专四练习之语法2(非谓语动词,独立结构、悬垂结构)解读
专四语法2：非谓语动词
I intended to have come to see you. (我本打 算来看你的) He was to have fetched you here．他本该去 把你带来的。 She has to have passed Advanced Level in two subjects before she goes to university. (必先通过……，才能) You are lucky to have won the girl’s heart．(You have won．．．)
The Clarks haven't decided yet which hotel____. (1998--49) A. to stay B. is to stay C. to stay at D. is for staying
答案：C
不定式的特殊句型
1. such as to, such…as to, so…as to表程度 His story was such as to deceive everyone. It was such an accident as to claim 20 lives. Who could be so mean as to do a thing like that?
I _____ writing the paper as scheduled, but my mother's illness interfered. I hope you will excuse me. (1993--54) A. am to have finished B. was to have finished C. was to finish D. ought to finish 答案：B
专四语法(非谓语动词)解读
(4) 不定式的逻辑主语一般由介词for引导,但下列表 示人的性格行为特征的形容词做表语时, 不定式的 逻辑主语则由of引导： absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind, thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel, selfish, lazy, wicked, wrong。如： Experts say walking is one of the best ways for a person to stay healthy. It’s clever of you to have invented such a device.
• 真题示例：“The man preparing the documents is the firm’s lawyer” has all the following possible meanings EXCEPT • A. the man who has prepared the documents • B. the man who has been preparing the documents. • C. the man who is preparing the documents • D. the man who will prepare the documents
真题演练
• 1. It is not uncommon for there ____ problem of communication between the old and the young. • A. being B. would be C. be D. to be • 2. _____ at in his way, the situation doesn’t seem so desperate. • A. Looking B. Looked • C. Being looked D. To look • 3. There are only ten apples left in the baskets, ___ the spoil ones. • A. not counting B. not to count • C. don’t count D. having not counted
英语专业四级语法精讲【经典推荐】
6）条件状语从句 常用来引导条件状语从句的关联词有if， unless（除非），when（如果），suppose， supposing，given that（假定，给出）， on condition that，as／so long as等。 You will succeed in the end unless you give up halfway． “So long as we don't understand it too well, every other language is poetry”
5）结果状语从句 引导结果状语从句的连词有：that，so that（从句 中不带情态动词），so…that（如此……以 致……），such…that…（如此……以致……）。 We left in such a hurry that we forgot to lock the door. （such是形容词，后接名词短语） The village is so small that it cannot be shown in the map. （so是副词，后接形容词或副 词短语）
When /while When 表示“当… 的时候”，指的是一个时间点 （段）的动作；while表示“在… 的同时”，只能 表示持续性的动作或状态，不能表示一段时间的或 短暂的动作。 While Tom was reading, Jack was writing. When he finished his speech, the audience burst into applause.
1）时间状语从句 常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, since , till, until 特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, every time, immediately, no sooner … than…, hardly/ scarcely…when A good storyteller must be able to hold his listeners‘ curiosity until her reaches the end of the story． He made a mistake，but then he corrected the situation before it got worse． I gave her the money you owed her the moment I saw her． No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.
四级语法讲座2：非谓语动词
分词作状语与独立主格结构
要注意区分分词作状语与独立主格结构，前者的逻辑 主语是与句子的主语是一致的，而后者有自己的主语， 即分词的前面有名词/代词，否则句子的意义就不通。 如： Getting dark, I left in a hurry. 这是个错句。正确的形式是在分词前加上它的主语it. 再如： Stepping on the platform, the audience gave John a thunderous applause. 这个句子的真正意思是想说：当John登上舞台的时候， 观众爆发出雷鸣般的掌声。正确的说法应是： Stepping on the platform, John received/was given a thunderous applause.
语态
1. Sir Denis, who is 78, has made it known that much of his collection ______to the nation. （96/6/24） 【D】 A) has left B) is to leave C) leaves D) is to be left 2. If I correct someone, I will do it with as much good humor and self--restraint as if I were the one ______. 【D】 （96/6/28） A) to correct B) correcting C) having corrected D) being corrected 3. Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it ______ in 【B】 Cuba. （00/1/45） A) having cultivated B) being cultivated C) been cultivated D) cultivating
悬垂结构 独立主格结构分析解析
The agency reate regulations, it has succeeded in reducing industrial pollution to acceptable levels
Other Frequently Tested Dangling Modifiers
Practice: 坦白讲，他没有你想像中的坏。 Frankly speaking, he is not so bad as you might think.
B. V-ing + 介词 如：judging from(从…上判断)，talking/speaking of(谈到 …)，allowing for(=considering考虑到) 1)考虑到他的年龄，他已经做得很好。
D
悬 垂 结 构 Dangling Modifiers
While walking on a clear day, the mountains give him a sense of infinite peace.
定义：悬垂结构主要是指现在分词(V-ing)或过去分词(V-ed)在
句子里作状语时，其逻辑主语(动作的发出者)从语法的要求来 看，必须是句子的主语；但如果该主语和现在分词或过去分词 在逻辑上又没有联系，那么现在分词或过去分词就变成了一个
3) 从他的口音判断，他一定是来自英国。
2)说到英语写作，我有一个很好的导师。
Judging from his accent ________________________________, he must be from Britain.
• C. V-ing/V.-ed + 从句 Assuming/supposing / supposed that + 从句 = if + 从句 providing / provided that 从句 = if + 从句 granting / granted that 从句 = although + 从句 考虑到 Considering / given that 从句
非谓语动词(二) 结构用法辨析 易错易考点 Thi i th b t t k t
非谓语动词（二）结构用法辨析易错易考点一、同类用法辨析结构用法辨析、易错易考点定语、状语二、易错、易考点独立主格结构非谓语动词作定语：Thi i th b t t k t thi bl This is the best way to work out this problem. He had no money and no place to live (in).y p() The castle being built now is for the king. Things lost never come again!注意三种关系：主谓动宾偏正关系注意三种关系：主谓、动宾、偏正关系to doto do 作定语：1. 不定式与被修饰的词有逻辑上的主谓关系This is the best way to work out this problem.（2007，全国I卷）The last one _____ pays the meal.A. arrivedB. arrivesC. to arriveD. arrivingto do 作定语：2.不定式与被修饰的词有逻辑上的动宾关系(2010,山东卷)I have a lot of readings_____before the end of this term.pletingB.to completepletedD.being completedto do 作定语：3. 偏正关系被修饰的词与不定式之间有偏关系，即不定式起说明的作用His failure to attain his goal made him quite disappointed.His failure to attain his goal made him quite disappointed.ability, tendency, resolution, determination, ambition, attempt, desire, effort, failure, refusal, promise,,,p(2011,湖南卷) The ability ______an idea is as important as the idea itself.y______pA. expressingB. expressedC. to expressD. to be expressed1(2010,四川卷)In many people’s opinion，that company，though relatively small，is pleasant ______ ．to deal with B dealing withA．to deal with B．dealing withC．to be dealt with D．dealt withHave you got anything to do this afternoon?Have you got anything to be done this afternoon?（2009，山东卷）We are invited to a party_____in our club next Friday.A t b h ldB h ldA.to be heldB.heldC.being heldD.holding(2010,陕西卷）The first book ______ next month is based on a true story.A publishedB to be publishedA. publishedB. to be publishedC. publishD. being publisheddoing ：(2010,上海春季卷)The report indicated that 45% of students were in jobs not ______ specific qualifications.A．requiring B．to be requiredC．being required D．to have required非谓语动词作状语(2010,上海春季卷) ______ as an Olympic event, a sport must be played in at least75countries on at least4continentsleast 75 countries on at least 4 continents.A．To accept B．Having acceptedTo be accepted DC．To be accepted D．Accepting(2011Simon made a big bamboo box the little sick bird till it (2011,四川卷）Simon made a big bamboo box______ the little sick bird till it could fly.A.keepB.keptC.keepingD.to keepA. keepB. keptC. keepingD. to keep (2010,天津卷)It rained heavily in the south，______serious flooding in several provinces.A. causedB. having causedC. causingD. to causeg gdone:(2011川卷）i l i i A d h(2011,四川卷）_____ an important role in a new movie, Andy has got a chance to become famous.A. OfferB. OfferingC. OfferedD. To offer2（2010，陕西卷）_______ from the top of the tower, the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees.A. SeenB. SeeingC. Having seenD. To see(2009,江西卷）_______ the right kind of training, these teenage soccer players may one day grew the international stars.A. GivingB. Having givenC. To giveD. Given 二、易错易考点：独立主格结构Such an able man to help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later. Many eyes watching him, he felt a bit nervous.The book written in simple English, English beginners were able to read it.+d i/d名词（代词）+ doing/ done+ adj.d+ adv.+ to do介+ 介词短语with/without +名词（代词) +宾补(2009,海南卷) Now that we’ve discussed out problem, are people happy with the decisions_____?A t kiB t kC t kD t t kA. takingB. takeC. takenD. to take（宁卷）2012，辽宁卷）The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog them.A t f llB f ll iA. to followB. followingC. followedD. follows 一、同类用法辨析、同类用法辨析定语状语二、易错、易考点独立主格结构3。
专四语法及练习非谓语动词
(2)so…as to, such…as to, enough…to, too…to结构做程度状语。如： The solution works only for couples who are self-employed, don’t have small children and get along well enough to spend most of their time together. The vocabulary and grammatical differences between British and American English are so trivial and few as hardly to be noticed.
(4)表示方式、原因、时间、机会、权利等名词 用不定式做定语，这些名词包括： way, method, reason, time, place, chance, occasion, opportunity, evidence, power, right, movement, drive (运动)，effort等。 如：I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time to catch the last bus. We appreciate your efforts to bring about a comprehensive solution to the existing problem.
(3)不定式做结果状语只能出现在句子的末尾，表示不
愉快的结果，有时用only加强语气。 常见的不定式动词有find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce等。如： Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door, only to find it locked. The three men tried many times to sneak across the border into the neighbouring country, only to be captured by the police each time.(99年) (4)not/never too… to, too… not to, but/only too…to, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意义。如： I am only too pleased to hear from you further. 能 再听到你的消息，我太高兴了。
大学英语四级语法指导详解
大学英语四级语法指导详解大学英语四级语法指导详解大学英语四级语法指导(1)非谓语动词与独立主格：短语，句子(或者句子，短语)当短语部分有独立主语，并且该主语不同于句子主语，这时短语结构称为独立主格。
(它最明显的特点是短语部分有独立的主语)。
独立主格的结构1：名词(代词)+ 分词 [现在分词、过去分词]现在分词表示主动的，正在进行的行为;过去分词表示被动的，已经完成的行为。
作题时要通过判断动作与名词(代词)之间的关系来确定是使用现在分词还是过去分词。
当动作由名词(代词)发出时使用现在分词，而名词(代词)是受动者时则用过去分词。
1. Silver is the best conductor of electricity， copper _B_ it closely.A followedB followingC to followD being followed2. All things _A_， the planned trip will have to be called off.A consideredB be consideredC consideringD having consideredcall off 取消; cancel vt. 取消; 四级中的考点就是现在分词和过去分词的区别。
独立主格的结构2：with + 名词(代词)+ 分词 [句子当中作状语]3. After the Arab states won independence， great emphasis was laid on expanding education， with girls as well as boys _C_ to go to school.A to be encouragedB been encouragedC being encouragedD be encouragedas well as 和(相当于and); be encouraged不会考。
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2. 非谓语动词作宾语
1.to do 和doing可作宾语，done不行 To do 表未完成或未发生，doing表已完成或已 发生。 1）接to do的动词：afford/agree/aim/apply arrange/ ask/ beg/ choose/ claim/ dare/ decide/ decline/ demand/ desire/ determine/ expect/ fail/ guarantee/ hope/ manage/ offer/ ought / plan/ prepare/ presume/ pretend/ proceed/ promise/ refuse/ request/ resolve/ seek/ strive/ swear/ threaten/ undertake/ volunteer/ wish 等
3.非谓语动词作补语的要点提示
1. 现在分词表动作正在进行， 过去分词表被动， 不定式表动作已完成或结束 2.补语如果是非持续性动词，不定式表 一次性的动作，现在分词则表示反复发 生的动作。
I. 非谓语动词
非谓语动词也称为动词的非限定式，主要有不 定式，v+ing, v+ed三种形式 非谓语动词有双重性质，既有动词的特点， （有时态、语态的变化，能被状语修饰，也有 自己的宾语。）又有非动词的特点（替代名词 或形容词。） 非谓语动词的语法成份：在句中可作非谓语之 外的其他各种成份，如主语，表语，补语，宾 语，定语和状语。
2）接doing的动词 Admit/acknowledge/ advise/ advocate/ allow/ anticipate/ appreciate/ avoid/ can’t help/ complete/ confess/ consider/ defer/ delay/ deny/ endure/ enjoy/ escape/ excuse/ fancy/ favor/ finish/ forbid/ grudge/ imagine/ include/ involve/ justify/ mention/ mind/ miss/ pardon/ postpone/ practise / prevent /quit/ recall/ report/ require/ resist/resume/ risk/ stand/ suggest/ understand等
3) +doing, +to do 都可以的动词，一般无区别 Attempt, begin, can’t bear, deserve, continue, dread, hate, intend, like, loathe, love, need, neglect, omit, plan, prefer, require, start等， （P246章） 如上述动词为进行体，后则接不定式。 I’m starting to work/ it’s beginning to rain. 上述动词中need/want/require/deserve doing 表示被动。
4） +doing, +to do 都可以的动词，意 思完全不同(P247章) Forget, go on, leave off, mean, regret, remember, stop Mean doing 意味着 Mean to do 打算… Regret to do/ doing
3.如果主语和表语都是非谓语动词，两 者应保持同样的形式，或同为不定式， 或同为动名词。 A is to B what C is to D. 水对鱼就象空气对人一样重要。
Water is to fish what air is to man.
真题演练(2001)
———— is not a serious disadvantage in life. A. to be not tall B. not to be tall C. being not tall D. not being tall D. 在BD两项中选一项
非谓语动词作状语的用法的比较是此类 语法考试的最重要的项目，非谓语动词 作宾语也是主要的考试内容。
1. 非谓语动词作主语
1. to do 和doing,可以作主语，含义不同， to do 强调结果（一般指具体或一次性的 动作），doing强调进程（一般或抽象的 多次动作），分词形式不能作主语。
5）不定式同疑问词一起作宾语（v.+疑 问词+to do)时常用的动词包括： Consider/ decide/ know/ explain /forget/ learn/ remember/ tell/ wonder
真题演练（1993）
I never regretted_______ the offer, for it was not where my interest lay. A. not to accept B. not having accepted C. having not accepted D. not accepting D.我从不后悔没有接受那个提议，因为那并非 我的兴趣所以。B的表达包括了时间概念，而 该题并没有强调事件发生的先后顺序，没有时 态要求。