戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》章节题库(语用学) 【圣才出品】
新编简明英语语言学教程戴炜栋第1-3章课后练习题答案
《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版 第1-3章练习题 参考答案Chapter 1 Introduction P13 1. How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language ？答：答： Linguistics is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, the linguists has to collect and observe observe language language language facts facts facts first, first, first, which which which are are are found found found to to to display display display some some some similarities, similarities, similarities, and and and generalizations generalizations generalizations are are are made made made about about about them; them; them; then then then he he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure. The hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed observed facts facts facts to to to fully fully fully prove prove prove their their their validity. validity. validity. In In In linguistics, linguistics, linguistics, as as as in in in any any any other other other discipline, discipline, discipline, data data data and and and theory theory theory stand stand stand in in in a a a dialectical dialectical complementation, that is, a theory without the support of data can hardly claim validity, and data without being explained by some theory remain a muddled mass of things. 2. What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study? 答：答： The major branches of linguistics are: (1) phonetics: it studies the sounds used in linguistic communication; (2) phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication; (3) morphology: it studies the way in which linguistic symbols representing sounds are arranged and combined to form words; (4) (4) syntax: syntax: syntax: it it it studies studies studies the the the rules rules rules which which which govern govern govern how how how words words words are are are combined combined combined to to to form form form grammatically grammatically grammatically permissible permissible permissible sentences sentences sentences in in languages; (5) semantics: it studies meaning conveyed by language; (6) pragmatics: it studies the meaning in the context of language use. 3. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar? 答：答： The general approach thus traditionally formed to the study of language over the years is roughly referred to as “t raditional gramma grammar.” Modern linguistics differs from traditional g r.” Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar in several basic ways. Firstly, linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive. Second, modem linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. Traditional grammarians, on the other hand, tended to emphasize, maybe over-emphasize, the importance of the written word, partly because of its permanence. Then, Then, modem modem modem linguistics linguistics linguistics differs differs differs from from from traditional traditional traditional grammar grammar grammar also also also in in in that that that it it it does does does not not not force force force languages languages languages into into into a a a Latin-based Latin-based framework. 4. Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? Why? 答：答： In modem linguistics, a synchronic approach seems to enjoy priority over a diachronic one. Because people believed that unless the various states of a language in different historical periods are successfully studied, it would be difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development. 5. For what reasons does modern linguistics give priority to speech rather than to writing? 答：答： Speech and writing are the two major media of linguistic communication. Modem linguistics regards the spoken language as the natural or the primary medium of human language for some obvious reasons. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writing system of any langu age is always “invented” by its users to reco rd speech when the need arises. arises. Even Even Even in in in today's today's today's world world world there there there are are are still still still many many many languages languages languages that that that can can can only only only be be be spoken spoken spoken but but but not not not written. written. written. Then Then Then in in in everyday everyday communication, communication, speech speech speech plays plays plays a a a greater greater greater role role role than than than writing writing writing in in in terms terms terms of of of the the the amount of amount of information information conveyed. conveyed. conveyed. And And And also, also, also, speech speech speech is is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later when he goes to school. For modern linguists, spoken language reveals many true features of human speech while written language is only the “revised” record of spe ech. Thus their data for investigation and analysis are mostly drawn from from everyday speech, everyday speech, which they regard as authentic. 6. How is Saussure's distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky's distinction between competence andperformance?答：答： Saussure's Saussure's distinction distinction distinction and and and Chomsky's Chomsky's Chomsky's are are are very very very similar, similar, similar, they they they differ differ differ at at at least least least in in in that that that Saussure Saussure Saussure took took took a a a sociological sociological sociological view view view of of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual. 7. What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition of language?答：答： First of all, language is a system, i.e., elements of language are combined according to rules. Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for. Third, language is vocal because the primary medium for all languages is sound. Fourth, language is human-specific, i. e., it is very different from the communication systems other forms of life possess. 8. What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C. Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system? （2．2语言的识别性特征）美国语言学家 C. Hockett 提出了人类语言的 12种识别性特征，其中最重要的识别性特种有5种：即语言的任意性、创造性、二重性、移位性和文化传递性。
戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》章节题库(第二语言习得) 【圣才出品】
第11章第二语言习得I. Multiple choices:1. ______ is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings.A. AcquisitionB. LearningC. StudyingD. Acquirement【答案】B【解析】儿童在自然环境中无意识的习得第一语言的过程被语言学家称为语言习得（acquisition），而在非自然环境下（如学校教育）经过有意识的努力学习第二语言的过程则被称为语言学习（learning）。
因此，本题的正确答案为B。
2. The distinction between acquisition and learning is put forward by ______.A. ChomskyB. KrashenC. SaussureD. Bloomfield【答案】B【解析】语言习得（acquisition）和语言学习（learning）这两个概念是由美国学者Stephen Krashen提出来的，以区分这两个过程之间的差异。
因此，本题的正确答案为B。
3. L2 learners will subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in learning a second language. This is known as______.A. language interferenceB. language fossilizationC. contrastive analysisD. language transfer【答案】D【解析】在学习第二语言时, 学习者会无意识地运用他们的一语知识，这是一种非常自然的现象，这种现象被语言学家称为语言的转移（language transfer）。
戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》（第2版）课后习题详解（下）【圣才出品】
戴炜栋《新编简明英语语⾔学教程》（第2版）课后习题详解（下）【圣才出品】第8章语⾔与社会1. How is language related to society?Key: (1) While language is principally used to communicate meaning, it is also used to establish and maintain social relationships. This social function of language is embodied in the use of such utterances as “Good morning!”, “How is your family?”, “Nice day today, isn’t it?”(2) Users of the same language in a sense all speak differently. The kind of language each of them chooses to use is in part determined by his social background. And language, in its turn, reveals information about its speaker.(3) Language, especially the structure of its lexicon, reflects both the physical and social environment of a society. For example, while there is only one word in English for “snow”, there are several in Eskimo. This is a reflection of the need for the Eskimos to make distinctions between various kinds of snow in their snowy living environment.2. Explain with an example that the evaluation of language is social rather thanlinguistic.Key: As a social phenomenon, language is closely related to the structure of the society in which it is used, and the evaluation of a linguistic form is entirely social.To a linguist, all language forms and accents are equally good as far as they can fulfill the communication functions they are expected to fulfill. Therefore,judgments concerning the correctness and purity of linguistic varieties are social rather than linguistic.A case in point is the use of the postvocalic []. While in England accents without postvocalic [] are considered to be more correct than accents with it, in New York city, accents with postvocalic [] enjoys more prestige and considered more correct than without it.3. What are the main social dialects discussed in this chapter? How do they jointlydetermine idiolect?Key:The main social dialects discussed in this chapter are regional dialect, sociolect, age and gender. Idiolect is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations. These factors jointly determine the way she/he talks. While the language system provides all its users with the same set of potentials, the realization of these potentials is individualized by a number of social factors, resulting in idiolects.4. In what sense is the standard dialect a special variety of language?Key: (1) The standard dialect is a particular variety of a language in that it is not related to any particular group of language users, but it is the variety which any member of a speech community can possibly use regardless of his social and geographical backgrounds, his gender and age.(2) The standard dialect is based on a selected variety of the language;usually it is the local speech of an area which is considered the nation’s political and commercial center. For example, standard English developed out of the English dialects used in and around London as they were modified over the centuries by speakers in the court, by scholars from universities and writers. Gradually, the English used by the upper classes in the capital city diverged markedly from the English used by other social groups and came to be regarded as the model for all those who wished to speak and write well.(3) The standard dialect is not a dialect a child acquires naturally like his regional dialect. It is a superimposed variety; imposed from above the range of regional dialects.(4) The standard dialect has some special functions. Also designated as the official or national language of a country, the standard dialect is used for such official purpose as government documents, education, news reporting; it is the language used on any formal occasions.5. What is register as used by Halliday? Illustrate it with an example of your own. Key: According to Halliday, “Language varies as its function varies; it differs in different situations.” The type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a register. Halliday further distinguishes three social variables that determine the register: field of discourse, tenor of discourse, and mode of discourse.For example, a lecture on biology in a technical college could be identifiedas:Field: scientific (biological)Tenor: teacher-students (formal, polite)Mode: oral (academic lecturing)6. What linguistic features of Black English do you know? Do you think Black English is an illogical and inferior variety of English? Why (not)?Key: (1) Linguistic features of Black English:Phonological features: simplification of consonant clusters at the end of a word. According to this consonant deletion rule, the final-position consonants are often deleted; thus “passed” is often pronounced [], mend [], desk [], and told [].Syntactic features one: the deletion of link verb “be”. In Black English, we often come across many sentences without copula verb: “They mine”, “You crazy”, “Her hands cold”, and “That house big”. In fact, copula verb deletion is not a unique feature of Black English, it is often found in other dialects of English and in languages like Russian and Chinese.Syntactic features two: the use of double negation structure. e.g.He don’t know nothing. (He doesn’t know anything.)I ain’t afraid of no ghosts. (I am not afraid of ghosts.)Some people consider these sentences illogical because they claim that two negatives make positive. But in fact, such double negative constructions werefound in all dialects of English of earlier period.(2) I don’t think Black English is an illogical and inferior variety of English.Linguists are agreed that no variety of a language is inherently better than any other. They insist that all languages and all varieties of a particular language are equal in that they quite adequately serve the needs of those who use them. The only exception they recognize are pidgins, which are by definition restricted varieties, or the varieties we associate with people who are impaired in some way, e.g. certain mentally or physically handicapped people. American English is considered “better”only in a social sense: it has a preferred status; it gives those who use it certain social advantages; and it increases their life chances. Black English, being a nonstandard variety, tends to produce the opposite effect. These are some of the consequences that follow from elevating one variety and denigrating others, but there is no reason to suppose that any one of the varieties is intrinsically more worthy than any other.7. What peculiar features does pidgin have?Key: A pidgin is a special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading. Pidgin arose from a blending of several languages such as Chinese dialects and English, African dialects and French. Usually a European language serves as the basis of the pidgin in the sense that some of its grammar and vocabulary is derived from the European language used by traders andmissionaries. Pidgins typically have a limited vocabulary and a reduced grammatical structure characterized by the loss ofinflection, gender and case. The “simplified” variety performs its function as trading and employment.8. How do bilingualism and diglossia differ, and what do they have in common? Key: Differences:(1)Bilingualism refers to the situation that two languages are used side by side with each having a different role to play; and language switching occurs when the situation changes.(2)Diglossia, refers to a sociolinguistic situation similar to bilingualism. In a diglossic situation, two varieties (high variety and low variety) of a language, instead of two different languages, exist side by side throughout the community, with each having a definite role to play. One of the most important features of diglossia is the specialization of function of the two varieties. Each variety is the appropriate language for certain situations with very slight overlappings.Similarity:The two languages of bilingualism and two varieties of diglossia exist side by side and have different role to play as situation changes.。
戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解（音位学）【圣才出品】
戴炜栋《新编简明英语语⾔学教程》笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解（⾳位学）【圣才出品】第2章⾳位学2.1 复习笔记本章要点：1. Speech Organs发⾳器官2. Distinction, Classification and the Criteria of Description between Constants and Vowels辅⾳和元⾳的区别、分类及描写规则3. Phonemes and Allophones⾳位和⾳位变体4. Phonological Rules and Distinctive Features⾳系规则和区别特征5. Syllable Structure, Stress and Intonation⾳节结构、重⾳和语调本章考点：1. 语⾳学语⾳学的定义；发⾳器官的英⽂名称；英语辅⾳的定义、发⾳部位、发⾳⽅法和分类；英语元⾳的定义和分类、基本元⾳；发⾳语⾳学；听觉语⾳学；声学语⾳学；语⾳标记，国际⾳标；严式与宽式标⾳法。
2. ⾳系学⾳系学的定义；⾳系学与语⾳学的联系和区别；⾳素、⾳位、⾳位变体、最⼩对⽴体、⾃由变体的定义；⾃由变体；⾳位的对⽴分布与互补分布；区别性特征；超语段⾳位学；⾳节；重⾳(词重⾳、句⼦重⾳)；⾳⾼和语调。
本章内容索引：I. The phonic medium of languageII. Phonetics1. The definition of phonetics2. Three research fields3. Organs of speech▼4. Voiceless sounds▼5. Voiced sounds6. Orthographic representations of speech sounds—broad and narrow transcriptions7. Classification of English speech sounds(1) Definition(2) Classification of English consonants(3) Classification of English vowelsIII. Phonology1. Relationship between Phonology and phonetics2. Phone, phoneme3. Allophone4. Some rules in phonology(1) Sequential rules(2) Assimilation rule(3) Deletion rule5. Supra-segmental features—stress, tone, intonation(1) Stress(2) Tone(3) IntonationI. The phonic medium of language（语⾔的语⾳媒介）II. Phonetics（语⾳学）1. The definition of phonetics（语⾳学的定义）Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.语⾳学被定义为对语⾔的语⾳媒介的研究；它涉及所有出现在世界语⾔中的声⾳。
戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》章节题库(语言与社会) 【圣才出品】
第8章语言与社会I. Multiple choices:1. A special language variety that mixes languages and is used by speakers of different languages for purpose of trading is called______.A. dialectB. idiolectC. pidginD. register【答案】C【解析】pidgin洋泾浜是原本讲不同语言的人们由于某些特殊原因（如商业交流）的直接交流目的而产生的特殊语言混合体。
dialect的意思是方言，idiolect是个人方言，register是语域。
因此，本题的正确答案为C。
2. The distinctive features of a speech variety may be all the following EXCEPT ______.A. lexicalB. syntacticC. phonologicalD. psycholinguistic【答案】D【解析】语言的变体可以是词法、句法、音位方面的变化。
心理语言学是语言学的一个分支。
因此，本题的正确答案为D。
3. Which of the following is NOT the speech variety?A. Regional dialects.B. Sociolects.C. Registers.D. Discourse accents.【答案】D【解析】在社会语言学的研究中，人们对三种言语变体特别感兴趣，即：地域方言、社会方言和语域。
因此，本题的正确答案为D。
4. Which of the following does NOT fall into dialectal varieties?A. Regional dialects.B. Sociolects.C. Registers.D. Idiolects.【答案】C【解析】一门语言的变体是该语言的一般概念的实际体现，它们被假定为与语言的使用者和语言的用途相关。
戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》章节题库(句法学) 【圣才出品】
第4章句法学I. Multiple choices:1. Among the branches of linguistics, ______ studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.A. syntaxB. semanticsC. pragmaticsD. morphology【答案】A【解析】句法学研究的是句子结构；词、词组和短语组成句子的规则。
B项为语义学，C 选项为语用学，D选项为形态学均不符合题意。
因此，本题的正确答案为A。
2. In traditional grammar, only eight categories, called parts of speech, arerecognized. The addition of such non-traditional categories as ______ increases this number in current theories of grammar.A. conjunction and determinerB. determiner and qualifierC. qualifier and interjectionD. interjection and degree words【答案】B【解析】传统语法只承认8种范畴，称为词类，分别为名词、动词、形容词、介词、副词、冠词、连词、代词, 但当今的语法理论增加了一些非传统的范畴，如：限定词determiner、程度词degree word和修饰词qualifier。
因此，本题的正确答案为B。
3. Which of the following is NOT the element that phrases formed of more than one word usually contain?A. Head.B. Specifier.C. Word category.D. Complement.【答案】C【解析】由多个单词构成的短语通常包括：中心语、标志语和补语。
戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》（第2版）课后习题详解（中）【圣才出品】
戴炜栋《新编简明英语语⾔学教程》（第2版）课后习题详解（中）【圣才出品】第4章句法学1. What is syntax?Key: Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies the rules that governs the formation of sentences.2. What is phrase structure rule?Key: The special type of grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase is calleda phrase structure rule.3. What is category? How to determine a word’s category?Key: Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb. T o determine a word’s category, three criteria are usually employed, namely, meaning, inflation and distribution.4. What is coordinate structure? What properties does it have?Key: The structures that are formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of a conjunction are called coordinate structures. It has four properties: first, there is no limit on the number of coordinated categories. Second, a category at any level can be coordinated. Third, coordinated categories must be of the same type. Fourth, the category type of the coordinate phrase isidentical to the category type of the elements being conjoined.5. What elements does a phrase contain and what rule does each element play? Key: The phrase elements are specifiers, complements and modifiers. Specifiers help make more precise the meaning of the head. They typically mark a phrase. The complements provide information about entities and locations whose existence is implied by the meaning of the head. Modifiers specifies optionally expressible properties of heads.6. What is deep structure and what is surface structure?Key: The structure that formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties is called the deep structure. The structure that corresponds to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformation is called surface structure.7. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences.a) The old lady got off the bus carefully.b) The car suddenly crashed onto the river bank.c) The blinding snowstorm might delay the opening of the school.d) This cloth feels quite soft.Key:8. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each.a) rich in mineralsb) often read detective storiesc) an augment against the proposalsd) already above the windowKey: a) rich in mineralsb) often read detective storiesc) the argument against the proposalsd) already above the window9. The following sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each sentence, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree structures.a) A crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution.b) A huge moon hung in the black sky.c) The man examined his car carefully yesterday.d) A wooden hut near the lake collapsed in the storm.Key: (The modifiers are represented by italics.)a) A crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution.b) A huge moon hung in the black sky.c) The man examined his car carefully yesterday.d) A wooden hut near the lake collapsed in the storm.10. The following sentences all contain conjoined categories. Draw a tree structure for each of the sentences.a) Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants.b) Helen put on her clothes and went out.c) Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics.Key: a) Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants.b) Helen put on her clothes and went out.c) Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics.11. The following sentences all contain embedded clauses that function ascomplements of a verb, an adjective, a preposition or a noun. Draw a tree structure for each sentence.a) You know that I hate war.b) Gerry can’t believe the fact that Anna flunked the English exam.c) Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce.d) The children argued over whether bats had wings.Key: a) You know that I hate war.。
06422英语语言学—新编简明英语语言学教程,戴炜栋
06422英语语言学—新编简明英语语言学教程,戴炜栋06422英语语言学—新编简明英语语言学教程, 戴炜栋ContentsChapter 1 Introduction (1)Chapter 2 Phonology (5)Chapter 3 Morphology (8)Chapter 4 Syntax (9)Chapter 5 Semantics (12)Chapter 6 Pragmatics (16)Chapter 7 Historical linguistics (19)Chapter 8 Sociolinguistics (24)Chapter 9 Psycholinguistics (29)Chapter 10 Language Acquisition (32)Chapter 1 Introduction一、定义1.语言学LinguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2.普通语言学General LinguisticsThe study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.3.语言languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。
4.识别特征Design FeaturesIt refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。
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第6章语用学
I. Multiple choices:
1. Which of the following statement concerning context is NOT correct?
A. It was first noted by the British linguist John Firth.
B. It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.
C. It determines the speaker’s use of language and also the hearer’s interpretation of what is said to him.
D. It is essential to the syntactic study of language.
【答案】D
【解析】语境这个概念由英国语言学家John Firth最先提出，一般认为它是由言者和听者的共享知识构成，它决定着言者对语言的运用和听者对他所听到话语的理解，它对语言的语用研究（而非句法研究）来说是必不可少的。
语言的句法研究与语境无关。
因此，本题的正确答案为D。
2. Which of the following is NOT correct?
A. The meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized.
B. The meaning of an utterance is concrete and context-dependent.
C. The meaning of a sentence is based on utterance meaning.
D. Utterance meaning is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a
real situation of communication or simply in a context.
【答案】C
【解析】句子的意思是抽象的、非语境化的，而话语的意义却是具体的、依赖于语境的。
话语的意义是基于句子意义之上的；它是一个句子的抽象意义在一个真实的交际场合或仅在一个语境中的体现。
因此，本题的正确答案为C。
3. Speech Act theory was originated with ______.
A. Saussure
B. Bloomfield
C. Austin
D. Firth
【答案】C
【解析】言语行为理论是20世纪50年代后期英国哲学家John Austin首先提出的。
因此，本题的正确答案为C。
4. According to Austin, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking except______.
A. locutionary act
B. illocutionary act
C. perlocutionary act
D. imperlocutionary act
【答案】D
【解析】英国哲学家John Austin的言语行为理论将言语行为分为言内、言外和言后三种行为。
因此，本题的正确答案为D。
5. “You have left the window wide open.” Which of the following is the illocutionary act performed by the speaker?
A. The speaker intends to ask someone to close the window or make a complaint.
B. The hearer closes the window.
C. The speaker intends to express what the words literally mean.
D. None of the above.
【答案】A
【解析】言内行为指说话这一行为的本身，使用音位、词汇、句法来表达字面意义的行为；言外行为指表达说话者交流目的或意图的行为；而言后行为指通过某些话实施的行为，或讲某些话所导致的行为，实际上是话语所产生的后果或者所引起的变化。
因此，本题的正确答案为A。
6. How many categories do speech acts fall into according to John Searle?
A. Three.
B. Four
C. Five
D. Six
【答案】C
【解析】Searle区分的五类分别是：representatives（阐述类），directives（指令类），
commissives（承诺类），expressives（表达类），declarations（宣告类）。
因此，本题的正确答案为C。
7. Which of the following is the typical case of commissives?
A. Believing.
B. Ordering.
C. Promising.
D. Congratulating.
【答案】C
【解析】承诺类是那些言者对未来行为过程做出承诺的言外行为，即在说话的时候，言者将自己置于某种义务中；允诺（promising），保证（undertaking），发誓（vowing）都是最典型的例子。
只有C符合题意。
因此，本题的正确答案为C。
8. Which of the following is the specific instance of directives?
A. Swearing.
B. Suggesting.
C. Undertaking.
D. Apologizing.
【答案】B
【解析】指令类是言者让听者做某事的企图。
邀请inviting，建议suggesting，要求requesting，忠告advising，警告warning，威胁threatening，命令ordering都是其例。
只有B符合题意。
因此，本题的正确答案为B。
9. How many maxims are under Grice’s CP?
A. Two.
B. Three.
C. Four.
D. Five.
【答案】C
【解析】美国哲学家Grice提出会话的合作原则具体体现为：数量准则、质量准则、关联准则、方式准则。
因此，本题的正确答案为C。
10. A: What do you think of James?
B: A fine day, isn’t it?
In the dialogue, B’s answer flouts which of the four maxims of CP?
A. The maxim of quality.
B. The maxim of quantity.
C. The maxim of mariner.
D. The maxim of relation.
【答案】D
【解析】根据关联准则，说话要贴切。
本题对话中B选项的回答显然是答非所问，违反了上述的关联准则。
因此，本题的正确答案为C。
11. A: Shall we get something for the kids?
B: Yes. But I veto I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M. In the dialogue, B’s answer flouts which of the four maxims of CP?
A. The maxim of quality.
B. The maxim of quantity.
C. The maxim of manner.
D. The maxim of relation.
【答案】C
【解析】根据方式准则，说话要避免晦涩、歧义的词语，说话简要，要有条理。
本题对话中双方都知道B选项对ice cream一词没有发音困难，故违反了方式准则。
因此，本题的正确答案为C。
12. What essentially distinguishes Semantics and Pragmatics is the notion of______.
A. reference
B. meaning
C. antonymy
D. context
【答案】D
【解析】区分语义学和语用学的重要标志是语境，即上下文。
因此，本题的正确答案为D。
II. Fill in the following blanks:
1. There has been a maxim in _____ which claims that “You are what you say”.（中。