Risiko Mindestlohn
今敏汇总

图兰!!塑坌垩型:里奎墨苎丝里室图75今敏第八章今敏第一节新生代再上一层楼今敏以漫画家身份出道,27岁进入动画业,34岁开始做监督,至今只完成了四部作品:电影《未麻的部屋》《千年女优》《东京教父》和最新的13集电视长篇《妄想代理人》。
每一部新作面世,都引起了动画界的震动。
第一部主创第二部执导的动画电影《千年女优》就和动画大师宫崎骏的《千与千寻》一起并列获第五回文化厅Media艺术祭Animation部门大赏受赏作品(年度最佳动画),此外还有第六次Fantasia映画展最优秀动画作品奖、艺术革新奖、第33回OrientExpressAward最优秀亚洲映画作品赏受赏、泛亚电影节最佳动画奖,并在加拿大与西班牙两地的奇幻影展同时得奖等等,其欧美版权已由史蒂芬史匹柏的“梦工厂”买下,这是“梦工厂”破例首次购买日本动画影片的版权。
他,堪称当今日本年轻一代最受瞩目的动画人——今敏。
到今天,日本动画的技术已是无所不能,各路大师在此基础上建构了自己的动画世界:押井守在虚拟与现实间寻找身份界定;宫崎骏在童话的梦幻国度抒发人文关怀;大友克洋追求浩瀚的视野……只有今敏,在他的作品里,合弃了精致画功、奇特场面等最易赢得掌声的技巧,在叙事上下工夫,制作出了一部部震撼心灵的动画。
在林立的具有强烈个人风格的动画大师们中,只有找到自己独特的风格特色,才能开拓一片自己的动画天地,无疑今敏渐渐在不断尝试中做到了这一点。
在手法上,令人眼花缭乱的蒙太奇处理时空的交错和变换,掺入混乱的倒叙、插叙,镜头的运用和剪接具有鲜明的电影特色,但是同时又充分地发挥了动画梦幻式展现的特色。
在内容上,有别于当今主流里童话、科幻、古装剧或者卡通动画中常见的那类架空设定,今敏似乎非常偏爱现代题材,他的作品更多注重的是寻找人们在社会的各种压力下表现出的心理中压抑着的矛盾和自我的回归。
在美术上,他的口味也是似乎不合时宜地以简单写实为主,但是在他的叙事中人物的心理变化精确到了每一个表情、手势、眼神,甚至有时候要逐帧来看才能发现一些角色的动作细节,描写的细致入微。
河北省保定市2024_2025学年高一英语上学期期中试题

河北省保定市2024-2025学年高一英语上学期期中试题考生留意:1. 本试卷共150分,考试时间120分钟。
2. 请将各题答案填写在答题卡上。
其次部分阅读(共两节,满分50分)第一节(共15小题;每小题2.5分,满分37.5分)阅读下列短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
AUndiscovered Countries to VisitA world traveller who has vii ted every country under the sun thinks these unknown nations are worthy of a visit.NauruNauru is the smallest island country and the least-vii ted country in the world, with only 130 visitors in 2024. There are just two hotels on the island and driving a car on your own is the best way to get around. Visit Anibare Bay for white sandy beaches. A tourist visa (签证) is necessary and must be got by mail before you go there.TuvaluTuvalu is made up of nine islands. Just 800 people visited Tuvalu in 2024, so there are no tour guides. It’s helpful that most locals speak English and all signs are in English. Go to the Funafuti Conservation Area for swimming and watching all kinds of fish. A tourist visa is necessary but can be got on arrival in Tuvalu.Equatorial GuineaOn Africa’s west coast, Equatorial Guinea is home to the Congo rainforest, the second largest rainforest in the world with varieties of wildlife. It received 2,400 visitors in 2024. Tour guides are offered but not necessary. Explore the capital city, Malabo. Later, take a swim in clear waters on blacks and beaches. For stays of fewer than 90 days, a tourist visa is not needed.TurkmenistanCentral Asia’s Turkmenistan is on the Silk Road. It’s also the least explored, receiving just 7,000 visitors in 2024. Explore the white buildings with gold-painted roofs in the capital city, Ashgabat A touri st via is necessary and it’s one of the more challenging to get, so you must enter Turkmenistan part of a guided tour. The tour operator will secure a visa for you.21. What do visitors have to do before going to Nauru?A. Get their tourist visas.B. Order a car on the island.C. Buy beautiful swimsuits.D. Book a hotel ahead of time.22. What is special about Equatorial Guinea?A. It is made up of many islands.B. There are white breaches there.C. A tourist visa is not needed at all.D. It is rich in trees and different wildlife.23. Where do visitors have to travel with tour guides?A. Nauru.B. Tuvalu.C. Turkmenistan.D. Equatorial Guinea.BSeni Felic has already lived through a crisis (危机). He came to America in 1994, escaping from the war in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. He was 29 years old at the time and alone.These days, he owns a restaurant in San Francisco called Bistro SF Grill, and he is feeling optimistic (乐观的) despite the c risis. “We’re going to pull together, and it will have a strong effect on solving any problem,” he told Reader’s Digest.With that attitude in mind, he posted this on Next door: “We are inviting all to stop by Bistro SF Grill at 1305 Castro St. to buy a lunch or dinner box beginning Tuesday, March 17, beginning at noon and every day after. Price is only $5.50 and it covers our expenses,”he wrote.Bistro SF Grill will be offering three different meals: chicken, rice and vegetables; fish, rice and vegetables; and pork, rice and vegetables. All are healthy. The menu will change weekly.“A lot of seniors, families, and people who don’t know how to cook are in need of fresh, high-quality food daily,”Felic said. “I’ve seen much worse than this—groups of people with guns, and people killed. I was hungry for three years. Under these conditions, food is necessary. Our idea was: Let’s try to help. We’d like to give for free, but we can’t afford it.”The restaurant started a GoFundMe page to further lower the cost of the meals. So far, neighbors have pitched in almost $2,000.He believes that working together and helping others will be the key to helping us—all of us—get through this. “The spread of COVID-19 will be controlled, and I just feel optim istic,”he added. “When people come together, I think we can get through any hard time.”24. Why did Seni Felic post a message on Next door?A. To provide free food.B. To sell a cheap lunch.C. To make more money.D. To sell his restaurant.25. What do we know about Seni Felic?A. He used to suffer from hunger.B. He started his restaurant in 1994.C. He will always offer three different meals.D. He was almost killed by people with guns.26. What does the underlined phrase “pitched in” in paragraph 6 mean?A. Dealt with.B. Focused onC. Borrowed.D. Contributed.27. What does Seni Felic think is the most helpful to get through the hard time?A. Equality.B. Freedom.C. Unity.D. Bravery.CEvery year, many people in South America celebrate Carnival. It is a time of music and dancing. The party ends before the Christian celebration of Ash Wednesday. Ash Wednesday has a very different felling than Carnival. It is meant to be a day of prayer, sadness and asking for forgiveness (宽恕). There are also some other idioms (习语) about the word “ash”—the gray or black matter left after a fire.In American English, guilt (内疚) or sadness is often expressed by ashes. For example, if you are feeling really bad about something you did, you might say you are wearing “sack-cloth and a shes”.The word “sackcloth” refers to a kind of clothing that feels rough on the skin. It was sometimes made of goat hair. Wearing something made of sackcloth was a sign that a person was trying to punish himself. Let’s say you forgot that you invited your dear friend to a special birthday date. Your beloved waited for you, for hours, crying, in the rain. Much later, you sit up in bed and remember your missed date. You call your partner at once and say that you are so sorry. You promise to wear “sackcloth and ashes” for the rest of the month.Of course, you do not really have to put on a shirt made of animal hair. But you could show you are sorry in a different way. Maybe you cook your partner dinner every night for a week, or buy a meaningful gift.Saying something nice when you are angry can be difficult. The sweet words might “turn to ashes”in your mouth. In fact, as an expression, anything can “turn to ashes”. A hopeful feeling, a relationship—maybe even your job if your co-worker keeps complaining about you—all can dry up and disappear.Fortunately, most things can also “rise from the ashes”. In other words, what was thought to be dead or destroyed can return to life, often in a new and better way.28. How do people in south America feel during Ash Wednesday?A. Happy.B. Thankful.C. Heavy-hearted.D. Excited.29. What do you want to do if you promise to wear “sackcloth and ashes”?A. Keep your words.B. Makeup for your mistake.C. Thank someone for his help.D. Punish someone for his faults.30. Which of the following has a positive meaning in the text?A. Turn to ashes.B. Rise from the ashes.C. Spend Ash Wednesday.D. Wear sackcloth and ashes.31. What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?A. To introduce some idioms.B. To compare two famous festivals.C. To encourage people to learn English.D. To recommend a learning program.DRed pandas are native to the high forests of Asia. They are only a little bigger than a house cat and considered to be endangered. Scientists reported last month that not all red pandas belong to the same species (物种). There are two different species of this animal, not just one, a study found.The scientists reported finding major differences in three genetic markers (基因标记) between Chinese red pandas and Himalayan red pandas. Scientists identified the markers after studying DNA from 65 of the creatures. DNA carries genetic information for the development, growth and reproduction of living things.Recording the existence of two separate species could help guide efforts for protecting red pandas, scientists added. “Chinese red pandas live in northern Myanmar, as well as southeastern Tibet, Sichuan, and Yunnan provinces in China. Himalayan red pandas are native to Nepal, India, Bhutan and southern Tibet in China,” the researchers said.Researchers Yibo Hu and Fuwen Wei led the study. Their findings appeared in the magazine Science Advances.Scientists had earlier suggested there were two species of red panda. But the new study was the first to provide the genetic information necessary to allow such a judgment. International experts guess a total population of around 10,000 red pandas in the wild. The two species differ in color and skull shape. The Himalayan red panda is the less of the two.Major threat stored pandas include deforestation and habitat (栖息地) loss. While they have similar names, red pandas and giant pandas are not closely related. Giant pandas are one of the world’s eight bear species. Red pandas are sometimes called living fossils because they have no close living relatives. They are the only remaining member of their mammalian family.32. What played a key role in telling the two kinds of red pandas apart?A. Life habits.B. Body sizes.C. Living places.D. High technology.33. What do we know about the research result?A. It proved a nearly guess.B. It figured out the number of red pandas.C. It found two similar species of red panda.D. It proved one species of red pandas was endangered.34. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?A. The red panda’s habitat needs changing.B. Red pandas and pandas have little in common.C. Red pandas are one of the world’s bear species.D. Red pandas are less than pandas in number.35. What can be the best title for the text?A. Red Pandas Are Mistaken for Giant PandasB. Red Pandas Are Becoming EndangeredC. Red Pandas Have Actually Two Different SpeciesD. Red Pandas Are More Precious than Giant Pandas其次节(共5小题;每小题2.5分,满分12.5分)阅读下面短文,从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
鲁敏宇

◇OCN《丁若镛》饰演:小丑
主演: 朴宰正、李英恩
◇TVN《丈夫死了》饰演:郑小姐的爱人
主演:吴贤庆、宋善美、李雅贤、崔颂贤
2010年:
◇MBC 《PASTA》饰演: 菲立普(花美男厨师之一)
主演:孔孝真、李善均、李荷妮、ALEX、李亨哲、崔敏成、鲁敏宇
2009年2月25日,开新闻发布会正式出道,组合名为24/7,意义为24 hours a day,7 days a week.寓意为一天24小时,一个星期7天都要想着我MV《那家伙的女人》首映
2009年2月28日,录制的MBC音乐中心于北京时间14点播出
2009年3月2日,MBC情景剧《泰熙慧乔智贤》放送MV《那家伙的女人》正式公布
影视作品
1997年:
角色朴东周
◇KBS《背后的男人》(《求婚》)
饰演:男主角儿时
2001年:
◇MBC《美丽的日子》饰演:崔智友的学生
主演:柳时元、崔智友、朴善英、申敏儿
2008年:
◇ IPTV 《神秘刑警》饰演:公司模特
主演:朴恩惠
2009年: 角色金泰元
◇MBC《泰熙慧乔智贤》饰演:鲁敏宇
脚长:290mm
生日:1986.05.29
星座:双子座
血型:AB
家庭成员:爸爸、妈妈、弟弟
高中:龙文高中毕业(见他的时候,他的校服上是龙文)
大学:韩国仁荷大学戏剧电影系
宗教:基督教
绰号:诱饵
特长:吉他,钢琴,架子鼓,骑马,萨克斯管(YANA所教)
喜欢的艺人(乐队):Marilyn Manson、Ritchie Blackmore、Jimi Hendrix、Michael Jackson、limp bizkit、X-japan、muse、Avril Lavigne、coldplay
理性思维破迷雾的英语作文

Rational thinking is a cornerstone of human intelligence,enabling us to navigate through the complexities of life with clarity and precision.It is the process of using reason and logic to analyze situations,solve problems,and make informed decisions.In this essay,we will explore the importance of rational thinking and how it can help us break through the fog of confusion and uncertainty.Firstly,rational thinking helps us to distinguish between facts and opinions.In a world filled with misinformation and biased perspectives,it is crucial to be able to discern what is true and what is not.By applying rational thinking,we can critically evaluate the evidence presented to us and make objective judgments based on that evidence.Secondly,rational thinking aids in problemsolving.When faced with a challenging situation,it is easy to become overwhelmed and make impulsive decisions.However,by approaching the problem with a rational mindset,we can break it down into smaller, more manageable parts.This allows us to identify the root cause of the issue and develop effective solutions.Moreover,rational thinking promotes effective communication.When we express our thoughts and ideas in a logical and coherent manner,it is easier for others to understand and engage with our perspective.This can lead to more productive conversations and better outcomes in both personal and professional settings.Furthermore,rational thinking fosters personal growth and selfimprovement.By consistently applying reason and logic to our actions and decisions,we can learn from our mistakes and make better choices in the future.This process of selfreflection and analysis can lead to greater selfawareness and personal development.However,it is important to note that rational thinking is not without its limitations. Emotions and intuition can also play a crucial role in decisionmaking,and sometimes a purely rational approach may not be the most effective.It is essential to strike a balance between rational thinking and emotional intelligence to make wellrounded decisions.In conclusion,rational thinking is a powerful tool that can help us navigate through lifes challenges with clarity and precision.By cultivating this skill,we can make better decisions,solve problems more effectively,and communicate more clearly with others. While it is not a panacea for all of lifes issues,it is a valuable asset that can help us break through the fog of confusion and uncertainty.。
深泽直人详细简介

这个雨伞下面有一个往下凹的凹槽 ,便于人们在等待的时候将手上的重 物(可提带)放于雨伞上,减轻人手 上的负担。
一款简洁的椅子 设计,想学生时代 似的椅子让人有怀 念的感觉。
2006年设计的Cosmos chandelier,宇宙吊灯,用 electroluminescent(场致 发光的, 电致发光)纤维做 成,一次在Stockholm演讲 中偶然碰到,演讲厅停电 ,他们用 electroluminescent纤维照 它上讲台,虽然和霓虹一 样,很刺眼但发光并不多 ,用来做灯不合适,但是 用来作吊灯(chandelier多 指装饰性的灯),你则可 以在上面做一些很狂野的 东西。
这个是一个垃圾筒,有一侧 面正好做得很墙角的形状一样 ,放在墙角很和谐。这个包的 形状有点像鞋底的形状。为什 么要做成这样呢?因为这个包 的设计对象是针对日本的学生 ,他们可以在里面放鞋。在建 筑工地大家都可以看到这种围 的布,这个就是用这个材料做 的袋子。这个材料在建筑工地 随处可见,用这个材料做成这 个袋的话,可以体现出一种大 家看不见的一种联系。有几种 颜色,有银色、绿色、白色。
这个是CD播放器。是无印良品 的藏品,它的外形好象是一个排 气扇,排气扇一拉就会排气,这 个CD器你一拉的话就会播放音乐 。 看objectified预告片里面深老先生 拉开cd机然后慧心的一笑,就知 道他老人家多么满意。
ITIS desk lamp LED灯
获红点大奖的台灯 ,ITIS desk lamp。 LED灯,可调节亮 度,金属灯杆可以 在九十度内升降。
三宅一生TWELVE手表, “手表的玻璃盖是12边形, 为什么要做成12边形呢?因 为这样就不用在手表上印上 1—12了。一看就知道是几点 了”
issey miyake twelve
英语作文我眼中的历史人物

The Historical Figure Through My EyesHistory is a vast tapestry woven with the threads of countless lives, each with its own unique hue and texture. Among the myriad figures that have shaped the course of our past, some stand out with a particular brilliance, capturing the imagination of generations. One such figure, who has always fascinated me, is Leonardo da Vinci. His life and works offer a glimpse into the boundless potential of the human spirit.Growing up, I was always drawn to stories of the Renaissance, a period of rebirth in art, science, and thought. It was a time when the world was rediscovering the wisdom of the ancients and pushing the boundaries of knowledge. Leonardo da Vinci was not only a product of this era but also a driving force behind its progress. His insatiable curiosity and relentless pursuit of knowledge made him a true polymath.Da Vincis journey began in the small town of Vinci, Italy, where he was born out of wedlock to a notary and a peasant woman. Despite the social stigma of his birth, he was apprenticed to the renowned artist Andrea del Verrocchio at a young age. This apprenticeship was the first step in a lifelong journey of learning and discovery. Under Verrocchios tutelage, da Vinci honed his skills in painting, sculpting, and metalworking, but his interests extended far beyond the confines of the workshop.As I delved deeper into da Vincis life, I was struck by the sheer breadth of his interests. He was not content to master one discipline he sought to understand the world in all its complexity. His notebooks, filled with sketches, diagrams, and musings, are a testament to his boundless curiosity. From the flight of birds to the flow of water, from the human anatomy to the mechanics of war machines, da Vinci explored it all.One of the most captivating aspects of da Vincis life is his artistic legacy. His paintings, such as the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, are not only masterpieces of technique but also windows into the human soul. The enigmatic smile of the Mona Lisa, for instance, has intrigued viewers for centuries, inviting endless speculation about the subjects emotions and the artists intentions. This ability to capture the essence of humanity is what sets da Vinci apart from his contemporaries.Moreover, da Vincis contributions to science and engineering are equally impressive. His designs for flying machines, although not realized in his lifetime, laid the groundwork for modern aviation. His studies of anatomy, which involved dissecting human corpses, provided detailed insights into the workings of the human body that were centuries ahead of their time. His inventions, ranging from the diving suit to the parachute, demonstrate a mind that was constantly pushing the boundaries of what was possible.However, da Vincis life was not without its challenges. His relentless pursuit of knowledge often led him to start many projects but complete few. His notebooks are filled with ideas that were never fully realized, a testament to the struggle between ambition and the limitations of time. This aspect of his life serves as a reminder that even the most brilliant minds are not immune to the constraints of the human condition.In conclusion, Leonardo da Vinci is a historical figure who continues to inspire me with his relentless curiosity, his boundless creativity, and his unwavering pursuit of knowledge. His life is a reminder that the potential of the human spirit is limitless, and that we should never stop seeking to understand the world around us. As I continue my own journey of learning and discovery, I am grateful for the example set by da Vinci, a true luminary of the Renaissance and a beacon of human potential.。
康德哲学与人类未来:2019 年国际学术研讨会 - 论文集说明书

会议时间:2019年6月7日—6月10日会议地点:中国,北京,北京大学官方语言:中文、英文、德文主办单位:北京大学哲学系北京大学外国哲学研究所康德哲学专业委员会协办单位:中华全国外国哲学史学会康德学会(德国)德意志联邦共和国驻华大使馆商务印书馆Date:June 7 (Friday) - June 10 (Monday), 2019 Venue: Peking University, Beijing, P.R. ChinaOfficial Language:Chinese, English, GermanHosts:Department of Philosophy, Peking UniversityInstitute of Foreign Philosophy, Peking UniversityChinese Kant-SocietySponsors:Chinese Society for History of Foreign PhilosophyKant-GesellschaftDeutsche Botschaft PekingThe Commercial Press目录/Contents前言/Foreword 1 会议日程/Program 9 论文摘要/Abstracts 29 会议信息/Conference Information 203 通讯录/Address Book 209 北京大学校园地图/Peking University Campus Map 210前言Foreword在来自北京大学哲学系和其他兄弟院校若干知名学者率先倡议下,在国内外诸多学界同仁鼎力支持下,中华全国外国哲学史学会于2018年批准了成立“康德哲学专业委员会”的申请。
为了庆祝本专业委员会的正式成立,也为了借此机会增进中国康德研究的内部交流与国际对话,北京大学哲学系、北京大学外国哲学研究所于2019年6月7日-10日在北京大学举办“康德哲学与人类未来”国际学术研讨会。
英语作文推荐书籍或者电影

As a high school student, Ive always been an avid reader and movie enthusiast. The world of literature and cinema has been a significant part of my life, offering me not only entertainment but also a profound source of inspiration and knowledge. Here, Id like to share some of my favorite books and movies that I believe are worth recommending to fellow students and anyone looking for a great read or watch.Books1. To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper LeeThis classic novel is a mustread for anyone interested in understanding the complexities of human nature and the fight against injustice. The story, set in the American South during the 1930s, follows the life of a young girl named Scout Finch and her father, Atticus Finch, a lawyer who defends a black man accused of raping a white woman. The book is a powerful exploration of morality, empathy, and social injustice.2. 1984 by George OrwellA dystopian novel that paints a chilling picture of a totalitarian society where individuality and freedom are suppressed. The protagonist, Winston Smith, struggles against the oppressive regime of Big Brother. This book is a thoughtprovoking examination of surveillance, propaganda, and the power of language to control thought.3. The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. SalingerThis novel is a comingofage story that resonates with many teenagers. The protagonist, Holden Caulfield, is a teenager who has been expelled fromhis prep school and is navigating the complexities of adolescence, identity, and the adult world. Its a raw and honest portrayal of teenage angst and the search for meaning.Movies1. The Shawshank Redemption 1994This film, based on a novella by Stephen King, is a tale of hope and friendship. It tells the story of Andy Dufresne, a banker who is wrongly convicted of murder and sentenced to life in Shawshank State Penitentiary. There, he forms an unlikely bond with a fellow inmate, Red, and together they find solace and redemption. The movie is a testament to the power of hope and the human spirit.2. The Godfather 1972Directed by Francis Ford Coppola and based on the novel by Mario Puzo, The Godfather is a cinematic masterpiece that delves into the world of the ItalianAmerican mafia. The film explores themes of power, family, and loyalty through the eyes of the Corleone family. Its a compelling narrative that has stood the test of time.3. Inception 2010Directed by Christopher Nolan, Inception is a mindbending science fiction film that explores the concept of dream manipulation. The protagonist, Dom Cobb, is a skilled thief who steals information from peoples minds while they dream. The film is a visual and intellectual feast that challenges the viewers perception of reality.Why These Recommendations?I chose these books and movies because they each offer a unique perspective on life, society, and the human experience. They provoke thought, stimulate the imagination, and provide a rich source of discussion and reflection. Whether its the moral dilemmas in To Kill a Mockingbird, the chilling vision of a totalitarian regime in 1984, or the intricate plot of Inception, these works of art have the power to move and inspire.Moreover, these recommendations are not just for entertainment. They serve as a window into different cultures, historical periods, and social issues. They encourage critical thinking and empathy, qualities that are essential for personal growth and understanding the world around us.In conclusion, the books and movies Ive recommended are not only my personal favorites but also works that have had a significant impact on my perspective and understanding of the world. I hope that others will find them as enriching and thoughtprovoking as I have.。
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Risiko MindestlohnAlle großen Parteien wollen ihn, den Mindestlohn – inverschiedenen Varianten. Er birgt aber große Risiken. Damit erwirken kann, muss der Arbeitsmarkt reformiert werden.Von Marcel Fratzscher und Gert WagnerDie Erwartungen an Mindestlöhne sind enorm –sie sollen nicht nur Armut und Einkommensungleichheit reduzieren, sondern auch gesamtwirtschaftlich die Einkommen erhöhen und der Wirtschaft einen positiven Nachfrageimpuls geben. Viele dieser Hoffnungen werdenenttäuscht werden, denn ein Mindestlohn ist für manche dieser Ziele nicht das geeignete wirtschaftspolitische Instrument.Vor der Bundestagswahl haben sich zwar alle großen Parteien für einen Mindestlohn ausgesprochen, aber im Detail sind die Vorstellungen sehr unterschiedlich. Was auch immer im Regierungsprogramm stehen wird: Der Erfolg eines Mindestlohns hängt von vielen Dingen ab; nicht zuletzt von flankierenden Arbeitsmarktreformen und wie es den Tarifparteien und Betriebsräten gelingt, die Einhaltung der Mindestlöhne vor Ort umzusetzen.Ein Mindestlohn von 8,50 Euro pro Stunde würde enorm viele Menschen in Deutschland betreffen. 17 Prozent der Erwerbstätigen, oder fast sechs Millionen Arbeitnehmer in Deutschland, verdienen weniger als 8,50 Euro pro Stunde. Eine aktuelle Studie des DIW Berlin zeigt, dass ein solcher Mindestlohn den Bruttostundenverdienst der Betroffenen im Durchschnitt um 35 Prozent erhöhen würde, wenn sie ihren alten Job behalten. Profitieren würden spezifische Gruppen von Arbeitnehm ern: vor allem geringfügig Beschäftigte, Personen ohne Berufsausbildung oder die, die nicht in ihrem erlernten Beruf tätig sind, Erwerbstätige in kleinen Betrieben des Dienstleistungssektors und Beschäftigte in Ostdeutschland.Ungleichheit der Einkommen nimmt zuViele, die für einen Mindestlohn plädieren, zielen auf den Aspekt der Gerechtigkeit ab. In der Tat hat sich die Ungleichheit der verfügbaren Einkommen seit den 1990er Jahren erhöht, und der Anteil der Bevölkerung, deren Haushaltsnettoeinkommen unterhalb der Armutsgrenze liegt, ist bis 2005 auf fast 15 Prozent gestiegen. Aber es zeigt sich, dass ein Mindestlohn nur sehr geringe Effekte auf Ungleichheit und Armut haben wird. Denn das Steuer- und Transfersystem wird einen großen Teil des Einkommensanstiegs durch einen Mindestlohn wieder wegnehmen, entweder weil Transferleistungen reduziert werden oder Abgaben erhöht werden. Zudem leben viele Betroffene in Haushalten mit anderen Erwerbspersonen, deren Einkommen keineswegs gering ist.Ähnliches gilt für v iele Hartz-IV-Aufstocker, da diesen die staatlichen Transferleistungen gekürzt würden. 80 Prozent der Aufstocker mit Vollzeitstellen müssen nicht aufstocken, weil sie Stundenlöhne unter 8,50 Euro haben, sondern weil sie andere Personen in ihrem Haushaltmi tversorgen müssen. Auch diese Gruppe würde von einem Mindestlohn nicht oder wenig profitieren.Die Einführung eines flächendeckenden Mindestlohns birgt zudem Risiken. Auch wenn präzise Prognosen unmöglich sind, so ist es wahrscheinlich, dass Beschäftigungseinbußen beim vielfach geforderten Mindestlohn von 8,50 Euro wahrscheinlich sind, da für einen solchen Mindestlohn die Bruttostundenlöhne der Betroffenen um durchschnittlich 40 Prozent steigen müssten. Beschäftigungsverluste sind vor allemfür Arbeitnehmer in kleinen Unternehmen in konsumnahen Sektoren zu erwarten, die höhere Kosten nur sehr begrenzt absorbieren oder durch Preiserhöhung weitergeben können. Deshalb ist Vorsicht geboten.Mini-Jobs werden attraktiverEin ganz großes Risiko besteht darin, dass Arbeitnehmer durch einen einheitlichen Mindestlohn noch stärker als bisher in prekäreBeschäftigungsverhältnisse gedrängt werden könnten. So würde nicht nur informelle Arbeit wahrscheinlicher, sondern es würden Mi nijobs attraktiver, unter anderem da Arbeitnehmer und Arbeitgeber in diesen weniger soziale Abgaben zahlen müssen.Wenn ein Angleichen der Kaufkraft von verfügbaren Einkommen der Menschen in Deutschland das Ziel eines Mindestlohns ist, dann bleibt als eine weitere Frage, wie mit regionalen Unterschieden umgegangen werden soll.So hätte ein Arbeitnehmer in München oder Hamburg bei gleichem Mindestlohn deutlich weniger reales Einkommen als jemand in einem ländlichen Bereich.Berufszweige sollten liberalisiert werdenEin genauso wichtiger Aspekt, wie die Einkommen im Niedriglohnbereich erhöht werden können, der in der Diskussion jedoch nahezu völlig fehlt, ist die Stellung der betroffenen Arbeitnehmer zu stärken. Denn viele der Menschen in Deutschland im Niedriglohnbereich haben keinen Berufsabschluss, und arbeiten in Dienstleistungssektoren, die im letzten Jahrzehnt wenig an Produktivität gewonnen haben.Sowohl zielgerichtete Ausbildungsprogramme als auch mehr Wettbewerb und eine Liberalisierung von Berufszweigen in vielen Dienstleistungssektoren sollten deshalb ein zentrales Element der wirtschaftspolitischen Reformen der nächsten Bundesregierung sein. Dies würde Arbeitnehmern im Niedriglohnbereich höhere verfügbare Einkommen ermöglichen, indem der Marktmechanismus sowohl auf der Nachfrage- als auch auf der Angebotsseite gestärkt würde.Die Einführung eines Mindestlohns läuft Gefahr, die gewünschten Ziele zu verfehlen, wenn er nicht flankiert wird von Maßnahmen, um prekäre Beschäftigungseffekte zu reduzieren und die Ausbildung und Produktivität der Arbeitnehmer zu erhöhen. Auch müssen die Tarifparteien bereit und in der Lage sein, zusammen mit Betriebsräten die Einhaltung der Mindestlöhne zu überwachen. Ein Mindestlohn kann daher nur als Teil einer breiteren Wirtschafts- und Arbeitsmarktreform erfolgreich sein. Zu diesen Reformen gehört auch, Ausweichreaktionen hin zu vermehrter informeller Tätigkeit und zu prekären Beschäftigungsverhältnissen zu vermeiden.。