In-beam tests of scintillating fibre detectors at MAMI and at GSI
在致突变试验中应重视对纺锤体毒物的检测 Be Stressed on the Screening of Spindle Poisons in M

二、对非整倍体的检测
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性 作用于 ,即 遗传物质, 损伤D A和染色 . 不仅会 N 体,这 造成细胞 ,还 诱发突变 引起癌 化 死亡 会 , 肿. 学物质的
遗传毒性已受到人们的重视,成了 致突变试验研究的目 〔 .但是某中期分裂相不同,残存的纺锤休纤维或微管物质仍留在中期分裂相中〔:’ 一 ,2 . 9‘
微生物屏障试验 DIN 58953-6_2010 Test report

Interlaboratory T est …Microbial barrier testing of packa ging materials for medical devices which are tobe ster ili ze d“according to DIN 58953-6:2010Test re portJanuary 2013Author: Daniel ZahnISEGA Forschungs- und Untersuchungsgesellschaft mbHTest report Page 2 / 15Table of contentsSeite1.General information on the Interlaboratory Test (3)1.1 Organization (3)1.2 Occasion and Objective (3)1.3 Time Schedule (3)1.4 Participants (4)2.Sample material (4)2.1 Sample Description and Execution of the Test (4)2.1.1 Materials for the Analysis of the Germ Proofness under Humidityaccording to DIN 58953-6, section 3 (5)2.1.2 Materials for the Analysis of the Germ Proofness with Air Permeanceaccording to DIN 58953-6, section 4 (5)2.2 Sample Preparation and Despatch (5)2.3 Additional Sample and Re-examination (6)3.Results (6)3.1 Preliminary Remark (6)3.2 Note on the Record of Test Results (6)3.3 Comment on the Statistical Evaluation (6)3.4 Outlier tests (7)3.5 Record of Test Results (7)3.5.1 Record of Test Results Sample F1 (8)3.5.2 Record of Test Results Sample F2 (9)3.5.3 Record of Test Results Sample F3 (10)3.5.4 Record of Test Results Sample L1 (11)3.5.5 Record of Test Results Sample L2 (12)3.5.6 Record of Test Results Sample L3 (13)3.5.7 Record of Test Results Sample L4 (14)4.Overview and Summary (15)Test report Page 3 / 15 1. General Information on the Interlaboratory Test1.1 OrganizationOrganizer of the Interlaboratory Test:Sterile Barrier Association (SBA)Mr. David Harding (director.general@)Pennygate House, St WeonardsHerfordshire HR2 8PT / Great BritainRealization of the Interlaboratory Test:Verein zur Förderung der Forschung und Ausbildung fürFaserstoff- und Verpackungschemie e. V. (VFV)vfv@isega.dePostfach 10 11 0963707 Aschaffenburg / GermanyTechnical support:ISEGA Forschungs- u. Untersuchungsgesellschaft mbHDr. Julia Riedlinger / Mr. Daniel Zahn (info@isega.de)Zeppelinstraße 3 – 563741 Aschaffenburg / Germany1.2 Occasion and ObjectiveIn order to demonstrate compliance with the requirements of the ISO 11607-1:2006 …Packaging for terminally sterilized medical devices -- Part 1: Requirements for materials, sterile barrier systems and packaging systems“ validated test methods are to be preferably utilized.For the confirmation of the microbial barrier properties of porous materials demanded in the ISO 11607-1, the DIN 58953-6:2010 …Sterilization – Sterile supply – Part 6: Microbial barrier testing of packaging materials for medical devices which are to be sterilized“ represents a conclusive method which can be performed without the need for extensive equipment.However, since momentarily no validation data on DIN 58953-6 is at hand concerns emerged that the method may lose importance against validated methods in a revision of the ISO 11607-1 or may even not be considered at all.Within the framework of this interlaboratory test, data on the reproducibility of the results obtained by means of the analysis according to DIN 58953-6 shall be gathered.1.3 Time ScheduleSeptember 2010:The Sterile Barrier Association queried ISEGA Forschungs- und Unter-suchungsgesellschaft about the technical support for the interlaboratory test.For the realization, the Verein zur Förderung der Forschung und Ausbildungfür Faserstoff- und Verpackungschemie e. V. (VFV) was won over.November 2010: Preliminary announcement of the interlaboratory test / Seach for interested laboratoriesTest report Page 4 / 15 January toDecember 2011: Search for suitable sample material / Carrying out of numerous pre-trials on various materialsJanuary 2012:Renewed contact or search for additional interested laboratories, respectively February 2012: Sending out of registration forms / preparation of sample materialMarch 2012: Registration deadline / sample despatchMay / June 2012: Results come in / statistical evaluationJuly 2012: Despatch of samples for the re-examinationSeptember 2012: Results of the re-examination come in / statistical evaluationNovember 2012: Results are sent to the participantsDecember 2012/January 2013: Compilation of the test report1.4 ParticipantsFive different German laboratories participated in the interlaboratory test. In one laboratory, the analyses were performed by two testers working independently so that six valid results overall were received which can be taken into consideration in the evaluation.To ensure an anonymous evaluation of the results, each participant was assigned a laboratory number (laboratory 1 to laboratory 6) in random order, which was disclosed only to the laboratory in question. The complete laboratory number breakdown was known solely by the ISEGA staff supporting the proficiency test.2. Sample Material2.1 Sample Description and Execution of the TestUtmost care in the selection of suitable sample material was taken to include different materials used in the manufacture of packaging for terminally sterilized medical devices.With the help of numerous pre-trials the materials were chosen covering a wide range of results from mostly germ-proof samples to germ permeable materials.Test report Page 5 / 15 2.1.1 Materials for the Analysis of Germ Proofness under Humidity according to DIN 58953-6, section 3:The participants were advised to perform the analysis on the samples according to DIN 58953-6, section 3, and to protocol their findings on the provided result sheets.The only deviation from the norm was that in case of the growth of 1 -5 colony-forming units (in the following abbreviated as CFU) per sample, no re-examination 20 test pieces was performed.2.1.2 Materials for the Analysis of Germ Proofness with Air Permeance according to DIN 58953-6, section 4:The participants were advised to perform the analysis on the samples according to DIN 58953-6, section 4, and to protocol their findings on the provided result sheets.2.2 Sample Preparation and DespatchFor the analysis of the germ proofness under humidity, 10 test pieces in the size of 50 x 50 mm were cut out of each sample and heat-sealed into a sterilization pouch with the side to be tested up.Out of the 10 test pieces, 5 were intended for the testing and one each for the two controls according to DIN 58953-6, sections 3.6.2 and 3.6.3. The rest should remain as replacements (e.g. in case of the dropping of a test piece on the floor etc.).For the analysis of the germ proofness with air permeance, 15 circular test pieces with a diameter of 40 mm were punched out of each sample and heat-sealed into a sterilization pouch with the side to be tested up.Test report Page 6 / 15 Out of the 15 test pieces, 10 were intended for the testing and one each for the two controls according to DIN 58953-6, section 4.9. The rest should remain as replacements (e.g. in case of the dropping of a test piece on the floor etc.).The sterilization pouches with the test pieces were steam-sterilized in an autoclave for 15 minutes at 121 °C and stored in an climatic room at 23 °C and 50 % relative humidity until despatch.2.3 Additional Sample and Re-examinationFor the analysis of the germ proofness under humidity another test round was performed in July / August 2012. For this, an additional sample (sample L4) was sent to the laboratories and analysed (see 2.1.2). The results were considered in the evaluation.For validation or confirmation of non-plausible results, occasional samples for re-examination were sent out to the laboratories. The results of these re-examinations (July / August 2012) were not taken into consideration in the evaluation.3. Results3.1 Preliminary RemarkSince the analysis of germ proofness is designed to be a pass / fail – test, the statistical values and precision data were meant only to serve informative purposes.The evaluation of the materials according to DIN58953-6,sections 3.7and 4.7.6by the laboratories should be the most decisive criterion for the evaluation of reproducibility of the interlaboratory test results. Based on this, the classification of a sample as “sufficiently germ-proof” or “not sufficiently germ-proof” is carried out.3.2 Note on the Record of Test Results:The exact counting of individual CFUs is not possible with the required precision if the values turn out to be very high. Thus, an upper limit of 100 CFU per agar plate or per test pieces, respectively, was defined. Individual values above this limit and values which were stated with “> 100” by the laboratories, are listed as 100 CFU per agar plate or per test piece, respectively, in the evaluation.Test report Page 7 / 153.3 Comment on the Statistical EvaluationThe statistical evaluation was done based on the series of standards DIN ISO 5725-1ff.The arithmetic laboratory mean X i and the laboratory standard deviation s i were calculated from the individual measurement values obtained by the laboratories.The overall mean X of the laboratory means as well as the precision data of the method (reproducibility and repeatability) were determined for each sample3.4 Outlier testsThe Mandel's h-statistics test was utilised as outlier test for differences between the laboratory means of the participants.A laboratory was identified as a “statistical outlier” as soon as an exceedance of Mandel's h test statistic at the 1 % significance level was detected.The respective results of the laboratories identified as outliers were not considered in the statistical evaluation.3.5 Record of Test ResultsOn the following pages, the records of the test results for each interlaboratory test sample with the statistical evaluation and the evaluation according to DIN 58953-6 are compiled.Test report Page 8 / 153.5.1 Record of Test Results Sample F1Individual Measurement values:Statistical Evaluation:Comment:Laboratory 4, as an outlier, has not been taken into consideration in the statistical Evaluation.Outlier criterion: Mandel's h-statistics (1 % level of significance)Overall mean X:91.0CFU / agar plateRepeatability standard deviation s r:17.9CFU / agar plateReproducibility standard deviation s R:19.8CFU / agar plateRepeatability r:50.0CFU / agar plateRepeatability coefficient of variation:19.6%Reproducibility R:55.5CFU / agar plateReproducibility coefficient of variation:21.8%Evaluation according to DIN 58953-6, Section 3.7:Lab. 1 - 6:Number of CFU > 5, i.e. the material is classified as not sufficiently germ-proof.Conclusion:All of the participants, even the Laboratory 4 which was identified as an outlier, came to the same results and would classify the sample material as “not sufficiently germ-proof”Test report Page 9 / 153.5.2 Record of Test Results Sample F2Individual Measurement values:Statistical Evaluation:Comment:Laboratory 4, as an outlier, has not been taken into consideration in the statistical Evaluation.Outlier criterion: Mandel's h-statistics (1 % level of significance)Overall mean X:0CFU / agar plateRepeatability standard deviation s r:0CFU / agar plateReproducibility standard deviation s R:0CFU / agar plateRepeatability r:0CFU / agar plateRepeatability coefficient of variation:0%Reproducibility R:0CFU / agar plateReproducibility coefficient of variation:0%Evaluation according to DIN 58953-6, Section 3.7:Lab. 1 – 3:Number of CFU = 0, i.e. the material is classified as sufficiently germ-proofLab. 4:Number of CFU ≤ 5, i.e. a re-examination on 20 test pieces would have to be done Lab. 5 – 6:Number of CFU = 0, i.e. the material is classified as sufficiently germ-proofConclusion:All of the participants, except for the Laboratory 4 which was identified as an outlier, came to the same results and would classify the sample material as “sufficiently germ-proof”.Test report Page 10 / 153.5.3 Record of Test Results Sample F3Individual Measurement values:Statistical Evaluation:Overall mean X:30.1CFU / agar plateRepeatability standard deviation s r:17.2CFU / agar plateReproducibility standard deviation s R:30.9CFU / agar plateRepeatability r:48.2CFU / agar plateRepeatability coefficient of variation:57.1%Reproducibility R:86.5CFU / agar plateReproducibility coefficient of variation:103%Evaluation according to DIN 58953-6, Section 3.7:Lab. 1 - 4:Number of CFU > 5, i.e. the material is classified as not sufficiently germ-proof. Lab. 5:Number of CFU = 0, i.e. the material is classified as sufficiently germ-proof. Lab. 6:Number of CFU > 5, i.e. the material is classified as not sufficiently germ-proof.Conclusion:Five of the six participants came to the same result and would classify the sample as “not sufficiently germ-proof”. Only laboratory 5 would classify the sample material as “sufficiently germ-proof”.Test report Page 11 / 153.5.4 Record of Test Results Sample L1Individual Measurement values:Statistical Evaluation:Overall mean X:0.09CFU / test pieceRepeatability standard deviation s r:0.32CFU / test pieceReproducibility standard deviation s R:0.33CFU / test pieceRepeatability r:0.91CFU / test pieceRepeatability coefficient of variation:357%Reproducibility R:0.93CFU / test pieceReproducibility coefficient of variation:366%Evaluation according to DIN 58953-6, Section 4.7:Lab. 1 - 6:Number of CFU < 15, i.e. the material is classified as sufficiently germ-proof.Conclusion:All participants came to the same result and would classify the sample as “sufficiently germ-proof”.Test report Page 12 / 153.5.5 Record of Test Results Sample L2Individual Measurement values:Statistical Evaluation:Overall mean X:0.73CFU / test pieceRepeatability standard deviation s r: 1.10CFU / test pieceReproducibility standard deviation s R: 1.18CFU / test pieceRepeatability r: 3.07CFU / test pieceRepeatability coefficient of variation:151%Reproducibility R: 3.32CFU / test pieceReproducibility coefficient of variation:163%Evaluation according to DIN 58953-6, Section 4.7:Lab. 1:Number of CFU > 15, i.e. the material is classified as not sufficiently germ-proof. Lab. 2 - 6:Number of CFU < 15, i.e. the material is classified as sufficiently germ-proof.Conclusion:Five of the six participants came to the same result and would classify the sample as “sufficiently germ-proof”. Only laboratory 1 exceeds the limit value slightly by 1 CFU, so that the sample would be classified as “not sufficiently germ-proof”.Test report Page 13 / 153.5.6 Record of Test Results Sample L3Individual Measurement values:Statistical Evaluation:Overall mean X:0.36CFU / test pieceRepeatability standard deviation s r: 1.00CFU / test pieceReproducibility standard deviation s R: 1.06CFU / test pieceRepeatability r: 2.79CFU / test pieceRepeatability coefficient of variation:274%Reproducibility R: 2.98CFU / test pieceReproducibility coefficient of variation:293%Evaluation according to DIN 58953-6, Section 4.7:Lab. 1 - 6:Number of CFU < 15, i.e. the material is classified as sufficiently germ-proof.Conclusion:All participants came to the same result and would classify the sample as “sufficiently germ-proof”.Test report Page 14 / 153.5.7 Record of Test Results Sample L4Individual Measurement values:Statistical Evaluation:Overall mean X:35.1CFU / test pieceRepeatability standard deviation s r:18.8CFU / test pieceReproducibility standard deviation s R:42.6CFU / test pieceRepeatability r:52.7CFU / test pieceRepeatability coefficient of variation:53.7%Reproducibility R:119CFU / test pieceReproducibility coefficient of variation:122%Evaluation according to DIN 58953-6, Section 4.7:Lab. 1 - 3:Number of CFU > 15, i.e. the material is classified as not sufficiently germ-proof. Lab. 4:Number of CFU < 15, i.e. the material is classified as sufficiently germ-proof. Lab. 5 - 6:Number of CFU > 15, i.e. the material is classified as not sufficiently germ-proof.Conclusion:Five of the six participants came to the same result and would classify the sample as“not sufficiently germ-proof”.Test report Page 15 / 15 4. Overview and SummarySummary:In case of four of the overall seven tested materials, a 100 % consensus was reached regarding the evaluation as“sufficiently germ-proof”and“not sufficiently germ-proof”according to DIN 58 953-6.As for the other three tested materials, there were always 5 concurrent participants out of 6 (83 %). In each case, only one laboratory would have evaluated the sample differently.It is noteworthy that the materials about the evaluation of which a 100 % consensus was reached were the smooth sterilization papers. The differences with one deviating laboratory each occurred with the slightly less homogeneous materials, such as with the creped paper and the nonwoven materials.。
美标超声波无损探伤UTII级考试习题翻译

4.1 The size of a penetrant indication depends on:渗透剂的显示大小取决于:A.the size of the discontinuity. 不连续的大小B.the discontinuity entrapment efficiency.C.the technique of penetrant testing. 渗透检测技术D.all of the above. 上面全部E.only a and c above. 只有上面的a和b4.2 The most sensitive application technique for dry developer is:对干燥显像剂最为敏感的应用技术是:A.Immersion. 浸入B.a dust cloud. 粉尘云C.A fluidized bed. 流化床D.A dust cloud —electrostatic gun. 粉尘云—静电抢4.3 one advantage of having a little background fluorescence is that it:小背景荧光的一个优点是它:A.reduces the contrast of the indication. 减少现象的对比度B.Indicates that the part was not overwashed. 显示不被清洗的部分C.Reveals an excessive emulsification time. 显示过度乳化时间D.Is hard to remove when a highly sensitive penetrant is applied to rough or porous surfaces.很难去除用在粗糙或多孔表面的高灵敏度渗透剂4.4 the water wash test is used to evaluate the washing properties of penetrant and emulsifiers. The spray nozzle is held 30 cm(12 in.) from the wash surface. The water pressure must not exceed:水洗涤实验用于评估渗透剂和乳化剂的洗涤性能。
一种从大熊猫粪便中提取DNA的改进方法

动物学报49 (5) :670~674 , 2003Acta Zoologica S i nica一种从大熊猫粪便中提取D NA 的改进方法3钟华①赖旭龙②魏荣平③刘中来①33( ①华中师范大学生命科学学院, 武汉430079)( ②中国地质大学地球科学学院, 武汉430074) ( ③中国保护大熊猫研究中心, 四川卧龙623006)摘要本研究描述一个改进的方法, 使从大熊猫粪便中提取DNA 用于PCR 扩增变得更加容易。
在粪便DNA 的提取过程中采用一个新的预处理方法, 将粪便用预冷的丙酮洗2~3 次, 除去粪便中含有的大量PCR 抑制物, 然后用蛋白酶K 裂解、酚- 氯仿抽提, 能提取到纯度很高的DNA 供PCR 扩增。
本实验PCR 扩增了大熊猫脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF) 基因和线粒体细胞色素 b 基因片段, 并进行测序分析, 证实了提取的可靠性。
对比本方法和未经丙酮预处理的方法提取的DNA 进行PCR 扩增, 前者的扩增结果明显优于后者[ 动物学报49 (5) : 670~674 , 2003 ] 。
关键词大熊猫粪便DNA 丙酮DNA 抽提非损伤性取样An improved protocol for D NA extraction from the faeces of the giant panda 3 ZHON G Hua ① LA I Xu2Long ② W EI Rong2Ping ③ L IU Zhong2Lai ①33( ①College of L if e S cience , Cent ral China Nor mal U niversit y , W uh an430079 , China)( ②Faculty of Earth Sciences , China U niversit y of Geosciences , W uhan430074 , China)( ③China Cons ervation and Res earch Center f or th e Gi ant Pan da , W olong623006 , S ichuan , China) Abstract An improved method that facilitates the extraction of PCR2compatible faecal DNA from giant pand a’s faeces is described. The method involved a novel preprocessing step in DNA extraction. The faeces was washed two or three timeswith precooled acetone , which removed numerous potential PCR inhibitors , and then digested with proteinase K. The DNA was purified with phenol/ chloroform. The faecal DNA obtained was sufficiently pure to support reliable amplifica2 tion , and was applied as template DNA to amplify a portion of the giant panda brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene and mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. The sequenced results of PCR products confirmed that the extracted DNA was from the giant panda. Comparison with the PCR products demonstrated that the faecal DNA extracted b y the improved protocol was better than the faecal DNA extracted without acetone preprocessing. [ Acta Zoologica S inica 49 (5) : 670 - 674 , 2003 ] .K ey words Giant panda ( A il uropoda melanoleuca) , Faecal DNA , Acetone , DNA extraction , Noninvasive sampling在大熊猫的遗传多样性、种群数量调查、进化和分类、亲子鉴定等研究中, DNA 分析是重要的研究手段。
拉曼光谱法在快速筛查紫杉醇脂质体制剂中的应用

CHINA MEDICAL HERALD Vol.15No.19July 2018[基金项目]中国食品药品检定研究院中青年发展研究基金课题(2015C03)。
[作者简介]赵瑜(1980.11-),女,硕士,副主任药师;研究方向:药物分析,药品快检技术。
[通讯作者]尹利辉(1971.4-),男,硕士,主任药师,硕士生导师;研究方向:药品快检技术研究。
公安机关公布的假药案件中,假冒抗癌类药物日渐猖獗。
抗癌药物价格昂贵,近年来在亚洲和中东地区出现的假冒抗癌药物的数量呈上升趋势,国际药物安全研究所2016年公布的数据显示,抗癌药制假造假的增长率为29%,高居第四位[1]。
紫杉醇为天然提取或半合成制备的化学抗肿瘤药,在水中几乎不溶,在甲醇、乙醇、三氯甲烷中溶解[2]。
紫杉醇注射液配方中用高浓度的乙醇作为助溶剂,因此需要特殊的输液装置,用很低的滴注速度。
由于注射后患者极易出现过敏反应,因此给药时为防止发生严重过敏反应常使用地塞米松、抗组胺药或H2受体拮抗剂等同时进行预防给药,使紫杉醇在临床上的应用受到了很大程度的限制。
紫杉醇脂质体是将紫杉醇包裹在磷脂膜材料中,使药物具有靶向性,避免了高浓度乙醇对患者注射的刺激性,明显降低紫杉醇的过敏反应、毒性,在临床使用上具有明显优势[3]。
紫杉醇拉曼光谱法在快速筛查紫杉醇脂质体制剂中的应用赵瑜尹利辉胡昌勤中国食品药品检定研究院化学药品检定所,北京100050[摘要]目的应用拉曼光谱法建立定性鉴别模型,实现紫杉醇脂质体制剂的现场快速筛查。
方法隔包装采集注射用紫杉醇脂质体的拉曼光谱,使用主成分分析(PCA)算法去除包装的干扰信号,提取紫杉醇脂质体的拉曼信号,用经典最小二乘(CLS)建立定性鉴别模型。
对模型进行正向验证和反向验证确定判别的阈值,模型输出的相关系数值同阈值比较进行定性判定。
使用外标法实现方法在三种仪器上的转移。
结果排除玻璃包装的干扰提取的光谱与直接测量的光谱相关系数达0.9744,建立的紫杉醇脂质体定性模型,判断阈值为0.85,正向验证(脂质体制剂)和反向验证(脂质体膜成分和紫杉醇)结果均为通过。
试管二倍稀释法参考文献4

Pyridine- and benzimidazole-based compounds possess many various pharmacological properties. For example, some pyridine derivatives, i.e. nicotinic acid or picolinic acid, are known to play crucial roles in physiological functions. Nicotinic acid, pyridine-3carboxylic acid, vitamin B3, acts as an antihyperlipidemic drug and has an ability to raise the plasma HDL cholesterol concentration and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease [23,24]. Picolinic acid, pyridine-2-carboxylic acid, an intermediate metabolite of the aminoacid tryptophan, plays a key role in zinc transport [25]. Pyridine and quinolone derivatives, N-alkyl 2-hydroxypyridinum bromide and N-alkyl 8-hydroxyquinoline bromide, demonstrate good antibacterial and antifungal activities [26]. Benzimidazole and its derivatives exhibit a variety of biological properties including anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activities [27e29].
纺织品成分及分析测试相关英语

纺织品成分及分析测试相关英语纺织品成分及分析测试相关英语A. Composition and analytical tests 成分及其他分析测试1. Fibe analysis 纤维分析2. Identification of virgin/recycled wool 新⽺⽑/再造⽑鉴定3. Identification of noble animal fiber & natural cellulosic fibre other than cotton 特殊纤维鉴定4. Identification of lambswool ⽺仔⽑鉴定5. Fibre diameter 纤维直径6. coarse hair content 粗⽑含量7. PH value 酸碱度8. moisture content /regain ⽔分含量9. extractable matter 可萃取物10. identification of dyestuff 染料鉴定11. starch content 淀粉含量12. filling & foreign matter content 填充物及杂质含量13. mercerisation in cotton 棉丝光处理14. formaldehyde content 甲醛含量15. hardness of water ⽔硬度16. mushroom reaction 发胀反应17. UPF (ultraviolet protection factor) 防⾃外光系数18. Nickel release 镍的释放度19. Microfibre 微纤维20. Verification of Ammonium finish on fabric 布料之铵整理剂鉴定21. Verification of plastic by UV 以⾃外光法鉴定塑胶22. BHT. Content BHT含量23. Deterioration effect of UV exposure ⾃外光曝晒下劣化效果24. Azo dye 偶氮染料测试B. Construction analysis 结构分析1. yarn counts 纱⽀2. yarn twist (per yarn) 纱捻度(每秒钟)3. number of filaments 长丝数量4. fabric weight 布料重量5. fabric thickness 布料厚度6. threads per unit length (woven fabric construction) 织物密度(机织物)7. stitch density (knitted fabric construction) 织物密度(针织物)8. loop length (knitted fabrics) 线圈长度9. type of cut pile 割绒种类10. type of weave 梭织品织法分类11. measuring bow & skew 扭曲及歪斜量度12. cover factor 覆盖系数13. fabric width 布匹阔度14. length of thread ( per cone) 线长度(每筒)15. crimp or take up of yarn 纱线绉缩或织缩率16. terry to ground ratio ⽑圈经密与地经密度⽐17. identification of continuous / microscopic method 长丝 / 短纤维鉴定18. harness of corduroy 灯⼼绒的综合19. holes on synthetic fibres 纤维孔数C. Dimensional stability (shrinkage) and related tests 尺⼨稳定性及有关测试1. dimensional stability to washing ⽔洗缩率测试2. each additional wash cycle 每增加⼀次⽔洗回圈3. appearance after laundering 洗涤后外观4. dimensional stability to dry cleaning ⼲洗缩率5. each additional dryclean cycle 每增加⼀次⼲洗6. appearance after dry cleaning (appearance retention) ⼲洗后外观7. durable of applied designs and finishes to dry cleaning 印花花纹和整理剂性8. dimensional stability to relaxation 松弛缩率9. dimensional stability to felting 毡化缩率10. dimensional stability to free steam 蒸⽓缩率11. dimensional stability to heating in house 热缩率12. spirality / skewing of fabric & garments 织物和服装扭曲/歪斜13. dimensional stability to steam pressing / ironing 蒸⽓压烫/熨⽃熨烫缩率14. tumbler shrinkage 圆筒烘⼲缩率15. cold water immersion 冷⽔浸洗缩率16. additional ironing 每增加⼀次熨烫17. effect after wash & pressing 洗涤后效果18. effect after pressing 熨后效果D. Colour fastness tests 染⾊坚牢度测试1. Washing ⽔洗2. Perspiration 汗液3. Dry & wet crocking / rubbing 摩擦4. Light 光照5. Water ⽔6. Sea water 海⽔7. Chlorinated water 氯⽔8. Dry cleaning ⼲洗9. Actual laundering (one wash) 实际洗涤(⼀次⽔洗)10. Commerical dryclean 商业⼲洗11. Dry heat ⼲热12. Hot pressing 热压13. Water spotting ⽔斑14. Acid spotting 酸斑15. Alkaline spottig 碱斑16. Bleaching漂⽩17. Chlorine bleaching 氯漂18. Non‐chlorine bleaching ⾮氯漂19. Organic solvents 有机溶剂20. Sublimation during storage 存放升华21. Perborate 酸钠22. Phenolic yellowing 酚醛发黄23. Sweat & saliva 汗液及唾液24. Washing (with shrinkage conducted) ⽔洗⾊牢度(缩⽔测试后)25. Bleeding 渗⾊度26. Ozone 臭氧27. Gas fume 烟⽓28. Dye transfer in storage 储存时颜⾊转移29. Light & perspiration 光照及汗液30. Contact test 接触测试31. Wicking 吸⽔32. Colour transfer against special condition 特别情况下颜⾊转移33. Colour fastness to perborate & light 过硼酸盐及光照⾊牢度34. Colour fastness of fabrics 布料颜⾊牢度E. Strength tests 强度测试1. Tensile strength 拉伸2. Lea strength 绞纱3. Single thread/yarn strength 单线纱4. bursting strength 胀破强⼒5. Seam performance 接缝6. Tearing strength 撕裂7. Bonding strength 粘合强⼒8. Loop strength 打结,钩接强⼒F. Fabric / garment performance and flammability tests 品质及燃烧测试1. Abrasion ressistance 耐磨性2. Pilling ressistance 抗⽑性3. Snagging ressistance 防钩丝4. Wrinkle/crease recovery 皱纹/折痕回复性5. Stiffness 布料硬挺度6. Stretch and recovery 伸展及回复性7. Water repellency 防⽔性8. Oil repellency防油性9. Soil release 防污10. Needle cutting 烧针现象11. Flammabillity 燃烧性12. Surfce flammabillity of carpets and rugs 地毯燃烧测试13. Durability of applied designs and finishes to dry cleaning 印花花纹和整理剂14. Wettability 湿润度15. Absorbency of bleached textiles 漂⽩纺织品和吸⽔性16. Air permeability 透⽓性17. Water vapour permeability index 透湿指数18. Thermal stability of coated fabric 涂层织物之耐热性19. Resistance to blocking 抗阻塞性20. Water vapour transmision 透湿性21. Dry fit function 快⼲综合功能22. Cold bending test for coated fabric 涂层织物的低温弯曲度测试23. Brittleness temp. of plastic sheeting 塑胶脆化温度24. Antistatic 防静电25. Thermal ressistance 保暖度G. Fibre & Yarn tests 纤维及纱测试1. Linear dendity 纤维线密度2. Fibre fineness 纤维细度3. Fibre diameter 纤维直径4. Yarn counts 纱线⽀数5. Denier counts of filament Yarns 长丝纱纤度6. Identification of continuous / discontinuous fibre 长丝/短丝纤维鉴定7. Twist per unit length 纱线捻度8. length of thread (per roll) 纱线长度(每轴)9. Net weight of thread 纱线净重10. Dimensional stability of yarn to washing 纱线缩⽔率11. Single fibre strength 单纤维强度12. Single thread/yarn strength 纱线强度13. Lea strength 绞纱强度14. Loop strength 打结、钩接强度15. Yarn evenness 纱线均匀度16. Crimp test 卷曲测试17. Holes on synthetic fibres 纤维孔数H. Carpet tests 地毯测试1. Colour fastness 颜⾊牢度2. Thread per unit length of backing 底部纱线密度3. Weight per unit area 重量4. Pitches per unit length ⽑束经密度5. Rows per unit length ⽑束纬密度6. Thickness 厚度7. Surface pile density 表⾯⽑绒密度8. Ply of pile yarn ⽑绒纱股数9. Fibre composition of pile & back ⽑绒及底部的纤维成分10. Surface flammability of carpers and rugs 地毯燃烧测试11. Abrasion resistance 耐磨性12. Pile height 绒⾼度。
做一项昆虫的实验作文

做一项昆虫的实验作文英文回答:I conducted an experiment to investigate the effects of different environmental conditions on the behavior of a common insect, the housefly (Musca domestica). I hypothesized that houseflies would exhibit changes in their behavior in response to variations in temperature, light intensity, and food availability.To test my hypothesis, I designed an experiment with three independent variables: temperature, light intensity, and food availability. The temperature was manipulated by placing the flies in chambers set to different temperatures (15°C, 25°C, and 35°C). The light intensity wascontrolled by varying the brightness of lights in the chambers (low, medium, and high). The food availability was regulated by providing different amounts of food (none, low, and high) to the flies.I observed the behavior of the houseflies in each experimental condition for a period of 30 minutes. I recorded the number of times the flies took off, landed, walked, and groomed themselves. I also noted the location of the flies within the chamber (e.g., near the food, near the light, or in the center).The results of my experiment showed that houseflies exhibited significant changes in their behavior in response to the different environmental conditions. For example, flies in the high-temperature chamber took off and landed more frequently than flies in the low-temperature chamber. Flies in the high-light intensity chamber walked more than flies in the low-light intensity chamber. Flies with high food availability spent more time near the food than flies with low food availability.Overall, the results of my experiment support my hypothesis that houseflies exhibit changes in their behavior in response to variations in environmental conditions. These findings suggest that houseflies are capable of adapting their behavior to differentenvironments, which may help them to survive in a variety of habitats.中文回答:我进行了一项实验来调查不同的环境条件对一种常见昆虫——家蝇(Musca domestica)的行为的影响。
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a r X i v :0802.2830v 1 [n u c l -e x ] 20 F eb 2008In-beam tests of scintillating fibre detectors atMAMI and at GSIP.Achenbach ∗,C.Ayerbe Gayoso 1,J.C.Bernauer,R.B¨o hm,M.O.Distler,L.Doria,M.G´o mez Rodr´ıguez de la Paz,H.Merkel,U.M¨u ller,L.Nungesser,J.Pochodzalla,S.S´a nchez Majos,B.S.Schlimme,Th.Walcher,and M.WeinrieferInstitut f¨u r Kernphysik,Johannes Gutenberg-Universit¨a t,Mainz,GermanyL.Debenjak,M.Potokar,and S.ˇSirca University of Ljubljana and Joˇz ef Stefan Institute,Ljubljana,Slovenia M.Kavatsyuk,O.Lepyoshkina,S.Minami,D.Nakajima,C.Rappold,T.R.Saito,D.Schardt,and M.Tr¨a ger GSI,Darmstadt,Germany H.Iwase KEK,Japan S.Ajimura,A.Sakaguchi Graduate School of Science,Osaka University,Japan Y.MizoiDivision of Electronics and Applied Physics,Osaka Electro-CommunicationUniversity,Japan310ps(FWHM)between two planes offibres was achieved for carbon ions,leading to a FWHM∼220ps for a single detector.The hit position residual was measured with a width of FWHM=0.27mm.The variation in the measured energy deposition was∆E/E=15–20%(FWHM)for carbon ions.In addition,the energy response to p/π+/d particles was studied.Based on the good detector performancefibre hodoscopes will be constructed for the Kaos/A1spectrometer at MAMI and for the HypHI experiment at GSI.Key words:tracking and position-sensitive detectors,scintillatingfibres,particle detector designPACS:29.40.Gx,29.40.Mc,85.60.Ha∗Tel.:+49-6131-3925831;fax:+49-6131-3922964.Email address:patrick@kph.uni-mainz.de(P.Achenbach).1Part of doctoral thesis.cussed.Section2describes the detectors and the read-out electronics.In Sec-tion3a resume of an investigation with electrons tracked through a large magnetic spectrometer at MAMI is given.The following Sections3and4show the results on position,time and energy resolutions obtained with pri-mary12C beams and a beam of several particle species at GSI.Section5closeswith the future prospects of using this kind offibre detectors and electronicswith the Kaos/A1spectrometer at MAMI and within the HypHI project at GSI.2Detector geometries and read-out electronicsThefibres are of the standard(Non-S)type SCSF-78(Kuraray,Japan)withdouble cladding and⊘=0.83mm outer diameter.The cladding thickness is d clad≈0.1mm,leading to a0.73mm thick core made of a polystyrene base with refractive index n core=1.6.The outer cladding is made of afluorinatedpolymer with refractive index n clad′=1.42and the inner cladding is made of polymethylmethacrylate with refractive index n clad=1.49.The emission spectrum extends fromλ∼415–550nm with a maximum atλ∼440nm for fibres of short lengths.For a double claddingfibre the critical axial angle is given byθcrit=arccos n clad′/n core=26.7◦.The trapping efficiency for photons produced close to the axis of thefibre is5.3%giving70%more light than single claddingfibres,where the efficiency for light trapped inside the core is only3.1%.Thefibre arrays consisted of4double layers.Afibre column was formed by4fibres,one from each double layer,coupled to one common read-out channel of the photo-detector by a small plastic cookie with a matrix of holes.These columns were aligned along the incident particle direction.The read-out was one-sided by multi-anode photomultipliers(MaPMTs).No optical grease was used betweenfibres and the entrance window.The MaPMTs of type R7259K (Hamamatsu Photonics,Japan)arefitted with a32-channel linear array of metal electrodes.The photocathode material is bialkali and the window is made of1.5mm thick borosilicate glass.The effective area per channel is 0.8×7mm2with a pitch of1mm.A complication arises from the fact,that the numerical aperture for the multi-claddingfibre is0.72,so that the light cone at the photo-cathode has a diameter of2.32mm.This results in a hit multiplicity of typical3neighbouring channels.The MaPMTs have been characterised with an average anode luminous sen-sitivity of S a=374A/lm(according to data sheet140A/lm is typical),an average cathode luminous sensitivity S c=84µA/lm(70µA/lm typical),and an average gain G=4.4·106(2·106typical).The gain uniformity between anodes was found to be between1:1.1and1:1.25(1:1.5typical),with the edgeanodes having slightly lower gains on average.Hardly any strip has less than 70%of the maximum gain of a given photomultiplier.Instead of supplying dynode voltages through a voltage divider the MaPMTs were powered by individual Cockcroft-Walton bases(HVSys,Russia).The dc voltage is pulsed and converted with a ladder network of capacitors and diodes to higher voltages.Stiffhigh voltage cables are not needed,since only∼140V has to be delivered to thefirst front-end board,where the voltage is daisy-chained to the other boards of the detector plane.For the construction of thefibre bundles position matrices were designed, allowing for the mounting and the alignment of thefibres with the desired pitch.The construction procedure for thefibre bundles was to glue single layers of16fibres into grooved aluminium plates with acrylic white paint.A total of8single layers is needed for each bundle.These bundles were then glued into the cookies.The bundles were polished using a diamond cutting tool(Mutronic,Germany).Two of the three bundles had to be bent.This was done by placing them into an oven at a temperature of70◦C for about1hour and bending them into the desired shape.As half of the scintillation light is emitted in the direction opposite to the photomultiplier,light reflected by the end face can contribute significantly to the total light output.In order to increase the light yield,some of the fibre bundles used in the tests were aluminised at the polished free end face for a high reflectivity.A vaporisation chamber was utilised that consisted of a vacuum chamber with an electric oven in which a small pellet can be placed.The aluminium coating adheredfirmly and smoothly to the end face of the bundle.The increase of light yield was confirmed with a90Sr source in laboratory measurements and amounted to∼50%.The beam-tests at MAMI were performed with afibre detector positioned near the focal plane of a large magnetic spectrometer where scattered electrons have an inclination of45◦with respect to the normal to the detection plane.If the particles were crossing thefibre array with an angle to the column direction its tracking capability would be compromised.Accordingly,two bundles of4 double layers with thefibre columns following the45◦inclination in square packing geometry were built.Thefibre array has an overlap of o=⊘(1−√2≈0.59mm,see Fig.1. 1/Our experience shows that the best way to stack thefibres during the actual assembly is layer-by-layer.Other sequences may cause sizeable misalignments which directly lead to errors in the position determination.For the tests in the carbon beam3bundles of128fibres each with an active area of150×20mm2were constructed in a square packing geometry of4double layers,see Fig.2.Overlap and column pitch of this geometry are identical tothe45◦geometry.Results from for laboratory measurements with a90Sr source resulted in a light yield of4–5photoelectrons per pixel with a multiplicity of 3pixels,corresponding to15photoelectrons per crossing minimum ionising particle.In the Kaos/A1spectrometer,particles will cross the electron arm focal plane with an inclination angle of50−70◦with respect to the normal of the plane. Regarding this geometryfibre arrays with a hexagonal packing of slanted columns with60◦inclination were constructed,see Fig.3.Overlap and column pitch of this geometry are0.41mm.These detectors were tested in the beams at GSI.A12-layer front-end board able to accommodate the three MaPMTs was de-veloped by the Institut f¨u r Kernphysik for this type offibre detector.It sup-plies the voltage for the Cockcroft-Walton voltage multipliers and brings the analogue signals along equalised conducting paths to the RJ-45connectors for the output to the discriminators.For amplitude-compensated timing two32-channel discriminator boards,custom designed and built by the the Institut f¨u r Kernphysik,each with4integrated low-walk double threshold discrimina-tors(DTDs),were used.The DTD boards were placed in an6U crate together with a controller board.The communication with a PC was done via parallel port.The time is picked offby CATCH cards,developed for the COMPASS collaboration[11].At GSI analogue output boards with50Ωcoaxial connec-tors were attached to the discriminator boards to access also the pulse heights of each channel.The pulse height information of22channels was read out by two Model2249A CAMAC ADCs(LeCroy,US).The ADCs offer a resolution of10bits at an input sensitivity of0.25pC/count.The trigger was either derived from the second plane of thefibre detector or from a reference counter,a scintillation paddle that was installed2m up-stream in the beam-line.The time difference between individual channels and the reference counter showed a dependence on the pulse height.This time√walk effect was corrected according to the equation∆t c=∆t−c walk/focal plane of the spectrometer A has a length of approximately 2m,and it is inclined at an angle of 45◦to the reference particle trajectory.The divergence of the particle trajectories is about 24◦.The fibre detector was sandwiched between the drift chambers and the scintillator paddles of the focal plane detector system.Two vertical drift chambers (VDCs)measure the dispersive coordinate x plus the corresponding angle θand the non-dispersive coordinate y plus the angle φ.The electron hit position was found by extrapolating the reconstructed track from the focal plane to the fibre detector.Fig.4(left)shows the geometrical acceptance covered by the fibre detector inside the spectrometer,determined by such an extrapolation.The kinematics of the reaction was chosen so that the particle illumination was homogeneous over the fibre detector.The hit multiplicity of the detector was relatively high,N ≈4,the main reason being a large optical cross-talk in the MaPMT.A simple estimator for the x -position of the form x = Ni =1x i /N was used accordingly,where x i wasthe parametrised geometrical centre position of the i th channel and N the hit multiplicity.This track estimate was compared to the track reconstructed from the VDCs and projected onto the detector base coordinate,see Fig.4(right).Small non-linearities at the edges of the diagonal line indicate that better estimators based on weighted averages were needed.A detailed analysis of the correlation revealed a few misalignments in the fibre bundles caused by the demanding construction of the 45◦geometry.Fig.5(left)shows the residual of track position defined as the difference between the position reconstructed by the VDCs and the position measured by the fibre detector.A width of FWHM ∼1.1mm can be deduced from the distribution.It is assumed that the resolution of the VDC,∆x <100µm for the dispersive coordinate,was high compared to the fibre detector.The trigger detectors of the spectrometer consist of two segmented planes of plastic scintillation detectors.The arrival time of the electrons was measured in the fibre detector with respect to the following two overlapping paddles.Fig.5(right)shows the time spectra obtained from the coincidence timing with the trigger scintillators before and after performing the walk correction for the paddles and the calibration of the channel-to-channel variations of the fibre detector.The combined resolution of FWHM ≈1ns was rather good for the small amount of light from the fibres.The detection efficiency was determined by sandwiching the fibre detector between the VDC and the scintillators,and using the three-detector method.It was found to be 99%independent of the threshold.4Performance of afibre detector in a carbon at GSIIn Cave C of GSI tests of afibre detector with three bundles in a12C beam of2A GeV energy were performed.Two bundles of the detector were aligned to a single plane,and one bundle formed a parallel plane directly behind.In deducing the time resolution,an iteration over all hits in a plane including multiple hits in a channel was performed,and clusters of correlated hit times were searched for.The cluster with the time closest to the trigger signal time was retained,and within the cluster the time of thefirst arrived signal was chosen as hit time.In the algorithm a minimum time separation of10ns be-tween clusters and a hit in a coincidence window of20ns width were required.A time walk correction for the hit times was not needed.The hit time residual, defined as the difference between the two hit times in the two planes offibres, was distributed with a width of FWHM=330ps for the carbon beam,see Fig.6.No significant dependence of the time resolution on photomultiplier high voltage was observed.The time resolution of a single detector plane was√derived to be FWHM∼330ps/12≈170µm(rms).In principle,the resolution can be improved by distinguishing between hits in the overlap region of two neighbouring channels from central hits.An analysis,which required a minimum charge drop of10%compared to the neighbours was performed. The identification of the hit channel was then improved and the identifica-tion of overlapping channels became possible,but a large optical cross-talk interferes with such a requirement.The channel with the pulse height max-imum was strongly correlated to the hit time defining channel showing thatADC calibration constants and TDC off-set values had both been correctly determined.It is worth estimating the spatial accuracy of thefibre detector for set-ups without analogue read-out.Cross-talk between neighbouring channels then perturbs the reconstruction of the position of the track position by causing finite hit multiplicity.Since no absolute position of the particle tracks were known,one has to compare the hit channel mean value with the estimated po-sition using the ADC information which is assumed to be more accurate.The difference of the hit channel mean value as a simple estimate of track position and the reconstructed position was evaluated by requiring a certain minimum ADC value(typically70%of the maximum)to mimic a given discriminator voltage threshold.This difference still includes contributions from the uncer-tainties in both position estimators and the granularity of thefibre array.The distributions were measured with an average FWHM ∼0.6mm(approx.the fibre pitch),an average RMS of0.5mm,and an average FWTM <1mm. The pulse height distribution of a typical detector channel(B24)is shown in Fig.9(left).The appearance of a series of peaks below the maximum pulse height at ADC channel∼100was caused by the spread of secondary electrons and the cross-talk between channels that transport afixed fraction of the sig-nal into neighbouring channels.The hit multiplicity of one detector plane is shown in Fig.9(right).For a high voltage of−650V the mean value of the distribution was N∼5,increasing with higher voltages.The overall photo-multiplier gain increased by a factor∼2between−650V and−850V.From the distributions of the pulse height sum over all channels a relative energy resolution of∆E/E=15–20%was determined.The detection efficiency of a plane,i.e.the probability tofind at least one hit in one plane provided a hit in the other plane,was above99%.5Performance of afibre detector in a beam of different particle species at GSIAfibre detector in Cave A of GSI was tested in a p/π+/d beam of3.3Tm magnetic rigidity with dominant protons of1GeV/c momentum as well as in a carbon beam of2A GeV energy.The hit time residual was measured with a width of720ps for the beam of different particle species,see Fig.10.The time resolution of a single detector√plane was derived to be FWHM∼310ps/course,statisticalfluctuations in the number of detected photons were not affected by this reduction of the gain.The multiplicity distributions of both detector planes and are shown in Fig.11 with average values close to N=5channels.These values are the consequence of some small misalignment and mainly cross-talk in the glass window of the MaPMT.By using the pulse height information the hit channel was deter-mined as the centroid of charges.The hit position residual,defined as the difference between the two estimates in the two planes offibres,wasfitted with a width of FWHM=0.46mm for the beam of different particle species. It was to some extent compromised by gain variations.The energy response of thefibre detector was studied in the beam of different particle species.Fig.12(top)shows the distribution of the pulse height sum over neighbouring channels of one detection plane.From the Gaussianfit to the data a relative variation in the measured energy deposition,∆E/E,of 60%was derived for the dominant particle species.Fig.12(bottom)shows the energy loss vs.relative time-of-flight,in which dominant protons and sub-dominantπ+,deuteron,and3He were separated.6Concluding remarksThe performance of scintillatingfibre detectors with MaPMTs was exten-sively tested using electrons at the spectrometer facility at MAMI,12C ions of2A GeV energy as well as p/π+/d particles at GSI.The hit position was reconstructed by calculating the centroids of the charges collected from each read-out channel.Good spatial accuracy and time resolution were obtained at practically unity detection efficiency.The energy response to different particle species was studied.During tests at MAMI and at GSI the optical cross-talk caused by thefi-nite thickness of the PMT entrance window could be verified.Indeed,this behaviour of the PMT has been also recognised by Hamamatsu.Only very re-cently,a32-channel PMT with black shielding lamellae embedded in the glass window became commercially available with significantly reduced cross-talk. It is currently planned to perform in2009afirst HypHI experiment at GSI using three arrays of scintillatingfibres as well as afirst Kaos/A1experiment on the electro-production of hypernuclei at MAMI withfibre detectors in the spectrometer’s electron arm.AcknowledgementsWork supported in part by Bundesministerium f¨u r Bildung und Forschung (bmb+f)under contract no.06MZ176.T.R.Saito and his research group are granted by the Helmhotz Association and GSI as Helmholtz-University Young Investigators Group VH-NG-239and DFG research grant SA1696-1/1. References[1]J.B¨a hr,et al.,Nucl.Instr.and Meth.in Phys.Res.A348(1994)713–718.[2] F.Bosi,et al.,Nucl.Instr.and Meth.in Phys.Res.A374(1996)48–56.[3]S.Horikawa,et al.,Nucl.Instr.and Meth.in Phys.Res.A516(2004)34–49.[4]P.Achenbach,et al.,Performance of afibre detector at a12C beam of2A GeV energy,GSI Sci.Report2006,GSI,Darmstadt(2007),p.224.[5]P.Achenbach,et al.,Particle identification with afibre detector in ap/π+/d cocktail beam of3.3Tm magnetic rigidity at GSI,GSI Sci.Report 2007,GSI,Darmstadt(2008).[6]P.Achenbach,Probing hypernuclei atFig.1.Scheme of a45◦column angle geometry with4double layers offibres and a column pitch of0.6mm and an overlap of0.24mm(right).A photograph of an assembledfibre bundle(left).Fig.2.Scheme of a0◦column angle geometry with4double layers offibres and a column pitch of0.6mm and an overlap of0.24mm(right).A photograph of an assembledfibre bundle(left).Fig.3.Scheme of a 60◦column angle geometry with 4double layers of fibres and a column pitch of 0.42mm and an overlap of 0.42mm (top).A photograph of an assembled fibre bundle (bottom).y v d c (m m )x vdc (mm)x f i b r e (m m )x vdc (mm)Fig.4.Geometrical acceptance covered by the fibre detector inside the spectrometer shown by the track positions reconstructed with the vertical drift chambers (left).The reconstructed position projected onto the base coordinate versus the measured position obtained from the fibre detector with a simple estimator (right).Gaussian fit0C o u n t s (x 103)x res (mm)maximum: 10532 counts maximum at: 0.123 mm FWHM: 1.105 mm−55510C o u n t s∆t (ns)∆t + channel offsets∆t + channel offsets + walk correction Gaussian fitmaximum: 693 counts maximum at: 0.614 ns FWHM: 1.244 ns −550200400600800Gaussian fitmaximum: 811 counts maximum at: −0.074 ns FWHM: 1.048 nsFig.5.The residual of track position obtained from the drift chamber track re-construction and the simple estimator for the fibre detector (left).The residual of hit times obtained from the trigger scintillators and the fibre detector before and after walk correction for the trigger and calibration of the fibre channel-to-channel variations (right).−1.5−1.0−0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5C o u n t s (x 103)t res (ns)Gaussian fit0maximum: 34770 counts maximum at: 0.015 ns FWHM: 0.330 ns10203040Fig.6.The residual of hit times between two detector planes,t A −t B .A Gaussian fit is shown providing a width of FWHM =330ps.The time resolution of a single detector plane was derived to be FWHM ∼330ps /√12.013.014.015.013.014.015.016.0C e n t r o i d o f c h a r g e c B (m m )Centroid of charge c A (mm)Fig.7.Scatter plot showing the correlation between the centroids of charges in both detector planes.The steps appear with a pitch of ∆c A ,∆c B ≈0.6mm.−1.5−1.0−0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5C o u n t sx res (mm)Gaussian fit0maximum: 3999 counts maximum at: 0.075 mm FWHM: 0.272 mm10002000300040005000Fig.8.The residual of track position estimates between both detector planes,x A −x B ,using the centroid of charges.A Gaussian fit is shown providing a width of FWHM =0.27mm,however,the distribution is non-Gaussian with two overlapping peaks because of the discretisation in fibre channels.5010015050010001500200025003000C o u n t sADC B 24 (cnts)10203010 20 30 40 50 60C o u n t s (x 103)Multiplicity B (chn)Fig.9.Pulse height distribution of a typical detector channel (left).Distribution of hit multiplicities in the corresponding detector plane (right),which causes the series of peaks in the pulse height distribution.−1.5−1.0−0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.505001000C o u n t st res (ns)Gaussian fitmaximum: 882 counts maximum at: 0.560 ns FWHM: 0.720 nsFig.10.The residual of hit times between two detector planes,t A −t B .A Gaussian fit is shown providing a width of FWHM =720ps for the beam of different particle species.The time resolution of a single detector plane was derived to be FWHM ∼510ps.102030050010001500200025003000C o u n t sMultiplicity (chn)Fig.11.The hit multiplicities of both detector planes for the beam of different particle species.The trigger was provided by the plane represented with the dashed curve.1002003004000100200300400500C o u n t sΣ ADC B (cnts)Gaussian fitmaximum: 418 counts maximum at: 105 cnts FWHM: 66 cnts−50 510100200300400500Σ A D C B (c n t s )∆t (ns)pionsprotons3HedeuteronsFig.12.Distributions of the pulse height sum over all channels of one detector plane for the beam of different particle species (top).From the Gaussian fit to the proton peak a relative energy resolution ∆E/E ∼60%was derived.The pulse height sum is shown vs.the time-of-flight so that π+,proton,deuteron,and 3He were separated (bottom).。