the three search classes this bound is1in 203000years.This translates to a false alarm probability <2×10−7,corresponding to5.1σ.A second,independent matched-filter analysis that uses adifferent method for estimating the significance of itsevents[85,86],also detected GW150914with identicalsignal parameters and consistent significance.When an event is confidently identified as a real gravitational-wave signal,as for GW150914,the back-ground used to determine the significance of other events is reestimated without the contribution of this event.This is the background distribution shown as a purple line in the right panel of Fig.4.Based on this,the second most significant event has a false alarm rate of1per2.3years and corresponding Poissonian false alarm probability of0.02. Waveform analysis of this event indicates that if it is astrophysical in origin it is also a binary black hole merger[44].VI.SOURCE DISCUSSIONThe matched-filter search is optimized for detecting signals,but it provides only approximate estimates of the source parameters.To refine them we use general relativity-based models[77,78,87,88],some of which include spin precession,and for each model perform a coherent Bayesian analysis to derive posterior distributions of the source parameters[89].The initial and final masses, final spin,distance,and redshift of the source are shown in Table I.The spin of the primary black hole is constrained to be<0.7(90%credible interval)indicating it is not maximally spinning,while the spin of the secondary is only weakly constrained.These source parameters are discussed in detail in[39].The parameter uncertainties include statistical errors and systematic errors from averaging the results of different waveform models.Using the fits to numerical simulations of binary black hole mergers in[92,93],we provide estimates of the mass and spin of the final black hole,the total energy radiated in gravitational waves,and the peak gravitational-wave luminosity[39].The estimated total energy radiated in gravitational waves is3.0þ0.5−0.5M⊙c2.The system reached apeak gravitational-wave luminosity of3.6þ0.5−0.4×1056erg=s,equivalent to200þ30−20M⊙c2=s.Several analyses have been performed to determine whether or not GW150914is consistent with a binary TABLE I.Source parameters for GW150914.We report median values with90%credible intervals that include statistical errors,and systematic errors from averaging the results of different waveform models.Masses are given in the source frame;to convert to the detector frame multiply by(1þz) [90].The source redshift assumes standard cosmology[91]. Primary black hole mass36þ5−4M⊙Secondary black hole mass29þ4−4M⊙Final black hole mass62þ4−4M⊙Final black hole spin0.67þ0.05−0.07 Luminosity distance410þ160−180MpcSource redshift z0.09þ0.03−0.04。
常用量子化学词汇
Average,期望值，ab initio, 从头计算approximate,近似accurate, 精确atomiticity, 粒子性active, 活性的adiabatic, 绝热的，非常缓慢的anti-symmetry principle 反对称原理Basis,基组bra, 左矢，左矢空间，右矢空间的对偶空间boundary,边界条件Born-Oppenheimer 波恩奥本海默近似，绝热近似退耦后的进一步近似Configuration, 组态，电子排布correlation, 电子的相关作用commutation, 对易子coordinate, 坐标conjugate, 共轭core, 原子实convergence, 收敛，级数或积分收敛coupling, 耦合Coulomb’s Law, 库仑定律，麦克斯韦场方程的点电荷近似correspondence principle, 对应原理complete, 完备的complete active space (CAS), 完备的活性空间closed-shell, 闭壳层closed system, 封闭体系configuration state function (CSF)组态波函数Diagonalization,对角化Diagonal, 对角阵，对角元DFT, 密度泛函理论density,电子密度D-CI, double CIdynamical, 动力学的deterministic, 行列式的diabatic 未对角化的，非自身表象的，透热的Effective Hamiltonian, 有效哈密顿electron, 电子eigenvalue, 本征值eigenvector, 本征矢，无限维Hilbert空间中的态矢量external, 外加的energy, 能量excitation, 激发态excited, 被激发的exclusion principle不相容原理Functional, 泛函数function, 函数Fock space, Fock空间force, 力.，field场Gradient,梯度Gaussian, 高斯程序，高斯函数generic, 普适的Gauge 规范Hamiltonian, 哈密顿，Hessian, 二阶导数Hermitian, 厄米的Hartree 原子能量单位Integral, 积分internal, 内部的（内部自由度的）interaction, 相互作用independent, 不独立的invariant, 不变的iteration, 叠代interpretation, （几率）诠释interpolation,inactive不活动的J-integral, j积分jj-coupling jj耦合K-integral, k积分ket，右矢，右矢空间Linear algebra, 线性代数，linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO),原子轨函线性组合（法）local, 定域的locality, 定域物理量linear scaling, 线性标度low order，低对称性，有序度较低的情形Matrix, 矩阵，metric,矩阵的momentum, momenta，动量many-body theory,多体理论mechanics,力学，机理，机制multiconfiguration self-consistent field (MCSCF),多组态自洽场multireference (MR),多参考态方法minimization，最小化Normalization,归一化normal order, 正常序norm,已归一化的（波函数），N-electron, N电子体系nondynamic,非动力学的nonadiabtaic 非绝热的，有交换作用的，非渐变的Orbit,轨道orbital,轨道波函数，轨函observable, 可观测的（物理量）operator, 算符optimization, 优化one-electron,单电子，orthogonal, 正交的orthonormal, 正交归一的，open-shell,开壳层open system,开放体系，order-N第N阶（近似，导数）Principle,原理，原则property,性质particle, 粒子probability, 几率probabilistic, 几率性的potential,势PES, 势能面pseudo-, 赝的，pseudo vector赝矢量，pseudopotential，赝势perturbation theory，微扰理论Quantum, quanta, 量子quantized, 使量子化quantization,量子化的过程quotient,商quantity，数量，物理量Relativity,相对论，relativistic, 相对论性的representation,表示，表象Reference，参考系，参考态Spin, 自旋S-matrix, s矩阵，线性变换矩阵，散射矩阵symmetry, 对称性SCF, 自洽场stability,稳定性state,态scale,标度，测量shell,电子壳层spin-orbit coupling,自旋轨道耦合static,静态的space,空间，坐标空间的，banach/Hilbert Space，巴拉赫，希尔伯特空间spatial,空间的similarity transformation, 相似变换self-consistent field (SCF), 自洽场secondary ，二阶的，二级的，second quantization，二次量子化Transition state,过渡态time-dependent,含时的，对时间依赖的trace,矩阵的迹.Transformation，变换Universal,统一的，全同的。
翻译2
飞机制动系统的振动摩擦—Ⅱ非线性动力学摘要：对复杂的飞机制动系统中的摩擦振动的非线性动力学进行了研究。
在中心流行概念的基础上，为了评估中重要稳态平衡点临近系统的非线性动力学行为，本文概括了非线性研究的策略。
为了得到时域的响应，可以将成套的非线性动力方程综合计算。
但是当需要参数化设计研究时，该程序不仅消耗时间，而且成本大。
因此非常有必要使用非线性分析：中心流行方法和合理的逼近用来非线性系统的极限环，为了研究在不稳定区域系统的行为。
将非线性方法的烟具结果和完整的原始的系统的结果比较。
那些非线性方法呈现出有趣的计算时间，并且需要很少的计算资源。
1 前言在广泛各种机械领域中，摩擦振动是主要的关注问题。
如果系统是不稳定的，解决潜在的振动问题需要考虑到稳定性分析和非线性行为的测定。
因此，这样的方法可以分为两部分。
在Ⅰ部分已经提到，第一步静态问题：稳态运行点事通过解整个非线性方程的解求平衡点来获得。
通过将平衡点微小的摆动引进非线性方程中，可以获得线性化旋转方程。
通过确定非线性系统在每个稳态运行点的线性化方程的特征值，可以获得稳定性分析。
第二步极限环的估计。
非线性动力学方程可以通过综合数值来获得时域相应和极限环。
但是，这种过程太消耗时间。
这就是为什么理解有很多自由度的非线性模型行为需要方程的简化和减少，是由于事实上非线性分析需要相当贵的资源无论是时间计算还是数据存贮。
这些动力学系统研究的主要概念是：用简化的方法减少系统的次序，并且尽可能的消除系统方程的非线性[1-6]。
在这篇文章中，中心流行方法和合理的摩擦逼近方法用来减少和简化非线性动力学系统。
中心流行理论是建立在减少原始系统维数的基础上：在平衡点附近最基本的非线性动力学系统的特性是由中心流行理论控制的，通过在霍普夫分界点的零实部的特征值将该中心流行理论和原始系统的部分特性联系起来。
有人在应用中心流行方法之后，选择了使用合理逼近的方法[7-10]。
合理逼近方法的最大优势在于：在任何情况下，它的有效性范围比多项式广。
生理学基本概念的中英文名词解释
绝对不应期absolute refractory periodThe time interval during which a cell is incapable of initiating a second action potential.动作电位action potentialAn action potential is a rapid change in the membrane potential. Each action potential begins with a sudden change from the normal resting negative potential to a positive membrane potential (depolarization) and then ends with an almost equally rapid change back to the negative potential (repolarization).主动转运active transportThe movement of substances across the membrane occurs against the electrochemical gradient with the necessity of consumption of metabolic energy后负荷afterloadAfterload is the load that is given to the muscle after the beginning of the contraction.自身调节autoregulationIn certain cases, a tissue or organ can respond directly to the environmental changes, depending neither on nervous nor on humoral control. This form of regulation is called auto-regulation.完全强直收缩complete tetanusWhen the frequency of stimulation reaches a critical level, the successive contractions are so rapid that they literally fused together, and the contraction appears to be completely smooth and continuous. This is called completely tetanus.去极化depolarizationThe change in membrane potential away from the resting potential and toward the sodium equilibrium.入胞endocytosisVery large particles enter the cell by a specialized function of the cell membrane called endocytosis. The principle forms of endocytosis are pinocytosis and phagocytosis.平衡电位equilibrium potentialElectrochemical equilibrium is a steady state, as in the resting membrane potential of a cell ,in which an electrical potential and chemical potential gradient are in balance and no net movement of charged particles occurs.兴奋性excitabilityExcitability is the ability of certain kinds of cells (excitable cell) to generate active changes in their membrane potential. Excitability is a fundamental property common to all tissues and cells.兴奋excitationExcitation signifies and increases in activity, such as contraction of a muscle, acceleration of the heart beat.出胞exocytosisA stimulus to secrete causes the intracellular vesicles to fuse with the plasma membrane and to release the vesicles contents is called exocytosis.易化扩散facilitated diffusionIn facilitated diffusion, transport proteins (carrier and channel proteins) hasten the movement of certain substances across a membrane down their concentration gradients.以通道为中介的转运facilitated diffusion via ion channelChannels are membrane proteins that contain small, highly selective aqueous pores. Channels usually allow specific ion, eg ,Na+,K+,Ca2+ or Cl- to move down their electrochemical gradients across the membrane.反馈feedbackFeedback is a flow of information along a closed loop. Usually, a constancy of physiological variable requires a feedback mechanism that feeds the output information back to the control system so as to modify the nature of control.稳态HomeostasisHomeostasis is the maintenance of a constant state with special reference to the internal medium.体内in vivoExperiments performed on the whole body.内环境internal environmentAll cells of the body live in the extracellular fluid, extracellular fluid is called the internal environment of the body.等长收缩isometric contractionTension increases but the length of the muscle does not change when a muscle contracts.等张收缩isotonic contractionTension remains constant but the muscle shortens when a muscle contracts.负反馈negative feedbackA regulated variable is sensed, information is sent to a controller, and action is taken to oppose change from the desire value.神经肌肉接头neuromuscular junctionThe complex structure responsible for signal transmission from nerve to skeletal muscle.正反馈positive feedbackWith positive feedback, a variable is sensed and action is taken to reinforce change of the variable, so it promotes a change in one direction.前负荷preloadPreload is the load that is given to the muscle prior to its contraction.相对不应期relative refractory periodA period follows the end of the absolute refractory period, during which it is possible to elicit a second action potential, but the threshold stimulus intensity is higher than usual.复极化repolarizationShortly after depolarization, the sodium channels begin to close and the potassium channels open more than they normally do. Then, rapid diffusion of potassium ionsto the exterior re-establishes the normal resting potential. This is called repolarization of the membrane.静息电位resting potentialThe difference in electrical potential across the membrane of an undisturbed cell, having a positive sign on the outside surface and a negative sign in the interior.跳跃传导salutatory conductionConduction of a nerve impulse down a myelinated nerve fiber by skipping from node to node.单纯扩散simple diffusionDiffusion means simply movement through the membrane caused by random motion of the molecules of the substances, moving either through cell membrane pores or through the lipid matrix of the membrane.钠-钾泵sodium-potassium pumpThe sodium-potassium pump is responsible for the coupled active transport of Na せ out of cells and Kせ into cells. Sodium-potassium pump is also an adenosine triphosphatase, an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to adenosine diphosphate (ADP).凝集agglutinationDuring blood transfusion, the red blood cells aggregated together in clumps which were sufficiently large to block minor blood vessels. This clumping is known as agglutination.血液凝固blood coagulationThe coagulation system consists of cofactors and a series of zymogens which sequentially activate one another, leading to formation of fibrin at a site of vascular injury.血型blood groupBlood groups are system of genetically determined antigenic substances on the membrane of red blood cells.血压blood pressureBlood pressure means the force exerted by the blood against any unit area of the vessel wall.交叉配血cross-match testSerum from recipient is tested against the donor's cells, and serum from donor is tested against the recipient's cells, this test is called cross-matching test.红细胞沉降率erythrocyte sedimentation rateWhen blood to which an anticoagulant has been added stands in a narrow tube, the red cells gradually sediment, leaving a clear zone of plasma above. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate is measured as the length to column of clear plasma after one hour.红细胞生成素erythropoietinErythropoietin is a hormone secreted by the kidneys which stimulates hemoglobin synthesis and erythropoiesis.纤维蛋白溶解fibrinolysisIn many cases fibrin within blood vessels is rapidly dissolved to restore thefluidity of the blood, and in others the fibrin becomes hyalinized or is removed by phagocytes and replaced by connective tissue. The process of liquefaction of fibrin is known as fibrinolysis.血红蛋白hemoglobinHemoglobin is a chromoprotein found in the red blood cells and having a great affinity for oxygen.自动节律性autorhythmicityAutorhythmicity is the ability to initiate its own beat. Many cardiac tissues are found to have autorhythmicity, for example sinoatrial node, intraventricular tracts and Purkinje cells. In addition to the cardiac tissue, the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract has also autorhythmicity.容量血管capacitance vesselsThe veins have wide lumen and contain a greater volume of blood than any other section of the circulation does, thus the veins are referred to as the capacitance vessels.心动周期cardiac cycleThe cardiac events that occur from the beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of the next are called a cardiac cycle . Cardiac cycle is composed of two periods: systole and diastole.心指数cardiac indexCardiac index is the cardiac output per square meter of body surface area.心输出量cardiac outputThe product of the frequency of pumping (heart rate) and the stroke volume is the cardiac output; it is also called minute volume.心力储备cardiac reserveThe ability of the heart to adapt need of organism for expelling a larger quantity of blood above the basal level.心血管中枢cardiovascular centerThe cardiovascular centers are responsible for integration of sensory information and subsequent modification of efferent autonomic nerve activity to the heart and blood vessels.中心静脉压central venous pressureThe venous pressure as measured at the right atrium.代偿间歇compensatory pauseThe pause between the extra beat and the next normal beat is slightly longer than the usual beat interval, which is called compensatory pause.舒张压diastolic pressureDiastolic pressure is the lowest blood pressure in an artery during the diastole of the heart.有效不应期effective refractory periodThe duration from the beginning of phase 0 to -60mV of repolarization fails to produce action potential to any stimulus, no matter how strong. This duration is called ERP. In the ERP, the excitability is almost zero.射血分数ejection fractionThe proportion of the end-diastolic volume that is ejected (i.e. stroke volume/end diastolic volume).心电图electrocardiogramThe synchronized depolarizations spreading through the heart cause currents that establish field potential, whose differences can be amplified and detected by electrodes placed on the body surface. The record produced is called electrocardiogram.交换血管exchange vesselThe capillaries are tubes formed by a single layer of endothelial cells,. They create a very large area where the material exchanges between blood and the tissue cells take place.心音heart soundWhen the valves close, the vanes of the valves and the surrounding fluids vibrate under the influence of the sudden pressure differentials that develop, giving off sound that travels in all directions through the chest. These sounds are called heart sounds.异常自身调节heterometric autoregulationRegulation of cardiac output as a result of changes in cardiac muscle fiber length is called heterometric regulation.平均动脉压mean arterial pressureThe mean arterial blood pressure is the pressure in the arteries, average over time.微循环microcirculationMicrocirculation is the circulation between arterioles and venules. In the microcirculation, the most purposeful function of the circulation occurs: transport of nutrients to the tissues and removal of cellular excreta.起搏点pacemakerThe automatic cells that ordinarily fire at the highest frequency which are located in the sinoatrial node, excitation of the heart normally begins in the sinoatrial (SA) node.期前收缩premature systoleWhen a second action potential is triggered at the very start of the relative refractory period, the second contraction is superimposed on the semirelaxed phase of the first contraction. This phenomenon is called premature systole.脉压pulse pressureThe pulse pressure is the difference between the systolic pressure and diastolic pressure.每搏输出量stroke volumeStroke volume is referred to the volume ejected at each contraction by one side of the heart.每搏功stroke workThe stroke work of the heart is the amount of energy that the heart converts to work during each heart beat while pumping blood into arteries.收缩压systolic pressureThe pressure rises during cardiac systole and falls during diastole. The peakpressure value reached during systole is termed the systole pressure. Usually, at rest systolic pressure of the healthy young adult is 100~120mmHg.肺泡通气量alveolar ventilationThe amount of air reaching the alveoli per minute, at rest it generally amounts to 4.2L/min.解剖无效腔anatomic dead spaceThe space in the conducing zone of the airways occupied by gas that does not exchange with blood in the pulmonary vessels, such as in the nose, pharynx, and trachea since these area is not useful the gas exchange process but instead goes to fill respiratory passages.波尔效应Bohr effectThe increased oxygen release by hemoglobin in the presence of elevated carbon dioxide levels (the effects shift the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve to the left and upward). By forming hydrogen ions, carbon dioxide loading facilitates oxygen unloading, i.e., the decrease in O2 affinity of hemoglobin when the pH of blood falls, which is closely related to the fact that deoxygenated hemoglobin (deoxyhemoglobin) binds H+ more actively than does oxyhemoglobin.顺应性complianceDistensibility, the ability of the lungs to tolerate changes in volume, a property that reflects the presence of elastic fibers. It is defined as the change in volume per unit change in pressure (△V/△P), the reciprocal of the compliance.弹性阻力elastic resistanceA term used to describe the elastic properties of the lung and chest wall; the resistance or elastance (△V/△P),the reciprocal of the compliance.机能余气量functional residual capacityIt equals to the expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume. This is the amount of air that remains in the lungs at the end of normal expiration (about 2300ml).何尔登效应Haldane effectThe increase in carbon dioxide unloading from hemoglobin in response to the combination of oxygen with hemoglobin, i.e., when oxygen binds with hemoglobin, carbon dioxide is released.补吸气量inspiratoy reserve volumeThe air inspired with a maximal inspiratoy effort in excess of the volume. i.e., the maximum extra volume of air that be inspired over and above the normal tidal volume, it is usually equal to about 3000ml.胸内压intrapleural pressureThe pressure within the pleural cavity is called intrapleural pressure.肺内压intrapulmonary pressureThe pressure within the alveoli of the lungs, also called intrapulmonary pressure.氧含量oxygen contentThe oxygen content is used to indicate how much O2 per liter of blood is attached to the hemoglobin in normal arterial blood, described as percent saturated.氧离曲线oxygen dissociation curveThe graph of the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen and the degree of hemoglobin saturation with oxygen, which has a characteristic sigmoid shape表面活性物质pulmonary surfactantA detergent-like mixture of phospholipids and lipoproteins that lowers the surface tension of water, produced by surfactant-secreting (Type-II) cells. It is a mixture of dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline (DPPC), other lipids, and proteins.肺通气pulmonary ventilationThe total amount of new air moved into the respiratory passages each minute; equal to the tidal volume times the respiratory rate. The minute respiratory volume generally amounts to 6L/min.余气量residual volumeThe air left in the lungs after a maximal expiratory effort. This volume averages about 1200 milliliters.潮气量tidal volumeThe amount of air that moves into the lungs with each inspiration (or the amount that moves out with each expiration) i.e., the volume of air inspired or expired with each normal breath; it amounts to about 500ml.肺总容量total lung capacityThe maximum volume to which the lungs can be expanded with the greatest possible effort (about 5800ml); it is equal to the vital capacity plus the residual volume.通气-血流比ventilation /perfusion ratioThe ratio of pulmonary ventilation to pulmonary blood flow for the whole lung, at rest about 0.8 (4.2 L/min ventilation divided by 5.5 L/min blood flow).吸收absorptionAbsorption is the process of transporting small molecules from the lumen of the gut into blood stream.基础代谢率basal metabolic rateThe basal metabolic rate is the metabolic rate determined under basal conditions which includes complete mental and physical relaxation in a room or a comfortable temperature and 12~14 hours after the last meal.体温body temperatureThe body temperature is often referred to core temperature. The core refers to the central area of the body, including the brain and viscera, which are maintained at a constant temperature.消化digestionDigestion is a process essential for the conversion of food into a small and simple form.能量代谢energy metabolismThe energy metabolism means the liberation, transformation and utilization of energy produced by the material metabolism in the body.胃排空gastric emptyingGastric emptying is promoted by the intense peristaltic contractions in the stomach antrum. At the same time, emptying is opposed by varying degrees of resistance tothe passage of chyme at the pylorus.胃泌素gastrinGastrin is a gut hormone secreted by the endocrine G cells in the gastric pyloric mucosa and duodenum mucosa. Gastrin is secreted in two forms, a large form called G-34, and a smaller form, G-17.调定点set pointAt a critical body core temperature, drastic changes occur in the rate of both heat loss and heat production. That is, all the temperature control mechanisms continually attempt to bring the body temperature back to this set-point level.慢波slow waveIf an electrode is inserted into a smooth muscle, it records a recurring depolarization, they are called slow waves or basic electrical rhythm (BER). Slow waves are not action potential, but show undulating changes in the resting membrane potential.出汗sweatingSweating is an active secretory process from eccrine sweat glands which are widely distributed over the surface of body.醛固酮aldosteroneAldosterone is a sodium-retaining hormone of the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone reduces sodium excretion and increases potassium excretion by the kidneys, this increasing sodium and decreasing potassium in the body.抗利尿激素antidiuretic hormoneA product of neurohypophyseal which, through its action on kidneys, promotes the conservation of body water.皮质肾单位cortical nephronThe nephrons have their glomerular located in the outer and middle portion of the renal cortex are called cortical nephrons.肾小球有效滤过压 glomerular effective filtration pressureThe effective filtration pressure of glomerular represents the sum of the hydrostatic and colloid osmotic forces that either favor or oppose filtration across the glomerular capillaries.肾小球滤过分数glomerular filtration fractionThe glomerular filtration fraction is the filtration rate as percentage of the total renal plasma flow that passes through both kidneys.球管平衡glomerulotubular balanceOne of the most basic mechanisms for controlling tubular reabsorption is the intrinsic ability of the tubules to increase their reabsorption rate in response to increased tubular inflow. This phenomenon is referred to as glomerular-tubular balance.渗透性利尿osmotic diuresisAn increase in urine flow due to excretion of an osmotic active solute.肾糖阈renal glucose thresholdWhen the plasma glucose concentration increases up to a value about 180 to 200 mg per deciliter, glucose can first be detected in the urine, this value is called therenal glucose threshold.肾素reninAn enzyme of renal origin that catalyzes the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.水利尿water diuresisThe volume of urine increases when water intake exceeds body needs, it is resulted from suppression of ADH secretion适应adaptationWhen a maintained stimulus of constant strength is applied to a receptor, the frequency of the action potential in its sensory nerve deadens over time. This phenomenon is known as adaptation.适宜刺激adequate stimulusThe stimulus that a receptor is specialized to receive and transduce. In the case of the eye, the adequate stimulus would be visible light, in the ear it would be sound waves, and so on.暗适应dark adaptationOn going from a light environment into a darker one, there is a gradual increase in sensitivity allowing dimmer lights to be seen, a mechanism known as dark adaptation.简化眼reduced eyeIf all the refractive surfaces of the eye are algebraically added together and then considered to be one single lens, the optics of the normal eye may be simplified and represented schematically as a "reduced eye".视敏度visual acuityVisual acuity is defined as the ratio of the distance of the individual from the chart to the distance at which the details of the correctly read line subtend 1'of arc.视野visual fieldThe field of vision is the area seen by an eye at a given instant. The area seen to nasal side is called the nasal field of vision, and the area seen to lateral side is called the temporal field of vision.胆碱能神经纤维cholinergic fiberA kind of neuron that liberates acetylcholine at its synaptic knobs with activity.条件反射conditioned reflexA conditioned reflex is a reflex response to a stimulus that previously elicited little or no response, acquired by repeatedly pairing to stimulate with another stimulus that normally does produce the response.去大脑僵直decerebrate rigidityWhen the brain stem is sectioned below the midlevel of the mesencephalon, the rigidity occurs in the antigravity muscles. This phenomenon is called decerebrate rigidity.脑电图electroencephalogramThe minute electrical currents spontaneously generated by neuronal activity which recorded from the scalp or directly from the cortical surface.诱发电位evoked potentialThe various discrete electrical changes in the encephalon or the spinal cord which can be produced by stimulation of sense organs or of some point along the ascending pathways to it.兴奋性突触后电位. excitatory postsynaptic potentialThe excitatory postsynaptic potential is the local postsynaptic depolarization due to release of excitatory transmitter from presynaptic terminals. EPSP brings the membrane closer to threshold and makes it more likely that an action potential will be triggered.抑制性突触后电位 inhibitory postsynaptic potentialA hyperpolarizing potential at a synapse that reduced the excitability of the postsynaptic cell.运动单位motor unitA motor axon, together with all of the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates.非特异性传导系统 nonspecific projection systemDiffuse projections from the nonspecific thalamic nuclei connecting the ascending reticular activating system to widespread areas of cortex have a role in modifying the states of consciousness which is called nonspecific projection system.突触后抑制postsynaptic inhibitionThe presynaptic neuron liberates an inhibitory transmitter increasing the permeability of the postsynaptic membrane to potassium ions and /or chloride ions thereby increasing the negativity of the postsynaptic membrane potential. In this hyperpolarized state it is difficult to stimulate.突触前抑制presynaptic inhibitionA process which reduces the amount of synaptic transmitter liberated by action potentials arriving at excitatory synaptic knobs. The neuron producing presynaptic inhibition ends on an excitatory synaptic knob.牵涉痛referred painDamage to an internal organ is commonly associated with pain or tenderness not in the organ but in some skin region sharing the same segmental innervation. This phenomenon is called referred pain.第二信使second messengerA small, diffusible molecule produced when a hormone combines with a cell membrane receptor and which carries the message to the inside of the cell.特异性传导系统specific projection systemThe specific sensory projection system uses relatively direct pathways through specific thalamic nuclei to restricted cortical regions.脊休克spinal shockComplete transection of the spinal cord results in the immediate paralysis and loss of sensation in all body regions innervated by spinal cord segments below the lesion, this phenomenon is called spinal shock.牵张反射stretch reflexWhen a skeletal muscle with an intact nerve supply is stretched, the muscle being stretched contracts. This is a monosynaptic reflex called the stretch reflex.非条件反射unconditioned reflexA fixed reflex whose mechanism may be supposed to be inherited as its functioning does not depend on previous experience.激素hormoneA hormone can be defined as a chemical substance (a compound), which is synthesized and secreted by a specific cell type. It is generally transported in the circulation and at very low concentrations elicits a specific response in target tissues affecting the activities of cells in another portion of the body.胰岛素insulinA hormone secreted by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets; causes a reduction in plasma glucose concentrations. Insulin lowers blood glucose mainly by facilitating glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue and by inhibiting hepatic glucose output.甲状腺激素thyroid hormoneThe thyroid hormone is referred to thyroxine and triiodothyronine which increase the rate of chemical reactions in almost all cells of the body, thus increasing the general level of body metabolism.欢迎您的下载，资料仅供参考！致力为企业和个人提供合同协议，策划案计划书，学习资料等等打造全网一站式需求。