国际商务环境(英文)chapter 11 Global change and challenges of IBE
全球商务环境名词解释
1. 国际商务：越过国界的任何形式的工商(交易)活动，包括几乎任何形式的经济资源的国际转移，专指企业间的国际性经济往来。
2. 对外直接投资（FDI）：投资者输出资本，在国外收买企业或建立新的企业，由投资者进行直接的经营和管理。
3. 对外间接投资：为了获得股息红利、债券利息等资本收益而以购买外国企业的股票债券和商业票据等证券的形式所进行的资本输出。
4. 跨国公司（MNEs）：由一国或几国的母公司，通过对外直接投资或其它方式，在几个国家同时拥有一定的生产经营能力，并实现集权化管理的国际性企业组织形式。
5. 企业战略联盟（Firm Strategic Alliance）：在（互为竞争对手的）公司之间或公司与客户之间签订的、对参与的某一方或彼此的竞争能力具有战略重要性的（合作）协议。
6. 环境：围绕并影响企业生存和发展的所有力量或因素的总和。
7. 不可控因素（外部因素）：管理者虽然可以施加影响，但不能直接加以控制。
8. 可控因素（内部因素）：管理者通过管理以适应不可控因素的变化的内部力量。
9. 国际商务环境：企业在国内外市场上开展经营活动时所面临的全部外部势力影响的总称及总和。
10. 国内环境：所有源自本国的、围绕并影响企业生存和发展的不可控力量。
11. 国外环境：所有源自本国以外的、围绕并影响企业生存和发展的不可控力量。
12. 国际环境：国内和国外环境因素之间的相互作用，或是一系列国外环境因素之间的相互作用。
13. 边际消费倾向递减规律：这种随着收入的增加，消费在收入中的比重呈下降的趋势。
14. 恩格尔定律：食物支出在家庭收入中所占的比例越大，意味着这个家庭越穷；相反，则越富。
15. 国际收支：一个国家在一定时期由对外经济往来和对外债权债务清算而引起的所有货币收支。
16. 技术环境：指目标市场地区科技发展状况和相关产品的技术水平，以及目标市场消费者对产品技术的接受能力等。
17. 政治环境稳定性：政治活动中，各关键参与者之间现存的关系在一定时期内有无根本性或实质性变化的趋势。
国际商务》查尔斯英文第九版期末复习重点
Chapter 1 globalizationWhat is globalization?The globalization of markets.It refers to the merging of historically distinct and separate national markets into one huge global marketplace.The globalization of productionIt refers to the sourcing of goods and services from locations around the globe to take advantage of national differences in the cost and quality of factors of production.Factors of production: (1) land, (2) capital, (3) labor, (4) energyWhy china losing their position of global factory?(1)A ging population.The population of the china is aging, which leads china to losing their advantage of cheaper labors that resulting the cost of production in china is going higher.(2)E xpensive land.The higher cost of land is another reason that leads to China losingits position of global factory. In the early time, it is free for foreign company to use land in China to build up a factory. But it is not free for them anymore. Because of the increasing price of land, many company are moving their factories to other countries.The differences between the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank （WB）.The IMF was established to maintain order in the international monetary system; the WB was set up to promote economic development.In a short word, the IMF always gives a hand to the countries in crisis, and it often offers the short-term loan.The WB always loan money to country build their infrastructure with long-term loan.Drivers of globalizationDeclining trade and investment barriersInternational trade occurs when a firm exports goods & services to consumers in another country.Foreign direct investment (FDI) occurs when a firm invests resources in business activities outside its home country.The role of technological changeMicroprocessors and telecommunicationsMoore’s law, which predicts that the power of microprocessor technology doubles and its cost of production falls in half every 18 months.The internet and world wide webTransportation technologyImplications for the globalization of productionImplications for the globalization of marketsThe changing demographics of the global economyThe changing world output and world trade pictureThe changing foreign direct investment pictureThe changing nature of the multinational enterpriseThe changing world orderTotalitarianism ———democracyPlan market —— free marketFactors prevent globalizationProtectionismDistanceLanguage barriersControl by government(1)Job losses in industries under attack from foreign competitors;(2)Downward pressure on the wage rates of unskilled workers;(3)Environmental degradation;(4)The cultural imperialism (帝国主义) of global media andmultinational enterprise, which was called “culturally impoverished”The differences between managing an international business and managing a purely domestic business(1)C ountries are different(2)T he range of problems confronted by managers in aninternational business is wider and the problems themselves (3)A n international business must find ways to work within thelimits imposed by government intervention in the international trade and invest system;(4)International transactions involve converting money intodifferent currenciesChapter 2national differences in political economy political economy to stress that the political, economic, and legalsystems of a country are interdependent.Political system: mean the system of government in a nation. It can be assessed according to two dimensionsThe first is the degree to which they emphasize collectivism as opposed to individualism.Collectivism: refers to a political system that stresses the primacy of collective goals over individual goals.Individualism: refers to a philosophy that an individual should have freedom in his or her economic and political pursuit.The second is the degree to which they are democratic or totalitarian.Democracy: refers to a political system in which government is by the people, exercised either directly or through elected representatives.Totalitarianism: is a form of government in which one person or political party exercise absolute control over all sphere of human life and prohibits opposing political parties.Pure market economy: all productive are privately owned, as opposed to being owned by the state.Pure command economy: the government plans the goods and services that country produces, the quantity in which they are produced, and the prices at which they are sold.Legal systemCommon law: based on tradition, precedent (先例)Civil law: based on a detailed set of laws organized into codes. Theocratic law: the law is based on religious teachings Property rights and corruptionProperty rights: refers to the legal rights over the use to which a resource is put and over the use made of any income that may be derived from that resource.Property rights can be violated in two ways—— through private action and through public action.Private action: refers to theft, piracy（非法翻印），blackmail）（勒索）, and the like by private individuals or groups.Public action and corruption: it occurs when public officials, such as politicians and government bureaucrats, extort （敲诈）income, resources, or the property itself from property holders.Chapter 3political economy and economic development GNI: is regarded as a yardstick for the economic activity of a country; it measures the total annual income received by residents of a nation.The disadvantage of GNI:GNI per person figures can be misleading because they don’t consider difference in the cost of living.To account for the difference in the cost of living, the purchasing power parity(PPP) is referred. It for different countries is then adjusted (up or down) depending upon whether the cost of living is lower or higher than the USA.Human Development Index(HDI): a tool to measure the quality of human life in different countries, which is based on three measures:(1). Life expectancy at birth (a function of health care);(2). Educational attainment (measured by a combination of the adult literacy rate and enrollment in primary, secondary, and tertiary education);(3). Whether the average income, based on PPP estimates, are sufficient to meet the basic needs of life in a country (adequate food, shelter, and health care).Innovation and entrepreneurship are the engines of growth Innovation: new products, new processes, new organization, new management practices, and new strategies.Furthermore, innovations in production and business processes lead to an increase in the productivity of labor and capital, which further boosts economic growth rates.Entrepreneurs first commercialize innovative new products and processes, and entrepreneurial activity provides much of the dynamism(活力) in an economy.The factors that innovations and entrepreneurship need:1.Market economy;2.Strong property rights;3.Democratic political system;4.Geography(地理), education, and economic development. States in transitionThe political economy of many of the world’s nation-states has changed radically since the late 1980s. two trend have been evident:First, a wave of democratic revolutions swept the world;Second, there has been a strong move away from centrally planned and mixed economies and toward a more free market economic model.The spread of democracyThree main reasons account for the spread of democracy:First, many totalitarian regimes failed to deliver economic progress to the vast bulk of their populations.Second,new information and communication technologies,including satellite television, internet have reduced a state’s ability to control access to uncensored(未经审查的) information.Third, in many countries the economic advances of the past quarter century have led to the emergence of increasingly prosperous middle and working classes who have pushed for democratic reforms.The nature of economic transformationThe shift toward a market-based economic system often entails a number of steps:1.Deregulation;2.Privatization;3.Creation of a legal system to safeguard property rights. Implications of changing political economy (for managers) Benefits1.Size of economy;2.Likely economic growth；3.First-mover advantages: advantages that accrue to early entrantsinto a market;te-mover disadvantages are the handicaps that late entrantsmight suffer.costs1.Corruption(贪污、腐败)；ck of infrastructure;3.Legal costs.risks1.Political risks: social unrest/ anti-business trends;2.Economic risks: economic mismanagement;3.Legal risks: failure to safeguard Property Rights.Chapter 4 difference in cultureWhat is culture?Complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and other capabilities acquired by man as a member of society.Values:Abstract ideas about what a group believes to be good, right, and desirable.Norms:The social rules and guidelines that prescribe appropriate behavior in particular situations.Norms can be subdivided further into two major categories: folkways and mores.Folkways are the routine conventions of everyday life, which includes rituals(礼仪) and symbolic behavior.More are norms that are seen as central to the functioning of a society and to its social life.Society:A group of people who share a common set of values and norms. The cultural norms and value system includes:1.Religion;2.Political philosophy;3.Economic philosophy;cation;nguage;6.Social structureSocial structureSocial structure refers to its basic organization, which can expend into two dimensions:First, the degree to which the basic unit of social organization is the individual, as opposed to the group.Second, the degree to which a society is stratified into classes or castes(等级)。
国际商务环境
国际商务环境分析国际商务环境是指企业在从事国际商务的过程中影响企业经营活动的东道国的各种因素及其总和。
中国企业在过去的30年中发展迅速,加入WTO后更是广泛的参与到国际分工合作中,积极开展国际业务,形成了一大批外向型出口企业,一些国内实力较强的企业也纷纷开拓国际市场,进行海外并购和投资等。
在国际业务迅速发展的同时,中国企业也面临诸多困难。
如出口企业使“中国制造”的大旗插遍全球的时,许多欧美国家对中国产品提起反倾销投诉,使低附加值的中国加工制造业遭受重大损失。
下面简述国际商务宏观环境分析(PEST 模型)一、政治环境Political政治环境直接影响着企业的国际商务活动,决定了贸易与投资的难易程度与资金的安全性,以及企业的经营活动及其效果。
这里我们就现实问题主要考察政治体制、政治稳定性、政府对外资的态度三个方面。
1、政治体制差异对中国企业的海外投资并购产生影响近年来,虽然政治体制差异在国际商务环境中已经有所淡化,但是由于中国特殊的社会主义政治体制对欧美许多国家构成隐性威胁,特别是中国经济的快速发展使国际上存在着“中国威胁论”。
这一因素在我国企业的海外收购活动中有着显著的影响,我国企业海外收购时往往目标国政府审批比较严格,对中国资本的进入有层层限制,特别是我国国企开展的海外收购被国际认为是政府主导型的扩展和经济侵入。
2、政治稳定性对中国企业的国际业务发展方向存在影响稳定的政治环境才能降低开展国际商务的风险,企业在开展国际商务活动时也倾向于与政治环境相对稳定的目标国企业合作。
欧美繁荣的社会经济和东亚20世纪80年代以来的增长奇迹都使得这两个地区的政治环境相对稳定,目前中国企业国际商务的主要地区就是欧美和东亚国家,而中东、西亚、非洲、拉美地区由于局势动荡,给企业海外业务发展带来不稳定性,不利于中国企业在这类国家开展业务。
3、政府对外资的态度对中国企业的海外发展具有重要影响政府对外资的态度反映在政府的政策上,如关税、优惠政策等。
《国际商务环境》教学大纲
国际商务环境大纲课程名称：国际商务环境总学时数：18学时课程类别：专业课先修课程：国际贸易、外贸函电、商务英语谈判…适用专业：商务英语专业一、课程的性质、目的与任务《国际商务环境》立足点在于为从事国际商务活动的人士提供具有实用价值的商务环境指南，其内容涵盖了国际商务活动所面临的最重要的环境因素。
本教程具有以下特点：一是在内容上力图将国际商务环境理论与实践相结合，以真实生动的国际商务案例说明理论；力图将国际商务环境与中国的国内商务环境相结合，把中国商务活动放到国际商务大环境的背景之下进行分析。
二是在教学理念上强调师生的互动，注重提高学习者分析问题、解决问题的能力。
每一节课都围绕一个主题精心安排了一系列讨论和辩论问题，并配备了多种形式的练习供师生之间、学生之间讨论交流。
三是在课程内容上，力图更便于学习者学习，更能体现国际教材编写的发展趋势，如：考虑到本学科内容覆盖面广的特点，每章节都首先提出学习目标，以帮助学生掌握学习重点。
为了帮助学生提纲挈领地掌握各章的内容，文本后面给出了主要内容概括和重点术语及其中文译文；为了帮助自学或自测所学内容，每章练习中有多种形式的练习题；为了拓展读者的阅读范围和视野，每章最后都提供了参考阅读书目和相关网站.还补充了许多与主题有关的小文件夹，力争为国际商务人才培养做出有力贡献。
二、课程的教学基本要求与教学重点通过系统的国际商务环境的学习，学生们能够掌握国际商务环境的基本理论知识，并能够把理论运用于真实的国际商务实践中。
与此同时，要培养商务专业的学生了解和分析国际商务所面临的政治环境；国际商务所面临的经济环境；国际商务所面临的文化环境；国际商务所面临的社会环境；国际商务所面临的法律环境；国际商务所面临的伦理环境；国际商务所面临的技术环境以及贸易环境、投资环境、金融环境。
以及对著名企业的案例分析和剖析国际商务竞争方法、基本原理和竞争奥秘。
并分析掌握国际商务的运作办法，包括通过国际化创造财富、进行竞争的商务要素、国际商务市场竞争中经常采取的竞争模式以及竞争优势的来源和企业在国际市场竞争中经常采取的商务手段等。
国际商务谈判(英文版)Chapter 10 Different Culture and Business Negotiation
Task-oriented vs. People-oriented Cultures
There are intermediate points between total taskorientation and total people-orientation. It splits this central area into 3 parts ：
People-oriented managers, on the other hand, are highly concerned about the well-being of those who work for them, or alongside them or above them.
open, confront issues and make a creative deal)； ③the compromiser (looking always to compromise
to settle deals).
7
Pioneer vs. Bureaucrat
As for pioneer, it means the strong individual. This kind of negotiator is characterized by prominent in his own organization, good at seizing an opportunity, spotting a market, making a profit. He tends to be very dominating, good at improvising, intuitive in his thinking, charismatic in his personality.
(NEW)希尔《国际商务》(第11版)课后习题详解
目 录第Ⅰ篇 引言和概论第1章 全球化第Ⅱ篇 国家差异第2章 政治、经济和法律体系中的国家差异第3章 经济发展中的国家差异第4章 文化差异第5章 伦理、企业社会责任和可持续发展第Ⅲ篇 全球贸易与投资环境第6章 国际贸易理论第7章 政府政策与国际贸易第8章 国际直接投资第9章 区域经济一体化第Ⅳ篇 全球货币制度第10章 外汇市场第11章 国际货币体系第12章 全球资本市场第Ⅴ篇 国际企业的战略与组织结构第13章 国际企业的战略第14章 国际企业的组织第15章 进入战略和战略联盟第Ⅵ篇 国际商务运营第16章 出口、进口和对等贸易第17章 全球生产与供应链管理第18章 全球营销与研发第19章 全球人力资源管理第20章 国际企业的会计和财务第Ⅰ篇 引言和概论第1章 全球化1描述在过去30年中世界经济所发生的转变。
这些转变对总部设在英国、北美、中国香港的国际企业各意味着什么？答：（1）过去30年中世界经济所发生的转变在过去30年中，全球经济发生了巨大变化。
20世纪60年代，世界经济的格局可用四个事实来描述：第一是美国在世界经济和世界贸易中起主导作用；第二是美国支配了当时的世界对外直接投资；第三是在国际商务舞台上，美国的大型多国企业占统治地位；第四是地球上大约一半的计划经济国家对西方国际企业的排斥。
在过去30年中，这四个事实都已发生了变化或正在迅速地发生变化：①美国虽仍是世界上最强大的工业国，但在相对规模上较20世纪60年代下降了许多。
日本、泰国、马来西亚、中国台湾和韩国，它们的世界产出份额显著增加。
②各国在对外直接投资总存量中所占的份额的趋势是：发展中国家的份额在稳步增长，而发达国家的份额在逐渐下降。
③多国企业的性质也在变化。
多国企业的统计构成中出现了两个值得注意的趋势：一是非美国的多国公司的增加，尤其是日本的多国企业；二是小型多国公司的增长。
④许多东欧国家和拉美国家进行民主政治改革，实行自由市场经济，为国际企业提供了巨大的出口与投资机会。
(完整word版)国际商务 英文版 chapter1 练习
Chapter 1 GlobalizationTrue / False Questions1. The shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy is referred to asglobalization.True False2. A company does not need a large size to facilitate, and benefit from, the globalization ofmarkets.True False3. Companies hope to lower their overall cost structure or improve the quality orfunctionality of their product offering through globalization of production.True False4. The most global markets currently are markets for consumer products.True False5. Outsourcing is a process that is limited to manufacturing enterprises.True False6. The health care sector in the U.S. cannot avail the benefits of outsourcing to low-costproducers in other nations because of the nature of the work.True False7. The World Bank has focused on policing the world trading system and making surenation-states adhere to the rules laid down in trade treaties.True False8. The World Bank is known as the lender of the last resort.True False9. One of the UN's central mandates is the promotion of higher standards of living, fullemployment, and conditions of economic and social progress and development.True False10. In 2008 and 2009, the GATT became the forum though which major nations attempted tolaunch a coordinated policy response to the global financial crisis, which started inAmerica.True False11. The Uruguay Round, finalized in December 1993, reduced protection for patents,trademarks, and copyrights.True False12. "Beggar thy neighbor" retaliatory trade policies involved countries progressively loweringtrade barriers against each other, which contributed to the Great Depression of the 1930s.True False13. Rivers Inc., a U.S. based sports apparel manufacturer, sets up a production unit in Chinato take advantage of the lower labor costs there. This is an example of foreign directinvestment.True False14. World Bank gives an aid of 100 million dollars to Kenya for creating rural health carefacilities. This is an example of foreign direct investment.True False15. The lowering of barriers to international trade enables firms to view the world, rather thana single country, as their market.True False16. According to WTO data, the volume of world merchandise trade has grown faster than theworld economy since 1950.True False17. The expansion of world trade implies that nations are becoming less dependent on eachother for important goods and services.True False18. Over the past 30 years the flow of FDI has accelerated faster than the growth in worldtrade and world output.True False19. The globalization of markets and production and the resulting growth of world trade,foreign direct investment, and imports all imply that firms are finding their home markets protected from foreign competitors.True False20. The cost of microprocessors continues to fall, while their power increases. This statementsupports the predictions made by Moore's Law.True False21. According to critics of globalization, today's interdependent global economy limits a nation'snational sovereignty.True False22. Critics of globalization suggest that over the last century, the gap between the rich andpoor nations of the world has shrunken.True False23. Supporters of debt relief argue that new democratic governments in poor nations shouldnot be forced to honor debts incurred by corrupt and dictatorial predecessors.True False24. A firm does not have to become a multinational enterprise to engage in internationalbusiness.True False25. Differences between countries require that an international business vary its practicescountry by country.True FalseMultiple Choice Questions26. The World Trade Organization promotes _____.A. l owering of barriers to cross-border trade and investmentB. i nfrastructural development in poor nations through low-interest loansC. s tate ownership of major enterprisesD. r egulation of national economies27. Which of the following is true about the International Monetary Fund?A. I t is primarily responsible for policing the world trading system.B. I t is seen as the lender of last resort to nation-states whose economies are in turmoil.C. I t is responsible for establishing multinational treaties to govern the global businesssystem.D. I t was established to formulate a coordinated policy response to financial crises indeveloping nations.28. The _____ was established on October 24, 1945, by 51 countries committed to preservingpeace through international cooperation and collective security.A. W orld Trade OrganizationB. U nited NationsC. G20txD. W orld Bank29. The G20tx was originally established to _____.A. p reserve peace through international cooperation and collective securityB. m aintain order in the international monetary systemC. f ormulate a coordinated policy response to financial crises in developing nationsD. m anage, regulate, and police the global marketplace30. _____ occurs when a firm exports goods or services to consumers in another country.A. I nternational tradeB. F oreign direct investmentC. I nward investmentD. O utsourcing31. In late 2001, the WTO launched a new round of talks in Doha aimed at:A. h elping member states to cope with financial crisis.B. f urther liberalization of the global trade and investment framework.C. p rotecting national economies from global competition.D. p romoting higher standards of living in all member states.32. Which of the following is NOT included in world merchandise trade?A. M anufactured goodsB. A gricultural goodsC. S ervicesD. M ining products33. _____ have/has the most to gain from reductions in agricultural tariffs and subsidies thatare a part of the Doha agenda.A. T he world's developed nationsB. T he world's poorer nationsC. E uropean nationsD. T he United States34. Which of the following is NOT a consequence of the reduction in trade barriers andrestrictions on FDI since 1950?A. F irms are dispersing parts of their production process to global locations to drive downproduction costs and increase product quality.B. T he economies of the world's nation states are becoming more intertwined.C. N ations are becoming more independent of each other for important goods andservices.D. T he world has become significantly wealthier since 1950.35. The financial crisis in the U.S. in 2009 was triggered by _____.A. t he global hike in the price of crude oilB. t he slowdown in U.S. importsC. t he problems in the U.S. subprime mortgage lending marketD. t he artificial fixing of currency rate by China36. _____ predicts that the power of microprocessor technology doubles and its cost ofproduction falls in half every 18 months.A. K eynes's LawB. S ay's LawC. M oore's LawD. S ullivan Principles37. Containerization allows:A. r eduction of the time needed to get from one location to another.B. s implification of transshipment from one mode of transport to another.C. b uyers and sellers to find each other easily.D. e nterprises to coordinate and control a globally dispersed production system.38. The relative decline of the United States in the share of world output and world exportsreflects _____.A. a n increase in the barriers to foreign trade in the U.S.B. t he deepening of the global financial crisisC. t he reduced industrialization in developing nationsD. t he growth in the economic development of the world economy39. In the 1970s, many Japanese firms invested in North America and Europe:A. t o avoid a highly competitive domestic market.B. t o exploit high domestic tariff barriers.C. a s a hedge against unfavorable currency movements.D. t o take advantage of low labor costs.40. What is the total cumulative value of foreign investments best referred to as?A. A ccumulation of foreign sharesB. P ortfolio investmentsC. S tock of foreign direct investmentsD. S tock market investments36. Throughout the 1990s, the amount of foreign direct investment directed at both developedand developing nations increased dramatically. This trend reflects:A. a slowdown in global economic activity.B. t he increasing share of the U.S. in the total FDI stock.C. t he decline in cross-border flows of foreign direct investment.D. t he increasing internationalization of business corporations.37. Which of the following countries has been the largest recipient of foreign directinvestment and received about $60 billion to $100 billion a year in inflows in 2004-2009?A. B razilB. R ussiaC. I ndiaD. C hina68. A multinational enterprise (MNE) is a firm that _____.A. e xports its products to multiple countriesB. h as production units in more than two countriesC. d oes most of its business on the InternetD. l ists its securities on a public exchange39. Which of these statements pertaining to cross-border FDI flows is true?A. T here was a growth of FDI between 2004 and 2007.B. A slump in FDI from 1998 to 2000 was followed by a surge from 2001 to 2003.C. A mong developing nations, the largest recipient of FDI has been Russia.D. T he dramatic increase in FDI reflects the decreasing internationalization of businesscorporations.40. Since the 1960s, which of the following has been a notable trend in the demographics ofthe multinational enterprise?A. T he decline of multinational companies in the manufacturing sectorB. T he growth of government-owned multinational enterprisesC. T he decline of non-U.S. multinationalsD. T he growth of mini-multinationals46. NAFTA was passed only after:A. C hina agreed to establish a higher minimum wage.B. t he U.S. agreed to limit the number of jobs that could be outsourced.C. M exico committed to tougher enforcement of environmental protection regulations.D. C anada committed to establish new limits on FDI.47. Globalization is criticized because it increases the power of _____.A. g overnments to own enterprisesB. u nskilled labor to form labor unionsC. s upranational organizations over nation-statesD. n ation-states to regulate markets and reduce competition48. The World Trade Organization has estimated that the developed nations of the world canraise global economic welfare by $128 billion by:A. r emoving subsidies given to their agricultural producers.B. i ncreasing tariff barriers to trade in agriculture.C. i ncreasing outsourcing of manufacturing processes.D. R educing defence expenditure.49. An international business, unlike a multinational enterprise, _____.A. n eeds to have manufacturing units in at least two foreign nationsB. n eeds to manufacture products or provide services that target a global marketC. n eed not customize its products to the requirements of national marketsD. n eed not invest directly in operations in other countries50. Which of the following statements is true about an international business?A. A n international business needs to invest directly in operations in other countries.B. A n international business needs to have homogenous practices across countries.C. A n international business can be managed in the same way that a domestic business ismanaged.D. A n international business must find ways to work within the limits imposed bygovernment intervention.。
国际商务 题库 Chapter 11
C HAPTER 11I NTERNATIONAL S TRATEGY AND O RGANIZATIONTRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS1. Developing an effective strategy requires a company to undertake an analysis of its owncapabilities and strengths.(True; Easy; p. 314; LO1)2. An inappropriate strategy can lead managers to take actions that cause internal tensions andpull a company in opposite directions.(True; Easy; p. 314; LO1)3. The process of identifying and selecting an organization’s objectives and deciding how theorganization will achieve those objectives is called strategy.(False; Moderate; p. 314; LO1)4. Strategy is the set of planned actions managers take to help a company meet its objectives. (True; Easy; p. 314; LO1)5. A well-defined strategy helps to coordinate a company’s various divisio ns and departmentsso that it reaches its company-wide goals in the most effective and efficient manner possible. (True; Easy; p. 314; LO1)6. Many concerns facing managers when formulating a strategy are different for domestic ascompared with international companies.(False; Moderate; p. 314; LO1)7. The strategy formulation process involves both planning and strategy.(True; Moderate; p. 314; LO1)8. A written statement of why a company exists and what it plans to accomplish is referred to asits core competencies.(False; Moderate; p. 314; LO1) {AACSB: Communication}9. A company’s mission statement often guides decisions such as which industries to enter orexit and how to compete in chosen segments.(True; Moderate; p. 314; LO1) {AACSB: Communication}10. A market segment is a clearly identifiable group of potential buyers.(True; Easy; p. 314; LO1)11. Inbound and outbound logistics is an example of a primary activity.(True; Moderate; p. 316; LO1)12. Human resource management is an example of a support activity.(True; Easy; p. 316; LO1)13. Value chain analysis divides a company’s activities into forward activities and backwardactivities.(False; Easy; p. 316; LO1)14. Support activities in a value chain analysis include infrastructure, human resourcemanagement, customer service, marketing, and procurement.(False; Difficult; p. 316; LO1)15. When analyzing primary activities, managers often look for areas in which the company canincrease the value provided to customers.(True; Moderate; p. 316; LO1)16. The external business environment consists of all the elements outside a company that canaffect its performance.(True; Easy; p. 317; LO1)17. Companies engaged in international business can approach their market using either amultinational or global strategy.(True; Moderate; p. 319; LO2)18. Multinational and global strategies are most appropriate for exporters given their foreigndirect investments in other national markets.(False; Easy; p. 319; LO2)19. The four key approaches to corporate strategy are growth, retrenchment, stability, andcombination.(True; Easy; p. 321; LO2)20. A growth strategy is designed to increase the scale or scope of a corporation’s activities. (True; Moderate; p. 321; LO2)21. Scale refers to the kinds of activities a firm performs and scope to the size of activities. (False; Easy; p. 321; LO2)22. Organic growth refers to a corporate strategy relying on mergers and acquisitions. (False; Easy; p. 321; LO2)23. Corporations reduce the scope of their activities by selling unprofitable business units orthose no longer directly related to their overall aims.(True; Moderate; p. 321; LO2)24. Weaker competitors often resort to retrenchment when national business environments growmore competitive.(True; Moderate; p. 321; LO2)25. Stability is a relatively common strategy among today’s corporations.(False; Moderate; p. 321; LO2)26. The purpose of a combination strategy is to mix growth, retrenchment, and stability strategiesacross a corporation’s bus iness units.(True; Easy; p. 322; LO2)27. Corporate combination strategies are quite uncommon because international corporationsgenerally follow identical strategies in each of their business units.(False; Moderate; p. 322; LO2)28. The key to developing an effective business-level strategy is deciding on a generalcompetitive strategy in the marketplace.(True; Moderate; p. 322; LO3)29. A negative aspect of the low-cost leadership strategy is low customer loyalty.(True; Difficult; p. 322; LO3)30. The most common self-managed teams in many manufacturing companies are downsizingteams.(False; Difficult; p. 331; LO5)31. A cross-functional team is one composed of employees who work at similar levels indifferent functional departments.(True; Easy; p. 331; LO5)MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS1. During the second stage of the strategy formulation process, a company does all of thefollowing EXCEPT analyze ________.a. the firm’s primary activitiesb. competitors unique abilitiesc. national and international business environmentsd. the firm’s support activities(b; Difficult; p. 315; LO1)2. All of the following are part of stage three of the strategy formulation process EXCEPT________.a. selecting multinational or global strategyb. formulating departmental-level strategyc. analyzing business-level environmentd. formulating corporate-level strategy(c; Moderate; p. 315; LO1)3. The objective to mass-produce a zero-pollution emissions automobile by 2010 would mostlikely belong to a(n) ________.a. individual business unitb. individual departmentc. regional headquartersd. global headquarters(a; Easy; p. 315; LO1)4. To be the largest global company in each industry in which we compete is an example of anobjective at the ________.a. individual department levelb. business-unit levelc. consumer leveld. corporate level(d; Moderate; p. 315; LO1)5. At which level in a company do objectives usually become more precise and almost alwayscontain numerical targets of performance?a. Individual department levelb. Business-unit levelc. Consumer leveld. Corporate level(a; Moderate; p. 316; LO1)6. Which of these is a special company ability that competitors find extremely difficult to equal?a. Value chainb. Core competencyc. Growth strategyd. Location economics(b; Easy; p. 316; LO1)7. An architect’s ability to design an office building in the Victorian style is an example of a(n)________.a. core competencyb. skillc. abilityd. capability(b; Easy; p. 316; LO1)8. All the following are true regarding core competencies EXCEPT that they are ________.a. special abilities that competitors find extremely difficult or impossible to equalb. easy to teach to new employeesc. multiple skills coordinated to form a single technological outcomed. learned through on-the-job training and personal experience(b; Difficult; p. 316; LO1)9. Which of these divides a company’s activities into primary and support activities central tocreating customer value?a. Mission statement analysisb. Location analysisc. Multinational analysisd. Value chain analysis(d; Easy; p. 316; LO1)10. All of the following are true of a multinational strategy EXCEPT that ________.a. separate strategies are developed for each nation in which a company markets itsproductsb. largely independent, self-contained units are often established in each national marketc. product R&D is usually located at headquartersd. each unit functions largely as an independent company(c; Difficult; p. 319; LO2) {AACSB: Technology}11. Companies often establish largely independent, self-contained units in each national marketunder which of these strategies?a. Retrenchmentb. Globalc. Multinationald. Stability(c; Moderate; p. 319; LO2)12. Which of these strategies are appropriate for companies in industries where buyer preferencesdo not converge across national borders?a. Retrenchmentb. Globalc. Multinationald. Stability(c; Difficult; p. 319; LO2)13. The main benefit of a multinational strategy is that it allows a company to ________.a. exploit scale economies in product development and marketingb. closely monitor buyer preferences in each local marketc. save costs due to product and marketing standardization across marketsd. all of the above(b; Difficult; p. 319; LO2)14. A strategy that establishes research and development (R&D), production, and marketing atthe subsidiary level is called a ________ strategy.a. retrenchmentb. globalc. multinationald. stability(c; Moderate; p. 319; LO2)15. The main drawback of a multinational strategy is that it does not allow a company to________.a. exploit scale economies in product development and marketingb. closely monitor buyer preferences in each local marketc. modify its products except for the most superficial featuresd. all of the above(a; Difficult; p. 320; LO2)16. In an industry where price competitiveness is a key success factor, a firm should NOT use a________ strategy.a. retrenchmentb. globalc. multinationald. stability(c; Difficult; p. 320; LO2)17. Offering the same products using the same marketing strategy in all national markets isreferred to as a ________ strategy.a. globalb. multinationalc. retrenchmentd. multidomestic(a; Moderate; p. 320; LO2)18. Companies producing entire inventories of products or components in one or very fewoptimal locations are likely following a ________ strategy.a. retrenchmentb. globalc. multidomesticd. multinational(b; Moderate; p. 320; LO2)19. Companies performing product R&D in one or very few locations are likely following a_______ strategy.a. retrenchmentb. globalc. multidomesticd. multinational(b; Moderate; p. 320; LO2)20. Organic growth refers to corporate strategy relying on ________.a. mergers and acquisitionsb. joint venture growthc. internally generated growthd. strategic alliance growth(c; Moderate; p. 321; LO2)21. Methods of growth include all of the following EXCEPT ________.a. acquisitionsb. joint venturesc. strategic alliancesd. inorganic growth(d; Moderate; p. 321; LO2)22. A strategy designed to reduce the scale or scope of a corporation’s business is called a________ strategy.a. growthb. differentiationc. retrenchmentd. stability(c; Easy; p. 321; LO2)23. A retrenchment strategy is designed to ________.a. guard against changeb. reduce the scale or scope of a corporation’s operationsc. increase the scale or scope of a corporation’s operationsd. mix growth, retrenchment, and stability strategies(b; Moderate; p. 321; LO2)24. Which of the following is NOT true of a company following a stability strategy?a. It is trying to avoid either growth or retrenchment.b. It regards strengths as fully exploited and weaknesses as fully protected against.c. It has no interest in expanding the customer base.d. It has not met its stated objectives.(d; Moderate; p. 321; LO2)25. A company that is closing factories with unused capacity and laying-off workers is likelyfollowing a ________ strategy.a. growthb. retrenchmentc. stabilityd. combination(b; Easy; p. 321; LO2)26. A company that is reducing the scope of its activities by selling unprofitable business units orthose no longer directly related to its overall aims is likely following a ________ strategy.a. growthb. retrenchmentc. stabilityd. combination(b; Moderate; p. 321; LO2)27. Which of these strategies is designed to guard against change?a. Stabilityb. Growthc. Retrenchmentd. Differentiation(a; Easy; p. 321; LO2)28. Companies that see the business environment as posing neither profitable opportunities northreats will likely follow a ________ strategy.a. growthb. retrenchmentc. stabilityd. combination(c; Moderate; p. 321; LO2)29. When a corporation is involved in just one line of business, ________.a. it does not need to formulate any strategiesb. its corporate level and business-level strategies are one and the samec. its corporate level, business-level, and department-level strategies are one and thesamed. it must focus on being a low-cost leader and not go after a differentiation strategy (b; Difficult; p. 322; LO3)30. Which of these may be the best option for a company selling a differentiated product?a. Global strategyb. Decentralized productionc. Low-cost strategyd. Centralized production(b; Difficult; p. 326; LO3)31. The way in which a company divides its activities among separate units and coordinatesactivities among those units is referred to as ________.a. process planningb. organizational structurec. capacity planningd. mission and objectives(b; Easy; p. 325; LO4)32. Decentralized decision-making is beneficial when ________.a. one subsidiary’s output is another’s inputb. fast-changing national business environments put a premium on local responsivenessc. a company needs to create a global organizational cultured. all of the above(b; Difficult; p. 326; LO4)33. An organizational structure that organizes a company’s entire global operations into countriesor geographic regions is referred to as a(n) ________ structure.a. international areab. international divisionc. global matrixd. global product(a; Easy; p. 328; LO5)34. An organizational structure that splits the chain of command between product and areadivisions is referred to as a(n) ________ structure.a. international areab. international divisionc. global matrixd. global product(c; Easy; p. 329; LO5)35. A team in which employees from a single department take on responsibilities of their formersupervisors is called a ________ team.a. cross-functionalb. self-managedc. globald. domineering(b; Moderate; p. 330; LO5)36. A team of top managers from both headquarters and international subsidiaries who meet todevelop solutions to company-wide problems is referred to as a ________ team.a. culture teamb. cross-functional teamc. global teamd. self-managed team(c; Moderate; p. 331; LO5)SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS1. ________ is the process of identifying and selecting an organization’s objectives anddeciding how the organization will achieve those objectives.(Planning; Moderate; p. 314; LO1)2. ________ are all parties who are affected by a company’s activities.(Stakeholders; Easy; p. 314; LO1)3. ________ is the set of planned actions taken by managers to help a company meet itsobjectives.(Strategy; Moderate; p. 314; LO1)4. The strategy formulation process involves both ________ and ________.(planning, strategy; Difficult; p. 314; LO1)5. A written statement of why a company exists and what it plans to accomplish is called a(n)________.(mission statement; Moderate; p. 314; LO1) {AACSB: Communication}6. A clearly identifiable group of potential buyers is known as a(n) ________.(market segment; Moderate; p. 314; LO1)7. All parties, ranging from suppliers and employees to stockholders and consumers, who areaffected by a company’s activities are referred to as ________.(stakeholders; Easy; p. 314; LO1)8. A(n) ________ is a special ability of a company that competitors find extremely difficult orimpossible to equal.(core competency; Moderate; p. 316; LO1)9. The process of dividing a company’s activities into primary and support activities andidentifying those that create value for customers is referred to as ________.(value chain analysis; Moderate; p. 316; LO1)10. A(n) ________ str ategy is designed to increase the scale or scope of a corporation’soperations.(growth; Moderate; p. 321; LO2)11. ________ refers to a corporate strategy relying on internally generated growth.(Organic growth; Difficult; p. 321; LO2)12. A strategy de signed to reduce the scale or scope of a corporation’s business is referred to asa(n) ________ strategy.(retrenchment; Easy; p. 321; LO2)13. A strategy designed to guard against change and used by corporations to avoid either growthor retrenchment is called a(n) ________ strategy.(stability; Moderate; p. 321; LO2)14. The purpose of a(n) ________ strategy is to mix growth, retrenchment, and stability strategiesacross a corporation’s business units.(combination; Moderate; p. 322; LO2)15. A strategy in which a company exploits economies of scale to have the lowest cost structureof any competitor in its industry is called a(n) ________ strategy.(low-cost leadership; Easy; p. 322; LO3)16. A(n) ________ strategy is one in which a company designs its products to be perceived asunique by buyers throughout its industry.(differentiation; Moderate; p. 323; LO3)17. A(n) ________ is one in which a company focuses on serving the needs of a narrowlydefined market segment by being the low-cost leader, differentiating its product, or both. (focus strategy; Moderate; p. 323; LO3)18. ________ is the way a company divides its activities among separate units and coordinatesactivities among those units.(Organizational structure; Moderate; p. 325; LO4)19. ________ decision making occurs at a high level in one location, such as headquarters. (Centralized; Moderate; p. 326; LO4)20. ________ teams help reduce waste in the production process.(Quality improvement; Difficult; p. 331; LO5)21. A(n) ________ is one composed of employees who work at similar levels in differentfunctional departments.(cross-functional team; Easy; p. 331; LO5)22. A team of top managers from both headquarters and international subsidiaries who meet todevelop solutions to company-wide problems is called a(n) ________.(global team; Moderate; p. 331; LO5)ESSAY QUESTIONS193. Differentiate between the primary and support activities that create value for a company’s customers. How can managers determine whether an activity enhances customer value? (Difficult; p. 316-317; LO1)194. Briefly describe the strategy formulation process. Identify the activities under each stage. (Moderate; p. 318-329; LO1-LO3)195. Differentiate between a multinational and a global strategy. Identify the main benefit and the main drawback of each.(Moderate; p. 319-320; LO2)1. Describe the four key approaches to corporate strategy, providing an example of each. (Moderate; p. 320-322; LO2)2. Briefly describe the three generic business-level strategies, providing an example of each. (Moderate; p. 322-324; LO3)3. Explain the different ways products can be differentiated, providing an example of each.Ch 11: International Strategy and Organization (Easy; p. 323; LO3)4. How can domestic companies in emerging markets compete with major multinationals thatenter their markets? Identify the different strategies available to such domestic companies. (Difficult; p. 324; LO3)5. When should managers consider decentralized decision making? What benefits might emerge? (Moderate; p. 325-327; LO4)6. Describe any three organizational structures common for the vast majority of the internationalcompanies. Provide an example organizational chart for each.(Difficult; p. 327-330; LO5)7. What is a work team? Describe the three different types of teams.(Moderate; p. 330-331; LO5)。
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Sharpening of the conflict between industrialized and developing nations
In the 1960s and 1970s it was hoped that the developmental gap between industrialized nations and many countries in the less-developed world could gradually be closed.
International business challenges and opportunities
The pressure of change also presents vast opportunities for the expansion of international business activities. Nevertheless, many international business opportunities exist.
The international information system
Many organizations have data needs that go beyond specific international research projects. One area where international firms are gradually increasing the use of information system technology is in the export field. Increasingly, the Internet enables customers to provide feedback on their experiences with a firm.
Chapter 11
Global Change and Challenges of the International Environment
Learning objectives
To examine how traditional attitudes toward trade and investment policies are changing To survey the vast opportunities for trade offered by emerging market economies To understand the role of multinational firms in the changing global environment To gain insight into the information systems To understand the meaning of globalization
Reduction of domestic policy influences
The effects of growing global influences on a domestic economy have been significant. Decisions that were once clearly in the domestic purview now have to be revised due to influences from abroad. At the same time, the clash between the fixed geography of nations and the nonterritorial nature of many of today’s problems and solutions continues to escalate.
Weakening international institutions
The intense links among nations and the new economic environment resulting from new market entrants and the encounter of different economic systems are weakening the traditional international institutions and are therefore affecting their roles. The formation of the WTO has provided the former GATT with new impetus.
Text: Global Environment of International Business
Three major changes have occurred over time in the global policy environment: a reduction of domestic policy influence, a weakening of traditional international institutions, and a sharpening of the conflict between industrialized and developing nations.
The role of the multinational firm
As multinational firms gain experience and knowledge of the loபைடு நூலகம்al markets, they may then increase the size of their capital investments. As multinational firms mature in transition or emerging economies, many find that the domestic market itself represents a legitimate market opportunity on a stand-alone basis.