英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编27

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英语语言学考试十套题

英语语言学试题（1）11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k of the rules of his language.12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b .13、M is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.14、A s is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a completestatement, question or command.15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under allcircumstances are called c synonyms.16、The illocutionary point of r is to commit the speaker tosomething's being the case, to the truth of what has been said.17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as wordc .18、Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he+is→he's), Black English can d the form of "be".19、The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the c period for first language acquisition.20、As a type of linguistic system in 12 learning, i is a product of L2 training, mother tongue intereference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner.I()21、In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons.()22、Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in bothChinese and English.()23、The compound word "bookstore" is the place where books are sold. Thisindicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meaningsof its components.()24、Syntactic categories refer to sentences (S) and clauses (C) only.()25、Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialectssuch as British English and American English but cannot be found withinthe variety itself, for example, within British English or American()26、Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violatedand the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversationalimplicatures arise.()27、The territory in which the Indo-European languages are mainly spokentoday also includes languages that are not Indo-European.()28、In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speechsituations known as domains.()29、According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,speakers' perceptions determine language and pattern their way of life.()30、All normal children have equal ability to acquire their firstlanguage.二11.A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of w________ to form a complete statement,q________or command.12.In sociolinguistic studies,speakers are treated as members of s__g________.13.Utterance is based on ________ ________ ;it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication,or simply in a context.14.To many people,a linguist is the same as a ________,one who can speak several languages fluently.15.Consonant sounds can be either v ________or v__,while all vowel sounds are v________.16.All words may be said to contain a root morpheme.( )17.Tense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of meaning.( )18.Linguistics is the course of language.( )19.The part of a sentence which compriese comprises an infinite verb or a verb phrase is grammatically called predicate.( )20.Historical linguistics equals to the study of synchronic study.( )21.The term dialect,as a technical term in linguistics,carries value judgement and not simply refers to a distinct form of language.( )23.The word “photographically” is made up of 4 morphemes.()24.The smallest meaningful unit of language is allomorph.( )25.Semantics is the main part of linguistics.( )30.naming theory and conceptualist view31.maxims of quality and manner32.blending33.sociolect34.subvocal speech35.contrastive analysis英语语言学试题（3）nguage exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language at some point of time is called a _s_______ study of language.12.An essential difference between consonants and vowels is whether the air coming up from the lungs meets with any _o________ when a sound is produced.13.The morphemes that cannot be used by themselves, but must be combined with other morphemes to form words are called _b________ morphemes.14.XP may contain more than just X.For example,the NP "the boy who likes his puppy" consists of Det,N and S,with Det being the _s________,N the head and S the complement.15.According to Searle's classification of illocutionary acts,"to suggest that someone should see the doctor" should fall into the category of _d________.16.Hyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items.The word that is more general in meaning is called _s________.17.Vowels can be nasalized.The vowel nasalization rule is an _a________ rule,which,for the most part, is caused by articulatory or physiological process in which successive sounds are made identical, or more similar, to one another.18.One mark of an informal style is the frequent occurrence of _s________ words and expressions, which make sense only to the people of particular social groups and serve as a mark of membership and solidarity within a given social group.left.20.Linguists often use the term native language or mother tongue instead of first language, and _t________ language instead of second language in second language acquisition literature.21.( )Human capacity for language has a genetic basis,i.e. we are all born with the ability to acquire language and the details of a language system are genetically transmitted.22.( )A general difference between phonetics and phonology is that phonetics is focused on the production of speech sounds while phonology is more concerned with how speech sounds distinguish meaning.23.( )Only words of the same parts of speech can be combined to form compounds.24.( )Sentences are not formed by randomly combining lexical items, but by following a set of syntactic rules that arrange linguistic elements in a particular order.25.( )The same semantic feature occurs in one part of speech only. For example, "female" occurs only in nouns such as "mother", "woman" "girl" "tigress" and so on but not in other parts of speech.26.( )According to Searle's classification of illocutionary acts, inviting, ordering, advising, promising and apologizing all fall into the category of directives.27.( )New words may be formed from existing words by subtracting an affix thought to be part of the old word; that is, ignorance sometimes can be creative. Thus "peddle" was derived from "peddler" on the mistaken assumption that the "-er" was the agentive suffix.28.( )Women in Western countries at least appear to be more status-conscious and sensitive to the social significance of certain linguistic variables.29.( )The case of Genie confirms that the language faculty of an average human degenerates after the critical period and consequently, most linguistic skills cannot develop.30.( )Conscious knowledge of linguistic rules does ensure acquisition of the rules and therefore an immediate guidance for actual performance.英语语言学试题（5）11. The description of a language at some point in time is a s________ study.12. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i________.13. According to its position in the new word, a________ are divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes.14. P________ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set of different meanings.15. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s________ restrictions.16. The u________ meaning of the sentence varies with the context in which it is uttered.17. Some important missions of historical linguists are to identify and classify families of related languages in a genealogical family tree, and to reconstruct the p________, the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.18. R________ are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations.19. Learners will subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in learning a second language. This is known as language t________.20. A related issue with integrative motivation has been the extent to which learners differ in the process of adapting to the new culture of the L2 community. This adaptation process is called a ________.21. Modern linguistics is mainly diachronic. ( )22. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme,thus making the two phones similar. ( )23. Semantically, the meaning of a compound is often idiomatic, always being the sum total of the meanings of its components. ( )24. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called transformational rules, whose operation may change the syntactic representation of a sentence. ( )25. Componential analysis is a way proposed by the generative semanticists to analyze meaning. ( )26. Linguists found that it would be possible to give an adequate description of meaning even if the context of language use was left unconsidered. ( )27. It is generally accepted that the history of the English language is divided into the periods of OldEnglish, Middle English and Modern English. ( )28. When people of a community speak the same language for different purposes, sociolinguistic situations known as diglossia and bilingualism emerge. ( )29. Linguistic lateralization in terms of right hemispheric dominance for language is found to exist in an overwhelming majority of human beings. ( )30. In order to identify the areas of learning difficulty, an interlingual contrastive procedure Contrastive Analysis was developed. ( )英语语言学试题（6）11. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to bed _____.12. Stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, and glides all have some degree of o ____ and are therefore consonants.13. M ____ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.14. A _____is the movement of an auxiliary verb to the sentence-initial position, such as “be”, “have”, “do” etc.15. R ____ is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between form and the reality.16. In Austin’s early speech act theory, c ____ were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.17. In the process of first language acquisition, children usually construct their personal grammars, and their language develops in stages until it a_____ the grammatical rules of the adult language.18. A s _____ community is one group, all of whose members share the same language or at least a single language variety.19. People may communicate their feelings or thoughts via n_____ signals such as facial expressions, gestures, postures, or proxemic space.20. Although the development of a communicative system is not unique to human beings, the natural acquisition of l ______ as a system of highly abstract rules and regulations for creative communication is what distinguishes humans from all other animal species.21. ( ) The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech; thus there are still many languages in today’s world that can only be spoken, but not written.22. ( ) In such sound combinations as /bi:p/, /geip/ and /su:p/, the voiceless stop /p/, occurring in the final position, is unaspirated, i.e. pronounced with the strong puff of air withheld to some extent.23. ( ) The part of speech of the compound is always determined by the part of speech of the second element, without exception.24. ( ) The relationship between the embedded clause and its matrix clause is one of a part to the whole.25. ( ) The contextualist view of meaning holds that meaning should be studied in terms of the situational context and linguistic context.26. ( ) Searle’s classification of illocutionary acts is based on the classification of performative verbs.27. ( ) One kind of language change results in an increase of the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes. This kind of change has been called internal borrowing—that is, we “borrow” from one part of the28. ( ) There are differences in the way people of various age categories speak. The differences most easily noted by the layman are likely to be grammatical in nature.29. ( ) The left hemisphere of the brain is superior to the right hemisphere because the left hemisphere is language-dominant.30 ( ) A child born to a Chinese or English speaking family takes about the same number of years to acquire their native tongue, regardless of their general intelligence.英语语言学试题（7）1. D_________ is a design feature of human language that enables speakers to talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separation in time and space.2. S_________ study of language describes language at some point in time; d_________ study describes language as it changes through time.3. N_________ transcription transcribes sounds with diacritics, while b_________ transcription does not.4. A sentence has a hierarchical structure and l_________ structure as well.5. Unlike a sentence, the meaning of an u_________ is concrete and context-dependent.6. Chinese belongs to S_________ language family, while English belongs to I _________ language family.7. R_________ are situational dialects appropriate for use in particular situations; i_________ is a personal dialect.8. When a p_________ comes to be adopted by a population as its primary language and children learn it as their first language, it becomes c_________.9. I_________ is the approximate linguistic system that a second language learner constructs, which represents the learner’s transitional competence in the target language.10. A_________ is the learner’s process of adapting to the cu lture and value system of the target language community. 11. Words that have descended from a common source are c_________.1. “ Beat” and “bit” are not a minimal pair. ()2. Compounds are words created by combining two or more than two words. ( )4. In a predication, the argument is said to govern the predicate. ( )5. Modern English began with the Norman Conquest. ( )6. Bilingualism is a situation in which two different varieties of a language co-exist in a speechcommunity. ( )7. The case of Genie suggests that the language faculty of an average human degenerates after the critical period. ( )8. Interference is the only source of errors in the second language acquisition. ( )9. When a plural form -s is added to a noun that ends with a vowel, it is pronounced as ［z］, due to assimilation. ( )10. In the sentence “The father beat the child”, “the child” is both a s tructural and logicalobject. ( )英语语言学试题（8）语言学试题11.In the course of time, the study of language has come to establish close links with other branches ofs________ studies, such as sociology and psychology.12.Clear ［1］and dark［］are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same position in sound combinations, thus they are said to be in c________ distribution.13.A r________ is often seen as part of a word, but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning.14.A c________ sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporated in the other.15.That the denial of one member of two words implies the assertion of the other is the characteristic ofc________ antonyms.16.While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an u________ is concrete and context-dependent.17.Phonological rules may move phonemes from one place in the string to another. For example, Modern English verb ask was Old English askian, with the /k/preceding the/s/.Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as m________.18.In many societies of the world, we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. As a characteristic of societies, b________ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages.19.The brain's neurological specialization for language is called linguistic I ________, which is specific to human20.In order to acquire a second language, learners will subconsciously use their first language knowledge in learning a second language. This is know as language t________.( )21.In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.( )22.In English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel such as/i:/,the larynx is in a state of tension.( )23.A compound is the combination of only two words.( )24.“The student” in the sentence “The student liked the linguistic lecture.”,and “The linguistic lecture” in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked the student.”belong to the same syntactic category.)25.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense.( )26.An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition, unlike entailment, is not vulnerable to negation. That is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition is still true.( )27.The division of English into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English is nonconventional and not arbitrary.( )nguage reflects sexism in society. Language itself is not sexist, just as it is not obscene; but it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos or racism.( )29.If a child is deprived of linguistic environment, he or she is unlikely to learn a language successfully later on.( )30.When children learn to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language, they can acquire any sounds in their native language once their parents teach them.英语语言学试题（9）语言学试题及参考答案11. As the first step of their scientific investigation of language, linguists have to observe and collect linguisticf before they can do anything else.12. Phonological rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are calleds rules.13. An independent unit of meaning that can be used freely by itself is called a f___________ morpheme.14. A c sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as "and", "but", "or".15. The study of the linguistic meaning of words, phrases, and sentences is called s .16. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called theC principle proposed by J. Grice.17. In addition to social changes, one of the most pervasive sources of language change seems to be the continual process of cultural t across generations.18. Language itself is not sexist, but its use may reflect the s attitude connoted in the language that is sexist.19. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as"s speech," and speech as "overt thought." In such a case, speaking and thinking take place20. I is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of SLA.21. ( ) An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists in their study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form of language and encourage people to imitate the "best authors" for language usage.22. ( ) In classifying the English consonants and vowels, the same criteria can be applied.23. ( ) We can always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of a compound is always the sum of the meanings of its parts.24. ( ) Phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences and sentences with infinite length, due to their recursive properites.25. ( ) The conceptualist view of meaning holds that there is no direct link between a symbol and reference,i.e. between language and thought.26. ( ) Of the views concerning the study of semantics, the contextual view, which places the study of meaning in the context in which language is used, is often considered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense.27. ( ) In first language acquisition children's grammar models exactly after the grammar of adult language.28. ( ) The sentences "He crazy" and "He be sick all the time" are both acceptable in Black English vernacular because copula deletion and habitual be are two famous features of Black English.29. ( ) Speakers of different languages are capable of distinguishing and recognizing experiences of the same objective world according to their respective different linguistic coding system.30. ( ) Instruction and correction are key factors in child language development.语言学试题参考答案11、knowledge12、bilabial13、morphology14、sentence15、complete16、representatives17、coinage18、delete19、critical20、interlanguage21、FActually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a22、FVoicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.23、FThe meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound "redcoat".24、FApart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or a phrase that performs a particular grammatical function.25、FDialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, "girl" is called "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whishey" in Irish dialect.26、T27、T28、FThey have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, i.e. one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains.29、FThe true statement is "According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determines speakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"30、T11.words question12.social groups13.sentence meaning14.polyglot15.voiceless voiced voiced三、判断说明题(每小题2分，共20分)16.T17.F(Sense and reference…)18.F(scientific study of language)19.F(finite verb…)20.F(diachronic)21.F(no value judgement)22.T23.T24.F(morpheme)25.F(one of the parts)英语语言学试题（8）语言学试题参考答案11.social plementary13.root plexplementary 16.utterance17.metathesis 18.bilingualismteralization 20.transfer21.FThe contrary is true. The writing system is always a later invention.22.T23.FSome compounds contain more than two words.24.T25.FIt is false because linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense. A case in point is the two expressions "morning star" and " evening star." They refer to the same star but differ in sense.26.T27.FThe division of English into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English is conventional and somewhatarbitrary.28.T29.T30.FChildren first acquire the sounds found in all languages of the world, no matter what language they are exposed to ,and in later stages acquire the " more difficult" sounds.参考答案二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）11、facts 12、sequential 13、free 14、coordinate 15、semantics 16、Cooperative 17、transmission 18、social 19、subvocal 20、Interlanguage三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）21、（T）22、（F）As there is an essential difference between the consonants and the vowels, i.e. there is some kind of obstruction of air in the production of the former, but there is not in the production of the latter, it is impossible to use the same criteria in their classification.23、（F）We cannot always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meaning of its parts.24、（T）25、（F）The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a symbol and its referent, i.e. between language and the real world; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.26、（T）27、（F）In first language acquisition children's grammar never models exactly after the grammar of adult language, because children usually construct their personal grammars by themselves and generalize rules from the linguistic information they hear.28、（T）29、（T）30、（F）Instruction and correction are not key factors in child language development. Linguists have found that for the vast majority of children, language development occurs spontaneously and requires little conscious instruction. Instruction and correction just play a minor role.。

[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编3.doc

[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编3.doc[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编3一、填空题1 Sentence meaning is the combination of the meanings of the component wordsand______.2 The hyponyms under the same superordinate are called______.3 A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the ______ of, or the______the utterance.（人大2004研)4 When a teacher says "The exam this year is going to be really difficult" , the sentence would have an______force.（清华2001研)5 There has been a maxim in______which claims that "You are what you say. "（中山大学2008研)6 The theory of conversational implicature was proposed by______.（中山大学2008研)7 Y's utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of______. X: Who was that you were with last night?Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?8 Promising, undertaking, vowing are the most typical of the______.9 ______refers to ties and connections which exist within texts. They are also called formal links between sentences and between clauses.（人大2007研)10 ______ is the information that the addresser believes isknown to the addressee, while ______is the information that the addresser believes is not known to the addressee.11 ______represents what the utterance is about; ______is what is said about it.12 "Linguistic relativity" was proposed by______and______.（清华2001研)13 Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard, ______language.14 A speech______is a group of people who share the same language or a particular variety of language.15 A______language is originally a pidgin that has become established as a native language in some speech community.16 A linguistic______refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the "polite" society from general use.17 Language itself is not sexist, but its use may reflect the______attitude connoted in the language that is sexist.18 In terms of sociolinguistics, ______is sometimes used to refer to the whole of a person's language.19 In many societies of the world, we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. As a characteristic of societies, ______inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages.20 ______is the mental process of classification, while______is the products of the preceding process.21 ______is an approach to the analysis of natural language that focuses on language as an instrument for organizing, processing, and conveying information.22 There are three aspects in basic-level categories; ______, ______and______.23 The type of language constructed by second or foreignlanguage learners who are still in the process of learning a language is often referred to as______.（中山大学2008研)24 Error is the grammatically incorrect form; ______ appears when the language is correct grammatically but improper in a communicational context.（中山大学2008研)25 In learning a second language, a learner will subconsciously use his L1 knowledge. This process is called language______.。

英语语言学试卷精粹及答案(10套题)

有答案的第一部分选择题41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples inEnglish for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition ofa second language.英语语言学试题（2）五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分)36.Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences.(1)The shooting of the hunters might be terrible.(2)He saw young men and women present.(3)They were surprised at the president's appointment.37.Decide the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix two examples.re-un-anti-super--wise-itis-ize-age英语语言学试题（3）Ⅴ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)41.Explain with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related.英语语言学试题（5）五、论述题(第41、42小题各7分，第43小题6分，共20分)41. Under what conditions will two sounds be assigned to the same phoneme?42. For the following sentence, draw a tree diagram to reveal its underlying structure.The girl ate the orange.43. Study the passage taken from Shakespeare’s HAMLET below carefully and identify every difference in expression between Elizabethan and Modern English that is evident.King: Where is Polonius?Hamlet: In heaven, Send thither to see.If your messenger find him not there,seek him i’ the other place yourself.But indeed, if you find him not withinthis month, you shall nose him as yougo up the stairs into the lobby.Act IV, Scene iii英语语言学试题（6）41. The phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are called suprasegmental features. Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating withexamples how they function in the distinction of meaning.42. Explain and give examples to show in what way componential analysis is similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features.英语语言学试题（7）五、论述题（每小题10分，共20分）1. Comment on the following conversation in terms of Grice’s Cooperative Principle:A: Where’ve you been?B: Out.2. Analyse the following words and show how many morphemes each of them contains:specialize , indisputable, individualistic, downfall, unexceptionableness, ungentlemanliness(每个语素0. 5分)英语语言学试题（8）语言学试题)41.Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements? Support your statement with examples.42.Describe the process of language perception, comprehension and production英语语言学试题（9）语言学试题及参考答案41. Explain sociological triggers for language change by giving a typical example in the history of English.42. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learner's acquisition of a second language.语言学试题参考答案一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1、C2、C3、D4、D5、D6、B7、B8、C9、A 10、D二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）11、knowledge12、bilabial13、morphology14、sentence15、complete16、representatives17、coinage18、delete19、critical20、interlanguage三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）21、FActually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.22、FVoicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.23、FThe meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound "redcoat".24、FApart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or aphrase that performs a particular grammatical function.25、FDialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, "girl" is called "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whishey" in Irish dialect.26、T27、T28、FThey have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, i.e. one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains.29、FThe true statement is "According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determinesspeakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"30、T四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teachingtextbooks.34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, e.g.-ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, "husband" and "wife", "father" and "son" etc.37、Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word "man" is analyzed as comprising of +HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. "pass away" for "die".40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement.1) Vowel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, i.e. between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, e.g.five→/fi:v/(Middle English)→/faiv/(Modern English)2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existed in Old English, so "night" was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English, its pronunciation is /nait/.3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain orinsertion of a sound. For example, the word leisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis,e.g.spinle--spindle.4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less common, but it does exist. In some dialects of English, for example, the word ask is pronounced /? ks/. Also, bridd ("bird") is an Old English word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Modern English counterpart "bird".评分标准：满分为10分，总论及四小点各占2分。

英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编2

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编2(总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：25，分数：50.00)1.Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the 1it is associated with.（人大2007研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：meaning）解析：解析：（语言具有任意性，其所指与其形式没有逻辑或内在的联系。

)2.Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present(in time and space)at the moment of communication. This quality is labeled as 1.（北二外2003研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：displacement）解析：解析：（移位性是指人类语言可以让使用者在交际时用语言符号代表时间和空间上不可及的物体、事件和观点。

)3.By duality is meant the property of having two levels of structures,such that units of the 1level are composed of elements of the 2level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.(北二外2006研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：primary）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：secondary）解析：解析：（双重性是指拥有两层结构的这种属性，底层结构是上层结构的组成成分，每层都有自身的组合规则。

英语语言学试卷精粹及答案(10套题)

有答案的第一部分选择题41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples in English for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition ofa second language.英语语言学试题（2）五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分)36.Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences.(1)The shooting of the hunters might be terrible.(2)He saw young men and women present.(3)They were surprised at the president's appointment.37.Decide the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix two examples.re-un-anti-super--wise-itis-ize-age英语语言学试题（3）Ⅴ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)41.Explain with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related.英语语言学试题（5）五、论述题(第41、42小题各7分，第43小题6分，共20分)41. Under what conditions will two sounds be assigned to the same phoneme?42. For the following sentence, draw a tree diagram to reveal its underlying structure.The girl ate the orange.43. Study the passage taken from Shakespeare’s HAMLET below carefully and identify every difference in expression between Elizabethan and Modern English that is evident.King: Where is Polonius?Hamlet: In heaven, Send thither to see.If your messenger find him not there,seek him i’ the other place yourself.But indeed, if you find him not withinthis month, you shall nose him as yougo up the stairs into the lobby.Act IV, Scene iii英语语言学试题（6）41. The phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are called suprasegmental features. Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating with examples how they function in the distinction of meaning.42. Explain and give examples to show in what way ponential analysis is similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features.英语语言学试题（7）五、论述题（每小题10分，共20分）1. ment on the following conversation in terms of Grice’s Cooperative Principle:A: Where’ve you been?B: Out.2. Analyse the following words and show how many morphemes each of them contains:specialize , indisputable, individualistic, downfall, unexceptionableness, ungentlemanliness(每个语素0. 5分)英语语言学试题（8）语言学试题41.Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements? Support your statement with examples.42.Describe the process of language perception, prehension and production英语语言学试题（9）语言学试题及参考答案41. Explain sociological triggers for language change by giving a typical example in the history of English.42. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learner's acquisition of a second language.语言学试题参考答案一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1、C2、C 3、D 4、D 5、D6、B 7、B 8、C 9、A10、D二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）11、knowledge12、bilabial13、morphology14、sentence15、plete16、representatives17、coinage18、delete19、critical20、interlanguage三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）21、FActually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.22、FVoicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.23、FThe meaning of some pound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of theirponents, such as the pound "redcoat".24、FApart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or a phrase that performs a particular grammatical function.25、FDialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, "girl" is called "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whishey" in Irish dialect.26、T27、T28、FThey have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, i.e. one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains.29、FThe true statement is "According to the strongversion of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determines speakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"30、T四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of binations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teaching textbooks.34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, e.g.-ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible binations of words to form phrases and sentences36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, "husband" and "wife", "father" and "son" etc.37、ponential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning ponents, called semantic features. For example, the word "man" is analyzed as prising of +HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kindsof knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic munication is taking place.39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. "pass away" for "die".40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement.1) Vowel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, i.e. between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, e.g.five→/fi:v/(MiddleEnglish)→/faiv/(Modern English)2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existed in Old English, so "night" was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English, its pronunciation is /nait/.3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain or insertion of a sound. For example, the wordleisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis, e.g.spinle--spindle.4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less mon, but it does exist. In some dialects of English, for example, the word ask is pronounced /? ks/. Also, bridd ("bird") is an Old English word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Modern English counterpart "bird".评分标准：满分为10分，总论及四小点各占2分。

英语语言学试卷精粹及答案(10套题)

英语专业考研语言学试题

英语专业考研语言学试题 11. Peter ________come with us tonight, but he isn’t very sure yet.A. mustB. canC. mayD. will2. — Could you borrow your dictionary?— Yes, of course you ________.A. mightB. willC. canD. should3. A computer ________think for itself, it must be told what to do.A. can’tB. couldn’tC. may notD. might not4. I didn’t hear the phone, I ________asleep.A. must beB. must have beenC. should beD. should have been5. There was plenty of time, she ________.A. mustn’t have hurriedB. couldn’t have hurriedC. must not hurryD. needn’t have hurried6. The plant is dead. I ________it more water.A. will giveB. would have givenC. must giveD. should have given7. Very loud noises ________make people ill, hurt their ears, or even drive them mad.A. mustB. needC. canD. should8. He asked me for the dictionary many times; please tell him that he________have it tomorrow.A. mustB. needC. mayD. dare9. — Why is she still standing there?— She ________be waiting for her boyfriend.A. canB. mustC. dareD. need10. Two eyes________ see more than one.A. canB. mustC. mightD. shall11. What ________he mean? ________you tell me?A. can; MayB. can; CanC. may; MayD. must; Should12. How ________he say that his teacher was unfair?A. mustB. mightC. couldD. need13. It ________be very cold in this part.A. canB. oughtC. shallD. dare14. I’d like to ask a question if I ________.A. mustB. willC. mayD. might15. Even in summer the temperature ________suddenly drop below freezing.A. mightB. oughtC. mustD. need16. He decided to join the army so that he ________defend the country.A. may helpB. might helpC. helpsD. helped17. You ________always be talking like that.A. mightn’tB. mayn’tC. can’tD. mustn’t18. The car ________have broke down just when we were about to start off.A. mustB. couldC. mightD. should19. You ________see him while he is in hospital.A. have betterB. had betterC. would ratherD. had to20. There is a fine sunset; it ________to be a fine day tomorrow.A. oughtB. shouldC. has toD. has better21. You are his father, you ________take care of him.A. mightB. oughtC. ought toD. are able to22. That’s all. It ________be talked about any more.A. needn’tB. mightn’tC. darn’t toD. needn’t to23. The question ________discussing.A. needsB. needC. can beD. must be24. He ________even look out of the window.A. daren’tB. daresn’tC. dared not toD. dares not25. I’m so hungry that I ________find something to eat.A. have toB. wouldC. mayD. can26. All the students ________do their best for the modernization of our country.A. canB. shouldC. mayD. might27. You ________be careful with your homework.A. mustB. have toC. mayD. are used to28. It is getting darker. You ________not go home.A. had betterB. have betterC. would ratherD. would like29. I ________what happened to our school.A. would like knowB. would like to knowC. would like knowingD. would like that I know30. — Would you mind my changing the plan?— ________.A. Oh, no, pleaseB. Yes, I mind notC. No, I wouldD. Yes, I will31. — It ________ be Jack who is in the library.—I’m sure it ________be him, I saw him off at the railway station just two days ago.A. can’t; can’t eB. must; mustn’tC. must; can’tD. can’t; mustn’t32. I ________tell her the truth about his marriage.A. can’t helpB. can’t butC. may not helpD. mustn’t but33. Since she is angry, we ________.A. had better to leave her alongB. should leave her aloneC. would rather to leave her aloneD. must leave her alone34. Look! What you’ve done to me. You ________more careful.A. maybeB. had toC. should have beenD. would be35. ________read the letter for you?A. Would you like meB. Do you want meC. Will you mind meD. Shall I36. He promised he ________not make such silly mistakes.A. wouldB. shouldC. mightD. could37. ________it be true that his father will go abroad?A. CanB. MayC. NeedD. Should38. Those streams are so small that they ________be shown in the maps.A. mustn’tB. may notC. can’tD. may39. — May I use your bike?— ________.A. No, you may notB. No, you mustn’tC. No, you won’tD. Sorry, I’m afraid not40. — Must I write to her?— No, you ________.A. mustn’tB. shouldn’tC. can’tD. don’t have to41. — Need I start tonight?— Yes, you ________.A. doB. needC. mustD. may42. The old man ________sit for hours watching the ships.A. wouldB. shouldC. was used toD. would rather to43. If the telephone ________ring, please wake me up.A. wouldB. shouldC. willD. might44. I wish they ________stop making remarks about me.A. wouldB. willC. shouldD. shall45. You’re thirsty, aren’t you? ________he get some coffee?A. DoesB. ShallC. WouldD. Let46. Which of the following is wrong?A. That may be true.B. That might be true.C. That can be true.D. That could be true.47. — Would you lend me some money?— Yes, I ________.A. wouldB. willC. canD. may48. He ________ swimming when he was young.A. was used to goB. got used to goC. used to goingD. used to go49. You say you ________ not do it, but I say you ________do it.A. will; shallB. shall; shallC. shall; willD. will; will50. You ________out yesterday without a coat. No wonder you caught cold.A. should have goneB. shouldn’t have goneC. could not have goneD. might have gone51. He ________the 8:30 train because he didn’t leave home until 9:00.A. can’t catchB. couldn’t catchC. may notD. can’t have caught52. You ________us this because we had more than enough.A. needn’t bringB. needn’t have broughtC. mustn’t bringD. couldn’t have brought53. — He learnt the language in three months.— He ________very hard.A. must workB. might have workedC. must have workedD. might work54. — Who told you my telephone number?—I don’t remember. It ________Mary.—It can’t be Mary, she doesn’t know it.A. may have beenB. can have beenC. must beD. can be55. You ________him, why didn’t you?A. ought to thankB. ought have thankedC. ought to have thankedD. ought thank56. I ________have arrived a little earlier, but my car broke down.A. shouldB. couldC. canD. can’t57. — ________we go out for a walk?—Great. Let’s goA. ShallB. WillC. MayD. Should58. Though she was seriously ill, she ________ complete the work in time.A. wouldB. was able toC. was possible toD. might59. — Would you like to play chess with me?— Yes, ________.A. I’dB. I wouldC. I’d likeD. I’d like to60. Tom is late. He ________the wrong bus.A. must takeB. must have takenC. might takeD. could take英语专业考研语言学试题 21. Charles Babbage is generally considered ________the first computer.A. to have inventedB. inventingC. to inventD. having invented2. Little Jim should love ________to the theatre this evening.A. to be takenB. to takeC. being takenD. taking3. — I usually go there by train.— Why not ________by boat for a change?A. to try goingB. trying to goC. to try and goD. try going4. John was made ________the truck for a week as a punishment.A. to washB. washingC. washD. to be washing5. She reached the top of the hill and stopped ________on a big rock by the side of the path.A. to have restedB. restingC. to restD. rest6. She pretended________ me when I passed by.A. not to seeB. not seeingC. to not seeD. having not seen7. Though he had often made his sister ________, today he was made________by his sister.A. cry; to cryB. crying; cryingC. cry; cryingD. to cry; cry8. Tell him ________the window.A. to shut notB. not to shutC. to not shutD. don’t’ shut9. ________her sick to think of the matter.A. That madeB. That causedC. It madeD. It caused10. The woman’s job is ________after the disable children.A. lookB. looksC. lookedD. to look11. She ________to ________everything.A. demanded; tellB. demanded; be toldC. required; tellD. required; be told12. It’s time ________our league meeting.A. to beginB. beginningC. that we beginD. that we’ll begin13. That day I was the last one ________the experiment.A. madeB. makingC. to makeD. having made14. I’m hungry. Get me something ________.A. to be eatenB. to eatC. eatingD. to be eating15. Would you ________me to show you around the place?A. letB. likeC. mindD. care16. She is said ________the necklace.A. that she lostB. that she has lostC. to loseD. to have lost17. What do you think is the best way ________the problem?A. to settlingB. in which settlingC. to settleD. settling18. You are ________retell the story.A. oughtB. ought toC. expectingD. expected to19. I didn’t want the problem ________again.A. to raiseB. to be raisedC. being raisedD. be raised20. Have you had the nurse ________your son’s temperature?A. to takeB. takingC. takeD. taken21. First we should find a hotel ________for the night.A. to put up at itB. in order to put up atC. at where to put upD. at which to put up22. ________wake me up when you come in.A. You’d better not toB. You’d better notC. You hadn’t better toD. You hadn’t better23. I don’t think you need ________ today.A. to leaveB. to be leavingC. leavingD. being left24. We have been looking for the girl all the morning, but she is no where________.A. to seeB. to be seenC. being seenD. seen25. He should ________for what he has done.A. praiseB. be praisedC. have praisedD. to be praised26. He felt a stone ________his back.A. hittingB. to hitC. hittedD. hit27. I hurried to school, only ________out it was Sunday.A. findB. to findC. foundD. would find28. Here are some exercises that need________ after class.A. doneB. to be doneC. being doneD. to do29. I’ve been waiting for half an hour ________me the phone call.A. to giveB. for you givingC. of you to giveD. for you to give30. Everything ________smoothly.A. seems goingB. seems to be goingC. is seeming to goD. is seeming to be going31. It was thoughtful ________us the map of the city.A. of you to sendB. for you to sendC. of you sendingD. for you sending32. You are fortunate ________as a member of the club.A. being acceptedB. to acceptC. To have acceptedD. to have been accepted33. ________wasn’t pleasant ________up so early.A. He; to wakeB. He; to be wakenC. It; of him to wakeD. It; to be woken34. I find these problems are easy________.A. to work outB. to be worked outC. in working outD. to be worked them out35. How rude ________him ________a child like that.A. of; to treatB. for; to treatC. of; is to treatD. for; is to treat36. It was stupid ________him ________attend the lecture.A. of; to notB. of; not toC. for; to notD. for; not to37. It was impossible ________lost time to ________.A. for; make upB. of; make upC. for; be made upD. of; be made up38. The shoes are too large ________.A. to me to wearB. for me to wearC. to me to be wornD. for me to be worn39. ________was sorry________ made such a silly mistake.A. It; to haveB. It; havingC. I ; to haveD. I; having40. I’ll be delighted ________.A. when I’ll see you againB. to see you againC. that I see you againD. to have seen you again41. He was ________tired ________any further.A. too; walkingB. too; to walkC. so; walkingD. so; to walk42. Will you be ________kind ________make tea for me?A. so; toB. fairly; toC. so; as toD. fairly; as to43. The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ________.A. sitB. sit onC. be satD. be sat on44. I ________how to answer the question.A. puzzleB. am puzzlingC. have puzzledD. am puzzled45. Have you decided ________the party?A. whether you holdB. why to holdC. whether to holdD. if to hold46. He doesn’t know ________to stay or not.A. ifB. eitherC. neitherD. whether he ought47. Last summer I took a course on ________.A. how to make dressesB. how dresses be madeC. how to be made dressesD. how dresses to be made48. He hesitated ________ the medicine.A. takingB. about to takeC. whether he takeD. whether to take49. How do the birds know exactly ________ direction ________?A. which, flyingB. which; to fly toC. in which; to flyD. X; flying to50. —I don’t know ________with the problem.— Why not ________your teacher for advise?A. what to do; to askB. how to do; to askC. what to do; askD. how to do; ask51. I think he should get a job, but you can’t force him ________ if he’s not ready ________.A. to get; toB. to get; XC. to; X D; to; to do52. — Would you like to go to the ball?— Yes, ________.A. I’dB. I’d likeC. I’d like toD. I’d like to go53. —Aren’t you in charge of this?— No, and I ________.A. don’t wantB. don’t want toC. don’t want to be D am not54. ________the truth, I don’t want to go.A. To tellB. TellC. TellingD. In order to tell55. I’d rather read something at home than ________to the park in such weather.A. goB. to goC. goingD. went56. We could do nothing but ________Father for help.A. askB. askingC. to askD. asked57. He wanted nothing but ________in the corner.A. seatB. be seatedC. be seatD. to be seated58. It ________about two years________ such a big dam.A. takes; in buildingB. takes; to buildC. needs; in buildingD. needs; to build59. How much did ________cost ________the house?A. it; in rebuildingB. he; in rebuildingC. it; to rebuildD. he; to rebuild60. ________requires patience ________a good nurse.A. She; to beB. she; if she isC. It; to beD. It; if she is。

英语语言学试卷精粹及答案(10套题)

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英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编27(总分：36.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：5，分数：10.00)1.Corpus linguistics deals with the principles and practice of using 1in language study.(中山大学2005研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：corpora）解析：解析：语料库语言学指论述语言研究中使用语料的原理和实践。

2.In the Phases IV of CALL Development, instead of writing specific programs for language teaching, 1has adapted to language teaching by enabling students to compose and try out their own writings in a non-permanent form.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：word processing）解析：解析：计算机运用到第二语言教学中的第四个阶段，文字处理不再是为语言教学编写具体的程序，而是适应语言教学，使学生用一种非永久性形式写作并能修改它们的作品。

3.MT can be divided into two types: 1and 2.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：unassisted MT，assisted MT）解析：解析：机器翻译可以分为两类：不需要帮助的和需要帮助的。

4. 1a collection of linguistic data, either compiled as written texts or as a transcription of recorded speech.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Corpus）解析：解析：语料库是一个语言数据的集合，可以由书面文本构成，也可以由录音言语的转写本构成。

5. 1refers to the use of machine (usually computers) to translate texts from one natural language to another.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Machine translation）解析：解析：机器翻译是指使用机器将语篇从一个自然语言翻译至另一个自然语言。

二、判断题(总题数：4，分数：8.00)6.MT may commit those errors that no human translators would commit, such as wrong pronouns, wrong prepositions, garbled syntax, incorrect choice of terms, plurals instead of singulars.（分数：2.00）A.真√B.假解析：解析：人们仍然能发现，有些错误是人工翻译不会出现的。

例如，代词误用、介词误用、句法混乱、措辞不当、单数用成复数、时态错误等。

7.Around 1960, computer software is greatly improved and the first programming languages appeared. （分数：2.00）A.真B.假√解析：解析：1960年前后，计算机硬件而不是软件得到了很大的改进，最早的编程语言出现了。

8.CAL especially refers to the use of a computer in the teaching or learning of a second or foreign language.（分数：2.00）A.真B.假√解析：解析：CALL特别是指将计算机运用到第二语言或外语的教学中去，不是CAL。

9.Three types of knowledge are needed so that MT systems can be improved: semantics, pragmatics and common sense（分数：2.00）A.真√B.假解析：解析：需要三种知识来改进机器翻译系统：①不依赖语境的语言学知识，即语义学；②依赖语境的语言学知识，有时称为语用知识，即语用学；③常识／真实世界的知识，即非语言学知识。

三、名词解释(总题数：6，分数：12.00)10.CAL(大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：CAL is short for Computer-assistant Learning. It emphasizes the use of a computer in both teaching and learning in order to help the learners to achieve educational objectives through their own reasoning and practice, a reflection of newly advocated autonomous learning. The first kind of CAL programs which were developed reflected principles similar to programmed instruction the computer leads the student through learning task step-by-step, asking questions to check comprehension. Depending on the student's response, the computer gives the student further practice or progresses to new material.)解析：11.CAI and CAL (武汉大学2008研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) means the use of a computer in a teaching program. This includes: a. A teaching program which is presented by a computer in a sequence. The student responds on the computer, and the computer indicates whether the responses are correct or incorrect. b. The use of computers to monitor student progress, to direct students into appropriate lessons, material, etc. This is also called computer-managed instruction. Parallel to CAI, there is CAL (Computer-Assistant Learning). The former aims at seeing educational problems on the part of the teacher, whereas the latter emphasizes the use of a computer in both teaching and learning in order to help the learner achieve educational objectives. The first kind of CAL programs which were developed reflected principles similar to programmed instruction. The computer leads the student through learning task step-by-step, asking questions to check comprehension. Depending on the student's response, the computer gives the student further practice or progresses to new material (see branching). In more recent CAL courseware students are able to interact with the computer and perform higher-level tasks while exploring a subject or problem.)解析：12.CALL (人大2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：CALL: It is the abbreviation of computer-assisted language learning, which refers to the use of a computer in the teaching or learning of a second or foreign language. In this kind of CALL programs, the computer leads the student through a learning task step-by-step, asking question to check comprehension. Depending on the student's response, the computer gives the student further practice or progresses to new material.)解析：13.corpus linguistics (南开大学2004研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Corpus linguistics: an approach to investigating language structure and use through the analysis of large databases to real language examples stored on computer. Issues amenable to corpus linguistics include the meanings of words across registers, the distribution and function of grammatical forms and categories, the investigation of lexicon-grammatical associations, and issues in language acquisition and development.)解析：14.Concordance(北航2010研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Concordance; The computer has the ability to search for a particular word, sequence of words, or perhaps even a part of speech in a text. The computer can also retrieve all examples of a particular word. It can also calculate the number of occurrences of a certain word so that information on the frequency of the word may be gathered. We may also be interested in sorting the data in some way—for example, alphabetically on words occurring in the immediate context of the word. This is usually referred to as concordance.)解析：15.Corpus（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Corpus is a collection of linguistic data, either compiled as written texts or as a transcription of recorded speech. The main purpose of a corpus is to verify a hypothesis about language—for example, to determine how the application of a particular sound, word, or syntactic construction varies.)解析：四、1 举例说明题(总题数：3，分数：6.00)16.Read the following quote from Chomsky. What do you think about Chomsky's criticism and the revival of corpus linguistics? (中山大学2005研)It seems clear that the description which is of greatest psychological relevance is the account of competence, not that of performance, for anyone concerned with intellectual processes, or any question that goes beyond mere data arranging, it is the question of competence that is fundamental. . ..These rather obvious comments apply directly to study of language, child or adult. This it is absurd to attempt to construct a grammar that describes observed linguistic behaviour directly, . . . a direct record—an actual corpus—is almost useless as it stands, for linguistic analysis of any but the most superficial kind. . . . （分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Regarding linguistics as a branch of psychology, Chomsky insisted that what should be studied is linguistic competence, not performance. As he has claimed, the description of language performance only tells what is there, and is very inadequate in telling why language performs in the way as it does, or rather, how the intellectual processes affects it. What's more, language performance is more than often degenerated; there are false statements, hesitations, and so on. Therefore, the corpus linguistics which is based on the language performance is somewhat distorted from the goal of linguistics. Because, according to Chomsky, what linguistics is aimed for, should be the discovering of the constants, the general principle which all languages are constructed and operated as systems of communication in societies in which they are used. Therefore, he suggested the construction of universal grammar, which is the ideal knowledge of language,is what linguists should be concerned with, and the postulation of grammar based on the observed behavior is also a distortion.)解析：17.In what way are language and computer related, and how has their relationship affected language learning? (北外2010研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：With the development of the computer technology and internet system, more and more people touched upon the computer field. Computer has been used in the classroom for foreign language teaching and learning. CAI stands for computer-assisted instruction, which means the use of a computer in a teaching program. CAL stands for computer-assisted learning, which means the use of computer in both teaching and learning. Following CAI and CAL, CALL, acronym for Computer Assisted Language Learning, refers to the use of a computer in the teaching or learning of a second or foreign language. If CAI or CAL deals with teaching and learning in general, then CALL deals with language teaching and learning in particular. CALL provided a beneficial and convenient approach for language learners to improve their ability. For example, students can gain a quick access to any materials on the internet. The computer is not an individual resource for each student any more, instead, it is a trigger for interaction between the students and it is the focus for group work which allows some activities, such as the activity role-play interaction. The use of multimedia technology enables different information types to be simultaneously available on the computer, as a result, spoken language and moving video are produced other than mere presentation of written sentences.)解析：18.What is the relationship between MT and Human Translation?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：At the beginning of the new century, it is already apparent that MT and human translation can and will co-exist in harmony. When translation has to be of "publishable" quality, both human translation and MT have their roles. For the translation of texts where the quality of output is much less important, machine translation is often an ideal solution. It is undeniable that there are still faults in all present actual translations produced. One can still find those errors that no human translators would ever commit, such as wrong pronouns, wrong prepositions, garbled syntax, incorrect choice of terms, plurals instead of singulars, etc. Translation is not an operation that preserves meaning. Three types of knowledge are needed so that MT systems can be improved: (1) Linguistic knowledge independent of context (semantics); (2)Linguistic knowledge that relates to context, sometimes called pragmatic knowledge (pragmatics) ; (3) Common sense/real world knowledge (non-linguistic). For the one-to-one interchange of information probably always need a human translator. As for spoken language translation, there must surely always be a market for the human translator.)解析：。