1999年英语一真题翻译
1999考研英语(一)真题及答案
1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Structure and VocabularyPart ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)1.Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertionabout economic recovery ________ just around the corner was untrue.[A] would be[B] to be[C] was[D] being2.Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills ________ people eachyear than automobile accidents.[A] seven more times[B] seven times more[C] over seven times[D] seven times3.It’s easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and onthe vague changes ________ place in our ever-changing world.[A] taking[B] to take[C] take[D] taken4.This is an exciting area of study, and one ________ which new applications arebeing discovered almost daily.[A] from[B] by[C] in[D] through5.________ can be seen from the comparison of these figures, the principleinvolves the active participation of the patient in the modification of his condition.[A] As[B] What[C] That[D] It6.Although I had been invited to the opening ceremony, I was unable to attend________ such short notice.[A] to[B] in[C] with[D] on7.California has more light than it knows ________ to do with but everything elseis expensive.[A] how[B] what[C] which[D] where8.The solution works only for couples who are self-employed, don’t have smallchildren and get along ________ to spend most of their time together.[A] so well[B] too well[C] well as[D] well enough9.Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about ________compliments to his political leaders.[A] paying[B] having paid[C] to pay[D] to have paid10.These proposals sought to place greater restrictions on the use and copying ofdigital information than ________ in traditional media.[A] exist[B] exists[C] existing[D] to existPart BDirections: Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C], and[D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)11. Your math instructor would have been Ahappy to give you a makeupexamination had you gone B and explained C that your parents had been Dill atthe time.12. As the children become financially A independent of Bthe family, the emphasison C family financial security will shift from protection to save Dfor the retirement years.13. Were Athe Times Co. to purchase another major media company, there is nodoubt that it could B dramatically transform a family -ran Centerprise that stillgets 90% of its Drevenues from newspapers.14. Symposium talks will cover a wide range A of subjects from Bover -fishing tophysical and environment C factors that affect the populations Dof differentspecies.15. Conversation calls for a A willingness to alternate the role of speaker with one Bof listener C , and it calls for occasional ‘digestive pauses’ by Dboth.16. If two theories are equal to A their ability to account for Ba body of data, thetheory that does soC with the smaller number of assumptions is to be preferredD.17.The Committee adopted a resolution requiringA the seven automakers sellingBthe most cars in the state makingC 2 percent of those vehicles emissions-freeDby 1998.18.As long asA poor people, who in general are colored, are in conflict withBricherpeople, who in general are lighterC skinD, there’s going to be a constant racialconflict in the world.19.All those left undoneA may sound greatlyBin theory, but even thetruest believerC has great difficulty whenDit comes to specifics.20.Even ifA automakers modify commercially produced cars to run onBalternativefuels C , the cars won’t catch on in a big way whenDdrivers can fill them up at thegas station.Part CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)21.An important property of a scientific theory is its ability to ________ furtherresearch and further thinking about a particular topic.[A] stimulate[B] renovate[C] arouse[D] advocate22.Although architecture has artistic qualities, it must also satisfy a number ofimportant practical ________.[A] obligations[B] regulations[C] observations[D] considerations23.Life insurance is financial protection for dependents against loss ________ thebread-winner’s death.[A] at the cost of[B] on the verge of[C] as a result of[D] for the sake of24.In education there should be a good ________ among the branches ofknowledge that contribute to effective thinking and wise judgment.[A] distribution[B] balance[C] combination[D] assignment25.The American dream is most ________ during the periods of productivity andwealth generated by American capitalism.[A] plausible[B] patriotic[C] primitive[D] partial26.Poverty is not ________ in most cities although, perhaps because of thecrowded conditions in certain areas, it is more visible there.[A] rare[B] temporary[C] prevalent[D] segmental27.People who live in small towns often seem more friendly than those living in________ populated areas.[A] densely[B] intensely[C] abundantly[D] highly28.As a way of ________ the mails while they were away, the Johnsons asked thecleaning lady to send little printed slips asking the senders to write again later.[A] picking up[B] coping with[C] passing out[D] getting across29.Tom’s mother tried hard to persuade him to ________ from his intention toinvest his savings in stock market.[A] pull out[B] give up[C] draw in[D] back down30.An increasing proportion of our population, unable to live without advancedmedical ________, will become progressively more reliant on expensive technology.[A] interference[B] interruption[C] intervention[D] interaction31.These causes produced the great change in the country that modernized the________ of higher education from the mid-1860’s to the mid-1880’s.[A] branch[B] category[C] domain[D] scope32.Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the ________ in the financialsystem will drag down the economy.[A] shallowness[B] shakiness[C] scantiness[D] stiffness33.Crisis would be the right term to describe the ________ in many animalspecies.[A] minimization[B] restriction[C] descent[D] decline34.The city is an important railroad ________ and industrial and conventioncenter.[A] conjunction[B] network[C] junction[D] link35.Prof. White, my respected tutor, frequently reminds me to ________ myself ofevery chance to improve my English.[A] assure[B] inform[C] avail[D] notify36.Researchers discovered that plants infected with a virus give off a gas that________ disease resistance in neighboring plants.[A] contracts[B] activates[C] maintains[D] prescribes37.Corporations and labor unions have ________ great benefits upon theiremployees and members as well as upon the general public.[A] conferred[B] granted[C] flung[D] submitted38.The movement of the moon conveniently provided the unit of month, whichwas ________ from one new moon to the next.[A] measured[B] reckoned[C] judged[D] assessed39.The judge ruled that the evidence was inadmissible on the grounds that it was________ to the issue at hand.[A] irrational[B] unreasonable[C] invalid[D] irrelevant40.Fuel scarcities and price increases ________ automobile designers to scaledown the largest models and to develop completely new lines of small cars and trucks.[A] persuaded[B] prompted[C] imposed[D] enlightenedSection II Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies 41low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them 42and active. When the work is well done, a 43of accident-free operations is established 44time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum.Successful safety programs may 45greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program. Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practices by 46rules or regulations. 47others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained.There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financial standpoint alone, safety 48. The fewer the injury 49, the better the workman’s insurance rate. This may mean the difference between operating at50or at a loss.41.[A] at[B] in[C] on[D] with42.[A] alive[B] vivid[C] mobile[D] diverse43.[A] regulation[B] climate[C] circumstance[D] requirement44.[A] where[B] how[C] what[D] unless45.[A] alter[B] differ[C] shift[D] distinguish46.[A] constituting[B] aggravating[C] observing[D] justifying47.[A] Some[B] Many[C] Even[D] Still48.[A] comes off[B] turns up[C] pays off[D] holds up49.[A] claims[B] reports[C] declarations[D] proclamations50.[A] an advantage[B] a benefit[C] an interest[D] a profitSection III Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Text 1It’s a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers’ misfortunes.Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might -- surprise! -- fall off. The label on a child’s Batman cape cautions that the toy “does not enable user to fly.”While warnings are often appropriate and necessary --the dangers of drug interactions, for example -- and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn’t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court.Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn’t have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons,president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. “We’re really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren’t designed to prevent those kinds of injuries,” says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete’s injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute -- a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight -- issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. “Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities,” says a law professor at Cornell law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.51.What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened?[A] Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.[B] Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system.[C] Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.[D] Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised.52.Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to ________.[A] satisfy customers by writing long warnings on products[B] become honest in describing the inadequacies of their products[C] make the best use of labels to avoid legal liability[D] feel obliged to view customers’ safety as their first concern53.The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that ________.[A] some injury claims were no longer supported by law[B] helmets were not designed to prevent injuries[C] product labels would eventually be discarded[D] some sports games might lose popularity with athletes54.The author’s attitude towards the issue seems to be ________.[A] biased[B] indifferent[C] puzzling[D] objectiveText 2In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved aroundefforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-business sales make sense because businesspeople typically know what product they’re looking for.Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. “Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier,” says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company’s private intranet.Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to “pull” customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to “push” information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers’ computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company’s Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. That’s a prospect that horrifies Net purists.But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, , and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.55.We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business ________.[A] has been striving to expand its market[B] intended to follow a fanciful fashion[C] tried but in vain to control the market[D] has been booming for one year or so56.Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author impliesthat ________.[A] the technology is popular with many Web users[B] businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions[C] there is a radical change in strategy[D] it is accessible limitedly to established partners57.In the view of Net purists, ________.[A] there should be no marketing messages in online culture[B] money making should be given priority to on the Web[C] the Web should be able to function as the television set[D] there should be no online commercial information without requests58.We learn from the last paragraph that ________.[A] pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce[B] interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customers[C] leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago[D] setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing powerText 3An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’ career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction -- indeed, contradiction -- which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raise everyone’s job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age, it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education. With optimism characteristic of all industrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is fit to be educated. Computer-education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computered advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however, presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many businessmen, so many accountants. Besides,this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, an entirely different story. Basic computer skills take --at the very longest --a couple of months to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.59.The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is________.[A] far-reaching[B] dubiously oriented[C] self-contradictory[D] radically reformatory60.The belief that education is indispensable to all children ________.[A] is indicative of a pessimism in disguise[B] came into being along with the arrival of computers[C] is deeply rooted in the minds of computered advocates[D] originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countries61.It could be inferred from the passage that in the author’s country the Europeanmodel of professional training is ________.[A] dependent upon the starting age of candidates[B] worth trying in various social sections[C] of little practical value[D] attractive to every kind of professional62.According to the author, basic computer skills should be ________.[A] included as an auxiliary course in school[B] highlighted in acquisition of professional qualifications[C] mastered through a life-long course[D] equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwiseText 4When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment -- although no one had proposed to do so -- and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. That group -- the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) -- has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a near-final draft of their recommendations.NBAC will ask that Clinton’s 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNA or cells -- routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be “morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning.” Shapiro explained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled.NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo’s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation, but in a phone interview, he said this issue was still “up in the air.”63.We can learn from the first paragraph that ________.[A] federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans[B] the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning[C] NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique[D] the White House has got the panel’s recommendations on cloning64.The panel agreed on all of the following except that ________.[A] the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a law[B] the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more control[C] it is criminal to use private funding for human cloning[D] it would be against ethical values to clone a human being65.NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because ________.[A] embryo research is just a current development of cloning[B] the health of the child is not the main concern of embryo research[C] an embryo’s life will not be endangered in embryo research[D] the issue is explicitly stated and settled in the law66.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ________.[A] some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completely[B] a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time[C] privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBAC’s appeal[D] the issue of human cloning will soon be settledText 5Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn’t they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you don’t have unpredictable things, you don’t have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the “scientific method” a substitute for imaginative thought. I’ve attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said “the data are still inconclusive.” “We know that,” the men from the budget office have said, “but what do you think? Is it worthwhilegoing on? What do you think we might expect?” The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate.What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls” among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who “work well with the team.”67.The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that ________.[A] inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments[B] science advances when fruitful researches are conducted[C] scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research[D] unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research68.The author asserts that scientists ________.[A] shouldn’t replace “scientific method” with imaginative thought[B] shouldn’t neglect to speculate on unpredictable things[C] should write more concise reports for technical journals[D] should be confident about their research findings69.It seems that some young scientists ________.[A] have a keen interest in prediction[B] often speculate on the future[C] think highly of creative thinking[D] stick to “scientific method”70.The author implies that the results of scientific research ________.[A] may not be as profitable as they are expected[B] can be measured in dollars and cents[C] rely on conformity to a standard pattern[D] are mostly underestimated by management。
1999年翻译真题精解版
本句while引导的是个让步状语从句，翻译成“虽然，尽管”，状语从句里用了as…as(与…一样)这个词组，主句的主语是most practice，谓语是动词短语conform to(符合)，宾语是代词one，指代前面的名词definition，that引导的是个定语从句，修饰前面的one。定语从句里用了动词短语see…as(把…看作是)，因此后面的attempt应该是个名词，后面又接了两个不定式做其后置定语。
核心词汇：
Interest in historical methods 对历史方法的关注(兴趣) ；arisen 来自于，产生于；challenge质疑，挑战；validity 真实性，正确性；as an intellectual discipline作为一门知识学问(一个知识学科) ；internal quarrels 内部意见不统一，内部分歧。
结构分析：
本句结构拆分为三段：It applies equally to traditional historians / who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, / and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques. 由此可以看出其主干结构是：It applies equally to..., and to ...直译为：这既适应于……又适应于……，引申为这既存在于……又存在于……。第一个介词to的宾语是traditional historians，其后又接了一个定语从句who view history as...，第二个并列介词to之前省略了与之相同的动词短语的applies equally，其后的宾语是social science historians，后面又接了定语从句who equate their activity with specific techniques。在两个并列的定语从句里的动词短语view…as和equate…with应该依据平行结构有时词义相等的方法，而把这两个动词翻译成相同的意思。
1999年考研英语真题答案及解析
1999 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案与解析
Part ⅠCloze Test
1. D 2. A 3. B 4. A 5. B 6. C 7. D 8பைடு நூலகம்C 9. A 10. D
定并不断实施自己的安全计划以建立无事故工作氛围的做法。第二段指出，成功有效的安全计划的侧重点各不相同， 但都遵循某些基本的思想。第三段强调安全生产对企业的意义：其价值是不可低估的，它决定了工厂的运营是盈利 还是亏损。
二、试题具体解析 1.［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：介词的用法。难度：0.36 本题空格处的介词和 low accident rates 搭配成介词短语，做后置定语修饰 companies。选项中只有 at 和 with 能与 rate 搭配，at a/the rate（of）意为“以…的速度”，如：She can read at the rate of 100 words a minute.（她一分钟能读 100 个单词），但我们不能说“低速度事故的（at low accident rates）公司”，因此排除 at。with 意为“具有，带有”，用来 表示附属于一个物品的某种显著的特点，如：a country with a long history（历史悠久的国家），在短文中意为“事故 发生率低的公司”。 2.［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：形容词词义辨析。难度：0.32 空格处的结构为 keep（动词）them（宾语）2（宾补）and active（宾补），其中 them 指代前面的 safety programs，该 空的形容词应与 active 在语义上一致，并且可以修饰 safety programs（安全计划）。选项中 alive 的常用义为“活着的， 有活力的”，但它与 keep 搭配时意为“使继续有效、存在或进行”，如：The argument was kept alive by the politicians. （政治家们还在继续争论那件事）。放入文中，keep safety programs alive 从语法和意思上均符合文意。整个句子的大 意为：事故发生率低的公司制定自己的安全计划，努力实施它们，并且不断使之发挥作用并保持活力。 3.［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：上下文逻辑语义 + 名词词义辨析。难度：0.08 解此题，首先要理解空格后的短语 accident free operations 意为“无事故操作”，free 此处意为“无…的，免…的”， 如：a nuclear weapon free zone（无核武器区）；其次要理解条件从句 When the work is well done 的含义，根据上文， 可知它指的是：当公司能够很好地制定安全计划并贯彻实施时。考生还需注意这里条件从句实际上也反应出它和主 句之间是因果关系，即：由于公司能够很好地…，无事故操作的“什么”就可以建立起来了。根据逻辑判断，建立 规章（regulation）和要求（requirement）都不是可能的结果。其它两个选项中，climate 可以表示“气氛，氛围”，如： a climate of unrest （不安的气氛），它在文中意为“建立一个无事故操作的工作氛围”。干扰项是 circumstance，它也 可以表示“环境”，但一般用复数，如：The circumstances forced me to accept.（环境迫使我不得不同意）；当它做单 数时，含义是“一个情况，一个特定事件”，如：Your arrival was a fortunate circumstance.（你的到来是的一件幸事）。 4.［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：定语从句中的关系代词和关系副词。难度：0.38 空格前后部分是两个结构完整的句子：a climate of accident free operations is established（一个无事故操作的工作氛围 被建立起来）和 time lost is kept at a minimum（工伤损失的时间保持在最低的限度），这时空格处填入的词只有两种 可能：一是连词，来表明两者之间的逻辑关系；一是关系代词或关系副词，把后面句子变成前面句子的从句。选项 中惟一的连词是 unless，但它表达的含义“除非…否则…”放入文中显然不符合逻辑。那么接下来可以肯定空格连 接的是一个从句。所在句子可简化为 a climate is established4time is kept at a minimum，显然后面的从句只可能修饰先 行词 climate，从结构上看这是个定语从句，空格处需要一个关系副词，因此排除关系代词 what，关系副词 how 也排 除，因为 how 不能引导定语从句（详解见下面知识点补充）；只有 where 可以使句子结构合理，它相当于 in which， 在句中代替 in the climate，引导定语从句。从句的完整结构是 time is kept at a minimum in the climate（工伤损失的时 间在这种氛围里会被保持在最低的限度）。 知识点补充：关系副词 when，where 和 why 可以引导定语从句，并在从句中分别表示时间、地点或原因。它们的意 思相当于“介词+which 结构”，其中 when=at/in/on/during which，where=in/at which，why=for which。关系副词 how 不能引导定语从句，像 This is the way how he behaves 这样的句子是错误的。如果要用 how，句子中就不能有先行词， 如：This is how he behaves. 5.［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：动词词义和用法辨析。难度：0.53 本题首先考核动词与介词 in 的搭配。四个选项中，alter 和 distinguish 不能和 in 搭配，首先应该排除；shift in 表示“在… 里移动，变换位置”，如：He shifted impatiently in his seat（他不耐烦地在椅子里动来动去），显然这个含义不符合文 意需要；differ 能与 in 搭配，意为“在…方面不同”，如：My brother and I differ in many ways.（我和我兄弟在许多方
1999考研英语(一)真题与答案解析
1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Structure and VocabularyPart ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)1. Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew thatthe assertion about economic recovery ________ just around the corner was untrue.[A] would be[B] to be[C] was[D] being2. Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills ________ peopleeach year than automobile accidents.[A] seven more times[B] seven times more[C] over seven times[D] seven times3. It’s easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace ofmodern life and on the vague changes ________ place in our ever-changing world.[A] taking[B] to take[C] take[D] taken4. This is an exciting area of study, and one ________ which newapplications are being discovered almost daily.[A] from[B] by[C] in[D] through5. ________ can be seen from the comparison of these figures, theprinciple involves the active participation of the patient in the modification of his condition.[A] As[B] What[C] That[D] It6. Although I had been invited to the opening ceremony, I was unableto attend ________ such short notice.[A] to[B] in[C] with[D] on7. California has more light than it knows ________ to do with buteverything else is expensive.[A] how[B] what[C] which[D] where8. The solution works only for couples who are self-employed, don’thave small children and get along ________ to spend most of their time together.[A] so well[B] too well[C] well as[D] well enough9. Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about________ compliments to his political leaders.[A] paying[B] having paid[C] to pay[D] to have paid10. These proposals sought to place greater restrictions on the use andcopying of digital information than ________ in traditional media.[A] exist[B] exists[C] existing[D] to existPart BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect andmark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)11. Your math instructor would have been Ahappy to give you a makeup examination had you gone B and explained Cthat your parents had been Dill at the time. 12. As the children become financially A independent of Bthe family, the emphasis on Cfamily financial security will shift from protection to save Dfor the retirement years. 13. Were Athe Times Co. to purchase another major media company, there is no doubt that it could B dramatically transform a family-ran C enterprise that still gets 90% of its Drevenues from newspapers. 14. Symposium talks will cover a wide range A of subjects from Bover-fishing to physical and environment Cfactors that affect the populations Dof different species.15. Conversation calls for a Awillingness to alternate the role of speaker with one B of listener C , and it calls for occasional ‘digestive pauses ’by D both.16. If two theories are equal to A their ability to account for Ba body of data, the theory that does so Cwith the smaller number of assumptions is to be preferred D . 17. The Committee adopted a resolution requiring Athe seven automakers selling B the most cars in the state making C2 percent of those vehicles emissions-free Dby 1998. 18. As long as Apoor people, who in general are colored, are in conflict with B richer people, who in general are lighter C skin D, there ’s going to be a constant racial conflict in the world.19. All those left undone A may sound greatly Bin theory, but even the truest believer C has great difficulty when Dit comes to specifics.20. Even if A automakers modify commercially produced cars to run on Balternative fuels C , the cars won ’t catch on in a big way when Ddrivers can fill them up at the gas station.Part CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked[A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)21. An important property of a scientific theory is its ability to ________further research and further thinking about a particular topic.[A] stimulate[B] renovate[C] arouse[D] advocate22. Although architecture has artistic qualities, it must also satisfy anumber of important practical ________.[A] obligations[B] regulations[C] observations[D] considerations23. Life insurance is financial protection for dependents against loss________ the bread-winner’sdeath.[A] at the cost of[B] on the verge of[C] as a result of[D] for the sake of24. In education there should be a good ________ among the branchesof knowledge that contribute to effective thinking and wise judgment.[A] distribution[B] balance[C] combination[D] assignment25. The American dream is most ________ during the periods ofproductivity and wealth generated by American capitalism.[A] plausible[B] patriotic[C] primitive[D] partial26. Poverty is not ________ in most cities although, perhaps because ofthe crowded conditions incertain areas, it is more visible there.[A] rare[B] temporary[C] prevalent[D] segmental27. People who live in small towns often seem more friendly than thoseliving in ________ populated areas.[A] densely[B] intensely[C] abundantly[D] highly28. As a way of ________ the mails while they were away, the Johnsonsasked the cleaning lady to send little printed slips asking the senders to write again later.[A] picking up[B] coping with[C] passing out[D] getting across29. Tom’s mother tried hard to persuade him to ________ from hisintention to invest his savings in stock market.[A] pull out[B] give up[C] draw in[D] back down30. An increasing proportion of our population, unable to live withoutadvanced medical ________, will become progressively more reliant on expensive technology.[A] interference[B] interruption[C] intervention[D] interaction31. These causes produced the great change in the country thatmodernized the ________ of higher education from the mid-1860’s to the mid-1880’s.[A] branch[C] domain[D] scope32. Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the ________ in thefinancial system will drag down the economy.[A] shallowness[B] shakiness[C] scantiness[D] stiffness33. Crisis would be the right term to describe the ________ in manyanimal species.[A] minimization[B] restriction[C] descent[D] decline34. The city is an important railroad ________ and industrial andconvention center.[A] conjunction[B] network[D] link35. Prof. White, my respected tutor, frequently reminds me to ________myself of every chance to improve my English.[A] assure[B] inform[C] avail[D] notify36. Researchers discovered that plants infected with a virus give off agas that ________ disease resistance in neighboring plants.[A] contracts[B] activates[C] maintains[D] prescribes37. Corporations and labor unions have ________ great benefits upontheir employees and members as well as upon the general public.[A] conferred[B] granted[C] flung38. The movement of the moon conveniently provided the unit ofmonth, which was ________ from one new moon to the next.[A] measured[B] reckoned[C] judged[D] assessed39. The judge ruled that the evidence was inadmissible on the groundsthat it was ________ to the issue at hand.[A] irrational[B] unreasonable[C] invalid[D] irrelevant40. Fuel scarcities and price increases ________ automobile designers toscale down the largest models and to develop completely new lines of small cars and trucks.[A] persuaded[B] prompted[C] imposedSection II Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies 41low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them 42and active. When the work is well done, a 43of accident-free operations is established 44time lost due to injuriesis kept at a minimum.Successful safety programs may 45greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program.Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practices by 46 rules or regulations. 47others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained.There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financial standpoint alone, safety 48. The fewer the injury49, the better the workman’s insurance rate. This may mean thedifference between operating at 50or at a loss.41. [A] at[B] in[C] on[D] with42. [A] alive[B] vivid[C] mobile[D] diverse43. [A] regulation[B] climate[C] circumstance[D] requirement44. [A] where[B] how[C] what[D] unless45. [A] alter[B] differ[C] shift[D] distinguish46. [A] constituting[B] aggravating[C] observing[D] justifying47. [A] Some[B] Many[C] Even[D] Still48. [A] comes off[B] turns up[C] pays off[D] holds up49. [A] claims[B] reports[C] declarations[D] proclamations50. [A] an advantage[B] a benefit[C] an interest[D] a profitSection III Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40points)Text 1It’s a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Orso the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers’ misfortunes.Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longerwarning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might -- surprise! -- fall off. The label on a child’s Batman capecautions that the toy “does not enable user to fly.”While warnings are often appropriate and necessary -- the dangers of drug interactions, for example -- and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn’t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent ofthe companies lose when injured customers take them to court.Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn’t have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois,successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. “We’re really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren’t designed to prevent those kinds of injuries,” says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete’s injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute -- a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight -- issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warncustomers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. “Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities,” says a law professor at Cornell law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.51. What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened?[A] Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.[B] Injured customers could expect protection from the legalsystem.[C] Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.[D] Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companiespromised.52. Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to ________.[A] satisfy customers by writing long warnings on products[B] become honest in describing the inadequacies of their products[C] make the best use of labels to avoid legal liability[D] feel obliged to view customers’ safety as their first concern53. The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that ________.[A] some injury claims were no longer supported by law[B] helmets were not designed to prevent injuries[C] product labels would eventually be discarded[D] some sports games might lose popularity with athletes54. The author’s attitude towards the issue seems to be ________.[A] biased[B] indifferent[C] puzzling[D] objectiveText 2In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-businesssales make sense because businesspeople typically know what product they’re looking for.Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. “Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier,”says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk byconducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company’s private intranet.Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to “pull” customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to “push”information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers’computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company’s Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. That’s a prospect that horrifies Net purists.But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of VirtualVineyards, Amazon., and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.55. We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business________.[A] has been striving to expand its market[B] intended to follow a fanciful fashion[C] tried but in vain to control the market[D] has been booming for one year or so56. Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, theauthor implies that ________.[A] the technology is popular with many Web users[B] businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions[C] there is a radical change in strategy[D] it is accessible limitedly to established partners57. In the view of Net purists, ________.[A] there should be no marketing messages in online culture[B] money making should be given priority to on the Web[C] the Web should be able to function as the television set[D] there should be no online commercial information withoutrequests58. We learn from the last paragraph that ________.[A] pushing information on the Web is essential to Internetcommerce[B] interactivity, hospitality and security are important to onlinecustomers[C] leading companies began to take the online plunge decadesago[D] setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost ofcomputing powerText 3An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction -- indeed, contradiction -- which goes to the heart of what iswrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raise everyone’s job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age,it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education. With optimism characteristic of all industrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is fit to be educated. Computer-education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on theconfusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computered advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student.Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however,presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many businessmen, so many accountants. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not.Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, an entirely different story. Basic computer skills take -- at the very longest -- a couple of months to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.59. The author thinks the present rush to put computers in theclassroom is ________.[A] far-reaching[B] dubiously oriented[C] self-contradictory[D] radically reformatory60. The belief that education is indispensable to all children ________.[A] is indicative of a pessimism in disguise[B] came into being along with the arrival of computers[C] is deeply rooted in the minds of computered advocates[D] originated from the optimistic attitude of industrializedcountries61. It could be inferred from the passage that in the author’s countrythe European model of professional training is ________.[A] dependent upon the starting age of candidates[B] worth trying in various social sections[C] of little practical value[D] attractive to every kind of professional62. According to the author, basic computer skills should be ________.[A] included as an auxiliary course in school[B] highlighted in acquisition of professional qualifications[C] mastered through a life-long course[D] equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwiseText 4When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment -- although no one had proposed to do so -- and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. That group -- the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) -- has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on anear-final draft of their recommendations.NBAC will ask that Clinton’s 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNAor cells -- routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 Maymeeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be “morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning.”Shapiro explained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled.NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or toknowingly endanger an embryo’s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation, but in a phone interview, he said this issue was still “up in the air.”63. We can learn from the first paragraph that ________.[A] federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans[B] the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning[C] NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique[D] the White House has got the panel’s recommendations oncloning64. The panel agreed on all of the following except that ________.[A] the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made alaw[B] the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more control[C] it is criminal to use private funding for human cloning[D] it would be against ethical values to clone a human being65. NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because________.[A] embryo research is just a current development of cloning[B] the health of the child is not the main concern of embryoresearch[C] an embryo’s life will not be endangered in embryo research[D] the issue is explicitly stated and settled in the law66. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ________.[A] some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloningcompletely[B] a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time[C] privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBAC’sappeal[D] the issue of human cloning will soon be settledText 5Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn’t they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you don’t have unpredictable things, you don’t have research.Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the “scientific method” a substitute for imaginative thought. I’ve attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing acertain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said “the data are still inconclusive.”“We know that,” the men from the budget office have said, “but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?”The scientist has beenshocked at having even been asked to speculate.What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if。
考研英语一真题原文翻译1999
1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语全文翻译P a r t I I C l o z eT e s t安全生产并不是偶然事件:事故发生率低的公司制定自己的安全计划,努力付诸实施,并且不断使之发挥持久效力㊂如果这项工作做得好,就会建立一个无事故的工作氛围㊂在这种环境里,因工伤损失的时间会被保持在最低限度㊂成功的安全计划强调的重点可能大不相同㊂有些计划强调机械防护㊂另一些强调通过遵守规章制度来实施安全作业㊂还有一些靠的是对工人的感情投人㊂但是,要获得最好的效果,每一个计划当中都会遵循某些基本的思想㊂安全计划的价值不容置疑㊂单从财政的角度来说,安全计划花钱值得㊂工伤索赔越少,工人的保险率也就越高㊂这可能就决定着工厂的运营是盈利还是亏损㊂P a r t I I I R e a d i n g C o m pr e h e n s i o n P a s s a ge 1外面的世界是危险的㊂出门时你可能在踏脚垫上滑倒摔断一条腿;点燃炉子你可能会烧毁自己的房屋㊂幸运的是,如果踏脚垫和火炉这两种产品没有给出危险警告,你可能会赢得一场官司从而获得赔偿㊂这种想法大约形成于20世纪80年代早期,从此法庭让越来越多的公司对消费者所遭受的不幸负责㊂面对这样的情况,公司做出的反应是撰写冗长的警告标签,以预先标明种种可能发生的事故㊂梯子上几英寸长的警告标签会告诉你 让人惊讶的是 你可能摔倒㊂印在儿童的 蝙蝠侠 披肩上的标识语也告诫说,本玩具 不可能让使用者飞翔㊂虽然警示语常常是合理而必要的,警告药物有相互作用的危险,并且许多都是各州和联邦政府的法规所要求的,但是不清楚的是,当消费者受到伤害时,它们是否能保护制造商和销售商免除责任㊂如果受到伤害的消费者将他们告上法庭,大约50%的公司会败诉㊂现在这种情况仿佛正在发生变化㊂个人受伤索赔的案子如从前一样开审,然而法庭开始站在被告一边,特别是在有警告标签也不能避免事故的情况下㊂今年5月,伊利诺斯州S c h u t t 体育用品公司总裁J u l i eN i mm o n s 就打赢了一场官司,案件涉及一个橄榄球运动员戴着S c h u t t 公司生产的头盔在比赛中受伤并导致了瘫痪㊂N i mm o n s 说对他的瘫痪我们深感遗憾,但头盔并不是用来避免这种事故的㊂ 陪审团也认为是这种运动的性质造成了球员受伤,而不是头盔㊂同时,美国法律学会 一个由法官㊁律师和研究人员组成的团体,他们的意见有一定的分量公布了有关民事侵权法的新准则,指出公司不必警告消费者注意显而易见的危险,也不必连篇累牍地一再提醒他们注意可能会发生的危险㊂ 重要的事项可能会被一些无关紧要的信息掩盖, 百度官方认证店铺：考研资料分享考研资料，助力考研成功！。
1999年考研英语试题及参考答案（1）
Part One:l . Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertion about economic recovery __ just around the corner was untrue.[A]wouLd be [B]to be [C]was [D]being2. Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills __ people each year than automo- bile accidents.[A]seven more times [B]seven times more [C]over seven times [D]seven times3. It' s easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes __ place in our ever-changing world.[A] taking [B]to take [C]take [D]taken4. This is an exciting area of study, and one __ which new applications are being discov- ered almost daily.[A] from [B]by [C] in [D] through5 . __ can be seen from the comparison of these figures, the principle involves the active participation of the patient in the modification of his condition.[A]As [B]What [C]That [D] It6. Although I had been invited to the opening ceremony , I was unable to attend __ such short notice.[A]to [B]in [C]with [D]on7. California has more light than it knows __ to do with but everything else is expensive.[A] how [ B] what [ C] which [D] where8. The solution works only for couples who are self-employed, don' t have small children and get along __ to spend most of their time together.[A]so well [B]too well [C]well as [D]well enough9. Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about __ compliments to his political leaders .[A]paying [B]having paid [C]to pay [D] to have paid10. These proposals sought to place greater restrictions on the use and copying of digital informa- tion than __ in traditional media.[A]exist [B]exists [ C]existing [D]to exist11. Your math instructor would have been happy to give you a makeup examination[A]had you gone and explained that your parents had been ill at the time.[B] [C] [D]12. As the children become financially independent of the family, the emphasis on family fi-[A] [B] [C]nancial security will shift from protection to save for the retirement years.[D]13. Were the Times Co. to purchase another major media company, there is no doubt that it[A]could dramatically transform a family-ran enterprise that still gets 90% of its revenues[B] [C] [D]from newspapers .14. Symposium talks will cover a wide range of subjects from overfishing to physical and[A] [B]environment factors that affect the populations of different species.[C] [D]15 . Convenation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with one of listener , and[A] [B] [C]it calls for occasional ' digestive pauses' by both.[D]16. If two theories are equal to their ability to account for a body of data, the theory that[A] [B]does so with the smaller nomber of assumptions is to be preferred.[c] [D]17. The Committee adopted a resolution requiring the seven automakers selling the most cars in[A] [B]the state making 2 percent of those vehicles emissions-free by 1998.[C] [D]18. As long as poor people, who in general are colored, are in conflict with richer people, who in[A] [B]general are lighter skin, there' s going to be a constant racial conflict in the world.[C] [D]19 . All those left undone may sound greatly in theory, but even the trust believer has great dif-[A] [B] [C]ficulty when it comes to specifics.[D]20 . Even if automakers modify commercially produced cars to run on alternative fuels, the cars[A] [B] [C]won' t catch on in a big way when drivers can fill them up at the gas station.[D]21 . An important property of a scientific theory is its ability to ___ further research and fur-ther thinking about a particular topic.[ A] stimulate [ B] renovate [ C] arouse [ D] advocate22 . Although architecture has artistic qualities, it must also satisfy a number of important practi-cal __.[ A] obligations [B] regulations [ C ] observations [ D] considerations23 . Life insurance is financial protection for dependents against loss __ the bread-winner' sdeath .[A]at the cost of [B]on the verge of [C]as a result of [D]for the sake of24. In education there should be a good __ among the branches of knowledge that con-tribute to effective thinking and wise judgment .[ A] distribution [ B] balance [ C] combination [ D] assignment25 . The American dream is most __ during the periods of productivity and wealth generat-ed by American capitalism.[A] plausible [B] patriotic [ C] primitive [D] partial26 . Poverty is not __ in most cities although, perhaps because of the crowded conditions incertain areas, it is more visible there.[ A] rare [ B] temporary [ C] prevalent [ D] segmental27. People who live in small towns often seem more friendly than those living in __ popu- lated areas.[A] densely [ B] intensely [ C] abundantly [D] highly28. As a way of __ the mails while they were away, the Johnsons asked the cleaning lady to send little printed slips asking the senders to write again later.[A]picking up [B]coping with [C]passing out [D]getting across29 . Tom' s mother tried hard to persuade him to __ from his intention to invest his savings in stock market .[A]pull out [B]give up [C]draw in [D]back down30. An increasing proportion of our population, unable to live without advanced medical __ , will become progressively more reliant on expensive technology.[ A] interference [ B] interruption [ C] intervention [ D] interaction31 . These causes produced the great change in the country that modernized the __ of high- er education from the mid-1860's to the mid-1880's.[ A] branch [ B]category t C] domain [D] scope32 . Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the __ in the financial system will drag down the economy.[ A] shallowness [ B] shakiness [ C] scantiness [ D] stiffness33 . Crisis would be the right term to describe the __ in many animal species. .[ A] minimization [ B] restriction [ C] descent [ D] decline34 . The city is an important railroad __ and industrial and convention center.[A] conjunction [ B] network [ C]junction [D] link35. Prof. White, my respected tutor, frequently reminds me to __ myself of every chance to improve my English.[ A] assure [ B] inform [ C] avail [D] notify36. Researchers discovered that plants infected with a virus give off a gas that __ disease resistance in neighboring plants. [ A.] contracts [ B] activates [ C] maintains [ D] prescribe37 . Corporations and labor unions have __ great benefits upon their employees and mem- bers as well as upon the general pubtic.[A] conferred [ B]granted [ C] flung [D] submitted38. The movement of the moon conveniently provided the unit of month, which was __ from one new moon to the next.[ A] measured [ B] reckoned [ C]judged [ D] assessed39. The judge ruled that the evidence was inadmissible on the grounds that it was __ to the issue at hand.[ A] irrational [ B] unreasonable [ C] invalid [ D] irrelevant40. Fuel scarcities and price increases __ automobile designers to scale down the largest models and to develop completely new lines of small cars and trucks.[ A] persuaded [ B] prompted [ C] imposed [ D] enlightenedPart two: Cloze TestIndustrial safety does not just panies _41__ low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organizethem,and continue working to keep them 42 and active. When the work is well done, a 43 of accident-free operations is established _44__ time lost due to injuriesis kept at a minimum.Successful safety programs may 45 greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program.Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practices by _46__ rules or regulations._47_ others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every progr8m if maximum results are to be obtained.There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financial stand-point alone, safety _48__. The fewer the injury 49,the better the workman's insurance rate. This may mean the diff-erence between operating at _50__or at a loss.41. [A]at [B]in [C]on [D]with42. [A]alive [B]vivid [ C]mobile [D] diverse43. [A]regulation [B]climate [C]circumstance [D]requirement44. [A]where [B]how [ C]what [D]unless45. [A]alter [B]differ [ C] shift [D] distinguish46. [A] constituting [ B] aggravating [ C]observing [D]justifying47. [A]Some [B]Many [C]Even [D]Still48. [A]comes off [B]turns up [C]pays off [D]holds up49. [A]claims [B]reports [ C] declarations [ D] proclamations50. [A]an advantage [B]a benefit [C]an interest [D]a profitPart three:Passage lIt's a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your door- mat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Orso the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers' m i s f o r t u n e s . b r b d s f i d = " 1 7 9 " > F e e l i n g t h r e a t e n e d , c o m p a n i e s r e s p o n d e d b y w r i t i n g e v e r - l o n g e r w a r n i n g l a b e l s , t r y i n g t o a n t i c i p a t e e v e r y p o s s i b L e a c c i d e n t . T o d a y , s t e p l a d d e r s c a r r y l a b e l s s e v e r a l i n c h e s l o n g t h a t w a r n , a m o n g o t h e r t h i n g s , t h a t y o u m i g h t - s u r p r i s e ! - - f a l l o f f . T h e l a b e l o n a c h i l d ' s B a t m a n c a p e b r b d s f i d = " 1 8 0 " > c a u t i o n s t h a t t h e t o y " d o e s n o t e n a b l e u s e r t o f l y . " b r b d s f i d = " 1 8 1 " > W h i l e w a r n i n g s a r e o f t e n a p p r o p r i a t e a n d n e c e s s a r y -- t h e d a n g e r s o f d r u g i n t e r a c t i o n s , f o r e x a m p l e - - a n d m a n y a r e r e q u i r e d b y s t a t e o r f e d e r a l r e g u l a t i o n s , i t i s n ' t c l e a r t h a t t h e y a c t u a l l y p r o t e c t t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r s a n d s e l l e r s f r o m l i a b i l i t y i f a c u s t o m e r i s i n j u r e d . A b o u t 5 0 p e r c e n t o f b r b d s f i d = " 1 8 2 " > t h e c o m p a n i e s l o s e w h e n i n j u r e d c u s t o m e r s t a k e t h e m t o c o u r t . b r b d s f i d = " 1 8 3 " > N o w t h e t i d e a p p e a r s t o b e t u r n i n g . A s p e r s o n a l i n j u r y c l a i m s c o n t i n u e a s b e f o r e , s o m e c o u r t s a r e b e g i n n i n g t o s i d e w i t h d e f e n d a n t s , e s p e c i a l l y i n c a s e s w h e r e a w a r n i n g l a b e l p r o b a b l y w o u l d n ' t h a v e c h a n g e d a n y t h i n g . I n M a y , J u l i e N i m m o n s , p r e s i d e n t o f S c h u t t S p o r t s i n I l l i n o i s , b r b d s f i d = " 1 8 4 " > s u c c e s s f u l l y f o u g h t a l a w s u i t i n v o l v i n g a f o o t b a l l p l a y e r w h o w a s p a r a l y z e d i n a g a m e w h i l e w e a r - i n g a S c h u t t h e l m e t . " W e ' r e r e a l l y s o r r y h e h a s b e c o m e p a r a l y z e d , b u t h e l m e t s a r e n ' t d e s i g n e d t o p r e v e n t t h o s e k i n d s o f i n j u r i e s , " s a y s N i m m o n s . T h e j u r y a g r e e d t h a t t h e n a t u r e o f t h e g a m e , n o t t h e h e l m e t , w a s t h e r e a s o n f o r t h e a t h l e t e ' s i n j u r y . A t t h e s a m e t i m e , t h e A m e r i c a n L a w I n s t i - t u t e - - a g r o u p o f j u d g e s , l a w y e r s , a n d a c a d e m i c s w h o s e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s c a r r y s u b s t a n t i a l w e i g h t - i s s u e d n e w g u i d e l i n e s f o r t o r t l a w s t a t i n g t h a t c o m p a n i e s n e e d n o t w a r n c u s t o m e r s o f o b - b r b d s f i d = " 1 8 5 " > v i o u s d a n g e r s o r b o m b a r d t h e m w i t h a l e n g t h y l i s t o f p o s s i b l e o n e s . " I m p o r t a n t i n f o r m a t i o n c a n g e t b u r i e d i n a s e a o f t r i v i a l i t i e s , " s a y s a l a w p r o f e s s o r a t C o r n e l l l a w S c h o o l w h o h e l p e d d r a f t t h e n e w g u i d e l i n e s . I f t h e m o d e r a t e e nd o f t he l e g a l c o m m u n i t y h a s i t s w a y , t h e i nf o r m a t i o n o n p r o d - u c t s m igh t a c t u a l l y b e p r o vi de df o r t h e b e n e f i t o f c u s t o m e r s a n d n o t a s p r o t e c t i o n ag a i n s t l e g a l l i a - b i l i t y . . b r b d s f i d = " 18 6 " > 5 1 . W h a t w e r e t h i n g s l i k e i n 1 9 8 0 s w h e n a c c i d e n t s h a p p e n e d ? b r b d s f i d = " 1 8 7 " > [ A ] C u s t o m e r s m i g h t b e r e l i e v e d o f t h e i r d i s a s t e r s t h r o u g h l a w s u i t s . b r b d s f i d = " 1 8 8 " > [ B ] I n j u r e d c u s t o m e r s c o u l d e x p e c t p r o t e c t i o n f r o m t h e l e g a l s y s t e m . b r b d s f i d = " 1 8 9 " > [ C ] C o m p a n i e s w o u l d a v o i d b e i n g s u e d b y p r o v i d i n g n e w w a r n i n g s . b r b d s f i d = " 1 9 0 " > [ D ] J u r i e s t e n d e d t o f i n d f a u l t w i t h t h e c o m p e n s a t i o n s c o m p a n i e s p r o m i s e d . b r b d s f i d = " 1 9 1 " > 5 2 . M a n u f a c t u r e r s a s m e n t i o n e d i n t h e p a s s a g e t e n d t o _ _ b r b d s f i d = " 1 9 2 " > [ A ] s a t i s f y c u s t o m e r s b y w r i t i n g l o n g w a r n i n g s o n p r o d u c t s b r b d s f i d = " 1 9 3 " > [ B ] b e c o m e h o n e s t i n d e s c r i b i n g t h e i n a d e q u a c i e s o f t h e i r p r o d u c t s b r b d s f i d = " 1 9 4 " > [ C ] m a k e t h e b e s t u s e o f l a b e l s t o a v o i d l e g a l l ia b i l i t y b r b d s f i d = " 1 9 5 " > [ D ] f e e l o b l i g e d t o v i e w c u s t o m e r s ' s a f e t y a s t h e i r f i r s t c o n c e r n b rb d s f i d = " 1 9 6 " > 5 3 . T h ec a s e o f S c h u t t h e l m e tde m o n s t r a t e d t h a t _ _ b r b d sf i d = " 1 9 7 " > [ A ] s om e i n j u r y c l a i m s w e r e n o l o n g e r s u p p o r t e d b y l a w b r b d s f i d = " 1 9 8 " > [ B ] h e l m e t s w e r e n o t d e s i g n e d t o p r e v e n t i n j u r i e s b r b d s f i d = " 1 9 9 " > [ C ] p r o d u c t l a b e l s w o u l d e v e n t u a l l y b e d i s c a r d e d b r b d s f i d = " 2 0 0 " > [ D ] s o m e s p o r t s g a m e s m i g h t l o s e p o p u l a r i t y w i t h a t h l e t e s b r b d s f i d = " 2 0 1 " > 5 4 . T h e a u t h o r ' s a t t i t u d e t o w a r d s t h e i s s u e s e e m s t o b e _ _ b r b d s f i d = " 2 0 2 " > [ A ] b ia s e d [ B ] i n d i f f e r e n t [ C ] p u z z l i n g [ D ] ob j ec t i v e / p > p bd s f i d = " 2 0 3 " > / p > / d i v > d i v i d = " f l o a t _b t n "c l a s s = " " bd s f i d = " 2 0 4 " > b u t t o n c l a s s = " f l o a t _ b t n lef t _ b t n " i d = " c o p y _ b u t t o n " d a t a - c l i p b o a r d - a c t i o n = " c o p y " d a t a - c l i p b o a r d - t a rg e t = " # c o n t e n t - t x t " o n c l i c k = " d o _ c o p y ( ) ; " b d s f i d = " 2 0 5 " > e m c l a s s = " i c o n " b d s f i d = " 2 0 6 " >。
1999-1 Translation
33) During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
The irony of the historian’s craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts aபைடு நூலகம்e but contributions to an unending process.
2- 32) Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past.
1999年考研英语一真题
1999年考研英语一真题1999年考研英语一真题详解1999年考研英语一真题是考研英语考试中的一道历史真题，在这道题目中，我们将通过分析和解答来探讨该题的解题思路和答案。
在文章中，我们将遵循合适的格式进行写作，以便让读者更好地理解和学习。
题目要求：Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Within the next few months officials plan to remove the Great Wall's most famous section from the popular attraction tourist map. The section in Hebei's Laiyuan County was disliked because of its poor condition and unattractive appearance.解题思路和答案：文章中提到，几个月后，官员计划将河北涞源县的长城著名地段从游客地图中删除。
这个地段因其破旧的状态和不吸引人的外观而不受欢迎。
根据这一信息，我们可以进行翻译。
翻译：在接下来的几个月里，官员们计划将长城最著名的一段从热门景点的游客地图中删除。
涞源县的这一地段之所以不受欢迎，是因为其状况不佳和外观不吸引人。
根据题目要求，这道题目要求将划线的句子翻译成中文。
在翻译中，我们要保证准确表达原文的意思，同时语句要通顺，表达流畅，以便读者能够轻松理解翻译内容。
本文根据给定的考研英语一真题进行了解答，通过分析该题目的解题思路和答案，希望可以帮助大家更好地理解和应对考研英语考试。
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1999 年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题文章翻译Part I (略)Part II Cloze Test安全生产并不是偶然事件：事故发生率低的公司制定自己的安全计划，努力付诸实施，并且不断使之发挥持久效力。
如果这项工作做得好，就会建立一个无事故的工作氛围。
在这种环境里，因工伤损失的时间会被保持在最低限度。
成功的安全计划强调的重点可能大不相同。
有些计划强调机械防护。
另一些强调通过遵守规章制度来实施安全作业。
还有一些靠的是对工人的感情投人。
但是，要获得最好的效果，每一个计划当中都会遵循某些基本的思想。
安全计划的价值不容置疑。
单从财政的角度来说，安全计划花钱值得。
工伤索赔越少，工人的保险率也就越高。
这可能就决定着工厂的运营是盈利还是亏损。
Part ⅢReading ComprehensionPassage 1外面的世界是危险的。
出门时你可能在踏脚垫上滑倒摔断一条腿；点燃炉子你可能会烧毁自己的房屋。
幸运的是，如果踏脚垫和火炉这两种产品没有给出危险警告，你可能会赢得一场官司从而获得赔偿。
这种想法大约形成于20世纪80年代早期，从此法庭让越来越多的公司对消费者所遭受的不幸负责。
面对这样的情况，公司做出的反应是撰写冗长的警告标签，以预先标明种种可能发生的事故。
梯子上几英寸长的警告标签会告诉你——让人惊讶的是——你可能摔倒。
印在儿童的“蝙蝠侠”披肩上的标识语也告诫说，本玩具“不可能让使用者飞翔”。
虽然警示语常常是合理而必要的，警告药物有相互作用的危险，并且许多都是各州和联邦政府的法规所要求的，但是不清楚的是，当消费者受到伤害时，它们是否能保护制造商和销售商免除责任。
如果受到伤害的消费者将他们告上法庭，大约50%的公司会败诉。
现在这种情况仿佛正在发生变化。
个人受伤索赔的案子如从前一样开审，然而法庭开始站在被告一边，特别是在有警告标签也不能避免事故的情况下。
今年5月，伊利诺斯州Schutt体育用品公司总裁Julie Nimmons就打赢了一场官司，案件涉及一个橄榄球运动员戴着Schutt公司生产的头盔在比赛中受伤并导致了瘫痪。
Nimmons说“对他的瘫痪我们深感遗憾，但头盔并不是用来避免这种事故的。
”陪审团也认为是这种运动的性质造成了球员受伤，而不是头盔。
同时，美国法律学会——一个由法官、律师和研究人员组成的团体，他们的意见有一定的分量——公布了有关民事侵权法的新准则，指出公司不必警告消费者注意显而易见的危险，也不必连篇累牍地一再提醒他们注意可能会发生的危险。
“重要的事项可能会被一些无关紧要的信息掩盖，”Cornell法学院一位参加起草新准则的法学教授说。
如果这些法学界的温和派占了上风，那么产品上的信息可能会真正使消费者受益，而不是为逃避法律责任而设的自我保护措施。
Passage 2网上商务开始的第一年前后，商务活动主要围绕消费者市场进行开发。
现在，网络已经不再是一种时尚，因此公司之间开始相互做起了商品买卖。
这种公司对公司的销售是很有意义的，因为商业人士都非常清楚他们所需要的产品。
但是许多公司仍然不愿使用网络，因为他们怀疑网络的可靠性。
“商家需要感受到，他们可以信任供应商和他们之间的这种沟通途径，”Forrester研究所的高级分析员Blane Erwin这样说道。
一些公司为降低风险，只与长期合作的商业伙伴进行网上交易，只有这些商业伙伴才被允许进人公司的局域网。
网络商业模式的另一个转变与营销技术有关。
从前，互联网的营销活动主要集中在吸引顾客进人网站的一些策略上。
然而从去年开始，软件公司开发出了一些工具软件，它们能将营销信息直接“推”送给目标消费者。
最突出的例子是Pointcast网络，该网络使用屏幕保护程序将不断更新的新闻和广告送到注册用户的显示器上。
用户可按需要接受他们所想得到的信息，然后直接进人公司的互联网站。
Virtual Vineyards及其他公司已经开始使用类似技术将信息送到顾客手中，包括特价销售、产品供应和其他活动信息。
但是这种“推”送的技术受到了许多网上用户的鄙视。
网络文化非常重视这样一种理念，那就是，流动到屏幕上的信息应是在专门的请求之后才出现。
一旦商业促销不请自来地充斥着电脑屏幕，那么网络和电视就没多大差别了。
这种前景让网络净化者感到不安。
公司在网上并不是非得依靠“推”的策略才能挣钱。
Virtual Vineyards、和其他一些先驱网站的事例表明，如果一个网站出售合适的商品，适当交流，服务热情周到，且安全可靠，就会赢得网上的顾客。
经营计算机业务的成本继续下降，这对任何有意于建立网上商店的企业来说都是个好兆头。
再过5到10年，人们回过头看时很可能会感到奇怪：过去尝试网上销售的公司为何如此少呢？Passage 3一条无形的界线将主张计算机进人课堂的人们分成了两种：一种以学生的就业前景为理由，另一种以激进的教育改革为理由。
很少有作者就这个区别——事实上是矛盾——进行过探讨，但它却是把计算机引人课堂这一活动的关键所在。
目的在于使学生胜任某种工作的教育是职业教育，它存在的理由与法律所规定的普及教育之间有很大的差别。
按照法律规定，儿童必须上学到十几岁，并非是简单地为了增强学生的就业能力。
而是，我们对美国公民有这样一种概念，那就是，如果他不能准确地判断自身的生活及幸福如何受外界影响，他就是一个不完善的公民。
但事实并非就是如此。
在法律规定儿童上学至某个年龄之前，人们普遍认为有些儿童天生不适合接受这种教育。
随着工业化给国家带来的乐观精神，我们已经承认人人都适合受教育。
主张计算机教育的人们抛弃了这种乐观理念，取而带之的是与乐观外表相违背的悲观精神。
基于计算机进人课堂的教育理由和就业理由的混淆，主张计算机教育的人常常强调毕业生的就业前景，而忽视了他们受教育的成效。
对适和的学生实施职业教育是很有必要的。
许多欧洲学校引进了职业教育的概念，以保证学生为他们将来从事的职业作好充分的准备。
但是如果坚持认为能给未来的科学家、商人和会计提供充足的就业机会，那是非常武断的。
但是这种做法不可能准确地培养所需数量的各种专业人员，特别是像我们这样大的国家，有如此多的州，会涉及到如此多的跨国公司。
但是，对于少数学生来说，职业培训也许是可取之路，因为在其他因素相同的情况下，技能的娴熟是得到工作与否的关键。
当然，现在计算机的基本操作非常简单。
不需要花很长的时间去熟悉使用各种软件。
当然如果想成为计算机工程师，那就另当别论了。
基本的计算机技能最多需要一两个月就可以学会。
不管怎样，基本的计算机技能只是成为专业技术人员所需的众多真正技能的一个补充。
当然应该看到的是，不管是职业学校，还是普通学校，混淆计算机教学的目的，都不会受益。
Passage 4一个苏格兰研究小组3个月前透露说他们克隆了一只成年的羊，这个消息震惊了整个世界，克林顿总统很快就采取了行动。
他声称，反对用这种动物养殖技术来克隆人类，还下令禁止将联邦政府的经费用于类似的试验——虽然并没有人提出要进行这样的试验——并且要求以Princeton大学校长Harold Shapiro为首的一个专家小组在90天内向白宫提交一个报告，就针对克隆人所采取的政策提出建议。
这个名为“全国生物伦理道德顾问委员会”(NBAC)的小组一直在努力工作，将他们的理论写成文字，在5月17日的一次会议上，委员们就接近定稿的建议书取得了一致的意见。
NBAC将要求克林顿禁止联邦政府资金用于克隆人的90天禁令无限期延长，甚至建议将其立法。
但是NBAC成员们正在计划在建议的措辞上更加严谨，以避免对分子生物学的常规研究造成限制，如克隆人类的DNA或细胞。
然而，小组对一个关键性的问题仍未达成一致意见，那就是，是否将私人资金用于克隆人的行为法定为犯罪。
在5月17日会议上讨论的建议书的前言稿中，Shapiro提出“用成人细胞克隆方法来制造一个婴儿的做法在道德上是不可接受的”，委员们对此已达成共识。
Shapiro在会上解释说，道德上的疑虑主要来自于对这种婴儿的健康的忧虑。
专家小组非正式地接受了几种概括性的结论，但有些细节仍未最后决定。
NBAC计划呼吁联邦政府继续禁止资助任何通过克隆人体细胞核来制造婴儿的做法。
因为目前的联邦法律已经禁止使用联邦经费来制造胚胎（人类出生以前的最初阶段）以供研究，或有意识地危及胚胎的生命，因此NBAC将在胚胎研究方面保持沉默。
NBAC的成员还表示，他们将呼吁由私人资助的研究人员和研究所不要用人体细胞核转移技术去克隆人。
但他们在是否进一步采取立法行动禁止克隆人的问题上有所分歧。
Shapiro和多数成员都赞成立法，但在电话采访中，他说这个问题仍然“悬而未决”。
Passage 5实际上，科学的进步依赖于做实验，但更依赖于实验的观察者（即做实验的人）有所准备的头脑。
据说Isaac Newton是从苹果落地的现象中发现了万有引力。
多少个世纪以来，许多地方一直都有苹果落到地面，成千上万的人也都看见过。
但牛顿多年以来一直对月球和行星沿轨道运行的原因特别感兴趣。
是什么使它们有序地运行?它们为什么不从天上掉下来？苹果落到地面而不从地面“落回”树上这一事实解答了他一直在思考的像巨大水果的天体的运行问题，即月亮及行星的问题。
有多少人曾经思考过苹果从地面“落回”树上的可能性?牛顿想过，因为他不愿意推测任何事情。
他只是思考。
他的心理作好了充分的准备迎接预想不到的结果。
不可预测性是科学研究的本质的一部分。
如果没有预想不到的东西，就没有科学研究。
科学家们在为科学杂志撰写简短的干巴巴的报告时往往忘记了这一点，而历史上这样的例子比比皆是。
在与一些科学家特别是年轻科学家交谈时，你可能有这样的印象：他们用“科学的方法”代替了创造性思维。
我参加了许多研讨会，会上一位科学家被问及某个实验继续进行的可能性时，他皱了皱眉、看着图表说：“数据仍然不完整。
”预算办公室的人员说：“我们知道数据仍然不完整。
但你怎么想?是否有必要继续呢?你认为我们会得到什么样的结果?”这位科学家非常吃惊，他没有料到人们会让他做出预测。
当然，这里所暗示的是这位科学家只局限于他自己所写的东西。
他不断提出的推断从未得到质疑，以致他自己对这些推断深信不疑，而且还使资助他的工商界也相信是真的。
如果实验都像科学杂志上所说的那样按部就班地进行，那么管理者当然有理由希望科学研究能得出可以用金钱衡量的结果。
审计员当然也很有理由相信那些完全明白他们的目标和实现目标的方法的科学家，不需要一只眼睛盯着账目，一只眼睛盯着显微镜，从而被分散了注意力。
如果像他们的论文所反映的那样，科学家也想看到规律性和与某种标准模式的一致性，那么管理人员歧视研究人员中的“标新立异者”，而赞赏“善于合作”的具有传统思维模式的人，也就是无可指责的。
Part ⅣEnglish-Chinese Translation（71）几乎每个历史学家都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。