词汇与语法结构(四)
语言学概论_第四章语法
2.语法意义：通过一类共同功能所获得的意义。 语法意义不等于词汇意义。
如：英语中名词加词尾“- s”表示复数， “- s” 就是语法形式，“表示复数”就是语法意义。
3、根据语法形式的共同特点把它们归并为几个基 本类型，这种语法形式的类就叫做“语法手段”。
如：“一张动物园”，看起来是量词误用， 其实是“我要买一张去动物园的票”这句 话的成分省略现象。
初中，某数学老师讲方程式变换，在讲台 上袖子一挽大声喝道：同学们注意！我要 变形了！……
5.语法和逻辑
逻辑是语言表现内容的规律，语法是 语言表达形式的规律，二者的关系非常紧 密。逻辑对语法的影响主要表现为对语言 成分之间搭配关系的制约。从基本要求看， 一般人们说话不但要合语法，也要合逻辑。 个别不合逻辑的，只要大家都这么说，都 懂得是什么意思，就不能完全用逻辑来苛 求了。
“科学”本为名词，后产生出“具有科学属 性的”这一意义，用该词修饰或描写此属
严密的系统性 相对的稳定性
语法的高度抽象性
小明喝牛奶。 妈妈已经吃过饭了。 老师在黑板上写字。
语法规则具有强大的递归性
学生在看书。 隔壁的学生在看他的书。 隔壁在xx小学读书的学生在家里看他的辅
导书。 隔壁在xx小学读书的学生在家里看他昨天
从新华书店买来的他一直想要的辅导书。
语法规则具有严密的系统性
江西人不怕辣 湖南人辣不怕 四川人怕不辣
（4）语调是通过整个句子的音高、重音、停顿等 来表示一定语法意义的形式。语调实际上已经是 表达层面上的一种语法手段了。
如：滚蛋！
6.根据语法手段的不同可把人类语言分为：
语言
综合性语言：主要使用词形变化、 词的轻重音等语法手段的语言。 如俄语、德语
英语专四考试词汇与语法详解
英语专四考试词汇与语法详解英语专四考试词汇与语法详解语法和词汇是英语考试必考的题目，占得分值也是比较大的，深入了解语法和词汇是我们必须要做到，下面就和店铺一起来看看专业英语四级的词汇语法详解吧!一、代数名词数词1.在使用两个以上的人称代词时顺序是：第二人称第三人称第一人称2.everyone后面不可以跟of短语 every one 就可以3.以‘名词/动名词+介词(短语)/形容词/副词/动词不定式’构成的复合名词，它的复数形式是将作为主要部分的名词或动名词变为复数直接来源于短语或以可数名词结尾的复合名词的复数形式是将最后一个构词部分变为复数以‘man 或者woman+名词’构成的复合名词的复数形式是将两个组成部分全变成复数以不可数名词结尾的复合名词无复数形式如：homework4.物质名词一般不可数，但用于表示‘各种不同品种’时几乎都可做可数名词如：different teas5.当抽象名词前后有修饰语表示‘某一种’或‘某一方面’的`抽象概念时其前可加a/an6.名词所有格要点：必须用's的场合(1)'s属格用于表示时间，度量衡，价值的名词之后(2)作为一个整体的词组在最后一个词加's(3)人或物为两人共有，在第二个名词后加's(4)当所有格后面的名词是人们熟悉的建筑物如商店，住家，教堂，医院等，此名词常省略(5)复合名词在最后一个词后加's(6)当被修饰的名词后有同位语时，必须用's7.当用来表示类别或属性时，要用's children's shoes 儿童鞋，必须用of的场合(1)名词后跟有后置修饰语或同位语时(2)以定冠词加分词或形容词表示一类人时如果dozen/score/hundred/thousand/million前有基数词以表示确切数目时，都不能用复数形式如果用来表示很多有不确切的数目时，须用复数，而且后面加of8.表示顺序的两种方式：(1)'名词+基数词'，不用冠词，如Chapter four(2)' the+序数词+名词' 如the Fourth Chapter9.倍数增减的表示法(1) 倍数+形容词/副词比较级+than(2) 倍数+as+形容词/副词+as(3) 倍数+名词(4) 动词+百分比或倍数(5) 动词+to+数词(6) double/triple/quadruple+名词(7) 动词+by+数词/百分比/倍数10.分数分子为基数词，分母为序数词分母除了在分子为一的其他情况下为复数11.百分比后接名词时加of二、形容词副词(1)前置修饰语的排列顺序可以至于冠词前的形容词(all both such) -----冠词，指示形容词，所有格形容词，不定形容词(a an the this your his any some)-----------基数词(one ) 序数词(first)------------ 表示性质，状态，质量的形容词(good useful)--------------表示大小，长短，形状的形容词----------------表示年龄，新旧，温度的形容词------------表示颜色的形容词---------------------表示国籍，产地，区域的形容词-----------表示材料，用做形容词的名词----------动名词，分词(2)后置修饰语由前缀a-构成的形容词(3)形容词修饰由some-,any-,every-,no-,-body,-one,-thing等组成的复合不定代词时，必须后置(4)enough作形容词修饰名词时既可放前又可放后，但当它作副词修饰形容词或副词时，必须后置(5)有些形容词本身就有’比…年长‘，’比…… 优等的意思这些形容词后面用介词to 而不用than(6)much too 作为副词短语修饰形容词或副词，不修饰名词(7)more 不能用来修饰比较级(8)与名词连用的more of a …/as much of a…/more of a…意为更像…(9)as much o f a…意为称得上，less of a 意为算不上(10)none other than(不是别人，正是)=no other than(11)any/some/every与other连用时，其后若用可数名词，一般为单数三、情态动词(1)can 用于否定句cannot(help)but表示不能不，只能(but后跟不带to的动词不定式)(2)must 表示禁止，一定不要时的否定式为mustn't 当它表示有把握的推断时意为一定准是时它的否定形式为can't(3)need doing=need to be done 这个句型表示被动意味(4)need not have done sth 表示本来没有必要做某事 (经常考)四、虚拟语气从句主句(1)与过去事实相反 had+过去分词 should(第一人称)would(其它人称)+have+过去分词与现在事实相反一般过去式(动词be用were) would/should/could/might+动词原型与将来事实相反过去式或should/were+动原would/should/could/might+动词原型(2)It is (high/about/the)time……谓语动词用过去式指现在或将来的情况表示早该做某事而现在已经有点晚了(3)It is the first(second/third)time后的that从句中，谓语动词要用完成体来表示一种经验(4)as if/though 的虚拟要点(5)对当时事实的假设，从句谓语用过去式，be动词一律用were(6)对过去事实的假设，从句谓语用过去完成式(7)对未来事实的假设，从句谓语用would+动词原型【英语专四考试词汇与语法详解】。
TEM4(语法词汇讲座)
对谓语动词与非谓语动词区别的考查主要 集中在独立主格结构，如： All things ___ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train. A. had been canceled B. have been canceled
B. 近义的词： (1) I couldn ’t sleep because the tap in the D bathroom was ______. A. draining B. dropping A C. spilling D. dripping (2) The service was held to _________the sacrifice of those who died in the war. A. B commemorate B. memorize C. remember D. remind (3) Shortly after the boat docked, the passengers
专四填空题六大题型 1.
近义词辨析题。 2．形近词辨析题 3. 词根词缀辨析题： 4. 动词词组题： 5. 从句引导词题： 6. 逻辑连词题：
语法和词汇的复习思路：
1 ．全面掌握基本语法点，重点记住各 个项目中的“偏，特，难”点。 2．掌握常用习惯用法和词组。 3 ．注意在阅读中培养语感，因为在语 篇层次上培养的语感往往可以直接帮助 答题。 4．研究以往考试试题，适当做些练习 记住典型题例。
2）状语从句的考点为： 非 if 引导的条件状语从句，此类句子多用 at times; provided，so long as，in case，once等 来替代if； 由even if／so，now that，for all等引导的让 步状语从句； just／hardly...when引导的时间状语从句； more than，as...as，not so much as，the same as，as much as等引导的比较状语从句。
大学英语辅导-词汇与语法结构
• 3． 当each, everyone, everybody, no one, none, nobody, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody,用 作主语或主语限定词时，其相应的代词一般用单数形 式。
• 4． 当everything, anything, something, nothing等用 作主语时，句中相应的代词一般只按语法一致的原则 ，用单数形式。
from 1981 to 1985。 • by 表示“到某时止”，“在某时之前”。如：by the end of this
month。
• B．表示地点的介词
• 1. in, at
• in 表示教大的地方或场所，at表示教小的地方 或场所。如：in London, at the airport等。
• 2. to, towards, for
• A. keep
B. take
• C. change
D. give
• Spring up 出现
• Take one’s place取代
•B
• Change vi
• Change into
Vocabulary and Structure :
（一）词法（包括名词、动词、形容 词和副词、代词、冠词、连词、数词、 介词）
• 2．一般过去时态
• 表示过去时间所发生的动作或存在的状态，常 与过去特定的时间状语连用；或表示过去某一 段时间一直持续或反复发生的动作，可与表示 频度的时间副词连用。形式为: V-ed。例如：
• I bought this computer five years ago. 五年 前我买了这太电脑。
词汇与语法结构—名词+冠词+代词
（Countable Nouns），物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计
算，称为不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）。
名词分类表
1.1 名词复数的规则变化
1.2 其它名词复数的规则变化
1) 以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复
但除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。 如: a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters
1.3 名词复数的不规则变化
3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。 如： people police cattle 等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，
6） 另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特 别意思，如：goods货物，waters水域， fishes（各种）鱼
1.4 不可数名词量的表示
1）物质名词 a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时。
比较：Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一种食物。 (不可数) These cakes are sweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃。 (可数)
数时，直接加s变复数：
如： two Marys
the Henrys
monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays
比较： 层楼：storey ---storeys story---stories
2) 以o 结尾的名词，变复数时： a. 加s，如： photo---photos piano---pianos radio---radios zoo---zoos； b. 加es，如：heroes; negroes; potato—potatoes;
词汇与语法
宾语：句子中表示动作、行 为的对象或结果的部分
补语：句子中补充说明宾语 或主语的部分，通常表示动
作的方式、时间、地点等
状语：修饰动词、形容词或整个句子的成分，表示时间、地点、方式等 定语：修饰名词或代词，表示品质、特征、所属等 状语和定语在句子中起到描述和限定的作用 正确使用状语和定语可以提高语言表达的准确性和丰富性
主语、谓语、宾语是句子的主要成分 定语、状语、补语是句子的次要成分 句子成分的顺序是主语、谓语、宾语，然后是定语、状语、补语 句子成分的顺序是遵循一定的规则和习惯的
并列复合句：由两个或两个以上的简单句并列组成，表达相对独立的含义。 主从复合句：由一个主句和一个或多个从句组成，从句在句中充当主句的一个成分。 嵌套复合句：一个复合句中包含另一个复合句，形成嵌套结构。 包孕复合句：一个复合句包含另一个简单句，形成包孕结构。
练习建议：多阅读，多写作， 提高语言运用能力
缺少主语或 谓语
句子成分多 余或残缺
语序不当 句式杂糅
词汇选择：根据语境选择合适 的词汇，表达准确含义
语法结构：运用正确的语法结 构，使句子通顺流畅
词汇丰富度：使用多样化的词 汇，增加语言表达的丰富性
语法准确性：确保语法正确， 避免产生歧义或误解
理解句子含义：通过词汇和语法 的组合，理解句子的具体含义。
添加标题 添加标题 添加标题 添加标题
定义：主语和谓语在人称、数、格等方面不一致的语法错误。
常见类型：主语是复数形式，谓语却是单数形式；主语是单数形式，谓 语却是复数形式。
纠正方法：检查主谓是否一致，确保在语法和语义上都符合规范。
示例：正确的句子：“The books are on the shelf.”（书在架子上。） 错误的句子：“The book is on the shelf.”（书在架子上。）
大学英语三级A级-词汇与语法(四)
大学英语三级A级-词汇与语法(四)(总分：120.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、词汇与语法(总题数：120，分数：120.00)1.it was on the National Day ______ she met with her separated sister.（分数：1.00）A.that √B.whereC.whenD.which解析：[答案精解] 本题考查的是强调句式。
强调句式由“It is/was+被强调成分+that/who...”构成。
本句强调的是时间。
2.I've finally finished my paper and it ______ me an entire month.（分数：1.00）A.takesB.took √C.was takenD.had taken解析：[答案精解] “论文已完成，花费一个月时间”应指过去；“某事花费某人多少时间”用sth．takes sb．some time结构。
3.We don't doubt ______ he can do a good job.（分数：1.00）A.whetherB.that √C.howD.why解析：[答案精解] doubt+wh-从句；not doubt+that-从句。
4.He was ______ today, but was asked to stay for ______ week.（分数：1.00）A.to have returned; another √B.returning; one moreC.returned; anotherD.to return; other解析：[答案精解] be to + have done结构，表示本应该做某事，但事实上却没有做。
5.—Where do you think ______ he ______ the computer?— Sorry, I have no ide（分数：1.00）A.A. has; boughtB. / ; boughtC. did; buyD. had; bought解析：[答案精解] 此句为复杂特殊疑问句结构，即“疑问词+do you think (believe，suppose，expect，imagine，say，consider，guess等)+其它(陈述语序)?”。
2011年专业英语四级考试模拟试题：词汇语法篇(4)
2011 年专业英语四级考试模拟试题：词汇语法篇(4)A. whatB. thatC. whichD. whose2. I understand ____ preparation that staff must put in under pressure to meet the deadline.A. more than the enormous amount ofB. better than most the enormous number ofC. better than most the enormous amount ofD. fewer than the number of3. I’m sure your suggestion will ____ the problem.A.contribute to solvingB. be contributed to solveC. contribute to solveD. be contributed to solving4. In 1840, both Lucretian Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton resented ______ proper seating at the World’s Anti slavery convention in London because of their sex.A. refusingB. to be refusedC. being refusedD. having refused5. America will never again have as a nation the spirit of adventure as it ____ before the West was settled.A. couldB. didC.wouldD. was6. You should have put the milk into the ice box, I expect it____ undrinkable.A. becameB.had becomeC. has becomeD. becomes7. It’s no good ____ him. He is always indifferent towards others’matters.A. to turn toB. turning toC. turn toD. turned to8.Some companies have introduced flexible working time with less emphasis on pressure ____A. than more on efficiencyB. and more on efficiencyC. and more efficiencyD.than efficiency9. She always put her medication on the top of the shelf lest the children ____ it by mistake.A. tookB. should takeC. had takenD. would take10. The earnings of women are well below that of men____ educational differences that are diminishing between the two sexes.A. althoughB. thoughC. despite ofD. in spite of11. Many automobile accidents were ____ careless driving.A. attributed toB. resulted inC. contributed toD. raised from12. The actress wanted a hat to ____ her dress.A. go byB. go throughC. go outD. go with13. It takes a lot of ____ to put on a school play such as King Lear.anizationB.arrangementC. managementD. preparation14. The police carried out a(n) ____ search for the mising boy.A. completeB. entireC. thoroughD. whole15. The ____ crown jewels are kept in the Tower of London.A. valuedB. valuelessC. invaluableD. usable16. Tom has been a vegetarian ____ principle for years.A. inB.onC. forD. by17. When I got out of the car and walked about among them,____ one old man who shook his head disapprovingly, they all began to cheer.A. see thatB. except thatC.provided thatD. except for18. ____ the water left in the kettle, the doctor put several things he unwrapped from a handkerchief.A. AtB.ToC. WithinD. Into19. I am ____ grateful for the many kindnesses you have shown my son.A. excessivelyB. muchC. certainlyD. exceedingly20. The ____ of AIDS has led to an expansion in research seeking a cure.A. innovationB. selectionC. proliferationD. conviction21. I am sorry I have no time at present to ____ more detail or give you an account of other cities of interest.A. bring intoB. take intoC. come intoD. go into22. When the idea of winning in sports is carried to excess,____ competition can turn into disorder and violence.A. honestlyB. honestC. honorableD. honorary23. Unless all the members agree to ____ to the plan there may be further development in the course of action.A. tumbleB. stickC. comeD. adjust24. You must pay import ____ on certain goods brought into this country.A. moneyB. feesC. billsD. duties25. We expect Mr. White will ____ Class One when Miss Jane retires.A. take overB. take upC. take offD. take to答案详解：1. B)【句意】有证据表明，小至六个月的婴儿就能识别具体的声音。
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（4) You can't do anything else until you your homework.A. finishedB. will finishC. have finishedD. had finished答案：C解析：根据上下文语意判断。
（5) Send for a doctor quickly. The man .A. will dieB. is dyingC. diesD. died答案：B解析：根据上下文语意判断,注意和汉语表达习惯的差异。
（6）He told me that the number of students to be admittedat that time.A.had not been decided onB. were not decided onB.has not been decided onD. are not decided on答案：A解析：根据上下文语意判断。
（7) It is recorded that in 1892 the weather became so cold that the river____ over.A. freezesB. was freezingC. has frozenD. froze答案：D.解析：in 1892 应该是一般过去时，主从句时态也应保持一致。
（8) People were disturbed and began to see where the noise .A. is comingB. was comingC. has comeD. had come答案：B.解析：主从句时态一致。
（9) Everyone to bring some food to the party on Sunday.A. supposesB. will supposeC. is supposedD. will be supposed答案：C解析：根据上下文语意判断。
（10) ---Is Tom coming with us?--- He can’t ---he for his exams.A. preparesB. is preparingC. has preparedD. prepared答案：B解析：根据上下文语意判断。
2. 非谓语动词（1) Jack was the sort of man who did not like his actions_______.A. be questionedB. questioningC. having questionedD. questioned答案：D解析：非谓语动词中某些动词宾补省略to的用法。
（2）With such a lot of work _______, Mr. Jordon really had no time to look after his wife and daughter.A. doneB. doingC. to doD. having done答案：C解析：动词不定式的用法。
（3）The manager had Ms. Brunel l the new assistant around yesterday.A.to showB. showedC. showingD. show答案：D解析：非谓语动词中某些动词宾补省略to的用法。
（4) The speaker, _____ for his speeches, was warmly received by the students.B. to be knownC. having knownD. being known答案：A解析: 过去分词作定语的用法，和所修饰词之间是被动关系。
The speaker应该是被知道，所以选过去分词。
（5) The President gave the Secretary of State 30 days ____ the report.A. completesB. to completeC. completingD. completed答案：B.解析：动词不定式用法辨析。
gave…to do。
（6) I wrote a letter to the car dealer, what had happened to my new car.A. explainingB. to explainC. explainsD. explained答案：A解析：动词非谓语用法辨析，现在分词作目的状语。
（7) The film star walked to his car, by a crowd of fans.A. to followC. followedD. to be followed答案：C解析：过去分词作伴随状语。
（8) a small business, Jane is able to support her family now.A. RunB. RanC. RunningD. To run答案：C解析：现在分词作方式状语。
（9) With all his homework , the boy was allowed to watch TV.A. finishedB.to finishC. will finishD. having finished答案：A解析：现在分词作方式状语。
（10) Welcome to our house! I’ll have Hudson you around in a minute.A.showB.to showC.showing答案：A解析：非谓语动词中某些动词宾补省略to的用法。
3.从句关联词（1) I wonder we could have a talk after the meeting..A.whichB.whyC.thatD.if答案：D.解析：宾语从句关联词的辨析，根据句意选择。
（2) The nurse held a small child _____ face I didn’t see clearly.A.whichB.thatC.whoseD.who答案：C解析：定语从句关联词的辨析，根据句意选择。
（3）I enjoy listening to Miss White, my English teacher, ，I can only understand about half of what she says.A. whenB. becauseC. ifD. though解析：状语从句关联词的用法，根据句意选择。
（4）Joe took his friends there by a shortcut,reduced the drive from 50 minutes to 15.A. whereB. whichC. thatD. what答案：B解析：非限定性定语从句的引导词辨析。
(5）Jack told his daughter that she could have she wanted for Christmas.A. whichB. whateverC. thatD. whenever答案：B解析：宾语从句的引导词辨析。
(6）The Greens chose to live life was cheap, and they moved to a small town years ago.A. ifB. untilC. whenD. where解析：状语从句关联词的辨析。
根据句意选择。
(7） Following me and I’ll show you the library isA. whatB. whenC. whereD. which答案：C解析：宾语从句关联词辨析, 根据上下文语意判断。
(8） I admire most about Lee is his love of nature.A. WhatB. HowC. ThatD. Where答案：A解析：主语从句关联词辨析, 根据上下文语意判断。
(9） It has been almost five years we saw each other last time.A. afterB. beforeC. sinceD. when答案：C解析：状语从句关联词辨析, 根据上下文语意判断。
(10） James had never seen Brando again, was really a pity.A. whoB. whatC. whichD. where答案：C解析：非限定性定语从句关联词辨析, 根据上下文语意判断。