国际机构

Report on International InstitutionsPrepared for:Xie TianziCandidate name: Peng ZiweiGrade and Class: International business Class 6 Student Number: 20125644word count : 3,251 wordsTable of Contents1.0 Introduction (3)2.0 IMF2.1 Background of establishment (3)2.2 Basic informations (3)2.3 Aims (4)2.4 Influences (5)3.0 OECD3.1 Background of establishment (6)3.2 Basic informations (7)3.3 Aims (7)3.4 Influences (8)4.0 Conclusion (10)5.0 Reference (11)6.0 Acknowledgment (12)7.0 Appendices (13)1.0 IntroductionThis report mainly wrote the related information of International Monetary Fund (IMF) and Organisation for Economic co-operation and Development (OECD) such as the background for establishment and reasons, the basic information about the two institutions and aims IMF and OECD. Besides, this report also wrote about the influences of these two institutions to the World Economy and Global Trade. The positive and negative effects of IMF and OECD also described in this report either.2.0 IMF2.1 Background of establishmentDuring the Great Depression of the 1930s, countries attempted to shore up their failing economies by sharply raising barriers to foreign trade. World trade declined sharply, and employment and living standards plummeted in many countries.Facing this situation,the IMF was conceived in July 1944, when representatives of 45 countries meeting in the town of Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, in the northeastern United States, agreed on a framework for international economic cooperation, to be established after the Second World War. They believed that such a framework was necessary to avoid a repetition of the disastrous economic policies that had contributed to the Great Depression.The IMF came into formal existence in December 1945, when its first 29 member countries signed its Articles of Agreement. It began operations on March 1, 1947.The IMF is charged with overseeing the international monetary system to ensure exchange rate stability and encouraging members to eliminate exchange restrictions that hinder trade.2.2 Basic informationsIMF was established in March 1946. To start working on March 1, 1947, and becoming a United Nations specialized agency on November 15, 1947. The IMF is aself-described "organization , working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around th e world.”The organization's objectives can be summarized as: to promote international economic co-operation, international trade, employment, and exchange rate stability, including by making financial resources available to member countries to meet balance of payments needs. Its headquarters are in Washington, D.C., United States. The IMF has a management team and 17 departments that carry out its country, policy, analytical, and technical work. The Board of Governors, the highest decision-making body of the IMF, consists of one governor and one alternate governor for each member country. ●Current membership: 188 countries●Staff: approximately 2,635 from 143 countries●Total Quotas: $338 billion (as of 9/30/07)●Loans outstanding: $17 billion to 68 countries, of which $6 billion to 57 onconcessional terms (as of 9/30/07)●Technical Assistance provided: 438.4 person years during FY2007●Surveillance consultations concluded: 134 countries during FY2007, of which125 voluntarily published information on their consultation.2.3 AimsWhen IMF was established, the initial aim is to promote international monetary cooperation and exchange.Upon initial IMF formation, its two primary functions were: to oversee the fixed exchange rate arrangements between countries, thus helping national governments manage their exchange rates and allowing these governments to prioritise economic growth, and to provide short-term capital to aid balance-of-payments. This assistance was meant to prevent the spread of international economic crises. The Fund was also intended to help mend the pieces of the international economy post the Great Depression and World War II.Now the IMF's primary purpose is to stabilize the international exchange rates, toremove the exchange controls in world trade, to promote the international cooperation in currency issues and to provide short-term loans to member countries that need foreign exchange funds to solve balance of payments deficit.What’s more, the IMF works to promote global growth and economic stability—and thereby prevent economic crisis—by encouraging countries to adopt sound economic policies, such as the system of surveillance consultions, technical assistance and training. The IMF also makes financing (short loans) temporarily available to member countries to help them address balance of payments problems and help in recovery —that is, when they find themselves short of foreign exchange because their payments to other countries exceed their foreign exchange earnings. The IMF is also actively working to reduce poverty in countries around the globe, independently and in collaboration with other organizations and assisting in the establishment of a multilateral system of payments. (appendix 1)2.4 InfluencesWorld EconomyPositive: a.The mission of the international monetary fund is for the serious economic difficulties' countries, to provide assistance. It contributed to promote thesmooth running of world economy.b.When a country joins the IMF, it agrees to subject its economic andfinancial policies to the scrutiny of the international community. It alsomakes a commitment to pursue policies that are conducive to orderlyeconomic growth and reasonable price stability, to avoid manipulatingexchange rates for unfair competitive advantage, and to provide the IMFwith data about its economy.Negative: a.According to economic power, means the IMF members voice and voting rights. This is opposite to the basic all of international law. It under causeda lot of countries, especially in developing countries' discontented. It is notconducive to the smooth development of world economy.b.In the IMF, these member countries have unequal status. Big countrieshave more rights and IMF would provide first aid when they are in trouble.But the poor countries are opposite. It will caused that bigger gap betweenthe rich and poor.World Economy imbalanced develop.Global TradePositive: a.At the IMF, the developing countries can get developedcountries’Surveillance. Developing countries have more opportunitiesto follow global trade steps.b.The IMF is establishing a series of topical trust funds, covering suchtopics as anti-money laundering,combating the financing of terrorism,public financial management, statistics and data provision, and financialsector stability and development. Thess can insure the development ofglobal trade.Negative: a.The IMF's voting rights mainly lies in the hands of the United States, the European Union and Japan. The developing countries has lessrights to get what they want which easy caused global tradedevelopment is not balanced.b.Some countries like Egypt have difficulties in economy, to obtain keyloan from the IMF. But IMF refused, this may lead to the government toseek emergency funding to avoid economic collapse and caused worseeconomic crisis. The product in Egypt cannot export which influencedon global trade running.3.0 OECD3.1 Background of establishmentThe OECD, founded in 1961, replaced the organization for European economic cooperation. Put forward in the formation of convention: the organisation for economic co-operation and development should be committed to its members and other countries in the process of economic development, stable economic expansion to provide help, and on the basis of the polygon and non-discriminatory andcontribute to world trade growth.Its predecessor was founded in 1948, the European economic association (OEEC), the group set up the aim is to help perform after the second world war, the reconstruction of the Marshall plan in Europe.Its members gradually expanded to the European countries, in 1961 and renamed Maldives.3.2 Basic informationsOECD is the world's 30 market economy countries inter-governmental international Economic cooperation organization, the Paris-based Chateau DE la Muette. The organisation for Economic co-operation and development the predecessor is the Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC), founded on April 16, 1948. There are currently 34 member countries span the globe, from North and South America to Europe and the Asia-Pacific region. Twenty-four of these were described as high-income countries by the World Bankin 2003. Headquarters : Paris, France●Membership: 34 countries●Budget: US$510 million●Secretary-General :Angel Gurría●Secretariat staff : 2 500●Publications : 250 new titles/year3.3 AimsThe initial aim of OECD is to promote policies that will improve the economic and social well-being of people around the world. They never changed but for their aims, they give new meaning to adapt of the development of times and needs.The OECD provides a forum in which governments can work together to shareexperiences and seek solutions to common problems. We work with governmentsto understand what drives economic, social and environmental change. What’s more, to promote the sustained economic growth and the improvement of living standards and employment level of member countries, while maintaining financial stability and contributing to the development of the world economy, to assist member States and other countries in the economic development process to maintain a healthy pace of economic growth and to promote the development of world trade on the basis of multilateral and equality is also they want to achieve.As the OECD turns 50, they are focusing on one aim is helping governments in member countries and elsewhere in four main areas:∙First and foremost, helping governments restore confidence in markets and the institutions and companies that make them function. That will require improved regulation and more effective governance at all levels of political and business life.∙Secondly, encouraging governments must re-establish healthy public finances as a basis for future sustainable economic growth.∙In parallel, looking for ways to foster and support new sources of growth through innovation, environmentally friendly ‘green growth’ strategies and the development of emerging economies.Finally, to underpin innovation and growth, to ensure that people of all ages can develop the skills to work productively and satisfyingly in the jobs of tomorrow.(appendix 2)∙3.4 InfluencesWorld EconomyPositive: a.Over time, OECD’s focus has broadened to include extensive contacts with non-member economies and it now maintains co-operative relationswith more than 70 of them.It contributed to promote the communication anddevelopment of the world economy.b. Regional initiatives cover Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia; Asia;Latin America; the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). The Sahel andWest Africa Club creates, promotes and facilitates links between OECDcountries and West Africa.It will be conducive to the economic developmentin developing countries, and narrow the gap between rich countries andpoor countries.Negative:a.European international dominate in the OECD, will bring more opportunities for European countries, to promote their economicdevelopment.But overlooked some poor countries, leading to a wideninggap between the rich and poor.b. From 2011 to 2012, the OECD's 34 member countries average lifesatisfaction has fallen slightly because a member country's debt crisiscould affect the entire organization. It caused the economic haveinfluenced and the unemployment rate will increased. Peoplehave low passion for work.(appendix 3)Global TradePositive: a.OECD has official relations with other international organisations and bodies, such as the International Labour Organization,InternationalMonetary Fund, and many other United Nations bodies. OECD alsoco-ordinates with the International Transport Forum, an independentbody linked to OECD that deals with issues of improvement of all formsof transport. With them help the global trade become faster andconvenient.b.The OECD also maintains close relationship with parliamentarians,notably through its long-standing links with the Council of EuropeParliamentary Assembly, and with the NATO ParliamentaryAssembly. Europe is a important economy area especially. With themsupport and cooperate can insure the development of global trade.Negative: a.Brazil, China, India, Indonesia is not OECD’s member countries.OECD is lack of develo ping countries’ participate. They are overlookthe voice from developing countries easily.Developing countries needmore opportunities to develop trade. But OECD’s action is slow downthe process of global trade development.b.Some countries like Egypt have difficulties in economy, to obtain keyloan from the IMF. But IMF refused, this may lead to the government toseek emergency funding to avoid economic collapse and caused worseeconomic crisis. The product in Egypt cannot export which influencedon global trade running.4.0 ConclusionThe International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an organization of 188 countries, working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world.OECD is an international economic organization consists of 30 market economy countries. They joint together to challenge the issues of economic, social and governance that globalization is bringing, and also to seize the opportunities brought by globalization.These two countries have many influences in our future development.We must play their positive role and reduce their negative effect for the world economic and trade development to make efforts.5.0 ReferenceBoughton, J. M. Silent Revolution: The International Monetary Fund 1979–1989, Washington D.C., 2001."About the IMF". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 12 March 2012.Buira, Ariel. "An Analysis of IMF Conditionality". G-24 Discussion Papers. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 2003 (22)./"Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development". . Retrieved 2013-05-30."The Economic Cooperation Authority". . Retrieved 2013-05-30./6.0 AcknowledgmentFirst and foremost, I would like to show my deepest gratitude to my tutor, Miss.Xie, a young beautiful teacher, who has provided me with valuable guidance in every stage of the writing of this thesis. Without her guidance and patience, I could not have completed my thesis. I shall extend my thanks to her kindness and help.I would also like to thank all my teachers who have helped me to develop the fundamental and essential academic competence.Last but not least, I' d like to thank all my friends, especially my three lovely roommates, for their encouragement and support.7.0 Appendicesappendix 1When a country joins the IMF, it agrees to subject its economic and financial policies to the scrutiny of the international community. It also makes a commitment to pursue policies that are conducive to orderly economic growth and reasonable price stability, to avoid manipulating exchange rates for unfair competitive advantage, and to provide the IMF with data about its economy. The IMF's regular monitoring of economies and associated provision of policy advice is intended to identify weaknesses that are causing or could lead to financial or economic instability. This process is known assurveillance.Country surveillanceCountry surveillance is an ongoing process that culminates in regular (usually annual) comprehensive consultations with individual member countries, with discussions in between as needed. The consultations are known as "Article IV consultations" because they are required by Article IV of the IMF's Articles of Agreement. During an Article IV consultation, an IMF team of economists visits a country to assess economic and financial developments and discuss the country's economic and financial policies with government and central bank officials. IMF staff missions also often meet with parliamentarians and representatives of business, labor unions, and civil society.The team reports its findings to IMF management and then presents them for discussion to the Executive Board, which represents all of the IMF's member countries. A summary of the Board's views is subsequently transmitted to the country's government. In this way, the views of the global community and the lessons of international experience are brought to bear on national policies.Summaries of most discussions are released in Press Releases and are posted on the IMF's web site, as are most of the country reports prepared by the staff.Regional surveillanceRegional surveillance involves examination by the IMF of policies pursued under currency unions—including the euro area, the West African Economic and Monetary Union, the Central African Economic and Monetary Community, and the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union. Regional economic outlook reports are also prepared to discuss economic developments and key policy issues in Asia Pacific, Europe, Middle East and Central Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and the Western Hemisphere.Global surveillanceGlobal surveillance entails reviews by the IMF's Executive Board of global economic trends and developments. The main reviews are based on the World Economic Outlook reports, the Global Financial Stability Report, which covers developments, prospects, and policy issues in international financial markets, and the Fiscal Monitor, which analyzes the latest developments in public finance. All three reports are published twice a year, with updates beingprovided on a quarterly basis. In addition, the Executive Board holds more frequent informal discussions on world economic and market developments.appendix 2The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)Our missionThe mission of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is to promote policies that will improve the economic and social well-being of people around the world.The OECD provides a forum in which governments can work together to share experiences and seek solutions to common problems. We work with governments to understand what drives economic, social and environmental change. We measure productivity and global flows of trade and investment. We analyse and compare data to predict future trends. We set international standards on a wide range of things, from agriculture and tax to the safety of chemicals.We also look at issues that directly affect everyone’s daily life, like how much people pay in taxes and social security, and how much leisure time they can take. We compare how different countries’ school systems are readying their young people for modern life, and how different countries’ pension systems will look after their citizens in old age.Drawing on facts and real-life experience, we recommend policies designed to improve the quality of people's lives. We work with business, through the Business and Industry Advisory Committee to the OECD, and with labour, through the Trade Union Advisory Committee. We have active contacts as well with other civil society organisations. The common thread of our work is a shared commitment to market economies backed by democratic institutions and focused on the wellbeing of all citizens. Along the way, we also set out to make life harder for the terrorists, tax dodgers, crooked businessmen and others whose actions undermine a fair and open society.OECD at 50 and beyondAs the OECD turns 50, we are focusing on helping governments in our member countries and elsewhere in four main areas:First and foremost, governments need to restore confidence in markets and the institutions and companies that make them function. That will require improved regulation and more effective governance at all levels of political and businesslife.∙Secondly, governments must re-establish healthy public finances as a basis for future sustainable economic growth.∙In parallel, we are looking for ways to foster and support new sources of growth through innova tion, environmentally friendly ‘green growth’ strategies and the development of emerging economies.∙Finally, to underpin innovation and growth, we need to ensure that people of all ages can develop the skills to work productively and satisfyingly in the jobs of tomorrow.appendix 3The organisation for economic co-operation and development (OECD) recently published a new study says that the people of developed countries on their government's satisfaction more lower than before the financial crisis, and the questions about degree is improved,The euroAgainst theThe dollarBegan to weaken.From 2011 to 2012, the OECD's 34 member countries average life satisfaction has fallen slightly, but the overall score in basic keep in the same level after the collapse of lehman brothers.However, each country on the satisfaction level shows the difference.Between 2007 and 2012, titled "about life", the report foundThe GreekThe average life satisfaction decline more than 20%,SpainFell 12%,ItalyFell 10%, because they have a debt hitThe euro zoneCountries are still in high unemployment and struggling harsh fiscal austerity.At the same time,The United StatesLife satisfaction decline slightly slower speed, four years as of 2012 fell 7%.Germany, Israel,Mexico、RussiaLife satisfaction increased and Sweden.OECD countries satisfaction assessment based on the group think for 11 people's happiness is the most important factors, including health, education, income, and the overall satisfaction of life.Citizens against the government and institutions of trust also fell, especially in the euro zone countries, trust in these countries, the proportion of government in the five years fell by 10% in 2012.。