语言学问答题
语言学纲要问答题
答：应力求做到准确。义素分析的结果必须准确反映词语的所指范围，应能包容而且只包容词义所反映的那类对象，不能过宽，不能过窄，在准确的前提下，义素分析还应力求简明。义素分析的设想是要以一套数量有限的语义成分来描写整个词义系统，因而在分析过程中，应用尽可能少的义素来揭示词义的特征。
67、义素分析的作用？
70、词为什么会由单义发展为多义？
答：词由单义发展为多义是具有其各方面的根源的，首先，客观对象之间的各种相关性和相似性联系是词语多义化的现实基础。由于客观事物间具有这种相关性或相似性，在使用语言的过程中，人们就有可能根据客观对象之间的某种关联，用指称甲类对象的词去指称乙类对象，从而产生出与原来的词义有联系的新的意义。比如英语的“pen”本来是“羽毛”的意思，由于古代用羽毛蘸墨水写字，羽毛便和书写工具联系在一起，人们用同一贯词去指称这两个虽不同但又有联系的事物，就使“pen”增加了“笔”的意思。其次，词语的多义化是语言经济原则的必然产物。语言中的语音形式总是有限的，而随着社会的发展和人的认识的深化，语言要表达的意义又总是不断增加的，用数量有限的语言形式去表达数量庞大且不断增加的意义，就必然会出现一个语音形式表达多个意义的多义化现象。
78、简要说明音符最初都是由已有的意符转化而来的？
答：意符就是文字系统中的字符跟文字所代表的语言单位在意义上有联系的字符，也就是表意的字符。文字系统中的字符跟文字所代表的语言单位在语音上有联系的字符就是音符，也就是表音的字符。但是语音没法由图形来表示，因此音符最初都是由已有的意符转化而来的，例如古汉字的“其”原来是“簸箕”的意思，原本是一个意符，后来采用这个字的字音去记录同音的虚词“其”，“簸箕”的意思就抛开了不管了，在这种情况下，“其”就是成了只在语音上跟有关的语言单位有联系的音符。
语言学问答题
阳性单词：man，uncle，bridegroom，monk，son，king阴性单词：woman，aunt，bride，nun，daughter，queen人与动物语言区别：the difference between human language and animal communication is not quantitative but qualitative. one of the major differences between humans and animals is that human use of language is not just a response to external, or even internal, stimuli, as are the sounds and gestures of animals.Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why?Language is arbitrary in nature, it is not entirely arbitrary, because there are a limited number of words whose connections between forms and meanings can be logically explained to a certain extent, for example, the onomatopoeia, words which are coined on the basis of imitation of sounds by sounds such as bang, crash,etc.. Take compounds for another example. The two elements“photo” and“copy”in “photocopy”are non-motivated, but the compound is not arbitrary.名词解释：1. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.3. Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax. .4. Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.5. Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to the workings of mind is called psycholinguistics.6. Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.7. Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics.8. Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.9. Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics.10. Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.1 arbitrary：Describes the property of language, including sign language, whereby there is no natural or intrinsic relationship between the way a word is pronounced (or signed) and its meaning.2 Descriptive Grammar： A linguist’s description or model of the mental gr ammar, including the units, structures, and rules. An explicit statement of what speakers know about their language. Cf. prescriptive grammar, teaching grammar.3 Grammar：The mental representation of a speaker’s linguistic competence; what a speaker knows about a language, including its phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics,and lexicon. A linguistic description of a speaker’s mental grammar.4lexicon：The component of the grammar containing speakers’ knowledge about morphemes and words; a speaker’s mental dictionary.5 morphology：The study of the structure of words; the component of the grammar that includes the rules of word formation.6 Phonology：The sound system of a language; the component of a grammar that includes the inventory of sounds (phonetic and phonemic units) and rules for their combination and pronunciation; the study of the sound systems of all languages.7Semantics：The study of the linguistic meaning of morphemes, words, phrases, and sentences.8 sign languages：The languages used by deaf people in which linguistic units such as morphemes and words as well as grammatical relations are formed by manual and other body movements.9syntax ：The rules of sentence formation; the component of the mental grammar that represents speake rs’ knowledge of the structure of phrases and sentences.10 Universal Grammar(UG) ：The innate principles and properties that pertain to the grammars of all human languages.11 aspirated：Describes a voiceless stop produced with a puff of air that results when the vocal cords remain open for a brief period after the release of the stop, e.g., the [ph] in pit. Cf. unaspirated.12 diacritics：Additional markings on written symbols to specify various phonetic properties such as length, tone, stress, nasalization; extra marks on a written character that change its usual value, e.g., the tilde [~] drawn over the letter n in Spanish represents a palatalized nasal rather than an alveolar nasal.13 glottis：The opening between the vocal cords.14 International Phonetic Association (IPA)：The organization founded in 1888 to further phonetic research and develop the International Phonetic Alphabet.15 manner of articulation：The way the airstream is obstructed as it travels through the vocal tract. Stop, nasal, affricate, and fricative are some manners of articulation. Cf. place of articulation.16 phonetics:The study of linguistic speech sounds, how they are produced (articulatory phonetics), how they are perceived (auditory or perceptual phonetics), and their physical aspects (acoustic phonetics).17 stressed syllable : A syllable with relatively greater length, loudness, and/or higher pitch than other syllables in a word, and therefore perceived as prominent. Also called accent.18 tone: Contrastive pitch of syllables in tone languages in which two words may be identical except for such differences in pitch, e.g., in Thai [naa] with falling pitch means ―face,‖ but with a rising pitch means ―thick.‖ Cf. register tones, contour tones.19complementary distribution: The situation in which phones never occur in the same phonetic environment, e.g., [p] and [ph] in English. Cf. allophones.20 free variation：Alternative pronunciations of a word in which one sound is substituted for another without changing the word’s meaning, e.g., pronunciation of bottle as [batEl] or [ba/El].21 intonation：Pitch contour of a phrase or sentence.22 length：A prosodic feature referring to the duration of a segment. Two sounds may contrast in length, e.g., in Japanese the first vowel is [+ long} in /biiru/ ―beer‖ but [– long], therefore short, in /biru/ ―building.‖23 minimal pair (or set)：Two (or more) words that are identical except for one phoneme that occurs in the same position in each word, e.g., pain /pen/, bane /ben/, main /men/.24 phonetic features：Phonetic properties of segments (e.g., voice, nasal, alveolar) that distinguish one segment from another.25 acronym：Word composed of the initials of several words, e.g., PET scan from positron-emission tomography scan.26 compound ：A word composed of two or more words, e.g., washcloth, childproof cap.27 form：Phonological or gestural representation of a morpheme or word.28：meaning：The conceptual or semantic aspect of a sign or utterance that permits us to comprehend the message being conveyed. Expressions in language generally have both form — pronunciation or gesture — and meaning. Cf. extension, intension, sense, reference.29 morpheme：Smallest unit of linguistic meaning or function, e.g., sheepdogs contains three mor30 morphological rules：Rules for combining morphemes to form stems and words.31 open class：The class of lexical content words; a category of words that commonly adds new words, e.g., nouns, verbs.32 orthography：The written form of a language; spelling.33 complemen t；The constituent(s) in a phrase other than the head that complete(s) the meaning of the phrase. In the verb phrase found a puppy, the noun phrase a puppy is a complement of the head verb found.34 deep structure；Any phrase structure tree generated by the phrase structure rules of a transformational grammar. The basic syntactic structures of the grammar.35 direct object；The grammatical relation of a noun phrase when it appears immediately below the verb phrase (VP) and next to the verb in deep structure; the noun phrase complement of a transitive verb, e.g., the puppy in the boy found the puppy.36 functional category；One of the categories of function words, including determiner, aux, complementizer, and preposition. These categories are not lexical or phrasal categories. Cf. lexical categories, phrasal categories.37 phrase structure tree；A tree diagram with syntactic categories at each node that reveals both the linear and hierarchical structure of phrases and sentences.38 rules of syntax；Principles of grammar that account for the grammaticality of sentences, their hierarchical structure, their word order, whether there is structural ambiguity, etc. Cf. phrase structure rules, transformational rules.39 structure dependent；(1) A principle of Universal Grammar that states that the application of transformational rules is determined by phrase structure properties, as opposed to structureless sequences of words or specific sentences; (2) the way children construct rules using their knowledge of syntactic structure irrespective of the specific words in the structure or their meaning.40 surface structure：The structure that results from applying transformational rules to a deep structure. It is syntactically closest to actual utterances. Cf. transformational rule.41 transformational rule, transformation：A syntactic rule that applies to an underlyingphrase structure tree of a sentence (either deep structure or an intermediate structure already affected by a transformation) and derives a new structure by moving or inserting elements, e.g., the transformational rules of wh movement and do insertion relate the deep structure sentence John saw who to the surface structure Who did John see.42 coreferential：Describes noun phrases (including pronouns) that refer to the same entity.43 heteronyms：Different words spelled the same (i.e., homographs) but pronounced differ ently, e.g. bass, meaning either ―low tone‖ [bes] or ―a kind of fish‖ [bœs].44 homographs：Words spelled identically, and possibly pronounced the same, e.g., bear meaning ―to tolerate,‖ and bear the animal; or lead the metal and lead, what leaders do.45 hyponyms：Words whose meanings are specific instances of a more general word, e.g., red, white, and blue are hyponyms of the word color; triangle is a hyponym of polygon.46 lexical semantics：The subfield of semantics concerned with the meanings of words and the meaning relationships among words.47 pragmatics：The study of how context and situation affect meaning.48 semantic features：A notational device for expressing the presence or absence of semantic properties by pluses and minuses, e.g., baby is [+ young], [+ human], [– abstract], etc.49 semantic properties：The components of meaning of a word,e.g., ―young‖ is a semantic property of baby, colt, puppy.。
语言学：汉语修辞学试题及答案
语言学：汉语修辞学试题及答案1、问答题什么是言辞选择，它有什么内涵？正确答案：言辞选择：词语的选择，既包括词的选择，也包括短语的选择。
不仅只是选择运用现成的词语，还包括改造运用某些词语，这种改造运用时对词与短（江南博哥）语创造性的选择，是一种为追求特殊表达效果的变异性运用。
2、单选“国破山河在”这首诗属于近体诗中的OoA.平起平收B.平起仄收C.仄起平收D.仄起仄收正确答案：D3、多选下列句子，表达不恰当的有OoA、暑假里，爸爸陪同我去黄山玩，爬天都峰。
B、随着教育事业的发展和需要，一支庞大的教师队伍已逐渐形成。
C、程老师的一番话，好像一股强大的暖流，流到我的心田。
D、上课以前，班主任就把王老师生病的新闻告诉了同学们。
正确答案：A,B,D4、多选语言锤炼的基本要求是OoA、准确朴实B、简洁有力C、新鲜活泼D、生动形象正确答案：A,B,C,D5、问答题普通话四声中，哪些是平声，哪些是仄声？平声和仄声各有什么特点？合理安排平仄有什么修辞效果？正确答案：平声包括普通话中的阴平和阳平，仄声包括普通话中的上声和去声。
平声的特点是长而扬，仄声的特点是短而抑。
平仄安排得当，声调平衡交替，声音显得错落有致，节奏分明，具有抑扬美。
6、多选下列各句在成语运用中不够恰当的是OA、她这个人清高自负，对那些衣着豪华、佩金戴银、显得美轮美奂的“贵妇人”总是看不顺眼。
B、那个黄头发的青年见魏不肯拿钱，便气极败坏地抢下出租车钥匙，来搜魏的衣袋。
C、她比大家大一点，深受大家的敬重。
平时店主任在，她是营业员；店主任不在，她就代理主任的工作。
主任回店，她又心安理得地回到助手的位置。
D、巴拿马运河终于物归原主。
正确答案：A,B,C7、问答题简述什么是移情并举例说明。
正确答案：1、移情：为了抒发强烈的感情，作者使周围的物体染上一层与自己情感一致，但实际不存在的感情色彩的修辞方式叫移情。
移情就是把人的思想感情转移到物身上的修辞方式。
2、例如：“蜡烛有心还惜别，替人垂泪到天明。
语言学：语言学概论必看题库知识点四
语言学：语言学概论必看题库知识点四1、单选关于社会方言的形成，下列说法不正确的一项是（）A．社会方言大多是在语言的相互接触中形成的B．社会方言是随着社会的社群分化而产生的C．一种语言的内部有可能形成社会（江南博哥）方言D．一种方言的内部有可能形成社会方言正确答案：A2、问答题简答音位和音位变体的关系。
正确答案：音位是从具体音素中抽象概括出来的功能音类，音位变体则是音位在特定语音环境中的具体体现。
音位是用来概括反映一组音素的辨义作用的功能单位，音位变体则是音位在各种语音环境里的实际发音。
3、名词解释共时文字学和历时文字学正确答案：共时文字学研究某一时期的文字系统，如现代文字学、现代汉字学、古文字学等。
历时文字学从发展变化的角度研究文字的历时变化，例如文字发展史、汉字发展史等。
4、单选洋泾浜语和克里奥耳语属于语言的（）A、语言的借用和吸收B、语言的转用C、语言的混合D、双语现象正确答案：C参考解析：在不同语言频繁接触的地区，来源于不同语言的成分可能混合在一起，产生了洋泾浜语和克里奥耳语。
母语化了的洋泾浜语就成了克里奥耳语。
5、名词解释中介语现象正确答案：中介语现象指在外语学习过程中，学习者建立的一种既不同于母语又不同于外语而只属于个人的语言系统。
6、单选一种语言中数量最少的是（）A、音素B、音位C、语素D、音节正确答案：B7、问答题简要说明音质音位和非音质音位的区别？正确答案：音质音位是以音素为材料，通过音质的差别来起辨义作用的音位。
因为说话时产生的连续语流总占据一定的时间，音质单位在语音组合的线性序列中都各自占有一个时间段落。
所以音质音位又叫做“音段音位”。
而非音质音位是通过音高、音强、音长的差别来起辨义作用的音位，因为它所依附的并不局限于一个音段音位，而且常常依附在音段音位的组合序列上，因此非音质音位又叫做“超音段音位”。
8、单选下列各组词，吸收外来成分的手段存在不一致情况的一组是（）A．丹麦挪威法兰西B．沙拉咖啡麦当劳C．卡车啤酒立邦漆D．香波克隆好莱坞正确答案：D9、单选从词的构造方式看，下列各项中属于复合词的是（）A.木头B.念头C.苦头D.山头正确答案：D10、名词解释社会现象正确答案：指那些与人类共同体的一切活动--产生、存在和发展密切联系的现象。
(完整word版)语言学名词解释和问答题答案(只供参考)
四、名词解释：1)Parole话语：①it refers to the realization of langue in actual use.②it is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules。
③it is concrete, refers to the naturally occurring language events。
④it varies from person to person, and from situation to situation。
2)Applied linguistics应用语言学：findings in linguistic studies can often be applied tothe solution of such practical problems as recovery of speech ability. The study of such applications is known as applied linguistics.3)Reference（所指）语义: It means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physicalworld，it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non—linguistic world of experience。
4)Illocutionary act言外行为：the act of expressing the speaker’s intention，it is theact preformed in saying something。
5)Regional dialect地域方言：it is a linguistic variety used by people living in the samegeographical region。
语言学问答题
Chapter 14. Do you think that onomatopoeia indicates a non-arbitrary relationship between form and meaning?Answer：No matter you say "Yes" or "No", you cannot deny that onomatopoeia needs arbitrariness. Before we feel a word is onomatopoeic we should first know which sound the word imitates. Just as what is said in Chapter One, in order to imitate the noise of flying mosquitoes, there are many choices like "murmurous" and "murderous". They both bear more or less resemblance to the genuine natural sound, but "murmurous" is fortunately chosen to mean the noise while "murderous" is chosen to mean something quite different. They are arbitrary as signifiers.6. Does the traffic light system have duality? Can you explain by drawing a simple graph?Answer：Traffic light does not have duality. Obviously, it is not a double-level system. There is only one-to-one relationship between signs and meaning but the meaning units cannot be divided into smaller meaningless elements further. So the traffic light only has the primary level and lacks the secondary level like animals’ calls. Red→stop Green→go Yellow→get ready to go or stop10. What do you think of Bertrand Russell’s observation of the dog language: “No matter how eloquently a dog may bark, he cannot te ll you that his parents were poor but honest”? Are you familiar with any type of ways animals communicate among themselves and with human beings?Answer：When gazelles sense potential danger, for example, they flee and thereby signal to other gazelles in the vicinity that danger is lurking. A dog signals its wish to be let inside the house by barking and signals the possibility that it might bite momentarily by displaying its fangs.13. Comment on the following prescriptive rules. Do you think they are acceptable?(A) It is I.(B) It is me.You should say A instead of B because “be” should be followed by the nominative case, not the accusative according to the rules in Latin.Answer：(1) the Latin rule is not universal. In English, me is informal and I is felt to be very formal.(2) Whom is used in formal speech and in writing; who is more acceptable in informal speech.(3) Language does not have to follow logic reasoning. Here two negative only make a more emphatic negative. This sentence is not acceptable in Standard English not because it is illogical, but because language changes and rejects this usage now.17. The following are some well-known ambiguous sentences in syntactic studies of language. Can you disambiguate them?The chicken is too hot to eat.Flying planes can be dangerous.Answer：The chicken is too hot to eat.The chicken meat is too hot, so it cannot be eaten at the moment.The chicken feels so hot (maybe after some intense aerobic exercises) that it cannot start eating and needs to calm down first.Flying planes can be dangerous.The ambiguity comes from "flying planes". It can be deciphered as "the planes that is flying" or "to fly planes". 21. Give examples of situations in which a usage generally considered non-standard (e.g. ain’t) would be acceptable, even appropriate.Answer：In the talks between intimate friends, one may say “gimme that!” instead of “give me that!” and “wachya doin’?” instead of “what are you doing?” and this list may go on.Chapter 22、Give the description of the following sound segments in English.Answer：ʃ——voiceless postalveolar fricativeð——voiced dental fricativeŋ——velar nasald——voiced alveolar stop/plosivep——voiceless bilabial stop/plosivek——voiceless velar stop/plosivel——laterali——high front unrounded lax vowelu: p—— high back rounded tense vowelɔ——low back rounded lax vowel3、Give the IPA symbols for the sounds that correspond to the descriptions below.Answer：Voiceless labiodental fricative——fVoiced postalveolar fricative——ʒPalatal approximant ——jVoiceless glottal fricative——hVoiceless alveolar stop——tHigh-mid front unrounded vowel——eHigh central rounded vowel——uLow front rounded vowel——ðLow-mid back rounded vowel——ɔHigh back rounded tense vowel——u:5、Discuss the following questions.To what extent is phonology related too phonetics and how do they differ? Answer：Both phonetics and phonology study human sounds but they differ in the levels of analysis.Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced,transmitted,and perceived.Chapter 310、Classfy the following words as loanwords(LW),loanblends(LB),loanshifts(LS)or loan translation(LT). Answer：LW:monk,loan-word,tea LB:booby trap,coconut,ChinatownLS:yankee,artificial,satellite LT:firewater,free verse,warpaint11、If there are two affixes-ly,one producing adjectives and the other attaching to adjectives to produce adverbs,can we find words with both of these affixes?Answer：No.Words with both of these affixes-ly are not allocated in English.See below:Friendlily(friend-friendly-friendlily) Oilily(oil-oily-oilily)Chillily(chill-chilly-chillily)12、Make a list of nouns from the following words that-s can attch to.Epiphany foot hat house Kitchen ox phenomenon region sheep tomatoAnswer: hat house kitchen regionChapter 42、Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences.Answer：——The instructor told the students to study. [NP(det.+n)+V+NP(det.+n)+inf.]——The customer requested for a cold beer.[ NP(det.+n)+V+PP(prep.+det.+adj.+n.)]——The pilot landed the jet.[ NP(det.+n)+V+NP(det.+n)]——These dead trees must be removed.[ NP(det.+adj+n)+mv+be+past participle) ]——That glass suddenly broke.[ NP(det.+n)+adv.+V]3、Put brackets around the immediate constituents in each sentence.Answer：——((The)( boy))(( was)) crying)).——(Shiu)(( the)( door)).——((Open)(( the)( door)))( quickly).——((The)((( happy)( teacher))(( in)(( that)( class)))))(( was)(( beaming)( away))).——(He)((( bought)(( an)(( old)( car))))(( with)(( his)(( first)(( pay)( cheque)))))).4、For each of the underlinged constructions or word groups,do the following.Answer：——Duceks quack..(non-headed;independent clause)——The ladder in the shed is long enough.( non-head;prepositional phrase)——I saw a bridge damaged beyond repair.(headed;headword—damaged;adjectival group)——Singing hymns is forbidden in some countries.(headed;headword—singing;gerundial phrase)——His handsome face appeared in the magazine.( headed; headword—face;nominal group)A lady of great beauty came out.( (non-headed; prepositional phrase)——He enjoys climbing high mountains.(headed;headword—climbing;gerundial phrase)——The man nodded patiently.(non—headed;independent clause)——A man roused by the insult drew his sword.(headed;headword—roused;adjectveal phrase)8、Mark the underlined parts of the sentences in Ex.4-37 with the terms such as participial phrase,gerundial,and so on.Answer：The best thing would be to leave early.It’s great for a man to be free.Having finished their task,they came to help ue.Xiao Li being away,Xiao Wang had to do the work.Filled with shame,he left the house.All our savings gone,we started looking for jobs.It’s no use crying over spilt milk.Do you mind my opening the window.Chapter 5[ Dear White Fella. You White Fella ]Answer:This poem is about the use of the word“coloured”.The author cleverly makes use of “coloured”in sense of “different colours”to qppose the practive to refer to black people as “coloured”. This shows form another point of view that “coloured” is not a superordinate to “red”, “green”, “yellow”.[ Write out the synonyms of the following words: youth; automobile; remember; purchase; vacation; big.] Answer:(a)youth(adolescent);automobile(car);remember(recall);purchase(buy);vacation(holidays);big(large)(b)dark(lignt: with respect to brightness)boy(girl: with respect to sex)hot(cold: with respect to temperature)go(come:with respect to direction)(c)bright(a,shining;b.intelligent)To glare(a. to shine intensely; b.money in the bank)A deposit(a.minerals in the earth; b.money in the bank)Plane(a. aflying vehicle; b. a flat surface)[ The British linguist F.R Palmer argues in his Semantics that “there”is no absolute distinction between (gradable antonyms and complementary sntonyms).]Answer: I t is not advisable to tell beginners of linguistics thar the distinction between gradable antonyms and complementary antonyms is relative. The expression “more dead than alive” is not a true comparative.[ 姜望琪（1991:79）claims that“to some extent, we can say that a ny two words of the same part of speech may become antonyms.. what do you think of the claim?]Answer: this is a reasonable claim. As the author said in the paper.“man” can be the antonym of “woman”, but it can also be the antonym of“boy” in a situation wh en the age difference is important. When the difference between a man and an animal is important,“man” can also be the antonym of“dog”. And when the difference between something animate and something inanimate is important, then“man” can even be the antonym of “stone”. In the extreme cases, so-called synonyms may also become antonyms, for example,“ You have to peel a raw potato but you can skin a boiled one”,“He’s no statesman, but a mere politician.Chapter 8[ The daughter walks into the kitchen and takes some popcorn. ]Answer：The illocutionary force of“I thought you were practicing your violin”is a criticism of the daughter for her not practicing the violin .That of the daughter’s answer is a defence for herslf-I’m going to do that. And that of the f ather’s retort is a denial of the daughter’s excuse.[ If you ask somebody“Can you open the door？”he answers“Yes”…]Answer：I would be angry with him.“Can you open the door”is normally a request of the hearer to do it rather than a question about his abil ity. The fact that he answers“Yes”but does not actually do it shows that he declines my request.[ On 14 January,1993,US President-elect Bill Clinton spoke to…]Answer：Yes, this is an occasion on which the CP and its maxims are suspended.When he formulated his CP, Grice qualified it with expressions like “normally”，“characteristically”and“ceteris paribus”.InOther words ,the CP and its maxims are not meant to be observed in all situations. Alternatively, we may say that assumptions like“The speaker believes in what he says”are implicatures, which will be cancelled in situations where there are indications to the contrary. Similar occasions include funeral orations, poetry writing, and joking.[ A：Have you seen Peter today？B：Well, if I didn’t deny seeing him I wouldn’t be telling a lie.]Answer：Without a proper context, these conversations can all be regarded as jokes resulting form the exploitation of Grice’s CP and maxims.In(1) Speaker B uses a long and prolix way to express the meaning of“Yes, I have”, thus violating the Manner maxim of “Be brief(avoid prolixity)”.(2B) results from the exploiting of Quality maxims in that the speaker seems to be telling the truth while deliberately misinterpreting Speaker A’s “there”.(3B) is another instance of exploiting the Quality maxims. Though logically speaking it may be true that Speaker B has been helpful to A，we don’t usually respond to others’ thanks in this way.On one hand,(4B) is still another instance of exploiting the Quality maxims in that Mr Smith’s office is really“not here”.On the other hand, Speaker B as violated the Quantity maxim of being as informative as is required since A needs more specific information than“not here”.(5B) is an indirect way of declining the offer. In terms of Grice’s maxims, this is a case of not being relevant.In the last conversation, Speaker B uses a long prolix way for the simple answer“Yes, he has”,and has thus violated the Manner maxim of “Be brief(avoid prolixity)”。
语言学考试题
语言学考试题一、选择题1. 下列哪个是语言学的基本研究对象？A. 数字B. 文字C. 语言D. 音乐2. 哪位学者提出了语言功能理论？A. #德维特B. 萨普尔斯C. 赫尔德D. #哈尔德格尔3. 语言学的分类方法通常可以分为几大类？A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 24. “语言符号”中包括哪些要素？A. 声音B. 符号C. 拼写D. A、B5. 在语法范畴中，“动宾关系”是指什么？A. 主语和谓语之间的语法关系B. 主语和宾语之间的语法关系C. 宾语和谓语之间的语法关系D. 主语和动词之间的语法关系二、填空题6. 语言学中研究音素的学科是---。
7. 没有逻辑意义的音节称为---。
8. 语音学的基本单位是---。
9. 下列哪个不是语言学的分支学科？10. 一种语言中声母、韵母和声调三者综合的组合称为---。
三、简答题11. 请简要说明音韵学和语音学的区别。
12. 什么是“方言”，方言和语言的关系是什么？13. 什么是语法，语法的作用是什么？14. “文字和语言的关系”是语言学中一个重要问题，请简述你对这个问题的理解。
15. 请简要介绍语言学的研究方法有哪些？四、论述题16. 语言是人类最重要的交流工具之一，请说明语言对个体和社会的重要性。
17. 语言学的发展历程是怎样的？过去、现在和未来的语言学会有怎样的发展趋势？18. 请解释语言与文化之间的关系，并谈谈语言多样性对世界文化的重要影响。
以上便是本次语言学考试题的全部内容，请同学们认真地完成每一道题目，祝大家取得优异的成绩！。
(完整word版)语言学名词解释和问答题答案(只供参考)
四、名词解释：1)Parole话语：①it refers to the realization of langue in actual use.②it is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules.③it is concrete, refers to the naturally occurring language events.④it varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.2)Applied linguistics应用语言学：findings in linguistic studies can often beapplied to the solution of such practical problems as recovery of speech ability.The study of such applications is known as applied linguistics.3)Reference（所指）语义: It means what a linguistic form refers to in the real,physical world, it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.4)Illocutionary act言外行为：the act of expressing the speaker’s intention,it is th eact preformed in saying something.5)Regional dialect地域方言：it is a linguistic variety used by people living in thesame geographical region. It has been found that regional dialect boundaries often coincide with geographical barriers such as mountains, rivers and swamps.6)LAD(Language Acquisition Device)语言习得机制：It was described as animaginary "black box" existing somewhere in the human brain.7)CA（Contrastive Analysis）对比分析：starting with describing comparablefeatures of the native language and the target language, CA compares the forms and meanings across these two languages to locate the mismatches or differences so that people can predict the possible learning difficulty learners may encounter.8)Neurolinguistics（神经语言学）：it is the study of two related areas：languagedisorders and the relationship between the brain and language. It includes research into how the brain is structured and what function each part of the brain performs, how and in which parts of the brain language is stored, and how damage to the brain affects the ability to use language.9)Predication analysis述谓结构分析：①It is proposed by the British Linguist G.Leech.②The basic unit is called predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.③This applies to all forms of a sentence.④ A predication consists of argument(s) and predicate.10)Cross-cultural communication(intercultural communication)跨文化交流：itis communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbols systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.11)Cross-association互相联想：In English we sometimes may come across wordswhich are similar in meaning. Their spelling and pronunciation are also alike. The close association of the two leads to confusion. Such interference is often referred as cross-association.12)CPH（Critical Period Hypothesis）临界期假说：a specific and limited time period for language acquisition.①The strong version of CPH suggests that children must acquire their first language by puberty or they will never be able to learn from subsequent exposure.②The weak version holds that language learning will be more difficult and incomplete after puberty. (Support in Victor’s and Genie’s cases)13) Prescriptive（grammer）规定语法：if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for "correct and standard " behaviour in using language to ell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive.14) Performance语言运用；言语行为：the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication .15)Duality双重性(double articulation)：language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. The lower or basic level is of sounds, which are meaningless. The higher level can be meaningful.五、问答题：Chapter 11.How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: linguistics is the scientificstudy of language?Linguistics studies not any particular language,but it studies languages in general.It is a scientific study because it is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data,conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure.In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, what the linguist has to do first is to collect and observe language facts,which are found to display some similarities ,and generalizations are made about them,then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure .But the hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity.6. How is Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky’sdistinction between competence and performance?Both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the abstract language system and the actual use of language. their purpose is to single out the language system for serious studyThey are similar in two aspects: the definition and the content of study.On one hand, Saussure defines langue as the abstract linguistic system shared by all themembers of a speech community, and parole as the realization of langue in actual use.Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. We can see that langue and competence both refer to the abstract issue, conventions and knowledge, and parole and performance both are their actual realization, the concrete use.On the other hand, in Saussure’s opinion, what linguists should do is to abstract langue from parole as parole is too varied and confusing. And this is the same as Chomsky. He thinkslinguists should study t he ideal speaker’s competence, not his performance, which is too haphazard to be studied.Two linguists idea differ in that Saussure took a sociological view of language, Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view, competence is a property of the mind of each individual.8.What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C.Hockettto show that it is essentially different from animal communication system?1)Arbitrariness:this means that there is no logical connection between meanings andsounds. A good example is the fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different language.2)Productivity:Language is productive in that it makes possible the construction andinterpretation of new signals of its users.3)Duality:language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. Atthe lower or the basic level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless. But the sounds of language can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning, which are found at the higher level of the system.4) Displacement: Language can be use to refer to things which are present or not present, realor imagined matters in the past ,present or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.5) Cultural transmission:Language is passed on from one generation to next through teachingand learning rather than by instinct.Chapter 23.Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow one transcription differ? Broad transcription—one letter symbol for one sound.Narrow transcription—diacritics are added to the one-letter symbols to show the finer differences between sounds.In broad transcription, the symbol [l] is used for the sound [l]8.what’s a phone? how is it different from a phoneme? how are allophones related to a phoneme?① A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. Phones do not necessarily distinguish meaning, some do, some don’t, e.g. [ bI:t ] & [ bIt ], [spIt] & [spIt].② A phoneme is a phonological unit; it is a unit of distinctive value; an abstract unit, not a particular sound, but it is represented by a certain phone in certain phonetic context, e.g. the phoneme /p/ can be represented differently in [pIt], [tIp] and [spIt].③Allophone—the phones that can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environmentsPhone is different from phoneme,The phoneme /l/ can be realized as dark/l-/and clear/l/,which are allophones of the phoneme /l/1.What are the major views concerning the study of meaning?1)The naming theory命名论was proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. Thelinguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for; words are just names or labels for things. The semantic relationship holding between words and things is the relationship of naming.2)The conceptualist view概念论: This view holds that there is no direct link between alinguistic form and what it refers to; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind. This is best illustrated by the semantic triangle suggested by Ogden and Richards:3)Contextualism语境论: Representatively proposed by the British linguist J. R. Firthwho had been influenced by the Polish anthropologist Malinowski and the German philosopher Wittgenstein.It holds that meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, context-elements closely linked with language behavior. …the meaning of a word is its use in the language.4)Behaviourism行为主义论: Based on contextualist view by Bloomfield who drew onbehaviorist psychology in defining “meaning”.Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language from as the “situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.” This theory, somewhat close to contextualism, is linked with psychological interest.6.In what way is componential analysis similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features?成分分析和把音位分析为区别性特征有何相似之处？In the light of componential analysis, the meaning of a word consists of a number of distinctive meaning features, the analysis breaks down the meaning of the word into these features; it is these different features that distinguish word meaning similarly, a phoneme is considered as a collection of distinctive sound features, a phoneme can be broken down into these distinctive sound features and its these sound features that distinguish different sounds.5. According to Austin, what are the three acts a person is possibly performing while making an utterance. Give an example.According to Austin's new model, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act.A locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology. An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something. A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something. Let's look at an example:"You have left the door wide open."The locutionary act performed by the speaker is his utterance of the wo rds “you”, “have”, “door”,“open”, etc. thus expressing what the words literally mean.The illocutionary act performed by the speaker is that by making such an utterance he has expressed his intention of speaking, i.e. asking someone to close the door, or making a complaint, depending on the context.The perlocutionary act refers to the effect of the utterance. If the hearer gets the speaker's message and sees that the speaker means to tell him to close the door, the speaker has successfully brought about the change in the real world he has intended to; then the perlocutionary act is successfully performed.8. What are the four maxims of the CP? Try to give your own examples to show how floutingthese maxims gives rise to conversational implicature?答：Cooperative Principle, abbreviated as CP. It goes as follows:Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.To be more specific, there are four maxims under this general principle:(1) The maxim of quantity数量原则E.g. A: When is Susan's farewell party?B: Sometimes next month.It is flouting the maxim of quantity(2) The maxim of quality质量原则E.g. A: Would you like to join us for the picnic on Sunday?B: I'm afraid I have got a class on Sunday.(3) The maxim of relation相关原则E.g. A: How did the math exam go today, Tom?B: We had a basketball match with the other class.(4) The maxim of manner方式准则E.g. A: Shall we got something for the kids?B: Yes. But I veto I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.Chapter92.What do you think of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis? Give examples or proof to support your point of view.Sapir-Whorf believe that language filters people's perception and the way they categorize their experiences. This interdependence of language and thought is now known as Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. There are mainly two different interpretations about Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: a strong version and a weak one. The strong version believes that language patterns determine people’s thinking and behavior, the weak one holds that the former influences the later.I agree with the weak one. Here is an example, the word snow. For Eskimo snow is extremely important and so crucial to life that each of its various forms and conditions is named. In English-speaking cultures, snow is far less important and simple word snow usually suffices the need. When some needs become more specific, however, longer phrases can be made up to meet these needs: “corn snow”, “fine powder snow”, and “drifting snow”.Chapter102.Among the language acquisition theories mentioned in this chapter, which one do you think is more reasonable and convincing? Explain why.1)Behaviourist view---language is behavior ,language learning is simply a matter of imitation and habit formation.In this theory,imitation and practice are preliminary(开始),discrimination （识别）and generalizaition are key to language development.2)An innatist (语法天生主义者)view----In the human brain, there is an imaginary “black box”called Language acquisition device which is said to contain principles that are universal to all language.Children need access to the samples of a natural language to activate the LAD, which enables them to discover his language's structure by matching the innate knowledge of basic grammatical system to that particular ter Chomsky prefer this innate endowment as UG and hold that if children are pre-equipped with UG, then what they have to learn is the ways in which their own language make use of these principles and the variations in those principles which may exist in the particular language they are learning.3) An interactionist(互动主义者)view----language develops as a result of the complex interplay,between the human characteristics of the child and the environment in which child develops.In a word,Behaviorists view sounds reasonable in explaining the routine aspects,the innatist accounts most reasonable in explaining children's acquiring complex system, and the interactionist description convincing in understanding how children learn and use the language appropriately from their environment.Chapter111、To what extent is second language learning similar to first language learning? Can you list some proof from your own learning experience?(please list your own experience.)The studies on the first language acquisition have influenced enormously those on the second language acquisition at both theoretical and pratical levels. Theoretically the new findings and advances in first language acquisition in learning theories and learning process are illuminating in understanding second language acquisition. The techniques used to collect and analyze data in first language acquisition also provide insights and perspectives in the study of second language acquisition. Just as Littlewood summarizes, the first language study has served as a backcloth for perceiving and undrerstanding new facts about second language learning.2.Try to observe yourself and pay attention to your own learning experience, what conclusion can you reach about the role of Chinese in your English learning? On what occasions are you more likely to use or depend on Chinese in learning and using English? Chinese plays an inseparable role in our English learning and people can't afford to ignore it. Hence, the role of Chinese in our English learning is worth careful examination. In addition, English learning have been influnenced by Chinese learning at both theoretical and practical levels.(1)Theoretically, the new findings and advanced in Chinese acquisition especially in learning theories and learning process are illuminate (helping) in understanding English acquisition.(2)The techniques used to collect and analyze data in Chinese learning also provides insights and perspectives in the study of English learning.Occasion: Recent studies have discovered that there are three interacting factors in determining language transfer in second language learning:1)a learner's psychology, how a learner organizes his or her native language;2)a learner's perception of native-target language distance,3)a learner's actual knowledge of the target language.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
1.How are the English consonants classified
English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in
terms of manner of articulation and the other is in terms of
place of articulation.
2.How can words opposite in meaning be classified To which
category does each of the following pairs of antonyms belong
Deep ----shallow married---single sour---sweet
Teacher---student asleep--- awake
They can be gradable antonyms, complementary antonyms and
relational opposite .
3. Discuss in detail the locutionary act, illocutionary act
and perlocutionary act.
A locutionary act is the act of uttering words， phrases，
clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means
of syntax， lexicon and phonology. An illocutionary act is the
act of expressing the speaker's intention； it is the act
performed in saying something. A perlocutionary act is the act
per-formed by or resulting from saying something； it is the consequence of， or the change brought about by the utterance；
it is the act performed by saying something.
4．What is an inflectional morpheme Locate the inflectional morpheme in each of the following sentences and point out its grammatical meaning.
Mr. Smith lives in the Big Apple.
The film’s already started.
There are bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical makers and signify such concepts as tense,number,case and bound morphemes are called inflectional morphemes.
with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related.
(1)A phone is a speech sound, it is phonetic unit. Any sound we hear in the course of communication s a phone, such as /u:/, /l/, /p/, /p’/.
(2)A phoneme is a phonological unit. It is not a concrete sound
but an abstract notion. It is a collection of features. It can be realized as different phones in different phonetic contexts. Foe example, the phoneme/l/ can be realized as a clear [l] or
a dark [l], depending on where it occurs in a sound combination.
(3)The actually phonetic realizations of a phoneme are called its allophones. Allophones are the actual phones we hear in linguistic communication.
6. What are the four maxims of the CP Try to give your own examples to show how flouting these maxims gives rise to conversational implicature
Cooperative Principle, abbreviated as CP. It goes as follows: Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.
To be more specific, there are four maxims under this general principle:
(1) The maxim of quantity
① Make your contribution as informative as required (for the
current purpose of the
exchange).
② Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.
(2) The maxim of quality
① Do not say what you believe to be false.
② Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.
(3) The maxim of relation
Be relevant.
(4) The maxim of manner
① Avoid obscurity of expression.
② Avoid ambiguity.
③ Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity).
④ Be orderly.。