英语专业语用学试卷 新
大学英语语用学试题
序号: 姓名: 语用学课班号: 成绩:序号查看微信群里学生名单。
语用学课班号：周一3-4节课填1班；周二1-2节课填2班；周二3-4节课填3班。
特别注意：本试题是开卷考试必须在1小时内答完（9:00-10:00，10:05停止接收试卷）并以附件发到老师邮箱，超过时间拒收。
老师邮箱：。
发信的主题要写：序号-姓名-班号-语用学，如：1-李文龙-2-语用班。
答卷文档名改为：序号-姓名-班号-语用学，如：1-李文龙-2班-语用学。
答案全部写在后面的答题页上，注意写上题号语用学课随堂小测试题（全部用英语答题）I.简答题（60分，15小题，每题4分）注意：每道题的答案只需用一、两个词，或者一句话就可以，不要大段解释。
1.Study the following uses of English. Which category of speech acts does each belong to?A.(Priest): I now pronounce you husband and wife.B.I love this game.C.Why not have some more fish?D.Congratulations!2.The regulative force of the maxims in Cooperative Principle is so strong that when the speaker is aware that he might violate one of them he uses certain remarks to indicate the possible violation. These remarks are like licenses for him to violate any of the maxims. They are also cues for the hearer so that he can qualify his interpretation. The following are some common cues. Please point out which maxim is each cue directed at?A.I don’t know how exactly it happened, but ...B.I know this is long and involved, but it is really important ...C.That reminds me of something that ...3.Pragmatic presupposition is also frequently exploited in advertising. Analyze the following examples of advertising language and tell the use of presupposition in each case.A.女人，关系自己同样重要。
语用学测试题及答案
语用学测试题及答案一、选择题1. 语用学是研究什么的学科？A. 语言的物理特性B. 语言的抽象结构C. 语言的交际功能D. 语言的演变过程答案：C2. 以下哪个选项是语用学中的合作原则？A. 说话要尽量简短B. 不要说自知是假话C. 说话要有条理D. 说话要尽量具体答案：B3. 根据格莱斯的合作原则，以下哪个选项是违反了量的准则？A. 说话要尽量简短B. 不要说自知是假话C. 说话要提供足够的信息D. 说话要尽量具体答案：A二、填空题根据语用学中的合作原则，说话者和听话者之间应该遵循以下准则：1. 量的准则：说话者应提供足够的信息，但不要提供比必要更多的信息。
2. 质的准则：说话者不应说自知是假的话，不应说缺乏足够证据的话。
3. 关系准则：说话者应保持话题相关性。
4. 方式准则：说话者应避免模糊不清，避免不明确的表达。
三、简答题1. 请简述语用学中的言外行为理论。
答案：言外行为理论是语用学中的一个重要概念，它指的是说话者通过言语行为所表达的超出字面意义的信息。
言外行为通常包括直接言外行为、间接言外行为和隐喻言外行为等。
2. 举例说明如何通过语境来理解话语的隐含意义。
答案：语境在理解话语的隐含意义中起着至关重要的作用。
例如，当某人在餐厅说“这里的菜真好吃”，在不同的语境下可能有不同的隐含意义。
如果说话者刚刚品尝了一道新菜，这可能是对菜品的直接赞美；但如果餐厅的菜品普遍不佳，这句话可能隐含着讽刺的意味。
四、论述题1. 论述语用学在跨文化交际中的重要性。
答案：语用学在跨文化交际中的重要性体现在多个方面。
首先，不同文化背景的人在交际中可能有不同的语言习惯和交际准则，了解这些差异有助于避免误解和冲突。
其次，语用学可以帮助人们更好地理解言外之意，即通过语境来解读话语的隐含意义。
此外，语用学还有助于提高跨文化交际的效率和效果，通过适当的言语行为来实现交际目的。
英语专业语用学考试笔记
一、名词解释1、Psychological distance: it may be that the truly pragmatic basis of special deixis is actually psychological. Physically close objects will tend to be treated by the speaker as psychologically close. Also ,sth that is physically distant will generally be treated as psychologically distant.2、Reference: reference is an act in which a speaker, or writer, uses linguistic forms to enable a listener, or reader, to identify something.3、inference: Inference is the act or process of deriving logical conclusions from premises known or assumed to be true.4、Presupposition: a presupposition is something the speaker assumes to be the case prior to making an utterance, speakers, not sentences, have presupposition.5、Entailment: an entailment is something that logically follows from what is asserted in the utterance, sentences, not speakers, have entailments.6、Face,: face means the public self-image of a person. It refers that emotional and social sense of self that everyone has and expects everyone else to recognize.7、Politeness: in an interaction, can then be defined as the means employed to show awareness of another person's face.二、简答题1、what's pragmatics ? T ypes of it.P r agmatics is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker( or writer) and interpreted by a listener{or reader}①pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning.②pragmatics is the study of contextual meaning.③pragmatics is the study of how more gets it communicated than is said.④pragmatics is the study of the expression of relative distance.2、what's deixis ?Deixis is a technical term( from Greek) for one of the most basic things we do with utterance. It means 'pointing' via language. Any linguistic form used to accomplish this 'pointing' is called a deictic expression. Deictic expressions are also sometimes called indexicals. They are among the first forms to be broken by very young children and can be used to indicate people via person deixis( me, you), or location via spatial deixis( here, there), or time via temporal deixis( now, then).3、T ypes of presupposition.①The existential presupposition is not only assumed to be present in possessive construction ( for example, ' your car '>> 'you have a car)②The presupposed information following a verb like ' know ' can be treated as a fact, and is described as a factive presupposition, such as …realize‟ and …regret‟..③General speaking, in lexical presupposition, the use of one form with its asserted meaning is conventionally interpreted with the presupposition that another ( non-asserted ) meaning is understood, such as …stop‟, …star‟, and…again‟.④In addition to presupposition which are associated with the use of certain words and phrases, there are also structural presupposition. ( for example, when did he leave? >> he left. / where did you buy the bike ? >> you bought the bike. )⑤A non-factive presupposition is one that is assumed not to be true. ( example, I dreamed that I was rich.>> I was not rich/ we imagined we were in Hawaii.>>we were not in Hawaii. / hepretends to be ill.>>he is not ill. )⑥At end of the discussion of deixis, a structure that is interpreted with a non-factivepresupposition. Indeed, this type of structure creates a counter-factual presupposition, meaning that what is presupposed is not only true, but is the opposite of what is true, or ' contrary ' to ' facts'.( example, if you were my friend, you would have helped me.>>you are not my friend.)4.Cooperation and implicature.The cooperative principle: Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at stage it which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.①Quantity,i.Make your contribution as informative as is required ( for the current purposes of theexchange).b)Do you make your contribution more informative than is required.②Quality. Try to make your contribution one that is true.a)Do not say what what you believe to be false.b)Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.③Relation. Be relevant.④Manner. Be perspicuous.a)A void obscurity of expression.b)A void ambiguity.c)Be brief( avoid unnecessary prolixity).d)Be orderly.Properties of conversational implicatures1.Conversational implicatures are deniable. They can be explicitly denied(or alternatively,reinforced) in different ways.2.Implicatures can be calculated by the listeners via inference. In terms of their definingproperties, then, conversational implicatures can be calculated, suspended, cancelled, and reinforced.Speech actThe action performed by producing an utterance will consist of three related acts.1.Locutionary act, which is the basic act of utterance, or producing a meaningful linguisticexpression,2.The illocutionary act is performed via the communicative force of an utterance.3.Depending on the circumstances, you will utter on the assumption that the hearer willrecognize the effect you intended. This is also generally known as the perlocutionary effect.Positive and negative politenessA positive politeness atrategy leads the requester to appeal to a common goal, and even friendship,via expressions such as those in the following example(a. how about letting me use your pen? b.hey, buddy, I‟d appreciate it if you‟d let me use your pen.)However, in most English-speaking contexts, a face saving act is more commonly performed via a negative politeness strategy. For example(a. could you lend me a pen? B. I‟m sorry to bother you, but can I ask you for a pen or something? C. I know you are busy, but might I ask you if-em-if you happen to have an extra pen that I could,you know-eh-maybe borrow?)三、论述题1. Speech act classification.①Declaration are those kinds of speech acts that change the world via their utterance. ( example. Priest: I now pronounce your husband and wife./ Referee: you're out. / Jury Foreman: we find the defendant guilty.)In using a declaration, the speaker changes the world via words.②Representatives are those kind of speech acts that state what the speaker believes to be the case or not. ( example. The earth is flat. / Chomsky didn't write about peanuts. / it was a warm sunny day.)In using representative, the speaker makes the words fit the world( of belief)③Expressive are those kind of speech acts that state what the speaker feels. ( example. I'm really sorry. / congratulations / Oh, yes, great, mmmm, ssahh. )In using an expression, the speaker makes words fit the world( of feeling).④Directives are those kinds of speech that speakers use to get someone else to do something. (example. Gimme a cup of coffee. Make it black. / could you lend me a pen, please?/ don't touch that.In using a directive, the speaker attempts to make the world fit the words( via the hearer).⑤Commissives are those kinds of speech acts that speakers use to commit themselves to some future action. ( I'll be back/ I'm going to get it right next time/ we will not do that. ) In using a commissive, the speaker undertakes to make the world fit the words (via the speaker)These five general functions of speech acts, with there key features, are summarized in Table 6. I.The role of co-text1.The co-text clearly limits the range of possible interpretations we might have for a word like“Brazil”. It is consequently misleading to think of reference being understood solely in terms of our ability to identity referents via the referring expression. The referring expression actually provides a range of reference, that is, a number of possible referents.2.Of course, co-text is just a linguistic part of the environment in which a referring expression Iused. The physical environment, or context, is perhaps more easily recognized as having a powerful impact on how referring expressions are to be interpreted.3.Reference are depends on local context and the local knowledge of the participants. It maycrucially depend on familiarity with the local socio-cultural conventions as the basis for inference (for example, if a person is in a hospital with an illness, then he or she can be identified by nurses via the name of illness). These conventions may differ substantially from one social group to another and may be marked differently from one language to another.Reference, then, is not simply a relationship between the meaning of a word or phrase and an object or person in the world. It is a social act, in which the speaker assumes that the word or phrase chosen to identify an object or person will be interpreted as the speaker intend.。
九年级英语语用学单选题30题
九年级英语语用学单选题30题1. —Excuse me, could you tell me where the nearest post office is?—Sure. Go straight and turn left at the first crossing. You can't miss it.A. Certainly.B. Sorry, I don't know.C. No, I can't.D. I'm not sure.答案：A。
本题考查情景交际中问路的回答。
A 选项“Certainly.”表示“当然可以”，符合礼貌地回答别人问路的场景。
B 选项直接说不知道比较生硬，且没有尝试给出其他帮助。
C 选项“No, I can't.”不礼貌。
D 选项“I'm not sure.”也没有给出明确的指引。
2. —Would you like to go to the movies with me tonight?—_____. I have a lot of homework to do.A. Yes, I'd love to.B. Sorry, I can't.C. No problem.D. That sounds great.答案：B。
本题考查邀请的回答。
因为后面提到有很多作业要做，所以应该拒绝邀请，B 选项“Sorry, I can't.”符合语境。
A 选项和D 选项是接受邀请的回答，C 选项“No problem.”通常用于回应请求帮忙等情况，不适合此处。
3. —Thank you for helping me with my English.—_____.A. It's my pleasure.B. Don't mention it.C. You're welcome.D. All of the above.答案：D。
英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编27
英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编27(总分：36.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：5，分数：10.00)1.Corpus linguistics deals with the principles and practice of using 1in language study.(中山大学2005研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：corpora）解析：解析：语料库语言学指论述语言研究中使用语料的原理和实践。
2.In the Phases IV of CALL Development, instead of writing specific programs for language teaching, 1has adapted to language teaching by enabling students to compose and try out their own writings in a non-permanent form.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：word processing）解析：解析：计算机运用到第二语言教学中的第四个阶段，文字处理不再是为语言教学编写具体的程序，而是适应语言教学，使学生用一种非永久性形式写作并能修改它们的作品。
3.MT can be divided into two types: 1and 2.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：unassisted MT，assisted MT）解析：解析：机器翻译可以分为两类：不需要帮助的和需要帮助的。
4. 1a collection of linguistic data, either compiled as written texts or as a transcription of recorded speech.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Corpus）解析：解析：语料库是一个语言数据的集合，可以由书面文本构成，也可以由录音言语的转写本构成。
语用学——精选推荐
语⽤学语⽤学试卷1.Answer the following question (20 points)What is your impression on pragmatic study? In what way do you think Pragmatic study is essential to our English learning? Pragmatics is a subfield of linguistics which studies the ways in which context contributes to meaning. Pragmatics encompasses speech act theory, conversational implicature, talk in interaction and other approaches to language behavior in philosophy, sociology, and linguistics. It studies how the transmission of meaning depends not only on the linguistic knowledge (e.g. grammar, lexicon etc.) of the speaker and listener, but also on the context of the utterance, knowledge about the status of those involved, the inferred intent of the speaker, and so on.In this respect, pragmatics explains how language users are able to overcome apparent ambiguity, since meaning relies on the manner, place, time etc. of an utterance.The ability to understand another speaker's intended meaning is called pragmatic competence. So an utterance describing pragmatic function is described as metapragmatic. Pragmatic awareness is regarded as one of the most challenging aspects of language learning, and comes only through experience2.why do you think one says to the gate-keeper “May we come in?” when he is alone?And w hy does he still say so to the gate-keeper when he and his company want to go into the park?(15?)the category of plural notion is not applied to the first person in the same way as it is to the person .Deixis is from a Greek word meaning …indicating? or…pointing?. In linguistics, it refers to certain aspects of context of utterance, including the role of participants in the speech event and their spatio-temporal and social location. It directly concerns the relationship between the structure of language and the context in which it is used. Typical examples are pronouns, demonstratives, time & place adverbs, and some grammatical categories such as tense.Some languages even make a distinction between “we-inclusive-of-addressee”and “we-exclusive-of-addressee.”Here, the person says to the gate-keeper "may we come in "when he is alone, the plural forms”us” includes the gate-keeper. By saying so, the person intends to show his friendness to the gate-keeper. It seems they have a close relationship.when he and his company want to go onto the park, by saying”may we come in ”, the plural forms ”us” just means the person and his company.3.There is a woman sitting on a park bench and a large dog lying on the ground in front of the bench. A man comes along and sit s down on the bench.(20?)Man:Does your dog bite?Woman:No(then the man reached down to pet the dog.the dog bites the man?s hand)The speaker's own questioning expression unclearConversation is the common interactions of speaker and hearer, however in order to research are often only pay attention to the hearer, the analysis for the hearer to specific inference, the purpose of the violation of cooperative principles more than from the Angle of the hearer guess what the speaker want to convey meaning. In this paper, the subjective factors include two aspects, one is the speaker's factor, 2 it is to the hearer. In some cases, the speaker words to express itself is not clear, easy to make the listener produce misunderstanding, confusion. Thereby, the unpredictability of the speaker said tend to be obedient people don't cooperate.In this scenario, lady with a clear violation of the cooperative principle in the amount of code, thus she can deduce the conversational implicature is: she doesn't want to communicate with the strange man. If you want to communicate well, she should say at the outset of this dog is not her. From the speaker, however, that this man's point of view to analysis, the man didn't clear from the start, he asked the question itself is not clear, is easy to be misunderstood. Assuming he ask is this your dog? Then ask the dog bite? Or directly ask the dog bite? Ms. I'm afraid I won't bring cooperation and dogs not friendly.4.What?s the importance of Grice?s theory of conversational implicature?a nswer this question with the following example (15?)Student A:How are you?Student B:I?m dead.The importance of the theory of conversational implicature in pragmatics is due to various sources or contributions.1.the theory of conversational implicature may provide come significant function explanation for linguistic facts.2.it provides some explicit account of how it is possible to mean more than what is actually “said”, or more than what is literally expressed.3.it may help to simplify the content of semantic descriptions.4.it is essential if various basic facts about language are to be accounted for properly.5. it may offer an insight into the rhetorical use of language.The Cooperative Principle has four categories of maxims as follows:1. Quantity2.Quality3.Relation4.MannerIt is important to recognize these maxims as unstated assumptions we have in conversations. In this case, it violates the Quality of CP. Quality: Try to make your contribution one that is true.(1) Do not say what you believe to be false.(2) Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.We can see the sentence “I?m dead” is not true, so it violates the maxim of quality in CP and products implicature.5.Xiao:(look around)（20’）Grocer:⽼师吃什么？(what would you like to have,teacher?)Xiao:西⽠多少钱⼀⽄？(How much is water melon?)Grocer:⼀块⼆(one yuan and twenty)Xiao:⼀块⼆？很贵的(one yuan and twenty?very expensive）Grocer:哦，我们进来就⼀块⼀，⼀天挣不了⼏个钱，你要我给你便宜⼀⽑Grocer:好，来⼀个。
大学语用学试卷
语用学考试试卷I.Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F): (15%)1.( ) Pragmatics is the study of language use, and more specifically, the study of speaker meaning asdistinct from word or sentence meaning.2.( ) Pragmatics concentrates on those aspects of meaning that takes into account the knowledge aboutthe physical and social world.3.( ) The typical verbal form of the positive politeness strategy in English is the interrogative with amodal auxiliary.4.( ) “Jack continues to act foolishly” presupposes “Jack is acting foolishly at present.”5.( ) Saying “I forgot my pen.” is the use of on-record strategy for borrowing a pen.6.( ) “And” in English equals the logical sign “&,” meaning plus.7.( ) The conventional implicature of “Even John came to the party”is that “It was contrary toexpectation that John came to the party.”8.( ) A counter-factual presupposition means that what is presupposed is not true like the utterance “Idreamed that I was rich.”9.( ) A social contrast encoded within person deixis is known as T/V distinction, in which T refers to“non-familiar” while V to “familiar.”10.( ) In the utterance “Let’s start at once,”“let’s” is the exclusive-of-addressee use of the first persondeixis.II. Match each of the items in the right column with the one in the left column by putting in the bracket the letter corresponding to the answer. (10%)1. John Lanshaw Austin: ( ) a. presupposing2. Geoffrey Leech: ( ) b. Clean up this mess.3. Herber Paul Grice ( ) c. independence4. Brown & Levinson ( ) d. implicating5. presupposition ( ) e. How to Do Things with Words6. negative face ( ) f.. I’ll be back soon.7. commissive ( ) g. cooperative principle8. +> ( ) h. face theory9. >> ( ) i. the projection problem10. performative hypothesis( ) j. politeness principleIII.Fill in the blanks with proper words: (27%)1. The social deictic center refers to the speaker’s social _________ and __________ to which the addressee and the referent are related2.“There” in “Hi, how are you getting on there?” is a ____________ use of the deictic expression; while in “I’d like to move the desk there,” it is a ___________ use.3. In “How do you like that? He stabs you in the back and then professes to be your friend,”“that” is known as _______________ reference.4. ______________ is a very important concept in the use of deixis, which may be ___________, near the speaker, or __________, away from the speaker.5. A conversational implicature is generated when one or more of the maxims of cooperative principle is ______________ with the hearer’s ______________.6. The hyperbole in “She’s the most beautiful girl in the world” can be interpreted as being produced through the violation of the maxim of ______________.7. The blessing expression “Happy new year!” is an example of __________ deixis.8. According to politeness theory, the more ____________ the linguistic form is, the higher degree of politeness it has when used to make a request.9. The locutionary act of an utterance is concerned with the basic act of its ____________ form; while the illocutionary act with its ____________. and the perlocutionary act with its_____________.10. The final phrase “I guess”in “It will clear up tomorrow, I guess.”is called a __________ device that exemplifies the speaker’s observation of the maxim of ___________.11. In saying “I don’t know if this is important, but some of the files are missing,” the speaker is observing the maxim of ________________.12. According to Halliday, language plays three functions, namely ______________ function, _____________ function, and ______________ function,13. A simple utterance like “I’m tired” may have different pragmatic meanings in different contexts. Write out the sentence semantic meaning，two of its possible pragmatic meanings and the corresponding contexts they are in.the semantic meaning: ____________________________________________pragmatic meaning 1: _____________________________________________(the relevant context):_____________________________________________pragmatic meaning 2: _____________________________________________(the relevant context):_____________________________________________IV.Briefly answer TWO of the following questions (around 50-60 words for each) Write your answer on the other side of the paper. (Attention: Indicate your choices among the questions by writing their corresponding letters at the beginning of your answers.). (48%)a)It is strongly believed that background knowledge, to which culture is closely related culture, plays avery important role in communication. What implications do you think this belief has for interculturalcommunication and foreign/ second language teaching?b)In what way is deixis or speech act theory or conversational implicature theory or presuppositiontheory, an important aspect of pragmatic study? (Give at least one example to illustrate your discussion) (15%)c)One of the properties of politeness is gradation. Do you think the more polite an utterance is, the betterit is? Why (not)? (15%)d)Point out TWO of the five features of conversational implicature discussed in class and use examplesto illustrate the features.Answer KeyI. 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. F 6. F 7. T 8. F 9. F 10. FII. 1. e 2. j 3. g 4. h 5. I 6. c 7. f 8. d 9. a 10. bIII. 1. status, rank 2. symbolic, gestural 3.cataphoric 4. distance, proximal, distal5. violated, knowledge6. quality7. social8. indirect9. linguistic, force, effect10. hedging, quality 11. relation 12. interpersonal, ideational, textual 13. (omitted)IV. (omitted)。
英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编4
英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编4(总分：52.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、判断题(总题数：26，分数：52.00)1.In the sentence "Money is often said to be the root of all evil" , "root" is used in its conceptual meaning.（北二外2007研)（分数：2.00）A.TrueB.False √解析：解析：（这里的“root”是用了它的联想意义中的内涵义，不是概念意义。
)2.After comparing "They stopped at the end of the corridor. " with "At the end of the corridor, they stopped. " , you may find some difference in meaning, and the difference can be interpreted in terms of collocative meaning.（北二外2006研)（分数：2.00）A.TrueB.False √解析：解析：（搭配意义是通过词语的常用搭配而传达的意义；主位意义是通过顺序和重音这种信息的方式所传达的意义。
显然这里用的是主位意义。
)3.Conceptual meaning overlaps to a large extent with the notion of " reference".（北二外2005研)（分数：2.00）A.True √B.False解析：解析：（概念意义是逻辑的、认知的、外延的内容。
指称理论指把词语意义跟它所指称或所代表的事物联系起来，二者有其相似之处。
)4.When you use your own sentence with a meaning other than the conceptual, the meaning is sometimes referred to as speaker"s meaning, or contextual meaning.（大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）A.True √B.False解析：解析：（有时句子的意思要根据说话人想表达的意思而定，这也可称为语境意。
英语语言学试卷精粹及答案（10套题）
英语语言学试卷精粹及答案（10套题）有答案的第一部分选择题41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples inEnglish for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition ofa second language.英语语言学试题（2）五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分)36.Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences.(1)The shooting of the hunters might be terrible.(2)He saw young men and women present.(3)They were surprised at the president's appointment.37.Decide the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix two examples.re-un-anti-super--wise-itis-ize-age英语语言学试题（3）Ⅴ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)41.Explain with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related.英语语言学试题（5）五、论述题(第41、42小题各7分，第43小题6分，共20分)41. Under what conditions will two sounds be assigned to the same phoneme?42. For the following sentence, draw a tree diagram to reveal its underlying structure.The girl ate the orange.43. Study the passage taken from Shakespeare’s HAMLET below carefully and identify every difference in expression between Elizabethan and Modern English that is evident.King: Where is Polonius?Hamlet: In heaven, Send thither to see.If your messenger find him not there,seek him i’ the other place yourself.But indeed, if you find him not withinthis month, you shall nose him as yougo up the stairs into the lobby.Act IV, Scene iii英语语言学试题（6）41. The phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are called suprasegmental features.Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating with examples how they function in the distinction of meaning.42. Explain and give examples to show in what way componential analysis is similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features.英语语言学试题（7）五、论述题（每小题10分，共20分）1. Comment on the following conversation in terms of Grice’s Cooperative Principle:A: Where’ve you been?B: Out.2. Analyse the following words and show how many morphemes each of them contains:specialize , indisputable, individualistic, downfall, unexceptionableness, ungentlemanliness(每个语素0. 5分)英语语言学试题（8）语言学试题)41.Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements? Support your statement with examples.42.Describe the process of language perception, comprehension and production英语语言学试题（9）语言学试题及参考答案41. Explain sociological triggers for language change by giving a typical example in the history of English.42. Explain briefly the four main individual learnerfactors that affect a learner's acquisition of a second language.语言学试题参考答案一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1、C2、C3、D4、D5、D6、B7、B8、C9、A 10、D二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）11、knowledge12、bilabial13、morphology14、sentence15、complete16、representatives17、coinage18、delete19、critical20、interlanguage三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）21、FActually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.22、FVoicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.23、FThe meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound "redcoat".24、FApart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or a phrase that performs a particular grammatical function.25、FDialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, "girl" is called "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whishey" in Irish dialect.26、T27、T28、FThey have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, i.e. one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains.29、FThe true statement is "According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determines speakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"30、T四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basicprinciple is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It isgenerally used in dictionaries and language teaching textbooks.34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, e.g.-ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, "husband" and "wife", "father" and "son" etc.37、Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word "man" is analyzed as comprising of +HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. "pass away" for "die".40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In mostpeople, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language,while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement.1) Vowel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, i.e. between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, e.g.five→/fi:v/(Middle English)→/faiv/(Modern English)2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existed in Old English, so "night" was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English,its pronunciation is /nait/.3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain or insertion of a sound. For example, the word leisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis,e.g.spinle--spindle.4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less common, butit does exist. In some dialects of English, for example, the word ask is pronounced /? ks/. Also, bridd ("bird") is an Old English word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Modern English counterpart "bird".评分标准：满分为10分，总论及四小点各占2分。
北京语言大学英语专业语言学 期末考试试题
第一次第一次期末考试提纲及解析Final examination for Introduction to Linguistics (June, 2008) Ⅰ.Translation(1x20=20%)Chinese into English=10English into Chinese=10Ⅱ. Fill in the blanks (2x15=30%)Fill in the blanks in sentences using linguistic termsⅢ.Answer briefly the following questions (5x4=20%)Ⅳ.Short Essays (15x2=30%)Preparatory work expectedⅠ. The list of terms for section Ⅰand Ⅱ.Chapter 1: 1.duality 2.arbitrariness 3.creativity 4.onomatopoeia 5.ideational or informative function 6.interpersonal function 7.displacement 8.pragmatics 9.psycholinguistics 10.emotive functionChapter 2:1.allophone 2.vowel 3.phoneme 4.stressed syllables 5.consonant 6.the international phonetic alphabet 7.nasalization 8.distinctive features 9.tone 10.aspiration 11.vocal cords 12.place of articulation 13.manner of articulation 14. peak or nucleus 15.open syllable 16.dental 17.voicing 18.assimilation 19. articulation 20.speech organsChapter 3:1.grammatical word 2.lexical word 3. particle 4.auxiliary 5.morpheme 6.affix 7.free morpheme 8.bound morpheme 9.inflection 10.derivation11.morphology 12.semantic change 13.root 14.stem 15.allomorphChapter 4: 1.syntactic relations 2.grammatical construction 3.immediate constituent 4.endocentric constructions 5.exocentric constructions 6.coordination 7.subordination 8.subject 9.prdicate 10.object 11.case 12.gender 13.tense 14.aspect 15.clauseChapter 5: 1.conceptual meaning 2.connotative meaning 3.thematic meaning 4.hyponymy 5. synonymy 6.antonymy 7.semantic features or components 8.metaphor 9.proposition 10. composite propositionⅡ. Short questions for section Ⅲ.1. What does the “emotive function” of language mean?2. What does duality as a design feature of language mean?3. What is the basic difference between the synchronic and diachronic studies of language?4. What is the difference between the descriptive and prescriptive studies of language?5. What is the difference between a free and bound morpheme? Give examples6. What is the difference between a root and a stem?7. What is the difference between tense and aspect?8. What is the difference between construction and constituents?9. What are the three categories of antonymy? Give examples.10. What is a preposition? Give examples.Ⅲ.Essay questions for section Ⅳ.1. Discuss “creativity” and “displacement” as two design features of language.2. How are phonemes identified in the study of language?3. Discuss 5 common ways of English word formation. Give examples.4. How is the grammatical subject identified in the study of English?5. Discuss the difference between conceptual and associative meanings. Give examples.Preparatory Work of LinguisticsI. the list of termsChapter 1:term meaningduality二层性 The two subsystems of sound and meaning. (from notes). By duality is meant the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary levels are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.(from textbook)二层性是指拥有两层结构的这种特性，上层结构的单位由底层结构的元素构成，每层都有自身的组合规则。
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英语语言学练习----语用学
一、Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false.
1.The contextual view is often considered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense. ( )
2.Pragmatics is related to and also different from semantics. ( )
3.The notion of context is not important to the pragmatic study of language. ( )
4.All utterances take the form of sentences. ( )
5.Speech act theory was proposed by the British philosopher John Austin in the late 1950s. ( )
6.Grice made a distinction between what he called “constatives” and “performatives”. ()
7.A locutionary act is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon, and phonology. ( )
8.In their study of language communication, linguists are only interested in how a speaker expresses his intention and pay no attention to how his intention is recognized by the hearer. ( )
9.Directives are attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do something. ( )
10.The Cooperative principle was proposed by John Searle. ( )
11.There are four maxims under the Cooperative principle. ( )
12.The violations of the maxims make our language indirect. ( )
13.All the utterances take the form of sentences. ( )
14.Austin thought that stating was also a kind of act, and that we can perform with language. ( )
15.According to the speech act theory, when we are speaking a language, we are doing something, or in other words performing acts; and the process of linguistic communication consists of
a sequence of acts. ( )
16.All the acts that belong to the same category act share the same purpose or the same illocutionary act, and they are the same in their strength or force. ( )
17.All the utterances that can be made to serve the same purpose may vary in the syntactic form. ( )。