研究生英语写作篇 Chapter One Paragragh Writing
研究生英语写作课件 (1)--paragraph
较确切的词来概括段落的主题思想，避免教为
笼统、抽象的词；二是当确实很难找到一个恰
当的词来准确地表明观点、不得不用一个笼统
的词语时，可在句中加入将要引用的论据，使 主题句更加突出。
5. How to Write Topic Sentences
(如何写好主题句)
一、主题句的定义及重要性 主题句是英语段落乃至篇章中的重要概念，是 保证段落统一性和连贯性的基本因素，是学生 英语写作实践中绝对不可忽视的一个重要方面。 它表明一个段落中心主旨，常常放在段落的开 头，表明作者的观点态度，反映文章的中心思 想，是段落发展的依据。因此，主题句写得贴 切与否，直接关系到作者能否紧扣主题发挥， 能否有话可说并引出自己的思维联想。
3. The Content of the Text
1．Effective Paragraph （1）开门见山，直接引出主题 从整篇文章的宏观角度来确立每一个段落的 主旨——即每一个段落要论述什么。主旨定好之 后，就应选定关键词来组成主旨句。所选的关键 词必须能够充分表达主旨的方向及范围。主旨句 确立之后，可直接写于段首，也可使用开头用语 引出主旨句。常要的开头用语有：
5. How to Write Topic Sentences
主题句2: If there were no electric power, people
would have to use fire to light the room
in the evening. 该主题句的命题太狭窄，使作者无话可说。应改
2. The Gist of the Chapter
This chapter is very important for the students to learn and master some writing strategies that are often used in writing.
unit 02 paragraph writing(for Ss)研究生
Paragraph 1One of the first problems that students have is learning to use a computer. All students were required to buy a computer before school started. Throughout the first semester we took a special course to teach us to use a computer. My notebook computer has a large memory and can do word processing and spreadsheets. It has a hard drive and a modem. My parents were happy that I had a computer, but they were concerned about the price. Tuition was high, and when they added in the price of the computer, it was almost out of reach. To offset expenses, I got a part-time job in the school library. Now I am determined to overcome “computer anxiety” and to master my computer by the end of the semester.Paragraph 2One of the first problems that I had as a college student was learning to use my computer. All first-year students were required to buy a computer before school started. Throughout the first semester, we took a special course to teach us to use the computer. In theory this system sounded fine, but in my case it was a disaster. In the first place, the closest I had ever come to a computer was the hand-held calculator I used in math class. In the second place, I could not type. And to make matter worse, many of the people in my computer orientation course already knew how to operate a computer. By the end of the first week I was convinced that I would never be able to work with my computer.Paragraph 3FlextimeOne of the most important changes that management has made in industry in recent years is the scheduling of flexible work hours for their employees. Workers are given the option of choosing then they will work. This allows them more leisure time for family and fun. Flextime has obvious advantages for both workers and management although it may not be practical in all types of businesses.The first advantage is increased production per work-hour…(supporting sentences)A second advantage is that factory workers are happier…(supporting sentences)In addition to increased output and worker satisfaction, factory managers report thatabsenteeism has declined…(supporting sentences)Although flextime has produced these three positive results in some industries, it is not asadvantageous in all types of businesses. (supporting sentences)To summarize, flextime has resulted in increased production and happier workers who are less likely to miss work, and it works well in manufacturing and retail industries. It works less well in service industries such as the restaurant and health care industries.Paragraph 4This account is about television only in part. I don’t mean to cast it as an evil appliance. I will be describing phenomena that appear on television often, but they are also on the radio and in magazines and everywhere else. They are parts of modern life. Television covers and extraordinary amount of territory in twenty-four hours. I could find fifty references to any topic. Paragraph 5But only in part is this account about television, which I don’t mean to cast as an evil appliance. Often I will be describing phenomena that appear on television, but they are also on the radio and in magazines and everywhere else, because they are parts of modern life. The amount of territory that television covers in twenty-four hours is extraordinary---I could find fifty references to any topic that interested me.Paragraph 6Thomas Jefferson was born in 1743. He died at Monticello, Virginia, on July 4, 1826. He accomplished a number of things during his eighty-four years. He was known for his draft of the Declaration of Independence, Jefferson was a man of many talents. He had a wide intellectualrange. He was a patriot, and he was one of the revolutionary founders of the United States. Paragraph 7Thomas Jefferson was born in 1743 and died at Monticello, Virginia, on July 4, 1826. During his eighty-four years he accomplished a number of things. Although best known for his draft of the Declaration of Independence, Jefferson was a man of many talents who had a wide intellectual range. He was a patriot who was one of the revolutionary founders of the United States. Paragraph 8The way football and basketball are played is as interesting as the players. Because football is a game of precision, each play is diagrammed to accomplish a certain goal. Basketball, however, is a game of endurance. In fact, a basketball game looks like a track meet; the team that drops of exhaustion first loses. Basketball players are often compared to artists, and their moves and slam dunks are their masterpieces.。
考研英语1作文写作模板
考研英语1作文写作模板Title: Writing Template for Postgraduate Entrance Examination English 1 Composition。
As the postgraduate entrance examination is approaching, it is essential for candidates to be well-prepared for the English 1 composition. In order to help candidates better organize their thoughts and improve their writing skills, a writing template for the postgraduate entrance examination English 1 composition is provided as follows.Introduction:The first paragraph of the composition should serve as the introduction, which should briefly introduce the topic and provide some background information. It is important to grab the reader's attention and set the tone for the rest of the composition.Thesis statement:The second paragraph should contain the thesis statement, which clearly states the main idea or argument of the composition. This is the central point that the rest of the composition will revolve around.Supporting paragraphs:The following paragraphs should provide supporting evidence, examples, and explanations to support the thesis statement. Each paragraph should focus on a specific point and provide detailed information to back it up. It is important to use clear and logical reasoning to persuade the reader of the validity of the thesis statement.Counterargument:In the next paragraph, it is important to address any potential counterarguments to the thesis statement. This shows that the writer has considered different perspectives and is able to respond to potential objections.Conclusion:The final paragraph should serve as the conclusion, summarizing the main points of the composition and restating the thesis statement in a new way. It is important to leave the reader with a strong impression and a sense of closure.In addition to the structure of the composition, it is also important to pay attention to language use and organization. Use clear and concise language, and pay attention to grammar, punctuation, and spelling. It is also important to use transition words and phrases to connect ideas and make the composition flow smoothly.Furthermore, it is important to practice writing compositions regularly in order to improve writing skills. Set aside time each day to write and seek feedback from others to identify areas for improvement. Additionally, reading widely can also help improve writing skills by exposing writers to different styles and perspectives.In conclusion, the postgraduate entrance examination English 1 composition is an important part of the exam, and it is essential for candidates to be well-prepared. By following the writing template provided and practicing regularly, candidates can improve their writing skills and increase their chances of success in the examination. Good luck to all the candidates!。
考研的英语作文格式范文
考研的英语作文格式范文英文：As a postgraduate student, I have always been asked about the format of the English composition for the postgraduate entrance examination. In fact, the format of the English composition for the postgraduate entrance examination is not much different from that of other types of English compositions. It still follows the basic structure of an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion.In the introduction, it is important to clearly state the topic of the composition and provide some background information. This helps to set the stage for the reader and gives them a clear understanding of what the composition will be about. For example, if the topic is about the impact of technology on education, the introduction should briefly discuss the development of technology and its influence on the education system.Moving on to the body paragraphs, it is essential to present the main points and supporting details of the topic. Each body paragraph should focus on one main point and provide evidence or examples to support it. It is also important to use transition words and phrases to ensure a smooth flow between paragraphs. For instance, when discussing the positive impact of technology on education,I would provide examples of how technology has improved access to information and enhanced interactive learning experiences.Finally, the conclusion should summarize the mainpoints discussed in the body paragraphs and restate the thesis statement. It is also a good idea to leave thereader with some food for thought or a call to action. For example, in the conclusion of the composition about technology and education, I would emphasize the need for educators to adapt to the changing landscape of technology and embrace innovative teaching methods.中文：作为一名研究生，我一直被问及研究生入学考试英语作文的格式。
英语写作 unit 1 paragraph
Transitional signals
To link ideas together
Second, next, ird, besides, finally, moreover, furthermore, in addition, and
To indicate time
To give examples To show similarity
Outline of Paragraph B
Topic sentence(1s t sentence) Approach two(3rdsent ence) Example one(4th sentence) Approach one(2nd sentence)
Example two(5th sentence)
Content: A group of sentences that support and develop a single idea; in other words, a paragraph expands upon a core idea stated in its topic sentence.
Definition of Paragraph
• From two perspectives:
Form: Smaller unit of a longer piece of writing; a group of sentences separated by a space from the following and the preceding groups;
Organizational Structure of a Paragraph
• Summary:
• The position of a topic sentence may vary according to the organizational structure used.
英语写作CHAPTER 1段落写作
CHAPTER 1PARAGRAPH WRITINGIf you look at any printed prose book, you will see that each chapter is divided up into sections, the first line of each being usually indented slightly to the right. These sections are called Paragraphs. Chapters, essays and other prose compositions are broken up into paragraphs, to make the reading of them easier, for the beginning of a new paragraph marks a change of topic, or a step in the development of an argument or of a story. In writing essays or other compositions, it is important to know how to divide them properly into paragraphs; for an essay not so broken up, looks uninteresting and is not easy to read.Definition:- A paragraph is a number of sentences grouped together and relating to one topic; or, a group of related sentences that develop a single point.These definitions show that the paragraphs of a composition are not mere arbitrary divisions. The division of a chapter into paragraphs must be made according to the changes of ideas introduced. There is, therefore, no rule as to the length of paragraphs. They may be short or long according to the necessity of the case. A paragraph may consist of a single sentence, or of many sentences.(Note.-In this respect, the paragraphs of a piece of prose differ from the stanzas or verses of a poem. The stanzas of a poem are usually of the same length and pattern; but paragraphs are long or short according to the amount of matter to be expressed under each head).PRINCIPLES OF PARAGRAPH STRUCTURE1. UNITY:- The first and most important principle to be observed in constructing a paragraph is that of Unity. Just as each sentence deals with one thought, each paragraph must deal with one topic or idea- and with no more than one. In writing an essay, for example, every head, and every sub-head, should have its own paragraph to itself. And every sentence in the paragraph must be closely connected with the main topic of the paragraph. The paragraph and every part of it must be the expression of one theme or topic.(Note:- A good practice is to read a chapter in a book, and give a short heading or title to each paragraph, which will express in a word or brief phrase the subject of the paragraph).The topic, theme or subject of a paragraph is very often expressed in one sentence of the paragraph - generally the first. This sentence is called the topical sentence (because it states the topic), or the key-sentence (because it unlocks or opens the subject to be dealt with in the paragraph).2.ORDER:- The second principle of paragraph construction is Order - that is, logical sequence of thought or development of the subject. Events must be related in the order of their occurrence, and all ideas should be connected with the leading idea and arranged according to their importance or order.(Note:- The two most important sentences in the paragraph are the first and the last. The first, which should as a rule be the topical sentence, should arouse the interest ofthe reader; and the last should satisfy it. The first, or topical, sentence states the topic - a fact, a statement, or a proposition; the last should bring the whole paragraph on this topic to a conclusion, or summing up).3.VARIETY:- A third principle of paragraph construction is Variety; by which is meant that, to avoid monotony, the paragraph of composition should be of different lengths, and not always of the same sentence construction.To sum up:- the essentials of good paragraph construction are - (1) Unity. (2) A good topical sentence. (3) Logical sequence of thought. (4) Variety. (5) A full and rounded final sentence in conclusion.EXAMPLESNow let us examine a few paragraphs by standard authors, in illustration of these principles of paragraph construction.1. “Hence ... it is almost a definition of a gentleman to say he is one who never inflicts pain(强加痛苦给别人). This description is both refined and, as far as it goes, accurate. He is mainly occupied in merely removing the obstacles which hinder the free and unembarrassed action of those about him; and he concurs(同时发生，共同作用) with their movements rather than takes the initiative himself. His benefits may be considered as a parallel to what are called comforts or conveniences in arrangements of a personal nature, like an easy chair or good fire, which do their part in dispelling cold and fatigue, though nature provides both means of rest and animal heat（体温）without them.” - J.E. Newman.This is a paragraph from Cardinal Newman's famous description of a “Gentleman” in his The Idea of a University. Notice that the paragraph is confined to one point in the character of a gentleman, which is clearly stated in the first, or topical sentence, viz.(=namely), that "he is one who never inflicts pain." The rest of the paragraph is simply a development and illustration of the topical sentence. And the concluding sentence drives home the statement of the subject with its similes of the easy chair and the good fire.2. "The Road is one of the great fundamental institutions of mankind. Not only is the Road one of the great human institutions because it is fundamental to social existence, but also because its varied effects appear in every department of the State. It is the Road which determines the sites of many cities and the growth and nourishment of all. It is the Road which controls the development of strategies and fixes the sites of battles. It is the Road that gives framework to all economic development. It is the Road which is the channel of all trades, and, what is more important, of all ideas, In its most humble function it is a necessary guide without which progress from place to place would be a ceaseless experiment; it is a sustenance(食物；营养) without which organized society would be impossible, thus the Road moves and controls all history." - Hilaire Belloc.In this paragraph, the first sentence states the subject. It is the topical sentence. The body of the paragraph consists of examples which prove the statement in the first sentence. The final sentence sums up the whole.3. "Poetry is the language of the imagination and the passions. It relates to whatever gives immediate pleasure or pain to the human mind. It comes home to the bosoms and businesses of men; for nothing but what comes home to them in the most general and intelligible shape can be a subject for poetry. Poetry is the universal language which the heart holds with nature and itself. He who has a contempt for poetry cannot have much respect for himself, or for anything else. Wherever there is a sense of beauty, or power, or harmony, as in the motion of a wave of the sea, in the growth of a flower, there is poetry in its birth." - William Hazlitt.Here again, the first sentence is the topical sentence. The sentences that follow enforce or restate the statement that "poetry is the language of the imagination and the passions"; and the concluding sentence reinforces it by showing that poetry exists wherever men feel a sense of beauty, power or harmony.In all these paragraphs, the principles of Unity and Order are observed, and also the general rules about the place of the topical sentences and the rounding off the whole with a good conclusion.To round off sth with sth’: to end sth by doing sth that provides a clear or satisfactory conclusion to it.THE WRITING OF SINGLE PARAGRAPHSSo far we have been treating of paragraphs which are sections of a more or less lengthy composition, like an essay or the chapter of a book. But students are often asked in examinations to write short separate paragraphs, instead of essays, on subjects of ordinary interest. Such single paragraphs are really miniature essays; but the same principles as we have discussed above (except the principle of variety), must be followed in their construction. Each paragraph must be a unity, treating of one definite subject, and must follow a logical order of thought. In most cases, too, the rules about the topical sentences and the conclusion should be borne in mind.A few examples should make this clear. Suppose, for example, you are asked to write a paragraph on “The Cat.” It is obvious that you cannot treat this subject fully, as you might in a long essay. And yet you must, according to the principle of unity, confine your paragraph to one definite topic. You must, therefore, choose one thing to say about a cat, and stick to it throughout. You might, for example, write of one characteristic of the cat, say, its love of comfort and attachment to its home. In that case, you might write a paragraph something like this:- The CatThere is some truth in the common saying that while dogs become attached to persons, cats are generally attached to places. A dog will follow his master anywhere, but a cat keeps to the house it is used to; and even when the house changes hand, the cat will remain there, so long as it is kindly treated by the new owners. A cat does not seem to be capable of the personal devotion often shown by a dog. It thinks most of its own comfort and its love is only cupboard love.Notice the construction of this paragraph. It begins with the topical sentence, which clearly states the subject. The following sentence explains the statement by expanding it; and the last sentence, by giving a reason for the attachment of a cat to a particular house forms a fitting conclusion. The paragraph is therefore a Unity, treating of one characteristic of cat character: and it follows an orderly plan. The paragraph on the cat is descriptive. Now take an example of a narrative paragraph, in which you are required to tell a story. Suppose the subject is to be a motor-car accident; you might treat it in this way:-A Motor-Car AccidentIt is the mad craze for speed that is responsible for many motor accidents. Only last year I witnessed what might have been a fatal accident on the Kashmir Road. I was motoring down from Srinagar; and as I was nearing Kohala, I came upon the wreckage of two cars on the road. The smash had been caused by a car coming down, which swept round a sharp corner at forty mites an hour and crashed into a car coming up. Happily no one was killed; but several were badly injured, and the two cars were wrecked. To drive at such a speed down a twisting mountain road is simply to court(招致) disaster.In this paragraph, the topical sentence is again first; the narrative that follows is simply an illustration of the statement in the topical sentence that many accidents are caused by a mad craze for speed; and the concluding sentence sums the paragraph up by a restatement of the topical sentence in other words.The following is an example of a reflective paragraph; that is, one that expresses some reflection or thought on an abstract subject:-MercyTo forgive an injury is often considered to be a sign of weakness; it is really a sign of strength. It is easy to allow oneself to be carried away（带走，使着迷）by resentment and hate into an act of vengeance（报仇）; but it takes a strong character to restrain those natural passions. The man who forgives an injury proves himself to be the superior of the man who wronged him, and puts the wrong-doer to shame. Forgiveness may even turn a foe into a friend. So mercy is the noblest form of revenge.The topical sentence of a paragraph is usually the first, or at latest the second; and this is the best place for it. But for the sake of variety it may be placed in a different position. In this paragraph, it comes last - "So mercy is the noblest form of revenge". But the opening sentence is also a good introduction to the subject, and is calculated to arouse interest by stating an apparent paradox.To sum up:- In writing single paragraphs, the principles of Unity and Order must be kept in mind, and also the rules of the topical and concluding sentences. The language should be simple, the style direct, and the sentences short; and, as a paragraph is limited, all diffuseness（冗长累赘）must be avoided.Exercise 1.Write short paragraphs on the following subjects:-1. A Rainy Day.2. A Walk.3. The Cow.17. The Elephant.21. Revenge.。
英语写作 unit 1 paragraph备课讲稿
Advantages Disadvantages
• Advantages: • It is very convenient. You can make a call whenever
and wherever you want to. • It is especially helpful in an emergency. • It saves time. You don't have to search for or await
Content:
A group of sentences that support and develop a single idea; in other words, a paragraph expands upon a core idea stated in its topic sentence.
is disturbing. • Making or answering calls while driving is
dangerous. • You can always be reached by your parents or your
boss. • It may ring at the moment when you least want it
Module One Paragraph Writing
Unit 1 Paragraph---General (І)
Unit objectives
• Be familiar with the organizational structure of a paragraph.
• How to write a good topic sentence & select supporting ideas to achieve unity; and
研究生英语写译教程基础级第三版
•
(4) Transitional words.
•
(5) One.
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I. Introduction
• Construction of a paragraph:
Transitional words
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One main idea
5
I. Introduction
• Three important characteristics→
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II. The Topic Sentence
• 2. Three important characteristics:
a) A complete sentence;
–The importance of communication. –Communications is important between family
• Functions of each element:
the main idea of the
paragraph: naming &
TW
controling link ss, show
logic
develop the ts: reasons, facts, egs. statistics, quotations etc.
c) Implied.
• eg: page 6-7
• Exercises: page 7
• Para. 1: C A D B
• Para. 2: B G E A D C F
• Para. 3: D B E A F C
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UNITY means that you discuss only one main idea in a paragraph. The main idea is stated in the topic sentence, and then each and every supporting sentence develops that idea.
Position of Topic sentences
topic sentence
Media Bias It is not possible for television news to be completely objective. For one thing, some judgment is required even to determine what the facts are. Reporters who are not eyewitnesses must draw conclusions from eyewitness accounts about what happened. Moreover, deciding what is newsworthy requires judgment. The limits of time make it necessary to select only what is most important to viewers. That selection process is inevitably affected by the preferences and biases of editors and producers.
I. Introduction
Furthermore, television lends itself better to action scenes than to “talking heads,” so we are more likely to see a demonstrator who gets violent than the orderly problem solving discussion of a group of experts.
I. Introduction
The room is located on the third floor of the South Building. One third of its total floor space is taken up by a double bed. Facing it, in the corner behind the door, stands a cupboard loaded with pots, bowls, dishes, bottles, and bags of rice and flour. A desk completely fills the gap between the bed and the wall with the window. Behind the desk is a chair, the only one in the room; and it almost touches the boxes and trunks piled against the wall on the opposite side. Though without a topic sentence, the paragraph is unified.
Supporting sentences
A concluding sentence
develop the topic sentence.
I. Introduction
In addition to the three structural parts of a paragraph, a good paragraph also has the elements of unity and coherence.
I. Introduction
abilities, intelligence, and hair, eye, and skin color. By 2020,most diseases will be able to be diagnosed and treated at home, and by 2030,cancer and heart disease will have been wiped out. These are just a few examples of medical miracles that are expected in the next few decades.
I. Introduction
The topic sentence
Three Parts of a Paragraph
states the main idea of the paragraph.
signals the end of the paragraph and leaves the reader with important points to remember
I. Introduction 1. Pretest Read the sentences on page 5 and tell which can be used as a topic sentence. (2), (5), (8), (9)
2. Three Important Points
Every good paragraph has a topic sentence, which clearly states the topic and the controlling idea of the paragraph. It is usually (but not always) the first sentence in the paragraph. A topic sentence is the most important sentence in a paragraph. It briefly indicates what the paragraph is going to discuss.
Progressive Writing
Part One Paragraph Writing Chapter One The Paragraph
I. Introduction II. The Two Parts of a Topic Sentence III. The Concluding Sentence
I. Introduction There are three important points to remember about a topic sentence.
1. A topic sentence is a complete sentence. 2. A topic sentence contains both a topic and a controlling idea. It names the topic and then limits the topic to a specific area to be discussed in the space of a single paragraph. 3. A topic sentence is the most general statement in the paragraph because it gives only the main idea. It does not give any specific details.
I. Introduction EXERCISES Recognize the topic sentence in each of the following paragraph and arrange the sentences in their logical order.
Paragraph 1: C (Topic sentence), A，D，B
I. Introduction Please do the exercises on page 4. 1. Read the following paragraph and answer questions. (1) Topic sentence. (2) Concluding sentence. (3) Supporting sentences. (4) Transitional words. (5) One. 2. Rearrange the following sentences in their logical order to form a complete paragraph. C. E. A. D. B
I. Introduction
COHERENCE means that your paragraph is easy to read and understand because 1) your supporting sentences are in some kind of logical order and 2) your ideas are connected by the use of appropriate transition signals. In summary, a well-written paragraph contains five elements: a topic sentence, supporting sentences, a concluding sentence, unity, and coherence.
IV. Unity V. Coherence
I. Introduction A paragraph is a basic unit of organization in writing, in which a group of related sentences develops one main idea. A paragraph may stand by itself. A paragraph may also be one part of a longer piece of writing such as an essay or a chapter of a book.