reproductive biology of boiga guangxiensis wen, 1998serpentes colubridae
Animal Reproductive Tissue Sample
Animal Reproductive Tissue Sample Animal reproductive tissue samples are a crucial aspect of scientific research and veterinary medicine. These samples are essential for studying the reproductive processes of animals, diagnosing reproductive disorders, and developing reproductive technologies. However, obtaining these samples can be a challenging and sensitive process, as it involves the collection of tissues from livinganimals or post-mortem specimens. This raises ethical considerations and necessitates careful handling and storage of the samples to ensure their integrity and usefulness for research and diagnostic purposes. From a scientific perspective, animal reproductive tissue samples are invaluable for understanding the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying reproduction in different species. These samples provide researchers with the opportunity to study the structure and function of reproductive organs, the development of gametes, the hormonal regulation of reproductive processes, and the genetic basis of reproductive disorders. By analyzing these tissues, scientists can gain insights into the reproductive biology of animals, which can have implications for conservation, breeding programs, and the development of reproductive technologies. In the field of veterinary medicine, reproductive tissue samples play a crucialrole in diagnosing and treating reproductive disorders in animals. These samples are used to identify the causes of infertility, abnormal estrous cycles, and reproductive tract infections in domestic and wild animals. By examining these tissues, veterinarians can make accurate diagnoses, develop treatment plans, and provide reproductive management advice to animal owners and breeders. Additionally, reproductive tissue samples are essential for monitoring the reproductive healthof animals in breeding programs and for ensuring the quality and safety of reproductive technologies such as artificial insemination and embryo transfer. However, the collection of animal reproductive tissue samples raises ethical considerations regarding the welfare of the animals involved. The process of obtaining these samples, whether through surgical procedures, non-invasive techniques, or post-mortem examinations, must be carried out with the utmost care and consideration for the animals' well-being. This requires the involvement of trained professionals who can perform the procedures in a manner that minimizespain and distress for the animals. Furthermore, the use of animal reproductive tissue samples for research and diagnostic purposes must be justified by the potential benefits to animal health, welfare, and conservation. In addition to ethical considerations, the handling and storage of animal reproductive tissue samples are critical for preserving their integrity and ensuring their usefulness for research and diagnostic purposes. Proper collection, labeling, and preservation of these samples are essential to avoid contamination, degradation, or loss of valuable biological material. This requires adherence to strict protocols for sample collection and storage, as well as the use of appropriate equipment and facilities for handling reproductive tissues. Furthermore, the transportation of these samples from the collection site to the laboratory must be carefully planned to maintain their quality and prevent any damage ordeterioration during transit. From a personal perspective, working with animal reproductive tissue samples can be emotionally challenging for researchers, veterinarians, and animal care professionals. The process of collecting these samples may involve interacting with animals in various settings, including farms, research facilities, and wildlife habitats. This requires a deep sense of empathy, respect, and responsibility towards the animals, as well as a commitment to upholding ethical standards and animal welfare principles. Additionally, the analysis of reproductive tissue samples may reveal information about the reproductive health and potential challenges faced by individual animals, which can evoke feelings of concern and compassion for their well-being. In conclusion, animal reproductive tissue samples are invaluable for scientific research and veterinary medicine, providing essential insights into the reproductive biology of animals and facilitating the diagnosis and treatment of reproductive disorders. However, the collection, handling, and storage of these samples require careful consideration of ethical, technical, and emotional aspects. By addressing these perspectives, we can ensure that animal reproductive tissue samples are obtained and utilized in a responsible and respectful manner, ultimately benefiting the health, welfare, and conservation of animals.。
【医学PPT课件】Reproductive Physiology
➢ Initial development of oocytes beings in fetal life, but maturation is delayed until puberty when single oocytes mature and are released monthly for the next 4 decades.
In the female, FSH stimulates follicle development and, along with LH, the synthesis of estradiol.
Testosterone and estradiol stimulate the development of secondary sex characteristics and a growth spurt in the male and female, respectively.
➢ Spermatogenesis results from conversion of spermatogonia to mature sperm through mitosis, meiosis, and differentiation.
➢ Sertoli cells of the seminiferous tubules support sperm development as well as surround and isolate developing sperm from the blood supply.
➢ FSH stimulates monthly development of follicles, LH stimulates monthly ovulation, and both stimulate synthesis and secretion of progesterone and estradiol.
生物学简介英文版
生物学简介英文版Introduction to BiologyBiology is the scientific study of life and living organisms. It is a vast and diverse field that encompasses various sub-disciplines, including ecology, genetics, biochemistry, microbiology, and evolutionary biology. Biology is essential to understanding the natural world and how it functions.The origins of biology can be traced back to the Greek philosopher Aristotle, who studied and wrote about living organisms. However, it was not until the 19th century that biology became a formalized science with the help of advancements in scientific tools and techniques.One of the central themes of biology is the concept of evolution. Evolution is the process by which species change and adapt over time through natural selection. This concept is supported by fossil records, genetics, and biogeography. Evolution drives biodiversity and has shaped the natural world as we know it today.Ecology is another vital sub-discipline of biology. It is the study of how living organisms interact with each other and their environment.Ecologists investigate various topics, such as food webs, nutrient cycles, and the impact of human activity on ecosystems.Genetics is the study of DNA and how it shapes traits in organisms. It is instrumental in understanding the inheritance of traits and the evolution of species. Biochemistry is the study of chemical processes within living organisms, including metabolism, enzyme function, and cell signaling.Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Microorganisms play crucial roles in many aspects of life, including food production, medicine, and environmental processes.In conclusion, biology is a vast and diverse field that explores the natural world and the living organisms that make it up. It encompasses various sub-disciplines, including ecology, genetics, biochemistry, microbiology, and evolutionary biology. Biology provides us with a better understanding of the world we live in and how we relate to it.。
生物治疗英文作文
生物治疗英文作文Biological therapy, also known as biotherapy or immunotherapy, is a type of treatment that uses substances made from living organisms to treat disease. It can involve using the body's own immune system to fight cancer, or using genetically engineered proteins to target specific cells in the body.One of the most common forms of biological therapy is the use of monoclonal antibodies, which are designed to target and destroy specific proteins on the surface of cancer cells. These antibodies can be used alone or in combination with other cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy.Another form of biological therapy is the use of cytokines, which are proteins that help regulate the immune system. Cytokine therapy can be used to boost the body's natural defenses against cancer, or to help reduce the side effects of other cancer treatments.In addition to treating cancer, biological therapy can also be used to treat other diseases, such as autoimmune disorders, infectious diseases, and inflammatory conditions. For example, biological therapy can be used to target the underlying causes of rheumatoid arthritis, or to help the body fight off infections such as HIV or hepatitis.Overall, biological therapy offers a promising approach to treating a wide range of diseases, by harnessing the power of the body's own immune system and using targeted therapies to attack specific disease-causing cells. As research in this field continues to advance, the potential for biological therapy to revolutionize the treatment of disease is becoming increasingly apparent.。
医学专业外语--Medical Terminology Reproduction女性生殖系统
Ovary
Testis
Test Yourself – Name the hormones produced by
Hypothalamus
Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone
nes produced by
Female Reproductive System
Stem Words - Anatomy
Gyn/o, gynec/o Ov/o Ovari/ Oophor/o Salpinx Hyster/o Cervix Vagina Vulva Labia
Female Reproductive System
Test Yourself – Name the hormones produced by
Ovary
Estrogens
• Estradiol
Progesterone Androgens
Test Yourself – Name the hormones produced by
Testis
Female Reproductive System Anatomy - Medical Terms
Gonad, Ovary Fallopian Tube Uterus, Womb Muscle of uterus Lining of uterus Neck of the uterus, cervix
Ovary (Stems = ovari-
Oophoro-)
Words using the stems
Testi-
Testes Testicle Testicular Testosterone
Ova-, Ovari-
Microbial Bioprospecting Sample
Microbial Bioprospecting Sample Microbial bioprospecting is a fascinating field that holds immense potential for discovering new sources of valuable compounds with diverse applications. The process involves exploring microbial diversity in different environments,isolating unique microorganisms, and studying their metabolites for possible commercial use. One of the key aspects of microbial bioprospecting is the search for novel bioactive compounds that can be used in various industries, including pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and bioremediation. By tapping into the rich microbial biodiversity present in nature, researchers have the opportunity to uncover hidden treasures that could benefit society in numerous ways. One of the most exciting aspects of microbial bioprospecting is the sheer diversity of microorganisms that exist in the environment. From the depths of the ocean to the soil beneath our feet, microbes can be found in almost every habitat on Earth. These microorganisms have evolved unique biochemical pathways to survive in their respective environments, often producing bioactive compounds with interesting biological properties. By harnessing the power of microbial diversity, scientists have the chance to discover novel compounds that could potentially lead to the development of new drugs, agrochemicals, and industrial enzymes. The process of microbial bioprospecting typically involves sampling from diverse environments, such as hot springs, deep-sea vents, or even the human gut. By collecting samples from these different sources, researchers can obtain a wide range of microbial species that have adapted to varying conditions. These samples are then cultured in the laboratory, and the metabolites produced by the microorganisms are screened for bioactivity. This initial screening process helps to identify promising candidates for further study, with the aim of isolating and characterizing the bioactive compounds of interest. One of the major challenges in microbial bioprospecting is the isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds from complex microbial mixtures. Many microorganisms produce a wide array of metabolites, making it difficult to pinpoint which compounds are responsible for the observed bioactivity. To overcome this challenge, researchers employ a combination of techniques, including chromatography, mass spectrometry, and bioassays, to identify and purify the target compounds. By elucidating thechemical structures of these bioactive molecules, scientists can determine their potential applications and mechanisms of action. In addition to the scientific and technological aspects of microbial bioprospecting, ethical considerations also play a crucial role in this field. As researchers explore natural habitats and extract microbial samples for study, it is essential to adhere to principles of sustainable and responsible bioprospecting. This includes obtaining proper permits for sample collection, respecting the rights of indigenous communities, and ensuring the conservation of biodiversity in the areas being studied. By conducting bioprospecting activities ethically and responsibly, scientists can help to preserve the environment while also unlocking the potential benefits of microbial resources. Overall, microbial bioprospecting offers a captivating journey into the world of microbial diversity and bioactive compounds. By tapping into the rich reservoir of microbial life on Earth, researchers have the opportunity to discover new sources of valuable compounds that could have significant implications for various industries. From the depths of the ocean to the soil beneath our feet, microbes hold the key to unlocking a wealth ofbioactive molecules with diverse applications. Through rigorous scientific research, ethical practices, and a sense of wonder and curiosity, microbial bioprospecting continues to push the boundaries of innovation and discovery in the quest for novel bioactive compounds.。
生物学英文自我介绍
生物学英文自我介绍生物学英文自我介绍1Respected leader:Excuse me, thank you for taking time out of your busy schedule to read my job search materials!My name is * *, is a newly graduated from XX University of biotechnology professional college graduates. I am honored to have the opportunity to present my personal letter to you, in society, in order to find their own professional interests and work to better use of their talents and realize their value of life so, to make a self introduction.Present brief introduction of oneself circumstance as follows:In school I can learn professional knowledge seriously, but also because of the investment of learning and has won the outstanding student scholarship. Major courses: biology, microbiology, cell biology, molecular biology, biochemistry, genetics, chemical principle, enzyme engineering, cell engineering, genetic engineering, fermentation engineering, biotechnology, food technology, fermentation engineering equipment.At the same time, students actively participate insocial work, served as Student Union minister of learning, planning and organizing the “College Students’Occupation Skills Contest”, “star of hope English contest”, “experimental skills competition”and other large extracurricular activities by the teachers and students recognized. And thus won the “three good student” and “three good student model” the honorary title, and won several “social work activist”title. In the freshmen occasion, I also because of the leadership and teacher recommendations, and served as assistant instructor of biotechnology major.To complete their studies seriously and actively participate in social work students at the same time, I also pay attention to strengthen social practice, improve their overall quality, to meet the needs of future employment. For example: when the sales in the United States, in the course of work, due to the remarkable achievements, received the employer awards. It can be seen that the moment I don’t forget to improve their own contact as soon as possible to let the workplace, explore and develop my abilities.My life is in a period full of go, I am eager to display their talents in the wider world, I am notsatisfied with the existing level of knowledge, expectations were tempered in practice and improve, so I hope to join your unit. I will do a good job of their own, doing their best to achieve good performance at work. I believe that through their own hard work and efforts, will make due contributions.Thank you for your busy schedule to give my attention. Wish the expensive unit business on the upgrade, repeated success, I wish your business make still further progress further!生物学英文自我介绍2Respected leader:Hello!My name is XXX, XX years old this year, graduated from XXXX College of Biological Engineering Biotechnology Major (food direction), during the school, in all aspects of performance is excellent During the period of school, I basically reached the life, work, learning, the ideal goal in life. The four point line emotional life, because his family was poor, I created a self-reliance, hard working, King dedicated, diligent in thinking, the courage to act personality; work, because the perennial participation in Campus activities and lead their team let me, verygood exercise their leadership, organization and management ability, thinking ability, planning ability, interpersonal communication ability, practical ability, coordination ability and team cooperation ability; learning, not because of the limitations of their own professional knowledge, but to develop their interest in learning the business, and The solution of many commercial unspoken rule, greatly cultivate their learning ability, information collection ability and stress tolerance; feelings, because interpersonal communication ability is strong, so I have been in a harmonious, healthy interpersonal circle, develop their own self-confidence, optimistic, positive attitude is good.Practice is the sole criterion for testing truth. At the beginning I was engaged in a variety of university campus team work and practice work. I have joined the “campus life > newspaper, campus association work team, and participated in the school of biology students, get a good workout. At the same time I also started the practice of university career, from the initial campus canteen room, pastry sales agents, independent tutor, sent to lead the team to have independent enrollment propaganda, to enrich theirexperience, and in a summer move to Hubei to work study engineering 5000 college students summer internship program in practice, I opened a big Learn a new leaf in your lifeI started at the beginning of the second Jingmen first DM advertising press I because of colorful campus, founded the journal in April 20xx Jingmen has received the “Jingmen daily” and “Jingmen evening news reports focus on the characters of campus entrepreneurship, founded the first campus Jingchu University of technology enterprise team - colorful simulation campus Entrepreneurship group (campus Simulated company), led his team engaged in a lot of campus business activities, has with Jingmen mobile, Jingmen Tietong, Jingmen post and other large enterprises, and further to the advertising media, electronic information products and other service industries. This summer led the team back into the students Mobile business department internship, and free to go to Wuhan by the Mobile Corporation Hubei Post Hotel in Hubei mobile “the first direct captain training training in August this year, the long lead his team engaged in campus mobile direct marketing and agency business, many of the contract is the bestwitness. The campus practice countless times, let me win their college career most of the living expenses and tuition, with considerable success, not only for the practice of University own experience adds a beautiful one, but also to share a great burden for poor families. The school is not easy for children in the countryside, I always encourage myself to make good use of the University time to make good grades.Experience behind the rich practice, I did not neglect their studies, although it is not very good, but still won the scholarship for the few. In the campus activities team has won the first prize of psychological knowledge contest “college students,”Lei Feng’s essay “two Honor Award. At the same time I have a good in learning, training habits, perennial absorption of all kinds of information, from the book, site, network, video everywhere to learn, which greatly enriched the knowledge and personal knowledge. Because lead his team I am constantly learning management training, marketing, advertising, various aspects of team operation etc. In order to enhance their own knowledge, a preliminary study on enterprise operation management, business promotion, personnel salary, performance management, in order to reduceunemployment career, improve their occupation competitiveness, to create a repair man has been “material”, I hope your company will be able to exercise personal training here, “talent”even “wealth”, together with the company growth and progress together with the colleagues.Youth can grow. As long as you give me a piece of soil, I will work hard with young life. You can not only see my success, but also harvest the whole autumn. This is my commitment to personal confidence and ability I very much hope that this kind of grass heart, deep sincere love to your company and share a common destiny, with the development and progress. Please give me a chance, I will use action to prove himself. A great company, training talents, service excellent talents to the great company.生物学英文自我介绍3Distinguished judges, teachers, good morning!I am eleventh groups of 15 players, a bachelor’s degree in the specialty of biological technology. Since childhood, I determined to become an outstanding teacher of the people, can help children answering questions, remove the obstacles on the road of study.I have strict demands on themselves, enhance their ownquality, in order to be the future can go to the three platform, complete own ideal, to help more children to achieve their dreams. I will be in the three aspects I participate in the biology teacher qualification exam interview has the advantage:One of my university studies undergraduate professional biotechnology, through the system of basic biological knowledge and experimental skills of learning, for my future learning students encountered biological problems answering questions provide a theoretical basis.Two, during the University, I actively participate in social practice, sunshine education, teachers occupation skill training and other activities for providing me with rich practical experience, so I had a chance to combine theory and practice, can be of any problems occurring in the classroom to calm.Three, based on the pedagogy, educational psychology, learning system of teachers occupation morality, I have a deeper understanding of the teachers, and the honor of this year through the teacher qualification examination. If I can pass the interview today, so I will take practical action to practice the spirit of dedication to a teacher in the end. Even ifI don’t pass, I have strict demands on themselves, make their own teachers from standard a little closer, a little closer. Today, I want to tell the people from the contents of senior high school biology course XXXX, following the start of my teaching link.生物学英文自我介绍1Respected leader:Excuse me, thank you for taking time out of your busy schedule to read my job search materials!My name is * *, is a newly graduated from XX University of biotechnology professional college graduates. I am honored to have the opportunity to present my personal letter to you, in society, in order to find their own professional interests and work to better use of their talents and realize their value of life so, to make a self introduction.Present brief introduction of oneself circumstance as follows:In school I can learn professional knowledge seriously, but also because of the investment of learning and has won the outstanding student scholarship. Major courses: biology, microbiology, cell biology, molecular biology, biochemistry, genetics, chemical principle, enzyme engineering, cellengineering, genetic engineering, fermentation engineering, biotechnology, food technology, fermentation engineering equipment.At the same time, students actively participate in social work, served as Student Union minister of learning, planning and organizing the “College Students’Occupation Skills Contest”, “star of hope English contest”, “experimental skills competition”and other large extracurricular activities by the teachers and students recognized. And thus won the “three good student” and “three good student model” the honorary title, and won several “social work activist”title. In the freshmen occasion, I also because of the leadership and teacher recommendations, and served as assistant instructor of biotechnology major.To complete their studies seriously and actively participate in social work students at the same time, I also pay attention to strengthen social practice, improve their overall quality, to meet the needs of future employment. For example: when the sales in the United States, in the course of work, due to the remarkable achievements, received the employer awards. It can be seen that the moment I don’t forget to improvetheir own contact as soon as possible to let the workplace, explore and develop my abilities.My life is in a period full of go, I am eager to display their talents in the wider world, I am not satisfied with the existing level of knowledge, expectations were tempered in practice and improve, so I hope to join your unit. I will do a good job of their own, doing their best to achieve good performance at work. I believe that through their own hard work and efforts, will make due contributions.Thank you for your busy schedule to give my attention. Wish the expensive unit business on the upgrade, repeated success, I wish your business make still further progress further!生物学英文自我介绍2Respected leader:Hello!My name is XXX, XX years old this year, graduated from XXXX College of Biological Engineering Biotechnology Major (food direction), during the school, in all aspects of performance is excellent During the period of school, I basically reached the life, work, learning, the ideal goal in life. The four point line emotional life, because his family waspoor, I created a self-reliance, hard working, King dedicated, diligent in thinking, the courage to act personality; work, because the perennial participation in Campus activities and lead their team let me, very good exercise their leadership, organization and management ability, thinking ability, planning ability, interpersonal communication ability, practical ability, coordination ability and team cooperation ability; learning, not because of the limitations of their own professional knowledge, but to develop their interest in learning the business, and The solution of many commercial unspoken rule, greatly cultivate their learning ability, information collection ability and stress tolerance; feelings, because interpersonal communication ability is strong, so I have been in a harmonious, healthy interpersonal circle, develop their own self-confidence, optimistic, positive attitude is good.Practice is the sole criterion for testing truth. At the beginning I was engaged in a variety of university campus team work and practice work. I have joined the “campus life > newspaper, campus association work team, and participated in the school of biology students, get a good workout. At the sametime I also started the practice of university career, from the initial campus canteen room, pastry sales agents, independent tutor, sent to lead the team to have independent enrollment propaganda, to enrich their experience, and in a summer move to Hubei to work study engineering 5000 college students summer internship program in practice, I opened a big Learn a new leaf in your lifeI started at the beginning of the second Jingmen first DM advertising press I because of colorful campus, founded the journal in April 20xx Jingmen has received the “Jingmen daily” and “Jingmen evening news reports focus on the characters of campus entrepreneurship, founded the first campus Jingchu University of technology enterprise team - colorful simulation campus Entrepreneurship group (campus Simulated company), led his team engaged in a lot of campus business activities, has with Jingmen mobile, Jingmen Tietong, Jingmen post and other large enterprises, and further to the advertising media, electronic information products and other service industries. This summer led the team back into the students Mobile business department internship, and free to go to Wuhan by the Mobile Corporation Hubei PostHotel in Hubei mobile “the first direct captain training training in August this year, the long lead his team engaged in campus mobile direct marketing and agency business, many of the contract is the best witness. The campus practice countless times, let me win their college career most of the living expenses and tuition, with considerable success, not only for the practice of University own experience adds a beautiful one, but also to share a great burden for poor families. The school is not easy for children in the countryside, I always encourage myself to make good use of the University time to make good grades.Experience behind the rich practice, I did not neglect their studies, although it is not very good, but still won the scholarship for the few. In the campus activities team has won the first prize of psychological knowledge contest “college students,”Lei Feng’s essay “two Honor Award. At the same time I have a good in learning, training habits, perennial absorption of all kinds of information, from the book, site, network, video everywhere to learn, which greatly enriched the knowledge and personal knowledge. Because lead his team I am constantly learning management training, marketing, advertising, various aspects ofteam operation etc. In order to enhance their own knowledge, a preliminary study on enterprise operation management, business promotion, personnel salary, performance management, in order to reduce unemployment career, improve their occupation competitiveness, to create a repair man has been “material”, I hope your company will be able to exercise personal training here, “talent”even “wealth”, together with the company growth and progress together with the colleagues.Youth can grow. As long as you give me a piece of soil, I will work hard with young life. You can not only see my success, but also harvest the whole autumn. This is my commitment to personal confidence and ability I very much hope that this kind of grass heart, deep sincere love to your company and share a common destiny, with the development and progress. Please give me a chance, I will use action to prove himself. A great company, training talents, service excellent talents to the great company.生物学英文自我介绍3Distinguished judges, teachers, good morning!I am eleventh groups of 15 players, a bachelor’s degree in the specialty of biological technology. Sincechildhood, I determined to become an outstanding teacher of the people, can help children answering questions, remove the obstacles on the road of study.I have strict demands on themselves, enhance their own quality, in order to be the future can go to the three platform, complete own ideal, to help more children to achieve their dreams. I will be in the three aspects I participate in the biology teacher qualification exam interview has the advantage:One of my university studies undergraduate professional biotechnology, through the system of basic biological knowledge and experimental skills of learning, for my future learning students encountered biological problems answering questions provide a theoretical basis.Two, during the University, I actively participate in social practice, sunshine education, teachers occupation skill training and other activities for providing me with rich practical experience, so I had a chance to combine theory and practice, can be of any problems occurring in the classroom to calm.Three, based on the pedagogy, educational psychology, learning system of teachers occupation morality, I have a deeper understanding of the teachers,and the honor of this year through the teacher qualification examination. If I can pass the interview today, so I will take practical action to practice the spirit of dedication to a teacher in the end. Even if I don’t pass, I have strict demands on themselves, make their own teachers from standard a little closer, a little closer. Today, I want to tell the people from the contents of senior high school biology course XXXX, following the start of my teaching link.【生物学英文自我介绍】相关文章：1.生物学大学生自我介绍2.英文自我介绍3.英文的自我介绍4.自我介绍的英文5.自我介绍英文6.英文口头自我介绍7.新人的英文自我介绍8.英文工作自我介绍。
生物与医药复试科目汇总
生物与医药复试科目汇总英文回答：Biology and Medicine Comprehensive Examination Subjects. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology:Structure and function of biomolecules.Metabolism and energy production.Gene expression and regulation.Molecular techniques.Cell Biology:Cell structure and function.Cell cycle and division.Cell signaling.Microscopy and imaging techniques. Physiology:Cardiovascular system.Respiratory system.Nervous system.Endocrine system.Immunology:Immune response and surveillance. Antibodies and antigens.Innate and adaptive immunity.Microbiology:Microbial structure and function.Microbial genetics and diversity.Pathogenesis and infectious diseases.Pharmacology:Principles of drug action.Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.Drug discovery and development.Epidemiology and Biostatistics:Principles of epidemiology.Statistical methods in biomedical research.Medical Ethics and Law:Ethical issues in biomedical research and practice. Legal aspects of healthcare.中文回答：生物与医药复试科目汇总。
从轮叶党参中分离到的一种新的脱水素基因(英文文献)
BMBreports338BMB reports*Corresponding author. T el: 82-31-201-2688; Fax: 82-31-202-2687;E-mail: dcyang@khu.ac.krReceived 17 October 2007, Accepted 26 December 2007K eywords: Abiotic stress, Codonopsis lanceolata , Dehydrin (DHN), Semi-quantitative RT-PCRIsolation of a novel dehydrin gene from Codonopsis lanceolata and analysis of its response to abiotic stressesRama Krishna Pulla 1,2, Yu-Jin Kim 1, Myung Kyum Kim 1, Kalai Selvi Senthil 3, Jun-Gyo In 4 & Deok-Chun Yang 1,*1Korean Ginseng Center and Ginseng Genetic Resource Bank, Kyung Hee University, Seocheon-dong, Kiheung-gu Yongin, Kyunggi-do, South Korea, 2Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641029, India. 3Avinashilingam University for Women, Coimbatore, 641043, India. 4Biopia Co., Ltd., Yongin, KoreaDehydrins (DHNs) compose a family of intrinsically unstructured proteins that have high water solubility and accumulate during late seed development at low temperature or in water-deficit conditions. They are believed to play a protective role in freez-ing and drought-tolerance in plants. A full-length cDNA encod-ing DHN (designated as ClDhn ) was isolated from an oriental medicinal plant Codonopsis lanceolata , which has been used widely in Asia for its anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties. The full-length cDNA of ClDhn was 813 bp and contained a 477 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a polypeptide of 159 amino acids. Deduced ClDhn protein had high similarities with other plant DHNs. RT-PCR analysis showed that different abiotic stresses such as salt, wounding, chilling and light, trig-gered a significant induction of ClDhn at different time points within 4-48 hrs post-treatment. This study revealed that ClDhn assisted C. lanceolata in becoming resistant to dehydration. [BMB reports 2008; 41(4): 338-343]INTRODUCTIONPlants have developed defensive strategies against various stresses that arise from frequent environmental fluctuations to which they are exposed. Drought and low temperatures are the most severe factors limiting plant growth and yield. More than 100 genes have been shown to be responsive to such conditions and they are believed to function either during the physiological protection of cells from water-deficiencies or temperature-changes or in the regulation of gene expression (1-3).DHNs are proteins that are known to accumulate in vegetative plant tissues under stress conditions, such as low temperature, drought, or salt-stress (2, 4-6). These proteins have been catego-rized as late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins (7, 8).DHNs have been subdivided into five classes according to thepresence of highly conservative segments: YnSK 2, Kn, KnS, SKn and Y 2Kn. The K-segment (EKKIGIMDKIKEKLPG) is a conserved 15-mer lysine-rich sequence characteristic of DHNs, which may be present in one or several copies (5). The K-segment can form an amphiphathic α-helix structure that may interact with lipid components of bio-membranes and partially denatured proteins like chaperones (6, 9). The S-segment consists of contiguous ser-ine residues in the centre of the protein, which may be phosphorylated. They are involved in nuclear transport through their binding to nuclear localization signal peptides (6). The Y-segment with the consensus sequence DEYGNP, shares some similarities to the nucleotide-binding site of chaperones in plants and bacteria (5, 10). Another conserved domain contained in many DHNs is ϕ-segment (repeated Gly and polar amino acids), which interacts with and stabilizes membranes and macro-molecules, preventing structural damage and maintaining the activity of essential enzymes (11).DHNs have been found in the cytoplasm (12), nucleus (12, 13), mitochondria (14), vacuole (15), and chloroplasts (16). They are known to associate with membranes (17, 18), pro-teins (19) and excess salt ions (15, 20). Several DHN genes have been isolated and characterized from different species, including cor47, erd10 and erd14 from Arabidopsis thaliana ; Hsp90, BN59, BN115 and Bnerd10 from Brassica napus ; cor39 and wcs19 from Triticum aestivum (bread wheat); and cor25 from Brassica rapa subsp. Pekinensis (21). Many studies have reported a positive correlation between the accumulation of DHN transcripts or proteins and tolerance to freezing, drought, and salinity (12, 17, 22-24). Moreover, mod-ulation of transcripts by light has been reported for many DHN-encoding genes in drought- or cold-stressed plants (25-28). Although the biochemical functions and physiological roles of DHNs are still unclear, their sequence character-izations and expression patterns suggest that they may play a positive role in plant-response and adaptation to abiotic stress that leads to cellular dehydration. Indeed, many studies have indicated that transgenic plants with DHNs have a better stress-tolerance, recovery or re-growth after drought and freez-ing stress than that of the control (8, 29, 30).Thus far, there are no reports on isolation of the DHN gene from the oriental medicinal plant Codonopsis lanceolata . ThisCodonopsis lanceolata dehydrin geneRama Krishna Pulla, et al.339BMBreportsFig. 1. Nucleotide sequence and de-duced amino acid sequence of a ClDhn cDNA isolated from C. lanceolata . Num-bers on the left represent nucleotide positions. The deduced amino acid se-quence is shown in a single-letter code below the nucleotide sequence. The as-terisk denotes the translation stop signal.Amino acids in two double boxes repre-sent the Y-segment and amino acids in a single box the S-segment, respectively.The two underlined sequences represent the K-segments.plant belongs to the family of Campanulaceae (bellflower fam-ily), which contains many famous oriental medicinal plants such as Platycodon grandiflorum (Chinese bellflower or balloon flow-er), Codonopsis pilosula and Adenophora triphylla (nan sha shen). The roots of these plants have been used as herbal drugs to treat bronchitis, cough, spasm, macrophage-mediated immune responses and inflammation, and has also been administered as a tonic (31). C. lanceolata grows in North-eastern china, Korea, and far eastern Siberia. Despite their medicinal importance, little genomic study of this plant has been carried out. In this study, we characterized an Y 2SK 2 type DHN gene from C. lanceolata and analyzed its expression in response to various abiotic stresses.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONIsolation and characterization of the full length cDNA of the ClDhn geneAs part of a genomic project to identify genes in the medicinal plant C. lanceolata , a cDNA library consisting of about 1,000 cDNAs was previously constructed. A cDNA encoding a dehy-drin (DHN), designated ClDhn was isolated and sequenced. The sequence data of ClDhn has been deposited in GenBank under accession number AB126059. As shown in Fig. 1, ClDhn is 813 bp in length and it has an open reading frame (ORF) of 477 bp nucleotide with an 87-nucleotide upstream sequence and a 248-nucleotide downstream sequence. The ORF of ClDhn starts at nucleotide position 88 and ends at position 565. ClDhn encodes a precursor protein of 159 amino acids resi-dues with no predicted signal peptide at the N-terminal. The calculated molecular mass of the protein is approximately 16.7kDa with a predicated isoelectric point of 6.87. In the deduced amino acid sequence of ClDhn protein, the total number of neg-atively charged residues (Asp +Glu) amounted to 21 while the total number of positively charged residues (Arg +Lys) was 20. In addition, transmembrane helix prediction (TMHMMv2.0) did not identify any transmembrane helices in the deduced protein, implying that the protein did not function in the membrane but might function within the cytosolic or nuclear compartment.Homology analysisA GenBank Blastp search revealed that ClDhn had the highest sequence homology to the carrot (Daucus carota ) DHN (BAD86644) with 51% identity and 61% similarity. ClDhn also shared homology with ginseng (Panax ginseng ) DHN5 (ABF48478, 50% identity and 60% similarity), wild potato (Solanum commersonii ) DHN (CAA75798, 50% identity and 58% similarity), robusta coffee (Coffea canephora ) DHN1α (ABC55670, 47% identity and 55% similarity), grape (Vitis vin-ifera ) DHN (ABN79618, 47% identity and 57% similarity), American beech (Fagus sylvatica ) DHN (CAE54590, 46% iden-tity and 56% similarity), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum ) DHN (BAD13498, 45% identity and 56% similarity), sunflower (Helianthus annuus ) DHN (CAC80719, 45% identity and 52% similarity), and soybean (Glycine max ) DHN (AAB71225, 44% identity and 52% similarity). The DHNs showing the highest similarities were Y 2SK 2 type DHNs except grape (Vitis vinifera ) DHN (YSK 2 type) (32). Thus ClDhn might belong to Y 2SK 2 type DHNs based on the two Y-segments, one S-segment, and two K-segments present in its amino acid sequence. Phylogenetic analysis of ten of the plant DHNs were carried out using theCodonopsis lanceolata dehydrin gene Rama Krishna Pulla, et al.340BMB reportsFig. 2. A phylogenetic tree based on DHN amino acid sequence, showing the phylogenetic relationship between ClDhn and other plant DHNs . The tree was constructed using the Clustal X method (Neighbor-joining method) and a bar represents 0.1 substitutions peramino acid position.Fig. 3. Alignment of ClDhn with the most closely related DHNs from carrot (Daucus carota , BAD86644), ginseng (Panax ginseng DHN5, ABF48478), com-merson’s wild potato (Solanum commer-sonii , CAA75798), robusta coffee (Coffea canephora , ABC55670), grape (Vitis vin-ifera , ABN79618), American beech (Fagus sylvatica , CAE54590), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum , BAD13498), sunflower (Helian-thus annuus , CAC80719) and soybean (Glycine max , AAB71225). Gaps are marked with dashes. The conserved ami-no acid residues are shaded and Y-, S-, and K-segments are shown.Clustal X program (Fig. 2). Fig. 3 is a sequence alignment result of ClDhn and other closely related DHNs .The differential expression of ClDhn in different organs of C . lanceolataThe expression patterns of ClDhn in different C . lanceolata or-gans were examined using RT-PCR analysis. Almost similar levels of ClDhn -mRNA expression were observed in leaves and roots, whereas ClDhn was expressed in slightly higher lev-els in the stems. (Data was not shown).Expression of ClDhn in response to various stressesExpression patterns of ClDhn under various conditions were ex-amined using RT-PCR analysis. Fig. 4A showed the accumu-lation of ClDhn -mRNA in response to 100 mM ABA in MS agar. ABA is a hormone secreted when environmental conditions be-come dry. Expression of ClDhn was induced and reached a maximum level after 12 hrs, and then gradually decreased. When plants are submitted to dehydration the endogenous con-tent of ABA increases, with ABA mediating the closure of the stomata. Several studies have identified ABA as a key hormone in the induction pathway of many inducible genes including DHN , in response to drought (33-36). 100 μM of ABA in sprayCodonopsis lanceolata dehydrin geneRama Krishna Pulla, et al.341BMBreportsFig. 4. RT-PCR analyses of the expressions of ClDhn gene in the leaves of C. lanceolata at various time points (h) post-treatment with various stresses: A, 100 mM ABA; B, 100 mM NaCl; C, wounding; D, chilling and E, light treatment. Actin was used as an internal control.induced DHN-levels in Brassica napus and increased its ex-pression up to 48 hrs after treatment with ABA (37). 100 μM of ABA in MS agar induced DHN -levels in rice and cause a max-imum expression level at 1 hr post-treatment (10).Fig. 4B shows the accumulation of ClDhn mRNA in re-sponse to salt stress (100 mM NaCl). ClDhn expression was in-duced at 4 hrs post-treatment and gradually increased until 48 hrs. In Brassica napus , 250 mM NaCl added in the nutrient medium induced DHN-expression and reached a maximum at 48 hrs post-treatment (37). The application of NaCl to soil brought on a progressive decrease of the pre-dawn leaf water potential, a decrease of stomatal-conductance and a growth- reduction. Osmotic potential increase during salt treatmentcould result from Na ＋ or Cl −absorption and from the synthesis of compatible compounds (38).Under wounding stress, ClDhn gene transcription was in-duced at 4 hrs post-treatment and gradually increased until 48 hrs (Fig. 4C). Richard et al . (39) discussed that the cumulative effect of wounding on transcript accumulation could also be associated with greater water-loss through more open surfaces arising from the wounding treatment.Under cold treatment, increase of ClDhn transcripts was ob-served at 4 hrs post-treatment and gradually increased until 48 hrs (Fig. 4D). Induction of DHN by low temperatures has been observed in numerous plants (17, 38). Overexpression of citrus DHN improved the cold tolerance in tobacco (18). Overexpre-ssion of multiple DHN genes in Arabidopsis resulted in accu-mulation of the corresponding DHNs to levels similar or higher than in cold-acclimated wild-type plants (24). Another example showed that overexpression of the acidic DHN WCOR410 could improve freezing tolerance in transgenic strawberry leaves (29). Fig. 4E shows that ClDhn gene expression was induced bylight stress and increased continuously until 48 hrs post-treat-ment. Natali et al . (40) showed that the G-box (CACGTGGC), a motif found in the promoter region of many light regulated genes, was found in the DHN gene promoter of helianthus and that DHN was responsive to light stress (41).In conclusion, we isolated a new dehydrin gene (ClDhn ) from C. lanceolata and characterized its expression in response to various stresses. ClDhn was induced by various stresses related to wa-ter-deficiency (ABA, salt, wounding and cold) and was induced by light, similar to other DHN genes isolated from other plants.MATERIALS AND METHODSPlant materialsCodonopsis lanceolata were grown in vitro on MS medium supplemented with 3% sucrose and 0.8% agar under the 16 hrs light and 8 hrs dark period. Its growth was maintained by regular subculture every 4 weeks. Abiotic stress studies were carried out on plants that were subcultured for one month. To analyze gene expression in different organs, samples were col-lected from leaves, roots and stem of C. lanceolata plants.Sequence analysesThe full-length ClDhn gene was analyzed using the softwares BioEdit, Clustal X, Mega 3 and other databases listed below; NCBI (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih), SOPMA (http://npsa-pbil.ibcp /npsaautomat.pl?page=npsopma.html).Stress assaysTo investigate the response of the ClDhn gene to various stress-es, the third leaves with petioles from C. lanceolata were used. For treatment with ABA (100 mM) and NaCl (100 mM), leaf samples were incubated in media containing each compound at 25o C for 48 hrs. For mechanical wounding stress, excised leaves were wounded with a needle puncher (42). Chilling stress was applied by exposing the leaves to a temperature of 4o C (43). To investigate the ClDhn gene-expressions in light, leaves were incubated under an electrical lamp with a light in-tensity of 24 mol m-2 s-1 for 48 hrs. All treatments were carried out on MS media with or without the treatment solution (ABA, NaCl). All treated plant materials were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -70o C until further analysis.Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysisTotal RNA was extracted from various whole plant tissues (leaves, stem, roots) of C. lancolata using the Rneasy mini kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA). For RT-PCR (reverse tran-scriptase-PCR), 800 ng of total RNA was used as a template for reverse transcription using oligo (dT) primer (0.2 mM)(INTRON Biotechnology, Inc., South Korea) for 5 mins at 75oC. The reaction mixture was then incubated with AMV Reverse Transcriptase (10 U/μl) (INTRON Biotechology, Inc., SouthKorea) for 60 mins at 42oC. The reaction was inactivated byheating the mixture at 94oC for 5 mins. PCR was then per-Codonopsis lanceolata dehydrin gene Rama Krishna Pulla, et al.342BMB reportsformed using a 1 μl aliquot of the first stand cDNA in a final volume of 25 μl containing 5 pmol of specific primers for cod-ing of ClDhn gene (forward, 5'-AAA GAG AGA GAA AAT GGC AGG TTA C-3'; reverse, 5'-GGA GTA GTT GTT GAA GTT CTC TGC T-3') were used. As a control, the primers spe-cific to the C. lanceolata actin gene were used (forward, 5'-CAA GAA GAG CTA CGA GCT ACC CGA TGG-3'; reverse, 5'-CTC GGT GCT AGG GCA GTG ATC TCT TTG CT-3'). PCR was carried out using 1 μl of taq DNA polymerase (Solgent Co., South Korea) in a thermal cycler programmed as follows:an initial denaturation for 5 mins at 95oC, 30 amplification cy-cles [30 s at 95o C (denaturation), 30 s at 53o C (annealing), and90 s at 72oC (polymerization)], followed by a final elongation for 10 mins at 72o C. 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Vertebrate Proteomics Analysis
Vertebrate Proteomics Analysis Vertebrate proteomics analysis is a crucial field in biological research that focuses on studying the proteins present in various vertebrate species. Proteins play a vital role in almost all biological processes, serving as the building blocks of cells and tissues, as well as being involved in signaling pathways, enzymatic reactions, and many other functions essential for life. By analyzing the proteome of vertebrates, researchers can gain valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying various physiological and pathological processes. One ofthe key goals of vertebrate proteomics analysis is to identify and quantify the proteins present in different tissues, organs, or cell types of vertebrate species. This information can help researchers understand the functional diversity of proteins in different biological contexts and provide insights into how these proteins contribute to the overall physiology of vertebrates. For example, by comparing the proteomes of healthy and diseased tissues, researchers can identify potential biomarkers for disease diagnosis and prognosis, as well as potential targets for therapeutic interventions. In addition to identifying and quantifying proteins, vertebrate proteomics analysis also involves studying post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins. PTMs, such as phosphorylation, glycosylation, acetylation, and ubiquitination, can significantly impact the function, localization, and stability of proteins. By characterizing the PTMs of proteins in vertebrates, researchers can uncover novel regulatory mechanisms and gain a deeper understanding of how these modifications influence cellular processes and disease states. Furthermore, vertebrate proteomics analysis often involves studyingprotein-protein interactions (PPIs) to elucidate the complex networks of proteins that govern cellular functions. PPIs play a crucial role in signal transduction, gene regulation, and many other biological processes. By mapping out the interactome of vertebrate species, researchers can identify key protein hubs, signaling pathways, and regulatory circuits that are essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and responding to external stimuli. Moreover, vertebrate proteomics analysis can also be used to study the evolutionary conservation of proteins across different vertebrate species. By comparing the proteomes ofclosely related species, researchers can identify conserved proteins and pathwaysthat have been preserved throughout evolution. This comparative approach can provide insights into the functional importance of certain proteins and help researchers understand how molecular changes have contributed to the diversity of vertebrate species. In conclusion, vertebrate proteomics analysis is a powerful tool for studying the complex and dynamic world of proteins in vertebrate species. By identifying and quantifying proteins, studying PTMs, investigating PPIs, and exploring evolutionary conservation, researchers can gain a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie physiological processes, disease states, and evolutionary adaptations in vertebrates. This knowledge can ultimately lead to the development of novel diagnostic tools, therapeutic targets, and insights into the biology of vertebrate species.。
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A si an H er pet ol ogi c al R e sea r c h2010，l(1)：44—47D O I：10．3724／S P．J．1245．2010．00044R epr oduct i ve B i ol ogy of B oi ga guangxi ens i s W en，1998(Ser pent es：C ol ubr i dae)Ser gei A．R yabovP and N i kol ai L．O r l ov21T u／a E xot ar i um，O kt yabr s kaya，26，T u／a300002，Russi a2Z ool ogi ca l I nst i t ut e，R us s i an A ca dem y of Sci ences，U ni ver si t et s kaya N ab．1，St．Pet er s bur g199034，R uss i aA bst r act U p t o now,t he r epr od uct i ve bi ol ogy of m ost speci es of t he genusB oi ga i s i nves t igat ed ve r y l i t t l e．I m por t ant dat a on t he r epr oduct i ve bi ol ogy of B oi ga guangxi e nsi s w ere r ece i ved by us f or t he f'u'st t i m e．T he i nves t i gat i ons w er e car r i ed ou t i n V i et N a m dur i ng expe di t i ons and i n t he l abor at ori es of T ul a Exot af i umi n t he per i od bet w ee n1998-2000．T he dat a on t he f eedi ng，egg s i ze，i ncubat i on，s i ze of hat chi n gs，and j uveni l e col o ur at i on of t hi s speci es ar e pr ovi de d f or t he f i r st t i m e．I n addi t i on，t he dat a on si z e a nd r at i o of s nout-vent l engt l Y t ai l l engt h of t hi s s na ke ar e pr ovi ded bas ed on t he V i e t na m e se sa m pl es．O ur r es ear ches de m onst r at e d t hat B．guangxi e nsi s i s di st i ngui shed f r om m os t ot her s peci es of t he genus by a num ber of pecul i ari t i es of i t s r epr oduct i ve bi ol ogy．A l so，m or phol ogi c al di f f er ences bet w eenC hi ne se and V i e t na m e se i ndi vi dual s of t hi s s peci es w er e not e d．K eyw or ds B oi ga guangxi ensi s，r epr oduct i on，j uveni l e col ourat i on，V i et N am1．I nt r oduc t i onThe G uangxi C atS na ke，B oi ga guangxi ensi s，w as r e-cent l y de scr i bed f r om G uangxi i n C hi na by W en(1998)．I n V i et N am．只guangxi ens i s w as pr evi ous l y i dent i f i ed嬲B．cynodon by C am pden-M ai n(1970)，and N guyen and H o(1996)．Thi s speci e s w as m ent i one d as80i ga ni gr i ceps(Z ha o and A dl e r,1993)．It i s di st r i but ed i n m any pans of V i et N am，i ncl udi ng L ao C a i，C a o B ang，L ang Son，T hai N guyen，V i Tl l l Phuc and B ac G i ang pr ovi nces i n t he nort h，Q uang B i nh，K on T uma nd G i a L ai pr ovi nces i n ce nt ra l，and L am D ong，T ay N i nh and D ong N ai pr ovi nc es i n sout h V i et N am(N guyen e t a1．，2009)．W e al so obse r ve d t hi s speci e s i n t he f or est nea r Son K i m C om m une，H u ong Son D i s t r i ct of H a T i nh Pr ovi nce．Thi s s peci es i s al s o know n f rom Laos(O r l ov a nd Ryabov,2002)．M ost of t he speci e s of B oi ga ar e r ar el y kept i n capt i vi t y,and onl y l i t tl e i s know n about t hei r r epr od uct i ve bi ol ogy．Si nce1998，a s ci ent i f i c-pr act i cal r es ear ch pr ogr am f or+C or re s p on di n g aut hor：D r．Ser g ei A R y a bo v,D i re c t or of Tul a E x ot a-r i um,w i t h hi s r ese ar ch f o cusi n g o n i nves t i gat i o n ofA s i a n s nakes．E—m ai l：ser gr yabov@m a i l．r BR e ce i ve d：19M ay2010A c ce pt e d：27Ju l y2010t he r epr oduct i ve bi ol ogy of c at sna kes has been deve．10ped a nd c onduct ed bot h i n t he T ul a Exot a r i um and i n Z ool ogi c al Ins t i t ut e of t he R ussi an A c adem y of Sci ences．A t pr esent，data on r epr oduct i on of10s peci es of B o／ga have be e n col l ect e&B．guangxi ensi s w a s on e of t he st udi ed spec i es．B a sed on t he pr ev i ous w or k of t he pr o—gr am，t hi s r es ear ch w as t he n car r i ed out．2．M at eri al and M et hods2．1A dapt at i on and keepi ng O ne m a l e and t hr ee f e—m al es of B．guangxi e nsi s w e r e kept f or br e edi ng i n T ul a Exot ar i umi n1998-2006．They w er e col l ect ed i n A pr i l 1998f r om H oang H oa T ha m C om m une，C hi Li nh D i s．t r i ct i n H ai D uong Pr ovi nce，V i et N am．A dapt a t i on of t he snake s t o t he t err a ri a condi t i ons w as r at her si m pl e and r a pi d．Each i ndi vidual w as kept i n a pl as t i c box w i t h a s i ze60x35x40cm．T he boxes w er e equi pped w i t h com f or t a bl e er ossbar s a nd br anche s f or cl i m bi ng。
T he t e m pe r at ur e i ns i de t he boxes w as m ain．m i ned at27-3l oC i n t he w a r m com er and a t23-24。
C i n t he col d cor ner at dayt i m e．but at22—230C at ni ght．H u-m i di t y i n t he t err a ri a w a s80％-90％，and i t w as ac hi eve d by ever y-day spr ay i ng of t he s ubst r at e of c r um pl ed f i l t er pa per ．N o．1Serge i A．R y abov et a1．R epr oduct i ve B i ol ogy ofB oi gaguangxi ens i s．．2．2D i apause A t t he e nd of O ct ober1998．t he t e nl-per at ur e w a s r educ ed t o15-170C and t he t i m e of li ght l l'e a血l e nt w as shof t e ned t o8hou r s i n a day f or a11t hecapt i v e i ndi vi dual s of B guangxi ensi s．Food w as not of f er e d at t hat t i m e．The hum i di t y w as kept10w er t han usual(50*／,--60％)．I n ou r exper i m ent，t he dur a t i on of t he di a pause w a s t w o m ont hs．3．R esul t s a nd D i s cus s i on3．1R asear ch i n t he丘el d I n t be m ount ai ns of TaI nki n and A nnam t hi s speci es i s qui t e conl ol on．bu t i t i s r ar el y encount ered i n t he s ont hem pr ovi nces of V i et N am (O r l ov et a1．，20031．T he m axi m um know n s i ze i s 1700+440m m(Z hao．2006)．O ur addi ti onai s pe ci m e ns w er e col l ect ed f r om T am D ao i n t he nor t h r zI SP 255l2_-25517。