新视界大学英语 4 课文翻译
新世纪大学英语第四册课文和翻译

Unit One Text A Man in the Realm of NatureAlexander SpirkinHuman beings live in the realm of nature. They are constantly surrounded by it and interact with it. Man is constantly aware of the influence of nature in the form of the air he breathes, the water he drinks, and the food he eats. We are connected with nature by "blood" ties and we cannot live outside nature.Man is not only a dweller in nature, he also transforms it. Humanity converts nature's wealth into the means of the cultural, historical life of society. Man has subdued and disciplined electricity and compelled it to serve the interests of society. Not only has man transferred various species of plants and animals to different climatic conditions, he has also changed the shape and climate of his environment and transformed plants and animals.As society develops, man tends to become less dependent on nature directly, while indirectly his dependence grows. Our distant ancestors lived in fear of nature's destructive forces. Very often they were unable to obtain the merest daily necessities. However, despite their imperfect tools, they worked together stubbornly, collectively, and were able to attain results. Nature was also changed through interaction with man. Forests were destroyed and the area of farmland increased. Nature with its elemental forces was regarded as something hostile to man. The forest, for example, was something wild and frightening and people tried to force it to retreat. This was all done in the name of civilisation, which meant the places where man had made his home, where the earth was cultivated, where the forest had been cut down.But as time goes on mankind becomes increasingly concerned with the question of where and how to obtain irreplaceable natural resources for the needs of production. Science and man's practical transforming activities have made humanity aware of the enormous geological role played by the industrial transformation of the earth.At present the previous dynamic balance between man and nature and between nature and society as a whole, has shown ominous signs of breaking down. The problem of the so-called replaceable resources of the biosphere has become particularly acute. It is getting more and more difficult to satisfy the needs of human beings and society even for such a substance, for example, as fresh water. The problem of eliminating industrial waste is also becoming increasingly complex.Modern technology is distinguished by an ever increasing abundance of produced and used synthetic goods. Hundreds of thousands of synthetic materials are being made. People increasingly cover their bodies from head to foot in nylon and other synthetic, glittering fabrics that are obviously not good for them. Young people may hardly feel this, and they pay more attention to appearance than to health. But they become more aware of this harmful influence as they grow older.As time goes on the synthetic output of production turns into waste, and then substances that in their original form were not very toxic are transformed in the cycle of natural processes into aggressive agents. Today both natural scientists and philosophers are asking themselves the question: Is man's destruction of the biosphere inevitable?The man-nature relation – the crisis of the ecological situation – is a global problem. Its solution lies in rational and wise organization of both production itself and care for Mother Nature, not just by individuals, enterprises or countries, but by all humanity. One of the ways to deal with the crisis situation in the "man-nature" system is to use such resources as solar energy, the power of winds, the riches of the seas and oceans and other, as yet unknown natural forces of the universe.But to return to our theme, the bitter truth is that those human actions which violate the laws of nature, the harmony of the biosphere, threaten to bring disaster and this disaster may turn out to be universal. How apt then are the words of ancient Oriental wisdom: live closer to nature, my friends, and its eternal laws will protect you!人在自然界| 亚历山大·斯伯金人类生活在大自然的王国里。
新视界大学英语综合教程4课后翻译

Unit 11 .只管我在那家企业有时机升职,我仍旧选择了走开,去从事我热爱的工作。
Although I could have been promoted in that company, I chose to leave in order topursue a career that I love.2 .你最初要遵照的不是你的老板,而是这个行业的规则。
The first thing you need to comply with is not your boss, but the rules of theindustry.3 .一份好的简历是找到工作的第一步,所以今日我们提出议论的是怎样写份好简历。
A well-prepared resume is the first step in finding a good job, so what we bringup for discussion today is how to write a good resume. 4.人们工作常常是为了糊口,而不是出于喜好。
More often than not, people are working for the sake of earning a livingrather than for their interest.5 .据面试官反应,大多数接受面试的毕业生都说不出他们能为企业做些什么。
According to the feedback from the interviewers,most of the graduates who attended the interview couldn’ t make clear what they can contribute to the company.Unit21 念书不不过影响到个人,还影响到整个民族。
(not only + inversion; as a whole)Not only does reading influence a single person, but it also influences a nationas a whole.2. 和老者在一同就像是读一本厚厚的书,令人爱不忍释。
新世纪大学英语综合教程4课后短文翻译和作文范文

Unit 1翻译:Human brings live in the realm of nature. They are not only dwellers in nature, but also transformers of it. With the development of society and its economy, people tend to become less dependent on nature directly, but indirectly their dependence grows. Human beings are connected with nature by "blood" ties. No one can live outside nature. However, the previous dynamic balance between man and nature has shown signs of breaking down. Problems such as the population explosion, ecological imbalance and the shortage of natural resources have become major factors keeping human society from being further developed. Professor Spirkin holds that the only choice for human beings is the wise organization of production and care for Mother Nature.范文:My Understanding of Environmental ProtectionMan and the environment are closely related. Man relies on the environment for water, food and shelter. A harmonious relationship between man and However, man and the environment have never been on such bad terms as they are now. As society develops, man’s transformation of nature has severely polluted his living environment. Deforestation leads to changes in rainfall patterns, causing devastating floods, droughts and sandstorms. The discharge of chemical pollutants endangers our health and the lives of other beings. And mass production has resulted in the shortage of irreplaceable natural resources such as coal and oil. If we take no immediate and effective steps to protect our environment, human beings may be the next species to become extinct. ••••••We should do our best to protect our environment by planting more trees, taking care of wildlife, reducing industrial wastes, using renewable energy, and imposing heavy fines onenvironmentally-unfriendly activities, so as to preserve the environment for future generations.Unit2翻译:Nowadays, many people are enjoying the benefits brought about by material and technological advances unimaginable in previous eras. With the development of science and technology, people’s st andard of living is getting higher and higher. People’s life expectancy has soared, too.However, oddly enough, many people do not feel happier than they used to be. It can be seen that there is no close correlation between people’s income and their happiness. Happiness cannot, after all, be bought with money.Although the majority of people are not very satisfied with their lives, they are happyto be alive, and the more time they get on earth, the better off they feel they’ll be. What is important is that material wealth is far from enough. People need spiritual happiness, too.范文:The Impact of the Mobile Phone on People’s livesAmong the many technological inventions, the mobile phone impresses me most.The mobile phone brings considerable convenience to our lives. It not only enables us to keep in touch with each other almost anytime and anywhere but also helps us solve problems or do business efficiently. In emergencies, a mobile phone can even be a life-saver. Besides, itsmulti-functions add ease and color to our lives. With a mobile phone, we can receive mail, read news, listen to music, play games, and take pictures.Yet, the mobile phone has its disadvantages, too. Most of us have experienced the nuisance of unwanted or wrong calls. We are inconvenienced by calls on occasions when we least expect one. Besides, the technology infrastructure to support mobile communication has consumed valuable natural resources and caused significant environmental problems. It is reported that electromagnetic radiation waves from the phone may result in health problems.Despite its negative side, the advantages of the mobile phone outweigh its disadvantages. I believe that with advances in science and technology, improved and safer models of mobile phones will surely serve us still better.Unit 3翻译:范文:Barriers to Knowledge TransferKnowledge transfer is a human phenomenon and plays a very important role in the process of human evolution. With the knowledge accumulated over generations, human beings can now build and transform societies with unprecedented knowledge resources.However, there are many barriers to knowledge transfer. For example, lack of trust and resistance to change undermine the transfer of knowledge. People are less likely to acquire knowledge from those whom they don't trust or to adopt new theories and practices they are not familiar with. Cultural and language barriers also hamper the transfer of knowledge between nations or ethnic groups. It would be almost impossible for people who speak different languages or dialects with different cultural backgrounds to communicate effectively, not to mention exchanging knowledge.An underdeveloped economy is another barrier to knowledge transfer. The lack of socio-economic and techno-environmental cooperation, as well as poor communications infrastructure, can greatly hinder the flow of knowledge within and between nations.To remove these barriers, people should change their attitude towards knowledge transfer and the learning of foreign languages and cultures. At the same time, efforts should be made to develop a better world economy.Unit4翻译:Some people think that they've fulfilled their tasks as long as they go on duty and come off duty on time. They never think about what is meant by "work" and why they should work at all. In fact,"work" involves such qualities as wisdom, enthusiasm, imagination and creativity. To do his work well, a worker must have a spirit of dedication, and be capable of bearing hardships and standing hard work. In addition, he should have initiative and creativity. Having initiative means the worker should be ready to grasp every opportunity to display his outstanding ability. In addition, a worker should make clear the nature and significance of the work he does, be responsible for whatever he is doing and plunge himself into the work with vigorous enthusiasm. If he can do so, he will find a job no longer a burden but an indispensable part of his life. Whatever he does, he can always find values and pleasure in the work and achieve extraordinary results in otherwise ordinary work.范文:My Career ChoiceWhen it comes to the choice of career, different people consider the matter from different perspectives. Personally I prefer to be a teacher. I have three reasons for my decision. The first reason is that the profession of teaching is in agreement with my personality. Being an outgoing, patient and understanding person, I think I am able to communicate with my students and understand their feelings easily, which constitutes an important factor in ensuring success in teaching. The second reason is that I am interested in the job. It would always give me great joy and satisfaction to see the happy faces of my students, to share my knowledge and life experience with them and to participate in their process of growing up. The third reason is related to my occupational attitude. I always believe that school teachers all over the world are respected for their profound knowledge and higher social status. I have always held my teachers in respect and I hope I would be respected as a teacher, too, in the future. I think teaching is an ideal career for me. Being a university student now, I will work hard to realize my dream.Unit5翻译:范文:Fame — Good or EvilFame has always been pursued by many people for the advantages it brings about. Fame can assure one of a high social status, high regard, great admiration, etc. Fame can also bring one wealth as a celebrity has more chances to earn big money. Besides, the applauses and flowers from the fans may boost one's self-confidence and increase one's sense of fulfillment.However, fame can ruin one's life, too. It deprives one of his privacy. As a public figure, he is often chased by fans and journalists, and his private life never escapes the media's attention or public curiosity. Fame also places one under great pressure. He has to work in line with public expectations and thus becomes the slave of his own success.So fame is a double-edged sword. I don't seek fame and I don't envy those who are famous. I highly appreciate what the American poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow says about fame: "The talent of success is nothing more than doing well whatever you do without a thought of fame".Unit6翻译:范文:Attitudes Towards LifePeople hold different attitudes towards life. Some take a positive attitude and they always appreciate the beauty of life with zeal and gratitude. Some take a negative attitude towards life and any slight trouble in life may seem like the end of the world to them.A positive attitude ensures a happy, successful and healthy life. With a positive attitude, people find it easy to accept challenges and overcome obstacles while maintaining peace of mind. Besides, a positive attitude boosts their self-esteem, lifts their morale and helps them fulfill their commitments both in their career and in their everyday life. Moreover, medical research shows that positive thinking can improve the immune system and strengthen the body's resistance to diseases.There are several ways to develop a positive attitude towards life. One needs to think positively, read uplifting stories, hang around with optimistic people, give up jealousy, and participate in meaningful activities. By building a positive attitude towards life, one can enjoy a happy, successful and healthy life.Unit7翻译:范文:Healthy LifestylesDifferent people have different interpretations of a healthy lifestyle. To me, a healthy lifestyle means living in a way that helps us to be physically, mentally and emotionally healthy.We can benefit a lot from living a healthy lifestyle. On the one hand, a healthy lifestyle can help us to keep fit, increase our life expectancy, and help us form good living habits. On the other hand, a healthy lifestyle enhances self-esteem and confidence, reduces stress and pressure, and enables us to develop a positive outlook and live in harmony with each other. In short, a healthy lifestyle improves our overall sense of well-being and happiness.There are many ways to develop a healthy lifestyle. We need to exercise regularly, keep a balanced diet, and avoid alcohol and cigarettes. It would also help if we could balance our time for work and play, and find ways to release stress and pressure. With such efforts, we will be able to live in a way that contributes to our physical, mental, and emotional health.Unit8翻译:范文:My Understanding of Honesty and Success Different people have different opinions about the relationship between honesty and success.Some people believe that honesty and success are mutually exclusive. They regard honesty as a wasteful and costly investment that will only hinder success and prevent people from quick wins. Money-making tricks such as low-quality and fake products, or practices like plagiarism and bribery are seen as short-cuts to immediate success.However, many people hold that honesty and success are mutually supportive. They believe that honesty is the only means to an end. Being honest will definitely earn a person not only a good reputation but also more opportunities to develop his or her career and ability. Honesty also helps cultivate an upright and healthy personality and brings people true pride and deep joy.I agree with the latter viewpoint. Honesty is a virtue that every one of us should value. It can bring out the best in a person and will give him or her the best reward in return. Those who are honest may suffer temporary losses sometimes, but they will benefit in the long run. In short, only by being honest consistently and persistently can we gain true and lasting success.。
新世纪大学英语综合教程4第四册课文全翻译A B

U1人在自然界人类生活在大自然的王国里。
他们时刻被大自然所包围并与之相互影响。
人类呼吸的空气、喝下的水和摄入的食物,无一不令人类时刻感知到大自然的影响。
我们与大自然血肉相连,离开大自然,我们将无法生存。
人类不仅生活在大自然之中,同时也在改变着大自然。
人类把自然资源转变为各种文化,社会历史的财富。
人类降服并控制了电,迫使它为人类社会的利益服务。
人类不仅把各种各样的动植物转移到不同的气候环境,也改变了他生活环境的地貌和气候并使动植物因之而发生转变。
随着社会的发展,人类对大自然的直接依赖越来越少,而间接的依赖却越来越多。
我们远古的祖先生活在大自然的威胁及破坏力的恐惧之中,他们常常连基本的生活物资都无法获取。
然而,尽管工具不甚完备,他们却能同心协力,顽强工作,并总是有所收获。
在与人类的相互作用中,大自然也发生了改变。
森林被破坏了,耕地面积增加了。
大自然及其威力被看成是和人类敌对的东西。
譬如,森林被认为是野性的和令人恐惧的,因此人类便想方设法使其面积缩小。
这一切都是打着“文明”的旗号进行的,所谓“文明”,就是人类在哪里建立家园,耕耘土地,哪里的森林就被砍伐。
然而,随着岁月的流逝,人类越来越关注的是在何处得到和如何得到生产所需的不可替代的自然资源的问题。
科学与人类改变大自然的实践活动已经使人类意识到了工业在改变地球的进程中对地质产生的重大影响。
目前,人与自然以及自然与社会整体之间过去存在的动态平衡,已呈现崩溃的迹象。
生物圈中所谓可替代资源的问题变得极为尖锐。
人类和社会的需求,即便是简单得像淡水一样的物质,也变得越来越难以满足。
清除工业废物的问题也变得日益复杂。
现代技术的特征是生产和使用日益丰富的人工合成产品。
人们生产成千上万的人工合成材料。
人们越来越多地用尼龙和其他人造纤维把自己从头到脚地包裹起来,这些绚丽的织物显然对他们无益。
年轻人或许很少注意到这一点,他们更关注的是外表,而不是健康。
但是上了年岁之后,他们就会感受到这种有害的影响。
新视界4课文中英文对照U4

U 4Tuesdays with Morrie1 Morrie was focused. There were good days and bad days now. He was having a good day. The night before, he had been entertained by a local a cappella group that had come to the house to perform, and he relayed the story excitedly, as if the Ink Spots themselves had dropped by for a visit. Morrie‟s love for music was strong even before he got sick, but now it was so intense, it moved him to tears. He would listen to opera sometimes at night, closing his eyes, riding along with the magnificent voices as they dipped and soared.2 “You should have heard this group last night, Mitch. Such a sound!”3 Morrie had always been taken with simple pleasures, singing, laughing, dancing. Now, more than ever, material things held little or no significance. When people die, you always hear the expression “You can‟t take it with you.” Morrie seemed to know that a long time ago.4“We‟ve got a form of brainwashing going on in our country,” Morrie sighed. “Do you know how they brainwash people? They repeat something over and over. And that‟s what we do in this country. Owning things is good. More money is good. More property is good. More commercialism is good. More is good. More is good. We repeat it—and have itU 4相约星期二1 莫里很专注。
新视野 大学英语4 部分单元课文翻译

Unite 2他出生在伦敦南部的一个贫困地区。
他穿的短袜是从妈妈的红色长袜上剪下来的。
他的妈妈一度被诊断为精神失常。
狄更斯或许能创作出查理·卓别林的童年故事,但只有查理·卓别林才能塑造出了不起的喜剧角色“流浪汉”,这个使其创作者声名永驻的衣衫褴褛的小人物。
就卓别林而言,其他国家,如法国、意大利、西班牙,甚至日本,都比他的出生地给予了他更多的掌声(和更多的收益)。
在1913年,卓别林永久地离开了英国,与一些演员一起启程到美国进行舞台喜剧表演。
在那里,他被星探招募到好莱坞喜剧片之王麦克·塞纳特的旗下工作。
令人遗憾的是,20世纪二、三十年代的很多英国人认为卓别林的“流浪汉”多少有点“粗俗”。
中产阶级当然这样认为。
劳动阶层反倒更有可能为这样一个反抗权势的角色拍手喝彩:他以顽皮的小拐杖使绊子,或用皮靴后跟对准权势者肥大的臀部踢一下。
尽管如此,卓别林的滑稽乞丐形象并不那么像英国人,甚至也不像劳动阶级的人。
英国流浪者并不留小胡子,也不穿肥大的裤子或燕尾服:欧洲的领导人和意大利的侍者才那样穿戴。
另外,“流浪汉”瞟着漂亮女孩的眼神也有些粗俗,被英国观众认为不太正派──只有外国人才那样,不是吗?而在卓别林大半的银幕生涯中,银幕上的他是不出声的,也就无从证明他是英国人。
事实上,当卓别林再也无法抵制有声电影,不得不为他的“流浪汉”寻找“合适的声音”时,他确实很头疼。
他尽可能地推迟那一天的到来:在1936 的《摩登时代》里,他第一次在影片里发声唱歌。
在片中,他扮演一名侍者,满口胡言乱语,听起来不像任何国家的语言。
后来他说,他想象中的“流浪汉”是一位受过大学教育,但已经没落的绅士。
但假如他在早期那些短小的喜剧电影中能操一口受教育人的口音,那么他是否会闻名世界就难说了,而英国人也肯定会觉得这很“古怪”。
没有人知道卓别林这么干是不是有意的,但这促使他获得了巨大的成功。
他是一个才能非凡的人,他的决心之大甚至在好莱坞明星中也十分少见。
新世纪大学英语综合教程4课文翻译
Unit 1Text AMan in the Realm of Nature人在自然界亚历山大·斯伯金人类生活在大自然的王国里。
他们时刻被大自然所包围并与之相互影响。
人类呼吸的空气、喝下的水和摄入的食物,无一不令人类时刻感知到大自然的影响。
我们与大自然血肉相连,离开大自然,我们将无法生存。
人类不仅生活在大自然之中,同时也在改变着大自然。
人类把自然资源转变为各种文化,社会历史的财富。
人类降服并控制了电,迫使它为人类社会的利益服务。
人类不仅把各种各样的动植物转移到不同的气候环境,也改变了他生活环境的地貌和气候并使动植物因之而发生转变。
随着社会的发展,人类对大自然的直接依赖越来越少,而间接的依赖却越来越多。
我们远古的祖先生活在大自然的威胁及破坏力的恐惧之中,他们常常连基本的生活物资都无法获取。
然而,尽管工具不甚完备,他们却能同心协力,顽强工作,并总是有所收获。
在与人类的相互作用中,大自然也发生了改变。
森林被破坏了,耕地面积增加了。
大自然及其威力被看成是和人类敌对的东西。
譬如,森林被认为是野性的和令人恐惧的,因此人类便想方设法使其面积缩小。
这一切都是打着“文明”的旗号进行的,所谓“文明”,就是人类在哪里建立家园,耕耘土地,哪里的森林就被砍伐。
然而,随着岁月的流逝,人类越来越关注的是在何处得到和如何得到生产所需的不可替代的自然资源的问题。
科学与人类改变大自然的实践活动已经使人类意识到了工业在改变地球的进程中对地质产生的重大影响。
目前,人与自然以及自然与社会整体之间过去存在的动态平衡,已呈现崩溃的迹象。
生物圈中所谓可替代资源的问题变得极为尖锐。
人类和社会的需求,即便是简单得像淡水一样的物质,也变得越来越难以满足。
清除工业废物的问题也变得日益复杂。
新世纪大学英语综合教程4unit4课文逐段翻译
Unit 4Text A|工作、劳动和玩耍Work, Labor, and Play威斯坦·H·奥登PrefaceWe go to work every day and we think we are workers. However, after reading Auden's discussion about work, labor, and play, the majority of us may find that we are no longer "workers". What are we then?就我所知,汉娜·阿伦特小姐是界定工作和劳动之间本质区别的第一人。
一个人要想快乐,第一要有自由感,第二要确信自己有价值。
如果社会迫使一个人去做他自己不喜欢的事,或者说,他所喜欢做的事被社会忽视,看作没有价值或不重要,那他就不会真正快乐。
在一个严格意义上已废除奴隶制的社会里,一个人做的事情是否具有社会价值取决于他是否为完成此项工作得到了报酬。
然而,今天的劳动者可以被称为名副其实的工资奴隶。
如果社会给一个人提供一份他本人不感兴趣的工作,他出于养家糊口的需要不得已才从事这项工作,那这个人就是一个劳动者。
So far as I know, MissHannah Arendtwas the first person to define the essential difference between work and labor. To be happy, a man must feel, firstly, free and, secondly, important. He cannot be really happy if he is compelled by society to do what he does not enjoy doing, or if what he enjoys doing is ignored by society as of no value or importance. In a society where slaveryin the strict sensehas beenabolished, whether what a man does has social value depends on whether he is paid money to do it, but alaborertoday can rightly be called awageslave. A man is a laborer if the job societyoffers him is of no interest to himself but he is compelled to take it by the necessity ofearning a livingand supporting his family.与劳动相对的是玩耍。
新世纪大学英语综合教程4课文翻译
新世纪大学英语综合教程4课文翻译
以下是新世纪大学英语综合教程4第一课的课文翻译:
毕业典礼
在某个夏季的一天,我走进了一个双层楼的建筑,充满了兴奋和期待。
十年的学习和努力终于让我获得学士学位,现在我将参加毕业典礼,接受我在大学里所取得的成就。
随着人们进入礼堂,我的心情变得愈发激动。
我坐在座位上,看着舞台上整齐排列的空座位,想象着不久后将会有人出现在这里。
每个座位上都摆放着一个毕业帽,象征着我们的成长和蜕变。
典礼开始了。
校长激动地致辞,表达着对我们的鼓励和祝福。
我们起立鼓掌,感受着他的话语在空气中回响。
然后,每一个系的系主任开始挨个宣布毕业生的名字。
当我的名字被宣布时,我站起来、向舞台走去,在校长手中接过我的毕业证书。
我感到一种骄傲和荣耀充满了整个身体。
毕业典礼结束后,我和我的同学们聚在一起,留下一些珍贵的瞬间。
我们互相祝贺并拍照留念,记录下这个重要的时刻。
在我们离开校园的前夜,我们聚在一起举行了一个盛大的庆祝晚会,庆祝我们的毕业与新的人生阶段的到来。
这个毕业典礼将会永远留在我的记忆中。
我明白,在大学的这段时光里我不仅仅是接受了知识,我也收获了成长和友谊。
我
要感谢我的导师和朋友们,在这段旅程中他们给予了我无尽的支持和鼓励。
现在,我准备迎接新的挑战,展开人生的下一章。
新世纪大学英语综合教程4课文翻译U1-U6A课文翻译
U1人在自然界人类生活在大自然的王国里。
他们时刻被大自然所包围并与之相互影响。
人类呼吸的空气、喝下的水和摄入的食物,无一不令人类时刻感知到大自然的影响。
我们与大自然血肉相连,离开大自然,我们将无法生存。
人类不仅生活在大自然之中,同时也在改变着大自然。
人类把自然资源转变为各种文化,社会历史的财富。
人类降服并控制了电,迫使它为人类社会的利益服务。
人类不仅把各种各样的动植物转移到不同的气候环境,也改变了他生活环境的地貌和气候并使动植物因之而发生转变。
随着社会的发展,人类对大自然的直接依赖越来越少,而间接的依赖却越来越多。
我们远古的祖先生活在大自然的威胁及破坏力的恐惧之中,他们常常连基本的生活物资都无法获取。
然而,尽管工具不甚完备,他们却能同心协力,顽强工作,并总是有所收获。
在与人类的相互作用中,大自然也发生了改变。
森林被破坏了,耕地面积增加了。
大自然及其威力被看成是和人类敌对的东西。
譬如,森林被认为是野性的和令人恐惧的,因此人类便想方设法使其面积缩小。
这一切都是打着“文明”的旗号进行的,所谓“文明”,就是人类在哪里建立家园,耕耘土地,哪里的森林就被砍伐。
然而,随着岁月的流逝,人类越来越关注的是在何处得到和如何得到生产所需的不可替代的自然资源的问题。
科学与人类改变大自然的实践活动已经使人类意识到了工业在改变地球的进程中对地质产生的重大影响。
目前,人与自然以及自然与社会整体之间过去存在的动态平衡,已呈现崩溃的迹象。
生物圈中所谓可替代资源的问题变得极为尖锐。
人类和社会的需求,即便是简单得像淡水一样的物质,也变得越来越难以满足。
清除工业废物的问题也变得日益复杂。
现代技术的特征是生产和使用日益丰富的人工合成产品。
人们生产成千上万的人工合成材料。
人们越来越多地用尼龙和其他人造纤维把自己从头到脚地包裹起来,这些绚丽的织物显然对他们无益。
年轻人或许很少注意到这一点,他们更关注的是外表,而不是健康。
但是上了年岁之后,他们就会感受到这种有害的影响。
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Unit One关于男人;一个男人和他的孩子们我教一年级学生。
我天天要面对的是:磕破了的膝盖、系成死扣的鞋带、已经听了十多遍的脑筋急转弯、发霉的生日蛋糕、受到伤害的情感、不知所以的故事、丢了的单只鞋子(“你要找不到它,妈妈会杀了我的。
”)。
总之,我的工作全部由这些六岁学童支配。
现在是10点45分,正是课间餐时间,我正在帮埃米莉开她的牛奶盒。
她自己试着从盒子另一端打开,但没成功。
现在她的手指已经把盒子弄得满是涂料和墨水,我都不知道这盒奶她还能不能喝。
但我还是帮她打开了。
然后我转身帮斯科特清理他撒到丽贝卡的鲸鱼拼字盘上的牛奶。
当我正在擦满手的牛奶和颜料时,珍妮问我有没有看见我在课上读的那本讲企鹅的有趣的书。
当我在凌乱的书堆中找那本书时,贾森又来问我午饭时会不会重新安排餐桌座位。
我找到了书,转身回答贾森的问题时,又看到了玛雅。
她飞快地凑过来跟我玩“敲敲”笑话的游戏。
在差不多说到第十遍“你是谁?”之后,我笑了起来,玛雅满意了。
一会儿安德鲁又问我他的纵横填字游戏中的flukes怎么拼。
当我拼到字母u 时,我用手势示意莎拉把课间餐端走。
但莎拉刚要走出门的时候,有两个孩子抱怨说“我们还没吃呢。
”我同意了他们要吃全麦饼干的要求,让莎拉把课间餐又端了回来。
当我转向安德鲁时,我发现他已经把flu放到了九纵而非九横。
现在是10点50分。
我从事的不是传统的男性工作,也不是什么光鲜的职业。
没有大堆的文件需要处理,也不需要进行什么交易。
我不具备某一领域的专业知识或技能。
我没有律师非凡的语言能力,没有建筑工人强大的体力,没有外科医生卓越的指挥能力,也没有商人的方法与手段。
我的精力不是用于追求、攀登、实现、征服、逼近某个目标或得到某样东西。
我的精力用于鼓励、支持、安慰和赞扬我的孩子们。
在教育界,内在的回报来源于教学之外。
每一天,除了教授阅读和拼写之外,我还会给孩子们包扎伤口、擦干泪水、舒展皱着的眉头、用绷带包扎撕裂的玩具娃娃或寻找丢失很久的一只靴子。
这一天过得好不好取决于孩子们是否快乐。
我会和我的学生们一起抱怨、欢笑、惊恐、哭泣、欣喜和好奇。
我必须得性情柔和。
几年前,当我面试一个小学教师职位的时候,每位校长都充满信心地对我说,作为男性我比女性求职者更有优势,因为他们缺少男教师。
但紧接下来,他们就略带疑惑地问我为什么选择这样一份和小孩子打交道的工作。
我回答说,我想观察一个人心智逐渐成熟的过程,并希望能在这一过程中贡献自己的力量。
但实际上我想说、却没说出口的是,我喜欢帮助小孩子第一次学写自己的名字,帮助他找到一个新朋友,或是和他一起分享读小熊维尼被卡到一个洞里只能露出头和屁股时的欢喜。
面试我的校长大多为男性,所以我这样回答他们,因为我觉得他们想要一个“男性化”的答复,也就是说,他们想要我从思想方面来回答。
如果我从另外一个角度来回答,说我对帮助孩子们的情感发展感兴趣的话,他们会觉得我有点儿“女性化”。
我甚至调整了自己的措辞,一次也没有用“热爱”这个词来描述我确实热爱的教育事业。
我的回答收到了不错的效果,每位校长都点头表示赞同。
有的校长还问我今后有什么样的职业规划。
他们想知道我最终是不是想进入教育管理层。
成为教务长或校长从来不是我的职业目标,但他们似乎希望我作为男性愿意在这个职业的阶梯上继续攀登。
所以我回答说,以后我希望成为一名教务员,和教师们一同工作。
他们再次认同地点点头。
我在想,如果那些校长是女性而非男性的话,他们的问题和我的回答会不会有所不同。
我猜会的。
还有一些时候,我去参加聚会或宴会。
当我告诉别人我教小孩子时,我发现男人和女人的反应不尽相同。
大部分男士会问我所教的科目和我所学过的课程。
然后,除非他们提起诸如奖金之类的话题,我们的谈话就此结束。
然而,我和大多数女士的谈话会更直接,并且她们会谈到自身的经历。
她们会说:“孩子们肯定喜欢有一位男老师”或“那个年纪的孩子太有意思了,你肯定喜欢你的工作。
”然后,她们通常就会谈起自己的孩子,或者问一些有关我工作的具体问题。
我们就此展开话题,谈论与教学相关的事情。
如果我的工作在福利待遇方面更像传统的男性工作的话,或许我和男士们之间的话会更多一些。
但我没有奖金与升职机会,没有棒球场正面看台上的免费座位,下班回家没有的士补助,下班后没有一起喝酒的哥们儿,没有公文包,没有西装(因为领带会卡到颜料瓶里),没有商务午餐(我和孩子们一起吃花生酱和果酱三明治、薯条、牛奶和饼干),也不会带客户参加鸡尾酒会。
我唯一带孩子们去的地方就是操场。
虽然我曾经可以像我的几个朋友那样在法律界或商界谋求发展,但是我选择了教学。
我的工作本身就有很多“福利”。
我能烤出放凉之后不会粘在一起的小甜饼,能买到便宜的缝纫材料,能挑出扎进皮肤的小刺,知道从哪个垃圾桶里能找到有用的小零碎儿。
有时,学生们叫我“爸爸”甚至“妈妈”。
参加宴会时,如果交谈中有片刻沉默的话,我总能用最新的脑筋急转弯题目问在场的客人——火鸡为什么过马路?(因为它以为自己是小鸡呢。
)■Unit Four相约星期二1 莫里很专注。
眼下总是有如意的日子和不如意的日子。
莫里今天很开心。
前一天晚上,他欣赏了当地无伴奏合唱团在他家中进行的演出。
他激动地向我讲述这件事,就像是大名鼎鼎的“墨迹斑斑”乐队来过他家似的。
在生病之前,莫里就非常喜欢音乐,而现在这种喜爱之情更加强烈,甚至会让他感动得落泪。
晚上他有时会听歌剧,闭上眼睛,让思绪随着美妙的歌声起起伏伏。
2 “米奇,你昨晚真应该来听他们的演唱。
真是天籁般的声音!”3 唱歌、欢笑、跳舞,莫里一直都喜欢这些简单的乐趣。
对他来说,物质的东西意义不大或根本没有任何意义。
以前如此,现在更是如此。
你总能听到人们在弥留之际说“你带不走钱财。
”莫里好像很久以前就明白了这一点。
4“在我们国家有一种洗脑的方法,”莫里叹了口气说。
“你知道他们是怎么给人们洗脑的吗?通过一遍遍地重复。
我们国家正是这样做的。
拥有物质是好的,拥有更多钱财是好的,拥有更多财产是好的,越来越商业化是好的,越多越好,越多越好。
我们不断重复这一点——并且不断听别人对我们重复这一点——一遍又一遍,直到没有人再萌生其他想法。
普通人就这样被迷雾所笼罩,对于什么是真正重要的已经没有了自己的看法。
5“生活中我随处都会碰到想要得到些新东西的人。
得到一辆新车,得到新的房产,得到最新款式的玩物;然后他们就想跟你炫耀:“猜猜我得到什么了?猜猜我得到什么了?”6 “你知道我一般怎么解释这一现象吗?这些人非常渴望得到爱,以至于他们可以接受爱的替代品。
在拥抱物质财富的时候,他们期待能得到幸福。
但这永远都不可能发生。
因为你不能用物质的东西代替爱、代替温情、代替柔情或者代替友情。
7 “钱取代不了柔情,权力也取代不了柔情。
我坐在这里,已经奄奄一息,但我可以告诉你,钱或权力都无法带给你你需要的感觉,不管你有多少钱财或多大的权力。
”8 我看了看莫里的书房,与我来的第一天一样。
书还是放在书架同样的位置上,文件还是堆在那张旧书桌上。
外面的房间也没有什么改观或修缮。
其实,相当长一段时间以来——也许有几年了——除了医疗设备外,莫里真的没买什么新的东西。
从得知自己患绝症的那天起,他就对自己的购买力失去了兴趣。
9 所以,电视还是那台老式电视,夏洛特开的汽车还是那部旧式汽车,餐具、刀叉和毛巾也都没变。
然而,这所房子也已发生了巨大的变化。
它充满了爱、教诲和交流,它充满了友情、亲情、真诚和泪水,它经常高朋满座——同事、学生、禅师、治疗专家、护士和无伴奏合唱团。
即使莫里银行账户中的钱在迅速减少,这个家已经实实在在地成为了一个富裕的家庭。
10 在这个国家,人们根本分不清我们想要什么和我们需要什么,”莫里说。
“你需要食物,但你想要一个巧克力圣代。
你必须诚实地面对自己。
你并不需要最新式的跑车,你也并不需要最大的房子。
11“事实是,你从那些东西中得不到满足。
你知道什么能真正让你得到满足吗?”什么?12“是给别人你应该给予的东西。
”13你听口气像个童子军队员。
14“我指的不是钱,米奇。
我指的是你的时间,你对其他人、其他事的关注。
这并不难,这附近开了一个老年中心,几十位老人每天都会来这里。
如果你是一名年轻人,并且有技能,你可以来授课。
比如说,你懂计算机,你就可以来教他们计算机。
那里的老人会非常欢迎你的,他们也会感激你。
你可以通过奉献自己所拥有的东西而得到尊重。
15 “很多地方都可以做这种工作。
你不需要具备某种天赋。
在医院和庇护所里,有些孤独的人只是希望有人陪陪他们。
当你和一个孤独的老人玩桥牌时,你会发现因为被需要而受到了新的尊重。
“还记得我说过的关于追求有意义的生活的话吗?我曾把这些话写下来,但现在我都能背下来了:全身心投入地爱他人,全身心投入到你身边的社区,全身心投入地去创造让你觉得有目标、有意义的事物。
16他笑着补充说:“你会发现这其中根本不涉及什么薪水的问题。
”17 我在一个泛黄的便笺簿上记下了莫里说的某些话。
我这样做主要是因为我不想让他看到我的眼睛,不想让他知道我的心思,不想让他知道,自从毕业后,我大部分的生活就是在追求这些被他一直谴责的东西——更大的玩物、更好的房子。
工作中和我交往的都是有钱的著名运动员,我说服自己说我的需求是现实的,与他们相比,我的贪婪根本不值一提。
18 但这些都是障眼烟雾,莫里让一切变得明了。
“米奇,如果你想对社会顶层的人显摆,还是算了吧,他们反正也看不起你。
如果你想对社会底层的人显摆,也算了吧,他们只会嫉妒你。
社会地位不会带给你任何好处,只有敞开心扉才能让你享受平等的生活,自由自在。
”19 他停顿了一下,然后看着我。
“我要死了,是吗?”我想是的。
■Unit Five英国人八卦规则中的性别差异研究人员发现,与人们的普遍看法相反的是,男人聊八卦一点儿也不逊色于女人。
英国的一项研究表明,男性和女性谈论社会话题——如人际关系——所花的时间相同(约65%);另一项研究发现,男性和女性八卦的时间相差不大,聊八卦占男性交谈时间的55%,占女性的67%。
有研究表明,谈论体育运动和休闲活动占人们交谈时间的10%,所以这一差异可能是由男性花更多的时间讨论足球而导致的。
研究发现,男人并没有比女人花更多的时间去谈论诸如政治、工作、艺术和文化事务等“重要”或“高雅”的话题——除非有女人在场(女人在场时情况会有明显的不同)。
女人不在场时,男人们就会聊八卦,而谈论如工作或政治等非社会性话题的时间不会超过5%。
只有在男女都在场时,为了给女人留下好印象,男人谈论这些“高雅”话题的时间才会明显增加,达到15%–20%。
事实上,最近的研究表明,男性和女性八卦内容的显著差异只有一个,那就是:男人花更多的时间谈论自己。
在谈论社会关系时,男人有三分之二的时间是在谈论自己的各种关系,而女性只用三分之一的时间来谈论自己。