新世纪大学英语综合教程4-课文翻译
新世纪高等院校英语专业本科生系列教材综合教程4课后翻译

Unit11.我安排他们在小酒吧见面,但那个小伙子一直都没有来。
(turn up)I had arranged for them to meet each other at the pub,but the young m an never turned up.2.你无法仅凭表象判断形势是否会变得对我们不利。
(tell from appearance)You cannot tell merely from appearances whether things will turn out unfavourable to us or not.3.那个士兵每次打仗都冲锋在前,从而赢得了国家的最高荣誉。
(stand in the gap)The soldier,who stood in the gap in every battle,gained the highest ho nors of the country.4.主席讲话很有说服力,委员会其他成员都听从他的意见。
(yield to) The chairman spoke so forcefully that the rest of the committee yielded to his opinion.5.他们现在生活富裕了,但也曾经历坎坷。
(ups and downs)They are well-to-do now,but along the way they had their ups and dow ns.6.这次演讲我将说明两个问题。
(address oneself to)There are two questions to which I will address myself in this lecture.7.我们正筹划为你举办一次盛大的圣诞聚会。
(in sb.’s honour)We are planning a big Christmas party in your honour.8.听到那个曲子,我回想起了儿童时代。
新世纪大学英语综合教程4课后短文翻译和作文范文

Unit 1翻译:Human brings live in the realm of nature. They are not only dwellers in nature, but also transformers of it. With the development of society and its economy, people tend to become less dependent on nature directly, but indirectly their dependence grows. Human beings are connected with nature by "blood" ties. No one can live outside nature. However, the previous dynamic balance between man and nature has shown signs of breaking down. Problems such as the population explosion, ecological imbalance and the shortage of natural resources have become major factors keeping human society from being further developed. Professor Spirkin holds that the only choice for human beings is the wise organization of production and care for Mother Nature.范文:My Understanding of Environmental ProtectionMan and the environment are closely related. Man relies on the environment for water, food and shelter. A harmonious relationship between man and However, man and the environment have never been on such bad terms as they are now. As society develops, man’s transformation of nature has severely polluted his living environment. Deforestation leads to changes in rainfall patterns, causing devastating floods, droughts and sandstorms. The discharge of chemical pollutants endangers our health and the lives of other beings. And mass production has resulted in the shortage of irreplaceable natural resources such as coal and oil. If we take no immediate and effective steps to protect our environment, human beings may be the next species to become extinct. ••••••We should do our best to protect our environment by planting more trees, taking care of wildlife, reducing industrial wastes, using renewable energy, and imposing heavy fines onenvironmentally-unfriendly activities, so as to preserve the environment for future generations.Unit2翻译:Nowadays, many people are enjoying the benefits brought about by material and technological advances unimaginable in previous eras. With the development of science and technology, people’s st andard of living is getting higher and higher. People’s life expectancy has soared, too.However, oddly enough, many people do not feel happier than they used to be. It can be seen that there is no close correlation between people’s income and their happiness. Happiness cannot, after all, be bought with money.Although the majority of people are not very satisfied with their lives, they are happyto be alive, and the more time they get on earth, the better off they feel they’ll be. What is important is that material wealth is far from enough. People need spiritual happiness, too.范文:The Impact of the Mobile Phone on People’s livesAmong the many technological inventions, the mobile phone impresses me most.The mobile phone brings considerable convenience to our lives. It not only enables us to keep in touch with each other almost anytime and anywhere but also helps us solve problems or do business efficiently. In emergencies, a mobile phone can even be a life-saver. Besides, itsmulti-functions add ease and color to our lives. With a mobile phone, we can receive mail, read news, listen to music, play games, and take pictures.Yet, the mobile phone has its disadvantages, too. Most of us have experienced the nuisance of unwanted or wrong calls. We are inconvenienced by calls on occasions when we least expect one. Besides, the technology infrastructure to support mobile communication has consumed valuable natural resources and caused significant environmental problems. It is reported that electromagnetic radiation waves from the phone may result in health problems.Despite its negative side, the advantages of the mobile phone outweigh its disadvantages. I believe that with advances in science and technology, improved and safer models of mobile phones will surely serve us still better.Unit 3翻译:范文:Barriers to Knowledge TransferKnowledge transfer is a human phenomenon and plays a very important role in the process of human evolution. With the knowledge accumulated over generations, human beings can now build and transform societies with unprecedented knowledge resources.However, there are many barriers to knowledge transfer. For example, lack of trust and resistance to change undermine the transfer of knowledge. People are less likely to acquire knowledge from those whom they don't trust or to adopt new theories and practices they are not familiar with. Cultural and language barriers also hamper the transfer of knowledge between nations or ethnic groups. It would be almost impossible for people who speak different languages or dialects with different cultural backgrounds to communicate effectively, not to mention exchanging knowledge.An underdeveloped economy is another barrier to knowledge transfer. The lack of socio-economic and techno-environmental cooperation, as well as poor communications infrastructure, can greatly hinder the flow of knowledge within and between nations.To remove these barriers, people should change their attitude towards knowledge transfer and the learning of foreign languages and cultures. At the same time, efforts should be made to develop a better world economy.Unit4翻译:Some people think that they've fulfilled their tasks as long as they go on duty and come off duty on time. They never think about what is meant by "work" and why they should work at all. In fact,"work" involves such qualities as wisdom, enthusiasm, imagination and creativity. To do his work well, a worker must have a spirit of dedication, and be capable of bearing hardships and standing hard work. In addition, he should have initiative and creativity. Having initiative means the worker should be ready to grasp every opportunity to display his outstanding ability. In addition, a worker should make clear the nature and significance of the work he does, be responsible for whatever he is doing and plunge himself into the work with vigorous enthusiasm. If he can do so, he will find a job no longer a burden but an indispensable part of his life. Whatever he does, he can always find values and pleasure in the work and achieve extraordinary results in otherwise ordinary work.范文:My Career ChoiceWhen it comes to the choice of career, different people consider the matter from different perspectives. Personally I prefer to be a teacher. I have three reasons for my decision. The first reason is that the profession of teaching is in agreement with my personality. Being an outgoing, patient and understanding person, I think I am able to communicate with my students and understand their feelings easily, which constitutes an important factor in ensuring success in teaching. The second reason is that I am interested in the job. It would always give me great joy and satisfaction to see the happy faces of my students, to share my knowledge and life experience with them and to participate in their process of growing up. The third reason is related to my occupational attitude. I always believe that school teachers all over the world are respected for their profound knowledge and higher social status. I have always held my teachers in respect and I hope I would be respected as a teacher, too, in the future. I think teaching is an ideal career for me. Being a university student now, I will work hard to realize my dream.Unit5翻译:范文:Fame — Good or EvilFame has always been pursued by many people for the advantages it brings about. Fame can assure one of a high social status, high regard, great admiration, etc. Fame can also bring one wealth as a celebrity has more chances to earn big money. Besides, the applauses and flowers from the fans may boost one's self-confidence and increase one's sense of fulfillment.However, fame can ruin one's life, too. It deprives one of his privacy. As a public figure, he is often chased by fans and journalists, and his private life never escapes the media's attention or public curiosity. Fame also places one under great pressure. He has to work in line with public expectations and thus becomes the slave of his own success.So fame is a double-edged sword. I don't seek fame and I don't envy those who are famous. I highly appreciate what the American poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow says about fame: "The talent of success is nothing more than doing well whatever you do without a thought of fame".Unit6翻译:范文:Attitudes Towards LifePeople hold different attitudes towards life. Some take a positive attitude and they always appreciate the beauty of life with zeal and gratitude. Some take a negative attitude towards life and any slight trouble in life may seem like the end of the world to them.A positive attitude ensures a happy, successful and healthy life. With a positive attitude, people find it easy to accept challenges and overcome obstacles while maintaining peace of mind. Besides, a positive attitude boosts their self-esteem, lifts their morale and helps them fulfill their commitments both in their career and in their everyday life. Moreover, medical research shows that positive thinking can improve the immune system and strengthen the body's resistance to diseases.There are several ways to develop a positive attitude towards life. One needs to think positively, read uplifting stories, hang around with optimistic people, give up jealousy, and participate in meaningful activities. By building a positive attitude towards life, one can enjoy a happy, successful and healthy life.Unit7翻译:范文:Healthy LifestylesDifferent people have different interpretations of a healthy lifestyle. To me, a healthy lifestyle means living in a way that helps us to be physically, mentally and emotionally healthy.We can benefit a lot from living a healthy lifestyle. On the one hand, a healthy lifestyle can help us to keep fit, increase our life expectancy, and help us form good living habits. On the other hand, a healthy lifestyle enhances self-esteem and confidence, reduces stress and pressure, and enables us to develop a positive outlook and live in harmony with each other. In short, a healthy lifestyle improves our overall sense of well-being and happiness.There are many ways to develop a healthy lifestyle. We need to exercise regularly, keep a balanced diet, and avoid alcohol and cigarettes. It would also help if we could balance our time for work and play, and find ways to release stress and pressure. With such efforts, we will be able to live in a way that contributes to our physical, mental, and emotional health.Unit8翻译:范文:My Understanding of Honesty and Success Different people have different opinions about the relationship between honesty and success.Some people believe that honesty and success are mutually exclusive. They regard honesty as a wasteful and costly investment that will only hinder success and prevent people from quick wins. Money-making tricks such as low-quality and fake products, or practices like plagiarism and bribery are seen as short-cuts to immediate success.However, many people hold that honesty and success are mutually supportive. They believe that honesty is the only means to an end. Being honest will definitely earn a person not only a good reputation but also more opportunities to develop his or her career and ability. Honesty also helps cultivate an upright and healthy personality and brings people true pride and deep joy.I agree with the latter viewpoint. Honesty is a virtue that every one of us should value. It can bring out the best in a person and will give him or her the best reward in return. Those who are honest may suffer temporary losses sometimes, but they will benefit in the long run. In short, only by being honest consistently and persistently can we gain true and lasting success.。
新世纪大学英语综合教程4unit1课文逐段翻译

Unit 1Text A人在自然界|亚历山大·斯伯金Nature nurtures mankind unselfishly with its rich resources. Yet, man is so carried away in his transformation of nature that he is unaware that it also has limitations and needs constant care. Now worn by the excessive demands of mankind, nature is unable to maintain the ecological balance needed. Humanity is faced with the problem of how to stop, or at least to moderate, the destruction of Mother Nature.人类生活在大自然的王国里。
他们时刻被大自然所包围并与之相互影响。
人类呼吸的空气、喝下的水和摄入的食物,无一不令人类时刻感知到大自然的影响。
我们与大自然血肉相连,离开大自然,我们将无法生存。
Human beings live in the realm of nature. They are constantly surrounded by it and interact with it. Man is constantly aware of the influence of nature in the form of the air he breathes, the water he drinks, and the food he eats. We are connected with nature by "blood" ties and we cannot live outside nature.人类不仅生活在大自然之中,同时也在改变着大自然。
新世纪大学英语综合教程4第四册课文全翻译A B

U1人在自然界人类生活在大自然的王国里。
他们时刻被大自然所包围并与之相互影响。
人类呼吸的空气、喝下的水和摄入的食物,无一不令人类时刻感知到大自然的影响。
我们与大自然血肉相连,离开大自然,我们将无法生存。
人类不仅生活在大自然之中,同时也在改变着大自然。
人类把自然资源转变为各种文化,社会历史的财富。
人类降服并控制了电,迫使它为人类社会的利益服务。
人类不仅把各种各样的动植物转移到不同的气候环境,也改变了他生活环境的地貌和气候并使动植物因之而发生转变。
随着社会的发展,人类对大自然的直接依赖越来越少,而间接的依赖却越来越多。
我们远古的祖先生活在大自然的威胁及破坏力的恐惧之中,他们常常连基本的生活物资都无法获取。
然而,尽管工具不甚完备,他们却能同心协力,顽强工作,并总是有所收获。
在与人类的相互作用中,大自然也发生了改变。
森林被破坏了,耕地面积增加了。
大自然及其威力被看成是和人类敌对的东西。
譬如,森林被认为是野性的和令人恐惧的,因此人类便想方设法使其面积缩小。
这一切都是打着“文明”的旗号进行的,所谓“文明”,就是人类在哪里建立家园,耕耘土地,哪里的森林就被砍伐。
然而,随着岁月的流逝,人类越来越关注的是在何处得到和如何得到生产所需的不可替代的自然资源的问题。
科学与人类改变大自然的实践活动已经使人类意识到了工业在改变地球的进程中对地质产生的重大影响。
目前,人与自然以及自然与社会整体之间过去存在的动态平衡,已呈现崩溃的迹象。
生物圈中所谓可替代资源的问题变得极为尖锐。
人类和社会的需求,即便是简单得像淡水一样的物质,也变得越来越难以满足。
清除工业废物的问题也变得日益复杂。
现代技术的特征是生产和使用日益丰富的人工合成产品。
人们生产成千上万的人工合成材料。
人们越来越多地用尼龙和其他人造纤维把自己从头到脚地包裹起来,这些绚丽的织物显然对他们无益。
年轻人或许很少注意到这一点,他们更关注的是外表,而不是健康。
但是上了年岁之后,他们就会感受到这种有害的影响。
2021年新世纪大学英语综合教程4课文翻译U1U6A课文翻译精华版

新世纪大学英语综合教程4课文翻译U1U6A课文翻译精华版新世纪大学英语综合教程4课文翻译U1-U6A课文翻译精华版 U1人在自然界人类生活在大自然的王国里。
他们时刻被大自然所包围并与之相互影响。
人类呼吸的空气、喝下的水和摄入的食物,无一不令人类时刻感知到大自然的影响。
我们与大自然血肉相连,离开大自然,我们将无法生存。
人类不仅生活在大自然之中,同时也在改变着大自然。
人类把自然资源转变为各种文化,社会 ___财富。
人类降服并控制了电,迫使它为人类社会的利益服务。
人类不仅把各种各样的动植物转移到不同的气候环境,也改变了他生活环境的地貌和气候并使动植物因之而发生转变。
随着社会的发展,人类对大自然的直接依赖越来越少,而间接的依赖却越来越多。
我们远古的祖先生活在大自然的威胁及破坏力的恐惧之中,他们常常连基本的生活物资都无法获取。
然而,尽管工具不甚完备,他们却能同心协力,顽强工作,并总是有所收获。
在与人类的相互作用中,大自然也发生了改变。
森林被破坏了,耕地___增加了。
大自然及其威力被看成是和人类敌对的东西。
譬如,森林被认为是野性的和令人恐惧的,因此人类便想方设法使其 ___缩小。
这一切都是打着“文明”的旗号进行的,所谓“文明”,就是人类在哪里建立家园,耕耘土地,哪里的森林就被砍伐。
然而,随着岁月的流逝,人类越来越 ___的是在何处得到和如何得到生产所需的不可替代的自然资源的问题。
科学与人类改变大自然的实践活动已经使人类意识到了工业在改变地球的进程中对地质产生的重大影响。
目前,人与自然以及自然与社会整体之间过去存在的动态平衡,已呈现崩溃的迹象。
生物圈中所谓可替代资源的问题变得极为尖锐。
人类和社会的需求,即便是简单得像淡水一样的物质,也变得越来越难以满足。
清除工业废物的问题也变得日益复杂。
现代技术的特征是生产和使用日益丰富的人工合成产品。
人们生产成千上万的人工合成材料。
人们越来越多地用尼龙和其他人造纤维把自己从头到脚地包裹起来,这些绚丽的织物显然对他们无益。
新世纪大学英语综合教程4课文翻译Unit7

7A1|返朴归真| 琳达·韦尔特纳“我们讨论的是简化生活,而不是物质匮乏,”我的朋友萨拉解释说,“绝对不是你不可以做你喜欢的那些事情,而是你在改变,不再喜欢同样的事情罢了。
一些旧的习惯看上去是那样的浪费又不能令人满意,你真的对它们失去了兴趣。
所以你仍然拥有你需要的每一件东西——只不过不需要花那么多的钱罢了。
”2当我第一次遇见他们时,萨拉和迈克尔夫妇双双从业,拥有自己的住宅和用一大笔贷款购置的一条大船。
随着女儿的出世而他们又想亲自抚养她,他们开始对“自愿简朴”的理念产生了兴趣。
他们俩谁都不愿意把他们视为生活中最重要的部分仅仅局限于上班前的一小段时间和下班后已疲惫不堪的那几个小时。
3“许多人认为,因为有了孩子而且东西越来越贵,唯一的办法就是更加努力地工作以便挣更多的钱。
其实这并不是唯一的办法,”迈克尔坚持说。
4这对夫妻的决定是把两份全职工作业换成两份半日工作,并且削减消费。
他们决定只把钱花在有助于实现他们的主要目标的东西上:构建一个把家庭和友谊、工作和娱乐融为一体的生活天地,而且还是一个不浪费地球资源的生活天地。
5现在他们还在原来的那个近郊社区,住在一幢自己设计的、漂亮而节能的房子里。
按许多标准来看,房子虽然小了点,却容易清扫、布置、维修和供暖。
一层是个大房间,厨房靠墙,摆着一张桦木餐桌和吃饭用的几把椅子;一张舒适的长沙发和一个柴炉就把日常起居的范围圈定了;角落是工作区。
楼上是他们的卧室、一个萨拉和迈克尔共用的办公室和一间浴室。
整幢房子明亮简洁,同周围环境十分和谐。
很快,前门外还要建一个太阳能温室。
6一对只有兼职工作的夫妻怎么会有钱建造自己的房子、拥有一辆汽车并同另一对夫妻共享一艘小船,而且所有这一切都不曾贷款呢?他们如何能够维持足以提供他们想要的“一切”的那样一种高生活水平呢?他们放弃的而且不再怀念是哪些东西呢?7首先,他们放弃了乱七八糟的昂贵东西:(浴室)药柜里满满的从来不用的化妆品和在柜台上随时可以买到的药品;堆放在厨房壁柜里的最终只会丢弃的各种东西。
新世纪大学英语综合教程4课文翻译

Unit 1Text AMan in the Realm of Nature人在自然界亚历山大·斯伯金人类生活在大自然的王国里。
他们时刻被大自然所包围并与之相互影响。
人类呼吸的空气、喝下的水和摄入的食物,无一不令人类时刻感知到大自然的影响。
我们与大自然血肉相连,离开大自然,我们将无法生存。
人类不仅生活在大自然之中,同时也在改变着大自然。
人类把自然资源转变为各种文化,社会历史的财富。
人类降服并控制了电,迫使它为人类社会的利益服务。
人类不仅把各种各样的动植物转移到不同的气候环境,也改变了他生活环境的地貌和气候并使动植物因之而发生转变。
随着社会的发展,人类对大自然的直接依赖越来越少,而间接的依赖却越来越多。
我们远古的祖先生活在大自然的威胁及破坏力的恐惧之中,他们常常连基本的生活物资都无法获取。
然而,尽管工具不甚完备,他们却能同心协力,顽强工作,并总是有所收获。
在与人类的相互作用中,大自然也发生了改变。
森林被破坏了,耕地面积增加了。
大自然及其威力被看成是和人类敌对的东西。
譬如,森林被认为是野性的和令人恐惧的,因此人类便想方设法使其面积缩小。
这一切都是打着“文明”的旗号进行的,所谓“文明”,就是人类在哪里建立家园,耕耘土地,哪里的森林就被砍伐。
然而,随着岁月的流逝,人类越来越关注的是在何处得到和如何得到生产所需的不可替代的自然资源的问题。
科学与人类改变大自然的实践活动已经使人类意识到了工业在改变地球的进程中对地质产生的重大影响。
目前,人与自然以及自然与社会整体之间过去存在的动态平衡,已呈现崩溃的迹象。
生物圈中所谓可替代资源的问题变得极为尖锐。
人类和社会的需求,即便是简单得像淡水一样的物质,也变得越来越难以满足。
清除工业废物的问题也变得日益复杂。
新世纪大学英语综合教程4课后翻译

新世纪大学英语综合教程4课后翻译1、这个村子离边境很近,村民们一直担心会受到敌人的攻击The village is so close to the border that the villagers live in constant fear of attacks from the enemy.2. 这个国家仅用了20年的时间就发展成了一个先进的工业强国In only twenty years the country was transformed into an advanced industrial power.3.看到项目顺利完成,那些为此投入了大量时间和精力的人们都感到非常自豪This company has evolved into one of the major chemical manufacturing bases in this region.4.鉴于目前的金融形势,美元进一步贬值是不可避免的Given the current financial situation, it is inevitable that the US dollar will be further devalued.5.现在的汽车太多了,这个地区的道路几乎无法应对当前的交通状况There are so many vehicles nowadays that the roads in this area are barely adequate to cope with the present traffic.6.天气没有出现好转的迹象,所以政府号召我们做好防洪的准备The weather showed no signs of getting better so the government called upon us to get prepared for floods.7.那场车祸以后爱丽丝十几年卧床不起,所以她的康复真是一个奇迹Alice had been confined to bed for over10 years after the traffic accident, and so her recovery seemed nothing short of a miracle.8. 这些同学对世界杯十分关注,每天至少花两个小时看比赛的现场直播The students were all very much concerned about the WorldCup,spending at least two hours every day watching thelive matches on TV.9.托马斯说他家半个世纪前就在佛罗里达定居了Thomas said that his family had settled in Florida more than half a century ago.10. 寻找他人的帮助,别自己一个人扛着。
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|人在自然界| 亚历山大·斯伯金1)人类生活在大自然的王国里。
他们时刻被大自然所包围并与之相互影响。
人类呼吸的空气、喝下的水和摄入的食物,无一不令人类时刻感知到大自然的影响。
我们与大自然血肉相连,离开大自然,我们将无法生存。
2)人类不仅生活在大自然之中,同时也在改变着大自然。
人类把自然资源转变为各种文化,社会历史的财富。
人类降服并控制了电,迫使它为人类社会的利益服务。
人类不仅把各种各样的动植物转移到不同的气候环境,也改变了他生活环境的地貌和气候并使动植物因之而发生转变。
3)随着社会的发展,人类对大自然的直接依赖越来越少,而间接的依赖却越来越多。
我们远古的祖先生活在大自然的威胁及破坏力的恐惧之中,他们常常连基本的生活物资都无法获取。
然而,尽管工具不甚完备,他们却能同心协力,顽强工作,并总是有所收获。
在与人类的相互作用中,大自然也发生了改变。
森林被破坏了,耕地面积增加了。
大自然及其威力被看成是和人类敌对的东西。
譬如,森林被认为是野性的和令人恐惧的,因此人类便想方设法使其面积缩小。
这一切都是打着“文明”的旗号进行的,所谓“文明”,就是人类在哪里建立家园,耕耘土地,哪里的森林就被砍伐。
4)然而,随着岁月的流逝,人类越来越关注的是在何处得到和如何得到生产所需的不可替代的自然资源的问题。
科学与人类改变大自然的实践活动已经使人类意识到了工业在改变地球的进程中对地质产生的重大影响。
5)目前,人与自然以及自然与社会整体之间过去存在的动态平衡,已呈现崩溃的迹象。
生物圈中所谓可替代资源的问题变得极为尖锐。
人类和社会的需求,即便是简单得像淡水一样的物质,也变得越来越难以满足。
清除工业废物的问题也变得日益复杂。
6)现代技术的特征是生产和使用日益丰富的人工合成产品。
人们生产成千上万的人工合成材料。
人们越来越多地用尼龙和其他人造纤维把自己从头到脚地包裹起来,这些绚丽的织物显然对他们无益。
年轻人或许很少注意到这一点,他们更关注的是外表,而不是健康。
但是上了年岁之后,他们就会感受到这种有害的影响。
7)久而久之,这些合成物质转变成废弃物,那些原本毒性不大的物质在自然循环中变为极其有害的物质。
自然科学家和哲学家如今都在问自己这样一个问题:人类对生物圈的破坏难道是无法避免的吗?8)人与大自然的关系——生态环境的危机——已经成为一个全球性问题。
这一问题的解决之道在于理性而明智地协调生产和对大自然的关爱之间的关系,这不仅要依靠个人、企业或者某些国家的力量,而且要依靠全人类的力量。
解决人与大自然关系危机的方法之一,就是使用太阳能、风能、海洋能等资源,以及其他尚不为人所知的宇宙中的自然能。
9)但是,回到我们原先的主题上,令人难以接受的事实是那些违背了自然规律、破坏了生物圈和谐的人类行为将会带来灾难,而这种灾难也许是全球性的。
古代东方智者的话讲得真是恰如其分:朋友们,你要是亲近大自然,大自然就会用那永恒不变的规律永远呵护你!|技术与幸福| 詹姆斯·萨洛维奇1)20世纪的美国人、欧洲人和东亚人都享受到了过去历代人都无法想象的物质和技术进步带来的乐趣。
譬如,在美国,从1950年到2000年国民生产总值翻了3倍。
人们的寿命大幅度提高。
二战后生产力的迅速发展使商品变得价廉物美。
诸如乘飞机旅游和打长途电话等曾经是奢侈的事情成了生活不可或缺的一部分。
2)那么,根据大多数标准衡量,你会说,现在的美国人比上个世纪中叶富裕多了。
不过,奇怪的是,如果你问美国人有多幸福,你会发现,他们并不比1946年时幸福(1946年正式开始对幸福状况进行调查)。
事实上,那些说自己“非常幸福”的人所占的比例自20世纪70年代以来一直稳中有降——尽管20世纪40年代出生的人的收入在他们的工作生涯中平均增长了116%。
你可以在大多数发达国家找到相似的数据。
3)自工业革命开始以来,幸福与技术之间的关系一直是社会批评家和哲学家们长期研究的课题,然而,基本上还没有受到经济学家和社会学家们的关注。
经济学家理查德·伊斯特林在经济繁荣和幸福的关系方面进行了具有开拓性的研究,并于1974年发表了一篇题为“经济增长改变人类命运吗?”的著名论文。
伊斯特林表明,就发达国家而言,一个国家的收入和国民的幸福之间没有真正的相互关系。
伊斯特林认为,金钱买不到幸福,至少在(金钱)达到了一定程度以后是如此。
伊斯特林认为,尽管贫穷与苦难密不可分,但是,一个国家一旦达到稳定的中产阶级水平,富有似乎并没有让其国民感到更多的幸福。
4)这好像几乎是一种普遍现象。
实际上,研究幸福的学者们最重要的观点之一是:人们对好消息很快便习以为常。
拿彩票中奖者为例。
一项重要的研究表明,尽管买彩票中奖的人中奖时会感到非常非常幸福,可这种兴奋很快就消逝了。
一段时间之后,他们的心情和幸福感与中奖之前没有什么两样。
5)人们对待技术的态度也是一样的:无论一种新事物多么引人注目,也无论它使我们的生活变得多么舒适,人们都认为这是理所当然的事情。
在技术世界,你每天都会看到这一原则起作用。
曾经一度被视为非常神奇的东西很快就变得习以为常,更糟的是,当这些东西运转不正常时,还会令人沮丧。
要把新技术问世之前的情形牢记在心原来是如此困难!6)那么,我们对技术进步的快速吸收是否意味着技术没有发挥什么作用呢?不,决非如此。
不论好歹,这只是把技术影响的问题变得更加复杂。
我们先从负面影响谈起。
在某些方面,技术显然使得生活更加糟糕了。
譬如,我们马上会想到电话推销、交通阻塞以及身份资料失窃等情况。
这些都是让人们明显意识到不幸福的现象。
可是,现代的技术评论文章多半都没有把焦点集中在具体的、有害的技术上,而是集中在了技术对人际关系的影响上。
7)在联了网的数据库世界里,隐私变得越来越脆弱。
在许多工作场所,诸如按键监控和电话全程录音之类的技术使得对员工的监视变得更加容易。
人们对电视的攻击主要集中在以下方面:技术扰乱了人际关系、破坏了社区交往。
一些人甚至说,电视是美国人逐渐相互疏远的罪魁祸首。
同样也有人认为,互联网的负面影响进一步使人远离了我们常说的“真实世界”。
8)这种广义上关于技术影响人际关系的批评颇有趣味,尤与幸福的问题相关,因为我们真正有把握说清楚的事情没有几件,但其中之一是:人们的朋友越多,关系越密切,就越幸福。
9)今天的技术变化异常神速,购买某种产品时你就知道,再过几个月,比这个产品性能更好、运作更快的款式就会问世,而你却还得使用旧款式的产品。
换句话说,别人买到的产品要比你的好。
这种失望感仿佛从开始购买这件产品时就已经存在了。
10)日常生活的压力,一种令人烦恼的失望感、对政府知道你的情况超出你所希望程度的恐惧感——这些显然都是技术降低了人们幸福感的几个方面。
然而,技术对人们的幸福感最重要的影响是在医疗保健方面。
工业革命以前,每三个欧洲人就有两个的寿命不足30岁。
今天,西欧妇女的寿命差不多是80岁,而且还会继续提高。
道理很清楚:绝大多数人很乐意活下去,他们在地球上生活的时间越长,感觉就越好。
可是,不久前,绝大多数人还过着龌龊不堪、畜生般的生活,而且生命非常短暂。
技术改变了这种状况,至少对于富裕国家的人们来说是如此。
我们在该为医疗保健费用的提高和没有参加保险的人们的问题而担忧的同时,也应该记住,医疗技术带给我们身体上和精神上的好处是多么有价值。
11)从更深的层次上说,我们在健康和长寿方面所取得的进步却强调了在国家和全球层面讨论幸福问题的一个自相矛盾的说法。
即使人们不会更幸福,即使他们更加富裕并拥有更多技术,他们还会像以前那样渴望长寿。
这就像那个古老的笑话一样:食品也许并不好,可我们都想让自己得到的那一份尽量大。
|知识彩虹| 克雷格·拉塞尔1)我这辈子四分之三以上的时间(50年中有39年)是在纽约的中小学或大学里度过的,不是在上学,就是在教学。
2)于是,你或许会认为,经过这么长一段时间,我应该了解一些情况,确实知道一些东西,对知识和对生活该会积极地予以把握和肯定了。
可是,我却没有做到这一点。
事实上,我知道的东西越多,反倒越觉得自己无知。
3)当然,说自己知道的东西越多,反倒越觉得自己无知,这种说法是矛盾的。
然而,现代物理学告诉我们,现实世界本身就是矛盾的。
科学家们对物质现实世界研究得越多,就越无法对它进行把握。
在某种意义上,他们了解的越多,知道的就越少。
4)知识本身就是矛盾的。
打个比方,假设你的知识是一个点,就像这个句子末尾的句号一样。
请注意这个句号微小的圆周,假设它代表我们已知和未知的分界——换句话说,就是你对自己不知道的东西的认知。
5)但现在想象一下那个小小的句号在渐渐扩大,它的黑色部分占据页面越来越多的地方。
随着它的扩大,它的周缘也跟着扩大。
如果那个正在增大的黑色部分代表你的知识的话,在知识增长的同时,你会意识到自己有许多不知道的东西。
也就是说,你知道的越多,就越觉得自己无知。
6)你在求知过程中肯定有过类似的经历。
起初,你甚至并不知道还有某个学科的存在。
当然,这个学科是早就存在的,只是你以前没有注意到而已。
1988年有了第一台电脑以后,我去杂志店,想找一些关于电脑操作方面的书,结果发现这类书琳琅满目,让我吃惊。
同样,当我有幸获得讲授电影分析这门课的机会时,我发现有关这个领域的专著也多得令我眼花缭乱。
7)假设你决定研究这一课题。
你买了一本有关这一课题的书,一本你能找到的最好也是最全面的(或是你认为是这样的)书,或许你是从图书馆借来了这本书。
但你很快就会发现,阅读这本书只会给你带来更多的问题,而不是要解答你的疑问。
8)譬如,今年早些时候,我非但不知道自己对技术和自由之间的关系有兴趣,甚至没有意识到这两者之间有可能存在着某种联系。
于是,我开始阅读这方面的书籍,越读越意识到技术与自由之间的关系。
一方面,比起短短的几个月之前,现在我对这个课题的了解是多了。
但另一方面,所有这些阅读让我看到了自己真正懂得的东西是多么的少,而需要阅读、思考和写作的东西又是多么的多。
每读完一本书,我总是觉得需要再读三本书,才能更好地把握这个课题。
我的思考和写作也在同时进行。
事实上,正是写作让我接触了这一课题。
我们通常认为只有那些知识渊博、充满自信的人才会从事写作。
然而,在我看来却恰恰相反。
写作并不是总结,而是拓展。
9)身为作家,很长一段时间我都被这个矛盾所困惑——知道的越多,越感到自己无知。
我深深领悟了道家的教诲:“知者不言,言者不知。
”我对自己该不该写作毫无把握,即使写了,也觉得自己没有资格写。
我总觉得自己应该先获得更多的知识。
我花了很长一段时间,才解除了这种矛盾对我的禁锢,最终才确信正是写作让我增长了知识,而不是知识让我有资格从事写作。
我觉得自己的作品不是文章或者专栏,而是essays,即“随笔”,essays是一个法语词,意思是“尝试”。