CAP-XX超级电容在定位装置中的应用优势
CAP-XX产品介绍
BritePower™ • 无线调制解调器 • 均衡脉冲负载 脉冲功率 • M2M（机器对机器） • 缩小了所需电池/电源的 (自动读表,环境监测， 体积和重量或其它对输 位置监测，收费标签) 出电流有限之的电源： • 电子锁 比如USB端口，纽扣电 • 工业级手持设备(耐 池。 用型PDA,POS和扫 • 提高运行时间和电池寿 描器） 命，特别在低温环境中。
• 环境能量采集允许无电池应用:
• 利用超级电容储存低功率能量并在应用需要时释放能量。 • 电池有环境、使用和寿命问题，而且有很高的更换成本，钽电容 和高分子电容没有足够的电容量，而水性超级电容没有足够的能 量/功率密度。 • CAP-XX 的GZ 和 HZ 系列超级电容有符合需要的电容量，等效串 联电阻和尺寸，电压和温度范围，泄漏电流等，能够完美支持这 些应用。
微孔< 2 nm
© CAP-XX 2009 10
卓越的性能
CAP-XX
1.E+03
竞争对手
铝. 电 OS-Con 钽 聚丙烯
1.E+02
功率密度(kW/kg)
1.E+01
电池
1.E+00
1.E-01
1.E-02 1.E-05
1.E-04
1.E-03
1.E-02
1.E-01 能量密度(Wh/kg)
1.E+00
© CAP-XX 2009
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BriteSound™ 应用
应用 领域 设计优势 选择标准 推荐产品 BriteSoun • 便携媒体播放器 d™ (MP3 / MP4) 脉冲功率 • 音乐手机 • 附属喇叭 • 头戴式耳机 • HS206 • 推动尖峰功率 • 高额定电压 • 在限制电流的设备中 • 薄，平，轻，小 • HW203 得到更响更清晰的声 • 柔软包装: 音 (电池供电或USB). 可堆叠单元, 或 • HA230 者 • 消除电源的电流瞬 变—无干涉音，声音 在超薄设计中采 更清晰。 用端对端连接 • 高电容量和低等效 串联电阻，能够提 供更大的电流。 • 长寿命
超级电容器小巧身材大能量存储
超级电容器小巧身材大能量存储在科技的不断进步中，越来越多的新型能量存储技术得到了广泛关注。
而其中，超级电容器作为一种高能量密度、高功率密度的能量存储设备，正逐渐成为重要的研究领域。
本文将介绍超级电容器的原理、特点以及未来的应用前景。
一、超级电容器的原理超级电容器，也被称为超级电容、超级电池，它是一种利用离子电荷在电极之间存储电能的电子器件。
超级电容器的核心部件是由两个电极和介质构成的双层电容器，电极通常采用活性碳材料，并通过电解质传导离子，从而实现电荷的储存和释放。
与传统电池相比，超级电容器具有以下几个特点：1. 高能量密度：由于采用高表面积电极和可逆离子传导的特殊介质，超级电容器能够存储更多的电荷，从而实现高能量密度的存储。
2. 高功率密度：超级电容器的电荷和放电速度非常快，可实现高功率的储存和释放，适合用于需要瞬间大功率输出的应用场景。
3. 长寿命：由于储存和释放过程中没有化学反应，超级电容器具有长寿命特点，能够进行数以百万次的充放电循环，大大提高了设备的使用寿命。
二、超级电容器的应用领域由于超级电容器具有独特的特点，它在多个领域中具有广泛的应用前景。
1. 新能源领域：超级电容器能够实现瞬时的大功率输出和快速充放电，因此被广泛应用于电动汽车、混合动力汽车等新能源车辆上，提供车辆启动、刹车能量回收等方面的支持。
2. 电子设备领域：超级电容器体积小、重量轻，适合用于便携式电子设备，如智能手机、平板电脑等。
超级电容器的高功率密度和长寿命特点，为电子设备提供了可靠的能量供应。
3. 工业应用领域：超级电容器在工业控制系统、电网调峰、储能电站等领域有着广泛的应用。
它能够应对电网负荷的瞬间变化，提供稳定的电能输出。
4. 军事应用领域：超级电容器的高功率密度和快速充放电特点，使其被广泛应用于军事装备领域。
例如，在雷达系统、激光武器等需要瞬时大功率输出的设备中，超级电容器发挥了重要的作用。
三、超级电容器的发展趋势随着科技的不断进步，超级电容器在未来有望出现更多的创新和应用。
超级电容技术特点及应用场景
图1图2
当两极板间电势低于电解液的氧化还原电极电位时，电解液界面上电荷不会脱离电解液，超级电容器为正常工作状态（通常为3V以下）,如电容器两端电压超过电解液的氧化还原电极电位时,电解液将分解，为非正常状态。由于随着超级电容器放电，正、负极板上的电荷被外电路泄放，电解液的界面上的电荷响应减少。由此可以看出：超级电容器的充放电过程始终是物理过程，没有化学反应。因此性能是稳定的,与利用化学反应的蓄电池是不同的。
3、循环次数：充放电次数，决定了使用寿命和维护成本。
4、重量体积：决定了其安ne图
* 参考：汽油的能量密度约为123Wh/kg
由图可知，
超级电容的能量密度低，可以进行短时短线供能，若通过多个超级电容串并联，可以提高总能量，但会同时带来重量、体积的增加。超级电容功率密度很高，可以提供瞬时高峰能量吸收和输出，特别适合车辆的起动和制动。蓄电池循环寿命比超级电容低很多，但是在能量密度上具有非常好的优势，特别适用于有限空间的应用，如轨道车辆。
超级电容
一、
超级电容器（Supercapacitors，ultracapacitor），又叫电化学电容器(Electrochemcial Capacitor, EC)、黄金电容、法拉电容，；包括双电层电容器(Electrostatic double-layer capacitor)和赝电容器（Electrochemical pseudocapacitor）,通过极化电解质来储能。它是一种电化学元件，但在其储能的过程并不发生化学反应，这种储能过程是可逆的，也正因为此超级电容器可以反复充放电数十万次。超级电容是一种非常大的极化电解质电容。这里的‘大’指的是容量，而不是它们的物理尺寸。超级电容器可以被视为悬浮在电解质中的两个无反应活性的多孔电极板，在极板上加电，正极板吸引电解质中的负离子，负极板吸引正离子，实际上形成两个电容性存储层，被分离开的正离子在负极板附近，负离子在正极板附近。
超级电容器在储能系统中的应用与市场前景
超级电容器在储能系统中的应用与市场前景超级电容器是一种新型的储能装置，具有高能量密度和高功率密度的特点。
它有着很多优点，例如长服务寿命、高效率、快速充放电能力以及较低的维护成本，这使得超级电容器成为一种非常有潜力的储能技术。
在储能系统中，超级电容器可以发挥重要作用，为能源行业带来巨大的变革。
首先，超级电容器在电力系统中的应用非常广泛。
传统的电力系统往往容量不足，无法满足高峰期的需求，而超级电容器的快速充放电能力可以弥补这一不足。
在电力系统中，超级电容器可以作为备用电源，提供快速响应的电能输出，以应对突发事件或高峰期的需求。
此外，超级电容器还可以用于平衡电力负荷，使得电力系统更加稳定可靠。
其次，超级电容器在新能源领域中的应用前景广阔。
随着可再生能源的快速发展，如风能和太阳能等，超级电容器可以作为能量存储装置，将这些不稳定的能源转化为稳定的电力输出。
此外，超级电容器还可以用于电动汽车和混合动力车辆中，提供高效率的能量回收和释放，延长电池的使用寿命，并提高车辆的续航里程。
超级电容器的应用可以进一步推动新能源产业的发展，促进可持续能源的利用。
此外，超级电容器还可以在电网融合和微电网方面发挥重要作用。
电网融合是指将传统电力系统与可再生能源系统相结合，形成一个更加灵活和可靠的电力网络。
超级电容器作为储能装置可以平衡不同能源之间的产能差异，提高电网的可靠性和稳定性。
在微电网中，超级电容器可以作为独立电源单元，提供可靠的能源储备和供应，减少对传统电力系统的依赖。
目前，超级电容器的市场前景十分广阔。
随着可再生能源的发展和新能源车辆的普及，对储能技术的需求不断增加。
超级电容器作为一种高效、可靠和环保的储能装置，将在未来的市场中具有巨大的潜力。
根据市场研究机构的预测，到2025年，超级电容器的市场规模将达到几十亿美元。
未来几年，随着技术的不断进步和成本的降低，超级电容器的市场将呈现出快速增长的趋势。
总结起来，超级电容器在储能系统中的应用前景广阔，可以为电力系统提供备用电源和平衡负荷的能力，为新能源领域的发展提供关键的能量存储装置，同时促进电网融合和微电网的发展。
军用领域超级电容器潜在应用分析
军用领域超级电容器潜在应用分析超级电容器，作为高功率脉冲武器装备中最重要的供能部件，是一种新型储能装置，可在很短时间内爆发出巨大能量，堪称众多军用装备的“能量核心”。
在装甲车辆、舰艇、航天飞行器等需要较大脉冲放电功率的武器装备及设备上，其表现堪称“一枝独秀”在未来战场上的作用不能小觑。
由于在某些特定的条件下，在适应各种复杂环境能力上，超级电容要优于电池，例如电池输出功率密度较小、充电速度慢、循环寿命较短等等。
因此，合众汇能开发定制了很多高能化、轻量化、内阻超低、耐受严苛环境能力强、大功率脉冲电源系统，使得军用系统更为稳定、可靠。
超级电容器-性能特点:1.能量密度高，远高于普通电容器，最高超过10Wh/Kg；2.功率密度大，具有远高于电池的功率密度，超过10KW/Kg以上；3.循环寿命长，可达100万次；4.充放电简单，能进行短路充放电，无需对电流进行特别的限制；5.工作温度范围宽，可达-40~+70℃；6.快速充、放电能力强，在几秒到几十秒即可充满电；7.免维护、高可靠性；8.抗干扰能力与环境适应性强；军用设备对电源的要求:1.能量密度大，便于小型化；2.功率输出能力强，快速响应性好；3.外围电路可靠，稳定性好；4.超长使用寿命，免维护；5.工作温度范围宽，环境适应能力强；6.高可靠性，抗干扰，耐冲击；军用领域-超级电容潜在应用范围分析:激光、束能、微波武器:★超级电容可应用于激光武器，束能武器、微波武器等先进武器系统。
超级电容所产生的的巨大能量能保证激光武器的能量供给。
在粒子束能武器、微波武器、超级电容同样具有重要的功能作用。
高功率脉冲激光武器，是未来战场具有重要影响的武器系统。
电磁弹射:★先进的航母已经由蒸汽弹射系统发展到电磁弹射系统，超级电容器在其中作为了最重要的能源支承器件；采用先进的超级电容器强化储能能力，能够在短时间内多次进行舰载机起飞和着陆；超级电容可瞬间输出超强功率，且不存在机械疲劳和应力问题，其储能系统的稳定性和耐久性也更高。
超级电容器的原理及应用
超级电容器的原理及应用一、原理：超级电容器（Supercapacitor）又称为超级电容器或超级电容器电池，它是一种特殊的电容器，其存储能量量级为焦耳级别，远高于普通电容器的毫焦耳级别。
超级电容器具有快速充电和放电、长寿命、高循环稳定性等特点，适合于需要高能量密度和高功率密度的应用场合。
观察超级电容器的内部结构，其由两个锰氧化物电极板和一个电介质隔离层组成，锰氧化物电极板表面没有铝箔覆盖，其间以100nm的间距排列，从而即可达到高电容电极表面积的效果。
电介质隔离层由聚丙烯的多层膜组成。
在正极板和负极板之间的介质薄膜壁具有极高的介电常数，因此能够将电场强度扩展到导电性電解質中。
因此，超级电容器具有更高的比容量和能量密度。
二、应用：超级电容器可广泛应用于电子、汽车、医疗等领域。
以下是具体的应用：1. 电子产品：可广泛应用于移动物联网、消费电子等领域。
例如，可用于数码相机、MP3等数码产品，为其提供性能更加卓越的电源。
2. 汽车研发：超级电容器可以在汽车领域应用到停车制动能量回收系统、发动机启动、辅助动力系统等方面。
比如，在刹车时，能够以更为高效的方式回收能量，提高储能系统的效率，在加速时则能够减少电池的功率消耗，从而延长电池使用寿命。
同时，超级电容器还能在车辆制动、起动和交通噪声的减少方面发挥重要作用。
3. 医疗器械：在呼吸机、心脏起搏器等医疗领域中，超级电容器可以减小器械的尺寸同时增加器械的能量输出。
4. 其他领域：超级电容器还可广泛应用于军事领域、能源行业、新能源领域及航空航天等领域。
超级电容器的分类与优缺点分析
超级电容器的分类与优缺点分析摘要：电容器是储存电荷的常用电子器件，在许多电子设备中得到了广泛的运用。
由于新时期行业技术的迅速发展，早期的电路结构逐渐被更复杂的电路形式取代，普通的电容器已经满足不了电路运行的需要。
为了达到高负荷或超负荷电路运行的需要，国内开始推广使用超级电容器，这种器件在性能上比传统电容器更加优越。
文中阐述了电容器的原理、基本功能、优缺点等。
常规电容仅能满足结构简单、负荷较小的电路运行要求，对于大负荷的电路运行则难以起到储存电荷的效果。
近年来，超级电容器的推广应用有效地解决了大负荷电路运行的难题，保证了电力电子设备使用性能的正常发挥。
1 超级电容器原理与应用超级电容器实际上属于电化学元件，引起电荷或电能储存流程可相互逆转，其循环充电的次数达到10万次。
凭借多个方面的性能优势，超级电容器的应用范围逐渐扩大，掌握该装置的原理有助于正常的操作使用。
1.1 超级电容器的原理“双电层原理”是超级电容器的核心，这是由该装置的双电层结构决定的。
超级电容器是利用双电层原理的电容器。
当外加电压作用于普通电容器的两个极板时，装置存储电荷的原理是一样的，即正电极与正电荷对应、负电极与负电荷对应。
而超级电容器除了这些功能外，若其受到电场作用则会在电解液、电极之间产生相反的电荷，此时正电荷、负电荷分别处于不同的接触面，这种条件下的负荷分布则属于“双电层”，原理如图1.因电容器结构组合上的改进，超级电容器的电容储存量极大。
此外，如果超级电容器两极板间电势小于电解液的标准电位时，超级电容器则是正常的工作状态，相反则不正常。
根据超级电容器原理，其在运用过程中并没有出现化学反应，仅仅是在物理性质上的变化，因而超级电容器的稳定性更加可靠。
图1 超级电容的结构原理1.2 超级电容器的应用目前，超级电容器凭借强大的储存容量及存储性能，在许多大中小型设备中得到了普遍运用，且涉及到的行业较为广泛。
具体运用在：真空开关、仪器仪表、数码相机等微小电流供电的后备电源；太阳能产品以及小型充电产品的充电电池。
CAP-XX超级电容常见问题解答
CAP-XX超级电容常见问题解答作者：必威尔科技What is a supercapacitor?Supercapacitors utilize high surface area carbon as the energy storage medium, resulting in an energy density much higher than conventional capacitors, and a power density surpassing all known types of batteries. Supercapacitors have been in production for many years but most products were designed for applications such as memory backup that need very low currents and these products have very high internal resistance, 100 ohms in many cases. CAP-XX’s proprietary technology enables supercapacitors with very low ESR or internal resistance to enable applications requiring high pulse currents. Pulse power is a particular strength of supercapacitors and the consequent markets are very broad, including mobile phones, PDAs, PCMCIA and flash cards, medical devices, PCs, digital cameras, and AMRs.How do supercapacitors and capacitors differ?A traditional capacitor has three essential parts: two electrical conductors, which are usually metal plates, separated and insulated by the third part called the "dielectric". The plates are charged with equal amounts of positive and negative electrical charge, respectively. The greater the area for storing charge (plate surface area), and the thinner the dielectric (distance separating the charged plates) the greater the capacitance. This is a "physical" storage of electricity as compared with the "chemical" storage in a battery.A supercapacitor has a very large storage area because it utilizes highly porous carbo n materials which can have greater than 2000 square meters of surface area per gram. The separation distance between the charged areas is also much less due to the use of an electrolyte to conduct the charged ions, which can butt against the porous carbon, and as such the separation distance is measured in angstroms. CAP-XX adds very low ESR through patented technology to enable many new application areas.What is the difference between power and energy?Energy is the amount of work that can be done. Power is the amount of work that is done over a specific time period. In other words, power measures how fast energy is transferred. Power is measured in watts (W), energy in Joules (J). A low ESR supercapacitor can deliver much higher power than traditional memory back up product such as Panasonic's Gold Caps.Are your supercapacitors surface mountable?CAP-XX supercapacitors are a prismatic surface mountable design. Due to the nature of the materials used special handling is needed for attachment to a PCB. A post wave solder or post IR reflow process is necessary using a soldering iron for attachment. More information on handling can be found in the ―CAP-XX Assembly Notes‖ (PDF, 53KB).Are CAP-XX supercapacitors environmentally friendly?Yes, CAP-XX supercapacitors are lead-free and contain no toxic substances, as opposed to most types of batteries, so products containing supercapacitors can be recycled without their removal. Supercapacitors have no heavy metals such as cobalt or cadmium. CAP-XX super capacitors have received Sony’s Green Partner Certification.What is the difference between an ultracapacitor, supercapacitor, and an electrochemical double-layer capacitor (EDLC)?These are all basically the same concept as they use carbon and an electrolyte as their charge storage media and have no dielectric. EDLC is the generic name used for super- and ultra-capacitors. However there are technology and physical differences that affect operating voltage, ESR, etc.What is operating life of a supercapacitor versus a battery?The operating life of a supercapacitor is between 10 and 100 times the operational life of conventional secondary batteries.What is the failure mode of a supercapacitor?If a supercapacitor is exposed to excessive voltage or temperature for extended periods it gradually degrades to essentially an open circuit. The time taken for this to occur depends on how much over voltage or over temperature is applied. Other than physically puncturing the supercapacitor there are no short circuit failure modes. There are no catastrophic failure modes.Why do CAP-XX supercapacitors require external balancing resistors?The balancing requirements for a supercapacitor vary with application and product type so CAP-XX elected not to add internal balancing but to instead work with customers to determine the optimum solution for each system. These solutions range from a simple resistor that is suitable for most systems to an active balance circuit for more demanding applications.What temperature ranges do you offer?CAP-XX offers -30°C to +75°C and a -40°C to +85°C series of products. The higher temperature product is derived from our standard GW/GS family on a customer need basis so please contact our sales team for further information.Can CAP-XX supercapacitors be connected in series to achieve higher voltage?Yes, the GW2 and GS2 devices are essentially two of the respective devices connected in series to achieve a higher voltage. Please contact our sales team with your requirements.What is the difference between cylindrical and prismatic supercapacitors?A prismatic supercapacitor such as CAP-XX produces, consists of a number of layers that are connected in parallel. This results in a flat, very low-ESR device. A cylindrical supercapacitor is ―wound‖ into a roll and while cost effective for larger devices acylindrical device typically is larger and has higher ESR and inductance.What is the self discharge or leakage of your supercapacitors?A fully charged CAP-XX supercapacitor will typically have leakage current of under 1 micro amp. For a multi-cell devices such as the GS2/GW1 series the balance resistors will determine the total leakage rate as the resistors are typically sized such that they have a about 10 times the leakage of the supercapacitor itself. For applications requiring very low leakage CAP-XX’s application team has several active balancing circuits that can cut the total leakage current from the supercapacitor and balance circuit to less than 2 micro amps.What is the frequency response of your supercapacitors?Typically supercapacitors are used for low-frequency, less than 100Hz, applications but this is not true of all supercapacitors. CAP-XX supercapacitors can be used in pulsed applications such as GPRS and GSM with pulses= 500 µS. In fact, our supercapacitors are still very effective at pulse widths down to 100 µS. CAP-XX has found that a term we call effective capacitance or Ceff is a much better indication than a traditional frequency response plot of supercapacitor behavior in pulse power applications. Ceff reflects the percentage of DC capacitance available at a given pulse width and can be thought of the time domain representation of the frequency response curve. For a 1 millisecond pulse a typical CAP-XX supercapacitor will have approximately 50% of the DC capacitance. Ceff varies with device type and temperature so contact CAP-XX for more information.What are the key applications for CAP-XX supercapacitors?Applications which have periodic or occasional pulsed loads which draw greater power than the voltage source (battery or voltage rail such as PCMCIA/CF/USB) can comfortably deliver:GSM/GPRS from PCMCIA/CF/USB — refer to Application Briefs AB1009 (PDF, 139KB) , AB1010 (PDF, 141KB), AB1011 (PDF, 138KB)GSM/GPRS for battery operated devices such as mobile phones or PDAs, refer Application Brief AB1004 (PDF, 161KB)Pulsed loads such as GSM/GPRS for mini PCI cards, refer Application Brief AB1014 (PDF, 141KB)Pulsed loads at low temperatures where batteries have difficulty delivering the required current, refer Application Brief AB1004 (PDF, 161KB)Pulsed loads using long life batteries such as Lithium Thionyl Chloride that can only deliver low currents. Examples include Automatic Meter Reading, Toll Tags, Location Tracking DevicesDigital Still Cameras, refer Application Brief AB1012 (PDF, 117KB)Pulse power for white LEDs such as a camera flashPulse power for displays, such as screen refresh of an Organic Electroluminescent Display (OELD)Battery life extension for pulsed loads with alkaline batteriesWhat are the key parameters for measuring supercapacitors?DC CapacitanceEffective capacitance for a given pulse widthESR (Equivalent Series Resistance)Leakage currentDo I need to de-rate a supercapacitor?No. Supercapacitors are inherently safe. A minor over-voltage event that lasts a few milliseconds will not affect the supercapacitor performance. For example, if a CAP-XX supercapacitor rated at 4.5V was subjected to 5V for a few seconds, there would be no effect on the supercapacitor. You can operate a supercapacitor continuously at its rated voltage.Do your supercapacitors change size when they are charged or discharged?No, unlike a battery there are no chemical reactions that can cause our part to change size.What happens if I reverse bias a supercapacitor?Even though CAP-XX marks a polarity on our supercapacitors they are inherently anon-polarized device. However, once they have been charged the ions in the electrolyte migrate to the positive and negative electrodes. Reversing polarity causes these ions to migrate across the device and will result in an increase in ESR. There are no safety issues if a supercapacitor is reverse biased, there will be no explosion, fire, smoke, or swelling. All of our supercapacitors go though extensive testing and burn-in at voltage and as part of this process they are polarized in the manner indicated on the part.What happens if I apply excessive voltage to a supercapacitor?Supercapacitors are inherently safe. They do not contain any chemicals (such as Li) that may explode. If excessive voltage is applied to a supercapacitor all that will happen is the ESR will increase and the device may swell as a result of the electrolyte breaking down and forming gasses. There will be no explosion, fire or smoke.Are your parts shipped uncharged?Yes, the parts are discharged prior to shipment.Will static electricity damage CAP-XX supercapacitors?No. The reason for this is that even though static electricity discharges are at thousands of volts there is very little current and thus the effective energy in Joules is very low and will not damage the device. CAP-XX does ship our supercapacitors in anti-static packaging. However, this is not to protect our parts but to eliminate the possibility of our packaging materials generating static electricity when handled at the customer.How are your parts shipped to customers?CAP-XX supercapacitors are shipped in stackable anti-static trays, each tray holding 10 devices nested within cavities molded in the tray. These trays are designed so that thedevices can be removed from the tray by hand or by vacuum pens.What should I consider when using a supercapacitor in a circuit?The main issue when using a supercapacitor is inrush current when charging a discharged supercapacitor Assume you are using a CAP-XX GW201 supercapacitor (typical ESR = 80mΩ, typical C = 0.3F), and a battery pack at 3.8V with an output impedance = 150m W (typical for a Lithium-ion battery pack with protection circuit). At the instant you connect the supercapacitor across the battery pack the inrush current =3.8V/(150mΩ + 80mΩ) = 16.5A! The battery protection circuit will shut the battery pack down. After 100msecs the current would have decayed to 3.9A. CAP-XX Application Note 1002 (PDF, 312KB) has some current limiting solutions.Can CAP-XX supercapacitors be damaged by charging too fast?No. We rate out parts at 30 amps of pulse current so they can be charged at that rate. We do have charge current limit circuits available, but those are to protect the system or battery from excessive current in charging a supercapacitor. For more information, please refer to the previous question (using a supercapacitor in a circuit).How long does it take to charge a supercapacitor? Are they too big to charge between load pulses?Supercapacitors average the load as seen by the source, and average the source voltage as seen by the load. The bigger the supercapacitor, the better the averaging. It is a misconception that a supercapacitor is ―too big‖ to charge between pulses. The bigger the supercapacitor, the less it is discharged during the pulse and the less it needs to be charged between pulses. In this case, the supercapacitor acts as a low pass filter. In the case of a pulse train with an ideal supercapacitor with infinite capacitance and zero mΩ ESR, the source will see a DC current = average load current, and the Load will see a DC voltage = Source voltage at no load – source impedance x average load current.Can CAP-XX supercapacitors be bent or compressed?The supercapacitor device is hermetically sealed and bending or applying too much pressure on the device may damage the seals leading to device failure. CAP-XX supercapacitors should not be exposed to 400kPa pressure across flat surface of device (10 kg or 22lb max). CAP-XX has worked w ith customers developing ―wearable‖ devices where some flexing of the device was needed. If you have such a requirement, please contact us.Does CAP-XX offer engineering services?Yes, CAP-XX has a seasoned applications team that can assist customers in selection and application of our supercapacitors. There are also many application notes in the resources section of this Web site. Contact us about our engineering services. (end)。