Lesson The One Against The Many
高中英语必修(第一册)-新版北师大必修一Unit 2-Lesson 1基础能力检测(含答案)

优质资料---欢迎下载Unit 2-Lesson 1基础能力检测【匹配单词词性及汉意】()1.athlete A.vi.&vt.猛撞()2.cycle B.vi.&vt.鼓掌,拍手()3.diet C.n.给人以灵感的人/物;灵感()4.defeat D.n.冠军,第一名()pany E.n.渴望()6.champion F.vt.(在比赛,战争中)战胜,打败()7.inspiration G.vi.骑自行车()8.desire H.n.一群人;公司()9.crash I.n.运动员()10.clap J.n.日常饮食【选择句中短语汉意】()2.My ten months of hard work finally paid off.()3.She chose the red sweater rather than the pink one.()4.Bob got hurt,and was sent to the hospital right away.()5.His car crashed into a tree while he was driving in the snowstorm.()6.I had to go to the cinema on my own because all the other boys were busy.【衍生词汇】1.frequent adj.频繁的,经常的→frequently adv.频繁地;经常地→n.发生的频率,发生率2.vt.更喜欢→preference n.偏爱;优先3.balance n.平衡,均衡;天平vt.权衡;使平衡→adj.均衡的4.replace vt.替换;取代→n.替换的人/物5.vi.&vt.聚集,聚合→gathering n.聚集;集会6.sharp adj.锋利的;突然的;灵敏的→adv.严厉地;毫不客气地7.n.力量,活力→energetic adj.精力充沛的8.n.人群→crowded adj.拥挤的9.vt.赢得;博得→earning n.收入;赚得的钱【补全短语及应用】**补全1.rather 而不是2.good/bad shape 体形好/不好3.hurt 受伤4.one's own 独立;独自5.try for sth. 参加选拔;争取成为(团队的一员) 6.crash 猛撞,猛击7.let... 让……失望8.pay 取得成功;奏效9.keep with 跟上,保持同步10.hit sb. the shoulder 拍某人肩膀**应用1.He is not so handsome but is with nice broad shoulders.2.They could not us when we climbed the mountain.3.My brother want to the football team.4.His hard working will eventually .5.It's not easy for him to get around because his leg .【补全句子及应用】**补全1.Suddenly I felt someone tapping me the shoulder.2.It is no use (talk)about that.3.The streets were (crowd)with bicyclists.4.You must spend less until your debts are paid .5.I know I let you last week,but you can count on me this time.6.This is the house we have just painted.7.The rulers are made of plastic are usually colorful.8.He is the student mother is a very famous singer.9.Just then I caught sight of a violin was hanging on the wall.10.With him was a young fellow appearance told of many days in hiding.11.He easily (战胜)his opponent in the election.12.What is your biggest source of (灵感)?13.My secretary leaves us next week,so we are advertising for a (替换的人).14.I am filled with (渴望)to go back home.15.The traveler took out a bottle of water from the (包裹)on his back.16.My brother greatly desired (go)to England.17.Over fifty boys came to try out the football team.18.Even on holidays Mr.Wang preferred reading to (do)nothing.19.A (balance)diet is necessary for good health.20.We need to replace the water pipes new ones.21.This is the book cover is blue.22.The woman we talked about is my sister.23.He told everything he had seen in the traffic accident.24.This was the best model of the TV set the factory produced last year.25.I don't like the girl you are talking about.26.I going to the cinema to watching TV.27.He cut down on coffee and cigarettes,and ate a diet.28.She decided to rent out a room to get income.29.The little girl presented the with flowers.30.The plane but the crew were safe.【补全句子】1.阅读法文比讲法语容易。
现代大学英语精读5 Lesson 1

Population
Black White 10 million 90 million
Deaths in VW
10,000 (0.1%) 45,000 (0. 05%)
• In other spheres, the figures are equally alarming (Para. 2) Q: What spheres and figures are meant?
* From old plantations of the South to newer ghettos of the North,… (Para. 6) old plantation
where the black lived as slaves living condition transformation
(Para. 5)
• No Lincolnian emancipation proclamation or Johnsonian civil rights bill can totally bring this kind of freedom. (Para. 5)
Subdivision of Para.5
Text Analysis
• The job of arousing manhood within a people that have been taught for so many centuries that they are nobody is not easy.
(Para. 3)
1) they have been taught to admit that they are not important; 2) the present job is to waken them and help them realize they are not inferior; 3) the job is not easy.
Lesson 10

sway 指" 有伸缩性的物体受压后又恢复原位地摆动", 如: Branches sways gently in the wind. 树枝在风中微微摇动。 Rock是指温柔而有节奏感的摇动或猛烈的摇摆或倾斜 The business is on the rocks rock a baby (in)to sleep People used to say:The hand that rocks the cradle rules the world."过去人们常说,掌握摇篮的手统治世界。" Vibrate通常暗指快速的周期性摇摆;常常表示颤抖、搏 动或微颤 The house vibrates when a train passes. Fluctuate最常用于喻指比较稳定的交替变化 The price of vegetables and fruits fluctuates according to the season. 蔬菜和水果的价格随季节而波动。 Undulate暗指波浪般平缓的运动
The ripe wheat undulated in the breeze like the incoming tide. 成熟的小麦象潮水般随风起伏。 Waver表示不稳定、不确定的运动 His resolve began to waver. 他的决心开始动摇了 2. A buzz ran through the …that sweltering July day in 1925: 1) buzz: the vibrating sound of a bee; here it refers to the sound of many people whispering or talking excitedly in low tones .嗡嗡声 v.作嗡嗡声 2) ran through the crowd : spread among the people who had come to watch the trial 3) as I took my place in the packed court : as I went to my seat in the court which was crowded with people 4) sweltering : oppressively hot and humid ; very hot, causing unpleasantness 闷热, 被暑气所苦, 汗流夹背
Lesson one 精读大三上

7. It is not the work of slaves driven to their tasks either by the task, by the taskmaster, or by animal necessity. (12) This kind of work cannot be done by slaves who work because the work has to be done, because they are forced to work by slave-drivers or because they need to work in order to be fed and clothed.
4. Power at its best is love implementing the demands of justice, and justice at its best is power correcting everything that stands against love. (8)
•
事实上,人们从事改善人类处境的工作,从事传 播知识、增强实力、丰富文学以及升华思想的工 作并非是为了谋生。 8. …it can spend billions of dollars to put God’s children on their own two feet right here on earth. (15)
2. Psychological freedom, a firm sense of self-esteem, is the most powerful weapon against the long night of physical slavery. (5)
• If you break the mental shackles imposed on you by white supremacists, if you really respect yourself, thinking that you are a Man, equal to anyone else, you will be able to take part in the struggle against racial discrimination.
冀教版八年级英语上册Unit1Lesson2《ManyFaces-OnePicture》课件

[pə'fɔ:m] [əd'vaiz] [ə'ɡri:] [ɡlu:]
words
perform v. 表演,演出 advise v. 劝告,建议 agree v. 同意 glue v. 粘合
n.胶水
[ɪ'miːdɪətlɪ] immediately adv. 立即地,
马上地
What will Li Ming look for today?
2. Complete the dialogue with the correct forms of the words or phrase in the box.
advise agree up to beside
Danny: Let’s put your picture on the top right corner, Linda. Linda: I want to put my picture _b_e_s_id__e__ Jenny’s. Danny: OK. I will put my picture a little bit lower then. Linda: Well, it’s _u_p__to____ you.
冀教版八年级英语上册 Unit1Lesson2《
ManyFaces,OnePictur e》课件
2023/5/25
1.我昨晚十点回来的。
I was back at 10:00 last night. 2. 物理是如此有趣的科目。
Physics is such an interesting subject. 3. 你能告诉我如何开始一个对话?
1. I look ____ my father. We look the same.
高级英语练习题含答案(第二册)(1)

《高级英语》第二册练习Lesson OneFace to Face with Hurricane CamilleI. Choose the one which is equal to the word given blow:1. lashA. strike violentlyB. pass byC. move slowlyD. stride2. pummelA. push forwardB. punish severelyC. hit with repeated blowD. beat heavily3. gruffA. seriousB. grievousC. roughD. gentle4. elevateA. put downB. lift upC. face toD. push down5. demolishA. destroyB. reduceC. increaseD. beat6. scudA. go smoothlyB. go straight and fastC. go up and downD. go violently7. interiorA. situated insideB. situated outsideC. interrelateD. internecine8. ferocityA. capabilityB. fiercenessC. impedimentD. ferment9. shudderA. shuffle inB. walk outC. curl upD. shake10. sanctuaryA. a warm placeB. shelterC. a clean placeD. a harm place11. maroonA. stay brave and alongB. leave hopefulC. stay helplessD. leave helpless and alone12. vantageA. variable situationB. comfortless positionC. advantageD. disadvantage13. debrisA small individual parts B. completely good placesC well preserved pieces D. scattered broken pieces14. imploreA request earnestly B. inform eagerlyC. ask for leaveD. inaugurate15. skimA hit violently B. move lightly overC. go fast and quietlyD. move gradually away16. rampageA. walk for pleasureB. produce branchesC rage D. range17. festoonA. celebrateB. fastenC. scatterD. decorate18. extinguishA. put outB. put upC. put onD. put down19. disintegrateA. joint togetherB. break up into piecesC. regard as a individualD. look down upon20. frustrateA. discourageB. bring about good resultC. come out fruitfullyD. worry about the result21. propA. supportB. placeC. suspendD. propose22. tiltA. cultivateB. inclineC. levelD. disintegrate23. endureA. conductB. controlC. bearD. engulf24. barA. music noteB. hot railC. brickD. block25. thrustA. dreadful weaponB. sharp knifeC. pierce windD. driving force26. diminishA. mummifyB. reduceC. micro commandD. increase27. assumeA. assertB. pronounceC. supposeD. declare28. perishA. incarnateB. dieC. increaseD. submit29. lapA. coverB. destroyC. beatD. put30. vanishA. importB. existC. appearD. disappearII. Complete the word according to the definition:1. violent windstorm h urricane2. letters; letter writing c orrespondence3. machine for generating g enerator4. to put into water; throw water over d ouse5. to rise to higher level of rank, power etc. m ount6. state in trouble or difficulty m ess7. to save from loss, fire, wreck etc. s alvage8. of the mind p9. to strike or fill with respect combined with fear and reverence a we10. done, carried out, with order or method m ethodical11. impressive or sensational s pectacular12. something owned p ossession13. difficult or impossible to understand or comprehend i ncomprehensible14. forceful, often vindictive anger w rath15. to lay waste or destroy d evastate16. a place or structure to which a vessel or aircraft can be moored m ooring17. to break suddenly with a brisk, sharp, cracking sound s nap18. to grasp and hold tightly. c lutch19. to defeat completely and decisively o verwhelm20. one of the glass-filled divisions of a window or door p ane21. a usually rectangular pad of heavy cloth filled with soft material or an arrangement of coiled springs, used as or on a bed m attress22. to strike or affect in a manner similar to lashing w hip23. to seek advice or information of c onsult24. unwilling; disinclined r eluctant25. a person who performs or offers to perform a service of his or her own free willv olunteerIII. Put the following words and phrases into the appropriate blanks in the following sentences. (Filling in the grid is optional.)_____________________________________________________________________ _revival vital be strewn grade surviving vivifying blues revived vivid trail away vivisection sprawled survivor revitalize vitamin be bound to1.Some experts believe that low mortgage rates will help to __ revitalize ______ theeconomy.2.One of the tests of good writing is whether or not its imagery is _vivid ____.3.The group, which wants to prevent cruelty to animals, is against _vivisection _ inmedical labs.4.__ Surviving __a catastrophe often makes one more sensitive to the positive aspects oflife.5.He _is bound______ to go, and nothing will stop him.6.His voice __trailed away____in confusion.7.The path is strewn with flowers8.These apples have been graded according to size and quality9.The blues has finally gotten me today.10.A _ vitamin _ supplement is needed by people who do not consume a proper diet.11.After a day’s work, he was extremely tired. He came home and sprawled on the sofaimmediately.12.A ___ vital __ part of any health program is exercise.13.The ____ revival _ of the 1960's brought back wild hairstyles and boots withmini-skirts.14.By administering mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, the lifeguard __ revived __ the drownedman.15.There was not a single survivor ___ of the recent plane crash near Los Angeles.16.The actress had the gift of __ vivifying __ any role with her unique blend of humor andpathos.IV. Reading Comprehension:1.Theme of “Face to face with Hurricane Camille” is _____.A.Human being is more important than anything else in the world.B.John has learnt a lesson from his own experience.C.People suffered from such a devastating hurricane.D.Hurricane Camille is the greatest storm ever to hit the United States.2.How many people are there in the house to fight against the hurricane?A. 11B. 13C. 10D. 153.How many onslaughts did hurricane hit the Koshak’s house?A. three timesB. four timesC. onceD. many times4.When the sea water reached the house and destroyed the staircase, the Koshak’s familyhad to retreat to ______.A. the landingB. the outsideC. the TV roomD. the bedroom5.The antagonist in the story is _____.A. John KoshakB. Charlie HillC. the hurricaneD. the neighbourV. Determine whether the following statements are true or false. Put a “T”, if the statement is true and put a “F”, if the statement is false.1.John Koshak Sr. is a businessman, who designs educational toys and supplies. (F)2.Gulfport is a town, where the Koshaks live and which it is said that the hurricane wouldpummel. (T)3.The old parents have been living with young couple and their children for some years.(F)4.When the water rose above their ankles, they tried to run away, but failed. (T)5.The hurricane seized a 600,000-gallon Gulfport oil tank and dumped it 250 yards away.(F)6.The stairs were protected by two walls from the direction of the wind. (F)7.Charlie had to some extent taken upon himself the task of looking after the neighbourand her two children. (T)8.Because the two walls of the room where they were seeking shelter were breaking up,John ordered everyone to go into the bedroom. (F)9.The federal government supplied food, mobile homes, classrooms and loans to thestricken area as quickly as the other organizations in the country. (T)10.When they picked up some useful things from the wrecked home, they weredepressed. (F)VI.Translation:1、整整一周的大雨造成了该地区河流的外溢,许多房屋被毁,许多农田被淹。
Lesson5TheOneAgainsttheMany

Unit Five The One Against the Many1. Notes on Guide to Reading1) …the only superpower with its interests projected to nearly every corner of the world. (1.5-6)project =cast ?project next year's expenses and income ? projector译:世界上唯一的超级大国,? 2)…confuse his own tidy models with the vast,turbulent, unpredictable, and untidy reality which is the stuff of human existence. (3.3-4)tidy model: ?的模式untidy reality: ?the stuff of human existence: 人的存在的?confuse…with…把…和…混淆起来把其僵化的模式和现实混同起来,而现实却是无所不包、动荡不已、变幻莫测的,因为它是人的存在的产物。
或:把其僵化的模式和包容极广、动荡不已、变幻莫测的现实--人的存在的产物--混同起来。
3)seeking truth from reality (3.5)?4)cast away (3.6) throw away2.T ext AnalysisFrom paragraph 1 to paragraph 13A.必备语汇(preparatory words and expressions)见词汇测试表B. 段落大意Para 1: 引出主题:recall the development of AmericaPara 2: 指出美国的发展有几大根本因素。
Para 3: 指出其中一个因素是教育。
现代大学英语第六册paraphrase答案(整理版1-4-5-6-9-10-11)

现代大学英语第六册paraphrase答案(整理版1,4,5,6,9,10,11)Lesson 1 How to get the poor off our conscience1.Virtue is ... self-centered.By right action, we mean it must help promote personal interest.2....(poverty) was a product of their excessive fecundity...The poverty of the poor was caused by their having too many children.3....the rich were not responsible for either its creation or its amelioration.The rich were not to blame for the existence of poverty so they should not be asked to undertake the task of solving the problem.4.It is merely the working out of a law of nature and a law of God.It is only the result or effect of the law of the survival of the fittest applied to nature of to human society.5. It declined in popularity, and references to its acquired a condemnatory tone.People began to reject Social Darwinism because it seemed to glorify brutal force and oppose treasured values of sympathy, love and friendship. Therefore, when it was mentioned, it was usually the target of criticism.6....the search for a way of getting the poor off our conscience was not at an end; it wasonly suspended.The desire to find a way to justify the unconcern for the poor had not been abandoned, it had only been put off.7. ...only rarely given to overpaying for monkey wrenches, flashlights, coffee makers, andtoilet seats.Government officials, on the whole, are good, it is very rare that some would pay high prices for office equipment to get kickbacks.8.This is perhaps our most highly influential piece of fiction.It is a very popular story and has been accepted by many but it is not true.9.Belief can be the servant of truth---but even more of convenience.Belief can be useful in the search for truth, but more often than not it is accepted because it is convenient and self-serving.10.George Gilder... Who tells too…the cruel spur of their own suffering to ensure effort...George Gilder advances the view that only when the poor suffer from great misery will they be stimulated to make great efforts to change the situation, in other words, suffering is necessary to force the poor to work hard.Lesson4 nettles1.How all my own territory would be altered, ad if a landslide had gone through it andskimmed off all meaning except loss of Mike.The impact of Mike's leaving on my life was beyond my imagination. I didn't expect that Mike's leaving would have such a tremendous power that it would change the meaning of my existence completely. All my thoughts were about loss of Mike.2.During that time of life that is supposed to be a reproductive daze, with the woman'smind all swamped by maternal juices, we were still compelledto discuss Simone de Beauvoir and Arthur Koestler and "The Cocktail Party".At that time, we were young mothers, and we were supposed to lead a terribly busy life full of confusion and bewilderment caused by giving birth to and raising babies. And our minds were supposed to be fully occupied by how to feed the babies and things like that. However, in the midst of all this we still felt the need to discuss some of the important thinkers of our time like Simone de Beauvoir and Arthur Koestler and T.S.Eliot's sophisticated work "The Cocktail Party".3....I would be frightened, not of any hostility but of a kind of nonexistence.I would be frightened, and my fear was not caused by my neighbor's visibly hostile and violentway of life, but by a kind of formless and hidden emptiness and meaninglessness of human existence. What happened around me was totally irrelevant to me, and I felt very isolated and alienated.4.She did not ask me---was it delicacy or disapproval?---about my new life.She did not ask me about my new life, either out of subtle consideration for my feeling about this sensitive subject or out of disapproval for my new life style.5.I t would be a sleazy thing to do, in the house of his friends.It would be a morally low thing, an indecent thing to commit infidelity in the house of a friend.6.I knew now that he was a person who had hit rock bottom.I knew that he was a person who had experienced the worst in life, the hardest experience aperson might have to endure.7.He and wife knew that together and it bound them, as something like that would eitherbreak you apart or bind you, for life.They experienced the worst together and they knew what it was like and understood the meaning of that experience. Such an experience posed the gravest test to people. If they stood the test, their friendship or marriage would be strengthened, and a sacred bondage would be formed between them. but if they failed the test, their relationship would be broken and they would flow on gently and8.Not risking a thing yet staying alive as a sweet trickle, an underground resource. Withthe weight of this now stillness on it, this seal.If they acted on love, they would take risks. They wouldn't do that or go further in their relationship, but they would rather let their love remain as a sweet trickle, which would flow on gently and...Lesson 5 The One Against the Many1. ....the national rejection of dogmatic preconceptions about the nature of the social andeconomic orderThere are such prejudices in an arrogant manner about the characteristic of the social order and economic order and they take it for granted. The country just rejected such prejudice.2. Nor can one suggest that Americans have been consistently vulnerability to secular ideology ever after No one can say that Americans have never been tempted by the approach of understanding, preserving or transforming the world according to rigid dogmas.3.and any intellect so shaped was ...ever afterA mind influenced by Calvinist theology would surely find it somewhat difficult to resist otherideological temptations to ideological thinking.4. Pragmatism is no more wholly devoid...experiencePragmatism is not completely free from abstract ideas just as ideology is not completely free from experience, that is to say, abstract ideas have a place in pragmatism just as experience hasa role in ideology.5. As an ideologist, however, Jefferson....historical curiosityAs a man following a fixed set of beliefs, Jefferson is only an interesting historical figure. His beliefs are out of date and are irrelevant to present-day reality.6....whose central dogma is confided to the custody of an infallible priesthoodTheir central beliefs are imprisoned by the whole body of priests who are always effective. 1....where free men may find partial truths, but where ...on Absolute TruthIn this universe a person whose mind is unconstrained may be able to discover relation truths but no man on earth can claim that he has already grasped the one and only truth.2.But ideology is a drug; no matter how ...it still persists.Ideology has the characteristic of a narcotic. In spite of the fact that it has been proved wrong many times by experience, people still long to commit themselves to ideology.3....the only certainty in an.....abuseThe only thing that is sure of a despotic system is the unrestricted exercise of power.10. The distinctive human triumph...lies in the capacity to understand the frailty of humanstriving ...nonethelessThe most outstanding achievement of humanity is they know that no matter how hard they try, they cannot achieve Absolute truth, yet they continue to make great efforts and refuse to give up.Lesson6 Death of a pig1. It is a tragedy enacted on most farms with ...The murder, being premeditated, is in thefirst degree...and the smoked bacon and ham provide...questionedThe tragedy has an ending---the killing of a pig and the serving of its meat. The killing deliberately planned and carried out efficiently, is the most type of murder. However, whether pigs should end their lives that way has never been questioned.2. A pig couldn't ask for anything better or none has, at any rateA pig could not ask for any better living conditions; at least no pig has ever complained. In aword, my pig lived in a pleasant environment3.You could see him down there at all hours, his white face parting ...his stethoscopedangling ...and grinning his corrosive grinFred was quite excited about the event. He was down at the pigpen all the time. Because of his swollen joints, he moved about unsteadily. His face set apart the grass along the fence as he moved about. He was like a doctor, with his long, drooping ears dangling like a stethoscope, and he scrabbled on the ground as if he were prescribing some medicine.4.When the enema bag appeared, and the bucket of warm suds, his happiness...full chargeof the irrigationWhen it was time to dose the pig, Fred became even more excited, and he managed to get through the fence, and acted as if he was taking charge of the medical treatment.5....and the premature expiration of a pig is...a sorrow in which it feels fully involvedIf a pig dies before he is supposed to, it is a serious matter for the whole community to remember. The whole community would share the sadness for his death.6.I have written this account in penitence and in grief, as a man who...and to explainmy...so many raised pigsThe purpose of this essay is to show that I am sorry for what has happened to my pig,since I have failed to raise the pig and cannot provide a reason why my pig could didn't grow the way other pigs have grown.7.The grave in the woods is unmarked, but ...and I know he and I...on flagless …ownchoosingThe pig's grave in the woods doesn't have a tombstone, but whenever somebody wants to visit it, Fred will show him the way.I know we will often visit it, separate or together, when we need to ponder over problems or when we are depressed.Lesson 9 The Bluest Eye1.Perhaps because they don’t have hometowns……and it never leaves them.This is perhaps because they only have places of birth, but no places where there feel at home and which they identify themselves with. But these girls are strongly influenced by their hometowns, and the influence stays with them forever even they leave their hometowns.2.Wherever it erupts, this Funk, they wipe it away…they find it and fight it until it dies.The brown girls try hard to repress their emotions and passions. However, these natural human emotions cannot be wiped out totally. Sometimes they will emerge and burst out. And they will develop, become stronger and stay with them. So whenever and wherever this Funk bursts out, the brown girls will do their best to stifle it.3.As long as his needs were physical, she could meet them—comfort and satiety.If these needs were physical, she could meet them. She could make him comfortable and give him enough or even more than enough to satisfy his physical needs.4.She had seen this little girl all of her life.Geraldine had seen black girls like Pecola at many places and many times in the past.5.Eyes that questioned nothing and asked everything.On the one hand, they (girls like Pecola) were ignorant and uncomprehending. They did not ask the question that why their lives were so miserable. On the other hand, as they were poverty-stricken and practically had nothing, their eyes revealed their desire for anything that could make their lives easier.6.The end of the world lay in their eyes, and the beginning, and all the waste in between.In the eyes of these girls one can see that they were in despair, without any hope for the future, and that their life was nothing but a waste.7.Th e girls grew up knowing nothing of girdles……the bills of their caps backward.As the girls were growing into young women, they had neverworn girdles to make their figure look slimmer, and thus more elegant; and when the boys grew up, they just began to wear their caps with the bills turned backward to indicate that they had become adults.Lesson 10 Notes on the English Character1.Saint George may caper on banners and……who delivers the goods.As Saint George is a hero, the person of arms, symbolizing chivalry, his image often appears on banners, and his name is often mentioned in the speeches of politicians. Saint George is used as a symbolic figure for political purposes. But John Bull is a tradesman and he delivers the goods we need in our daily life while making money at the same time.2.With its boarding-houses, its compulsory games……all proportion to itsnumbers.The English public schools have unique features. First, all boys live in boarding houses. Second, sports and games are organized and compulsory as part of the school curricular. Third, older students have special duties to help control younger students while the latter must do jobs for the former. Lastly, great emphasis is placed on good form and team spirit. These features enable the public school students to have disproportionately great influence.3.Note the word “bankrupt”……anxious to meet any liabilities.Pay attention to my use of the word “bankrupt”, a word related to business. This reveals my identity as a member of the commercial nation, who would be careful and sensible enough to avoid any risks of failing to pay their debts.4.But my friend spoke as an Oriental……but of kingly munificence andsplendor.But my friend expressed his views as a member of the Oriental countries. They are nourished by a tradition of great generosity and richness, which is different from the English tradition of middle-class prudence.5.True love in this differs from gold and clay……not to take away.In this aspect, true love is different from material things such as clay or even gold which can be divided and taken away. Yet, if we share true love, it will never diminish.6.I will now descend from that dizzy……my business of notetaking.In the above anecdote, I have become an example of the English man for the moment. That put men in a high position which makes me dizzy and its unfamiliar to me. I will now come down from that height and return to my role as your commentator on the characteristics of the English man.7.Such a combination is fruitful, and anyone who possesses it had gone a longway toward being brave.The Englishman’s nervous system acts promptly and feels slowly. The combination of the two qualities is useful, and anyone who has this combination is most likely to be brave.8.Since literature rests on national character……hidden spirits…we see.As literature is based on national character, there must be in the English nature hidden resources of passion that have produced the great romantic literature we see.9.“Oh, I’m used to Bernard Shaw; monkey tricks don’t hurt me.That kind of criticism is just like Bernard Shaw’s attacks. It is nothing new and I’m used to these tricks and jokes; they won’t do any harm to me.10.And the “tolerant humorous attitude”...bounded by the titter and the guffaw.The Englishmen think they have a tolerant and humorous attitude toward criticism.In fact it is not so, because their attitude is limited by uncomfortable laughter, which indicates that beneath the surface of their tolerant humorous attitude, they are uneasy. When they try to be humorous and brush aside criticism, they would titter and guffaw. Such uncomfortable laughter is a sign of uneasiness.11.The cats are all out of their bags, and diplomacy cannot recall them.I have already made all my opinions known to you. What is said is said, and beingdiplomatic cannot unsay what has been said.Lesson 11 Beauty1.The festival of marriage has……can see their glory.In wedding ceremony, time seems to go slowly so everybody, even a fool, could observe things clearly and see how wonderful they are.2.So I can make up my darling……in her girlhood.My daughter may feel she has missed something when she was young. If so, I wish I could make compensation to her now, before she is married.3.The glow of happiness has to cool……crystalli ze into memory.With the passing of time, you will feel a bit more detached from the happy event and then you can recall things more clearly and they will stick in your mind.4. A wedding gown will eventually grow ……seep out of the brightest day.The clothes made for the occasion of wedding, though kept in a box specially treated to repel moths, will have a moldy smell as time goes on; flowers will gradually lose their color and die and even the brightest day will grow dim.5.I feel certain that genuine bea uty……alone but out in the world.I firmly believe that true beauty is not shallow and it exists not because we think itexists but because it actually exists outside of us.6.Yet I persist in believing there is……this tingle than an evolutionary reflex.An evolutionary response cannot adequately explain why there is this physical feeling of excitement. There must be another more important reason—beauty.7.You cannot pursue the law of nature……without pumping into the beauty.If you try to study the law of nature, very soon you will encounter beauty. The study of the law of nature will inevitably lead to the discovery of beauty.8.Because the Creation puts……beauty is free and inexhaustible.Since the birth of the universe, everything in it has revealed its own wonder continuously. Unlike ordinary commodities which cost money and whose supply is limited, beauty is free and inexhaustible.9.Beauty feeds us from the same source that created us.When God created us, He also created beauty.10. I find in that infinity a profound source of meaning and hope.This close relationship makes us see life is meaningful and worth living. Human beings are exactly and wonderfully made for life on Earth. We are powerful. We can appreciate beauty. We have a bright future.。
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L e s s o n5T h e O n e A g a i n s t T h e M a n y 1在这个新生国家渴望发展的时代,回眸美国从不发达国家开始的发展历程是很有教益的。
2当然,每个国家都有各自的发展问题而且必须根据其各自的传统、能力和价值解决它们。
美国的经验在许多方面都是独特的。
这个国家有着得天独厚的优势——主要是人口相对稀少而资源十分丰富。
但是很明显,人口和资源之间有利的比例不是促进美国发展的唯一因素。
如果真是这样的话,在人口与资源比例上更有优势的印第安人,在海外殖民者到来以前,早就应该把国家发展起来了。
同样重要的还有这些殖民者在面临各种经济和社会环境的挑战的精神。
几个基本思想要素对于促进美洲大陆社会和经济迅速发展起到了至关重要的作用。
3其中一个思想因素就是对教育的深信不疑。
对人员的投入是社会资源分配的最基本方式,这信念年在美国殖民地最早期就存在。
它源于对思想原则的信仰,而不是出于对经济利益的追求;它源于对人的尊严的笃信以及由此而产生的信念,即给人们提供机会去发展其最大的潜能是社会的责任。
但与此同时,它帮助美国奠定了走向现代化的基础。
4现代化的工业社会必须首先是知识的社会。
经济历史学家把美国两个世纪发展期间2/3的经济增长归功于生产率的提高。
当然,这种生产率的提高直接来源于国家对教育和研究的投入。
JK高博瑞曾经恰当地指出:“在智力提高上提高的每一美元或卢比所带来的国家收入,都大于将其投入到铁路、水坝、机器工具,或其他有形生产资料所能带来的国家收入。
”这句话准确地叙述了美国的经验。
5促进美国发展进程的另一个思想因素是对自治和代议制的追求。
我们发现民主是使人的才智得到充分施展、人的能量得以充分发挥的最好方式。
民主思想一方面确信人的自由的重要性和创新来自个人;另一方面是懂得合作的作用,这种合作包括义务的和自发的两种。
6但所有因素当中最基本的,或许是对美国发展速度最重要的一个就是美国拒绝关于社会本质和经济规律的教条式的偏见。
幸运的是,美国不是一个观念性很强的国家。
7在我看来,意识形态体系是指人们探索去理解、维护和改变世界时所遵循的系统的、固定的信条总和。
意识形态体系与经验主义的斗争在人类历史上源远流长。
在意识形态体系与经验主义斗争的历史上,意识形态体系曾吸引了人类历史上一些聪明绝顶的人物——艾赛亚伯林先生称之为“刺猬”,即懂得一件大事的人,和“狐狸”,即知道很多小事的人。
8没有人能说美国始终如一地不受意识形态体系诱惑的影响,也就是不受以一种有序的、全面的、永恒的方式来确定国家目标的诱惑的影响。
毕竟,美国人的思维方式深受加尔文派神学的影响,这种神学是有史以来人类创造的最崇高、最令人敬畏的分析体系之一,而如此形成的思维方式一定始终容易受到世俗意识形态体系的攻击。
那些所谓“刺猬”贯穿于美国整个历史,他们企图赋予美国一个万能的信条,把美国精神转变成一系列必须遵循的主张,用一种或另一种最终规律来解释国家的传统。
9然而,大多数美国人对抽象的理性主义和僵硬的经验理论持明智的不信任态度。
我们的民族不相信一成不变的终极目标,而忠诚于发展中探求。
在她处于最佳时期时,美国可以说超越了所有的意识形态体系。
她不允许由于信仰教条的原因使现实被歪曲,使人们的实践受到束缚,使选择的范围变得十分狭小。
这种对意识形态体系的怀疑是社会创造力的首要源泉。
最重要的美国社会思想是经验主义、实践主义和实用主义。
结果,美国最显着的特点是创新和尝试。
10实用主义并不完全排斥抽象概念,就像意识形态体系不完全排斥经验一样。
当抽象概念与经验发生冲突、必须做出取舍时,区别就显现出来了。
在这一点上,实用主义者拒绝抽象概念,而意识形态主义者拒绝经验。
共和国的早期历史阐释了这种差异。
美国独立战争是在某些普遍价值指导下的实用主义的尝试。
殖民者们为独立而战所根据的是英国的公民自由和代议制政府的理想;他们起义反抗英国人是用了英国的理由。
美国独立的理想可以在伴随国家产生的权威文献当中找到表述:独立宣言、宪法以及权利法案。
11保持理想与意识形态体系的差异是非常重要的。
理想是指一个国家长远目标以及它所追求的精神。
意识形态体系是不同的,它更系统、更详尽、更全面、更教条。
开国者托马斯杰斐逊的事例证明了这种差异。
杰斐逊既是理想的阐述者,又是意识形态体系的阐述者。
作为理想的阐述者,他仍然是一个充满活力、富于创新的人——不仅活在美国人心中,我相信也活在所有主张人的尊严和自由的人心中。
然而,作为一个意识形态主义者,他只是一个令人好奇的历史人物,他的思想过时与今天的现实无关。
作为一个意识形态主义者,比如说他相信农业是理想社会的唯一基础,小土地所有制是自由的根基,诚实的,品德高尚的耕种者是民主国家唯一可以信赖的公民,以农业为基础的经济是自由调节,因此要求最小的政府,政府管得越少越好;另一方面,自由国家的最大敌人是都市化,工业,银行业,无土地的工人阶级和所有其他的我们现在所知道现代化过程中的特点,以及能指导国家发展的强大政府。
这就是杰斐逊的意识形态体系,如果美国响应了这种思想,我们今天将是一个衰弱无能的国家。
响应了他的理想而不是意识形态体系,美国成为一个强大的现代化国家。
12幸运的是,杰斐逊喜欢他的理想胜过他的意识形态体系。
如果发生冲突,他选择怎样对百姓有利而不是怎样符合理论条条。
说实在的,杰斐逊一生在意识形态体系上所作的努力与他的性格是相矛盾的。
他的性格特征基本上是灵活的,从经验出发的。
真正的杰斐逊不是意识形态体系的杰斐逊,而是那个曾经指出“一代人不能把他们关于公共政策和人类命运主张强加给下一代人”的杰斐逊。
13对意识形态体系的忠诚错在哪儿呢?问题是这样的,意识形态体系不是现实的描绘,它是来自现实的模式,这一模式的创造者(意识形态主义者)把现实中至关重要的某些明显特征区分出来。
也就是说,意识形态体系是来自现实的抽象概念。
抽象概念或模式本身并没有错。
事实上,没有它们,我们就不可能进行讨论。
意识形态体系的谬误是忘记了意识形态体系对现实的抽象概念,而把这种抽象概念本身当成了现实。
14简而言之,意识形态主义者不断发生的错误是他们混淆了自己整齐的模式与广阔的、汹涌的、不可预见的人类实践的现实之间的区别。
这种混淆至少有两方面恶果:让意识形态体系的信仰者犯宿命论历史观的错误;误导他们对公共政策的具体选择。
15让我们思考一下意识形态主义者的历史观。
他们认为历史上的奥秘,可以用清晰的,绝对的,能解释过去和预测未来的社会信条来理解。
意识形态体系因此预先假定了一个封闭的世界,它的历史是确定的,它的原则是一成不变的,它的价值和目标是可以从社会信条体系中推理出来的,而这个理论体系的本质掌握在永无谬误的圣人手中。
在关于“一”和“多”的古老的哲学争论中,意识形态主义者支持“一”。
他们坚信世界作为一个整体是可以被认知的,一个单一的观点是:丰富的、永不停顿的人类生活可以简化为一个单一抽象的解释系统。
16美国的传统发现了这种关于人类历史的观点是矛盾的、虚假的。
美国传统把世界看成“多”,而不是“一”。
威廉詹姆斯的作品以及詹姆斯称作“激进经验主义”的对待哲学问题的方法,最好地表达了这种经验主义的本能,即着重事实而不是推理,看重行动而不是教条。
詹姆斯反对认为单一的解释就能解答历史上所有的问题这样的信念,反对认为所有政治和社会问题都能在那些圣典的结论部分找到答案的主张,反对对历史宿命论的解释,反对封闭的世界。
他支持被他成为“未完成的世界”——一个以成长性、多样性、不确定性、神秘性、偶然性为特征的世界——一个自由的人们可以找到部分真理,而不是某个凡人独自掌握了绝对真理的世界;一个社会的进步不是依赖单一的学说,而是依靠自由思想不受约束的交流的世界。
17因此意识形态体系和实用主义的历史观是完全不同的。
就如同他们处理公共政策的方法完全不同一样。
意识形态主义者错把模式当成现实,总是误导关于公共决策的可能性和结果。
20世纪的历史就是意识形态体系使人类多方面误入歧途的记录。
18让我们看一个当代的例子。
例如在是选择公有制还是选择私有制的问题上,在发展中国家占据了如此多的政治经济讨论,现在已经很清楚了,它不是宗教的原则。
它不是一个由绝对论者意见决定的道德问题,也不能被那些认为公有制是邪恶的右派,或那些认为私有制可耻的左派来决定。
它不是理论能回答的问题,只能通过经验和试验来解决。
我甚至建议在思想界和学术界的讨论中摒弃某些用滥了的词语。
这些词语不再有清晰的含义。
这些词语只能使头脑发热,而不会给人以智慧的光芒。
他们是煽动的言辞,而不是分析的话语。
19随着混合社会的发明,实用主义战胜了绝对论。
由此,世界明白了混合经济提供了把社会控制和个人自由有机结合的手段。
但意识形态体系就像毒品:不管实践怎样揭露它,对它的渴望依然存在。
这种渴望无疑会永远存在,只要还有人渴望找到一种无所不包并能解释一切的意识形态体系。
真的,只要政治哲学的形成仍受到追根求源这种冲动支配。
20我们曾经提到过,最古老的问题是“一”和“多”关系的问题。
我们可以确定无疑地说,我们这个时代的根本矛盾恰恰是那些想要把世界简化为“一”的人与那些认为世界是“多”的人之间的冲突——那些相信世界会朝着一个方向进化、经过单一预先设定的路线,奔着单一预设的结局的人与那些相信人类的未来就像过去一样、根据多样化的传统、价值、目标继续朝着多个方向、奔向多种结局的人之间的冲突。
简而言之,它是在教条主义和实用主义、理论社会和试验社会之间的选择。
21意识形态主义者害怕思想的自由流动,甚至害怕在自己思想体系内偏离主流的不同思想。
他们确信他们独占真理。
因此他们总是觉得屠杀异端者是在拯救世界。
他们的追求仍然是根据他们的意识形态体系改造世界。
他们的目标是按照确定可靠的理论,建造一个铁板一块的世界——绝对的权力必然导致权力的滥用。
22自由人的目标与此大相径庭。
自由人掌握许多具体的真理,但他们认为没有一个凡人能够掌握绝对真理。
他们宗教和理性的传统致使他们怀疑那些声称永无谬误的人。
他们认为对于一个人来说,没有比把自己当作神更荒唐的了。
他们承认人的智力是有限的,人的心灵是脆弱的,人类在判断力上是具备特色的。
他们懂得人类奋斗是存在缺憾的,但仍然奋斗不息。