英文 菌胶团
The role of zoogloea in sewage treatment research present situationand the developmentKuang Jiawei1,Miu Qinsong1,Jiang Chongyang1(1.Xuzhou Institute of Environmental Engineering)Abstract:Nowadays, and its derivatives modified by activated sludge process is the most widely used method of dealing with urban sewage It can remove soluble and colloidal state from sewage to biochemical organic matter and suspended solids which can be activated sludge adsorption activated sludge process and some other substances in activated sludge as the main body of the main method of wastewater biological treatment zoogloea is an important part of activated sludge This paper analyzes the zoogloea role in wastewater treatment, and the future research direction Key Words:Activated sludge process;sewage treatment;zoogloeaWater shortage and pollution is one of the world is facing environmental problems, how to protect the water resources, how to deal with the polluted water, sewage harmless sewage treatment method with physical method, chemical method and biological method Is the most widely used biological method, its advantage is simple rate high cost low activated sludge process is the use of aerobic activated sludge microorganism, under the condition of ventilation, the sewage purification method of biology This method is one of the main current organic wastewater treatment method It is the use of certain microorganisms grow in zoogloea to the larger surface area in the process of a large number of flocculation and adsorption of organic matter, sewage and under the action of oxygen, the assimilation the matter to the composition of bacteria, or break it down into CO2 materials such as water, so as to achieve the aim of reducing organic pollutants in wastewater, and zooglea is live.1.The concept of zoogloeaBecause of their genetic characteristics determine , some bacteria among certain bacteria stick to each other arrangement set together, are surrounded by a common bacterial capsular form a certain shape group ,which are called floc . It is the activated sludge floc and drops main component of the mucous membrane filter . The bacterial zoogloea which embedded in the gum , and it is not easy to be swallowed by protozoa , which is in favour of settlement . There zoogloea typical genus , which has two kinds : dendritic zoogloea genus and vertical ( suspended ) filamentous zoogloea genus . The reason is that some bacteria under certain environmental conditions mucinous material layer may be formed to surround the outside of the cell wall . This layer of substance is called mucus layer . Mucus layer thickness is not necessarily. Its composition is mainly polysaccharides and pectin substances . Formation of mucus is a normal result of bacterial metabolism , but mucous layer has nothing to do with the growth of bacterial slime . When bacteria movement , mucus from the cell surface may peel off . When bacteria move , mucus will separate from the cell surface .Whenthe mucus layer of uniform thickness is called capsular . Capsular thickness is 0.5 ~ 2.0nm, and micro- capsular thickness is 5 ~ 10nm. In normal circumstances, the capsule will not be split after the bacteria is to make them stick together . However, some bacteria’s mucus layer can be bonded together to make a lumpy growth of many bacteria . These bacteria clumps is zoogloea.2.the function of zoogloeaZoogloea that has the strong ability of adsorption and oxidation of organic matter is an important part of activated sludge and biological membrane,which plays an important role in The biological treatment .Zoogloea that has adsorption and decomposition of organic matter provide protozoa and tiny metazoan with a good living environment .Zoogloea bacteria is hidden in the colloidal substance.On the one hand, it not only protects from animal , but also enhances its ability to resist the bad environment .On the other hand,it also can have instructed effect.the performance of activated sludge is good or bad, mainly according to the content of zoogloea color , size and structure of the close degree to determine [2].Zoogloea is located at the center of the structure and function of activated sludge and is a basic component of activated sludge.Once the zoogloea is damaged, activated sludge removal rate of organic matter will significantly decreased or lost.3.The current research status of zoogloea3.1The specific form of zoogloeaDifferent zoogloea bacteria can form different shapes, and has dichotomous,vertical,filamentous,spherical,oval, mushroom-shaped ,flake and all kinds of irregular shape. Not all can form zoogloea bacteria. The main species is zoogloea and shows a rod .Young fungus bacteria have the the raw flagella and lively movement, under certain conditions,and can form a layer of mucus surrounded on the outside of the cell wall, which can be gathered into hairy zoogloea that is gram negative and do not produce spores and belong to requiring oxidation heterotrophic bacteria [3-4].When zoogloea that has rules in the shape of branches extends outward and grows,it is not only to attract free bacteria making a large number of reducing, but also to make the original scattered with status of sludge flocs connect and grow into larger flocs that play a role in connecting bridging.Choosing zoogloea dendritic body top to observe, on continuous observation for 15 minutes, we can observe that near the vertex continuously gathered many rapid vibration of free zoogloea .since it has a thick capsule, making a single lever zoogloea present ovoid under the microscope .Dynamic adhesive bacteria’s dendritic the adhesion behavior shows vertical link at the top, namely to ovoid tip towards growing point glue,which makes the most of the dynamic adhesive bacteria of dendritic body are arranged end to end .Therefore, only the top is exposed connection point. This is the reason zoogloea showed growth of filamentous extensions.From the point of view of energyconsumption analysis, Zoogloea with oval top phase, small adhesion surface, the connection speed, small energy consumption, easily growing fast, play groups a competitive advantage.3.2The growth of zoogloea influencing factorsThe growth of zoogloea is influenced by many factors, forming micelles bacteria is the key to improve the effect of wastewater treatment and its running stability [5]. Therefore, to explore zoogloea growth conditions is particularly important. A bacterial strain under suitable environmental conditions forms a floc structure, but when encountered undesirable environment, zoogloea loose floc occurs, even showing a single bacteria, which affects the treatment effect. Therefore, in order to achieve better treatment effect, requiring zoogloea compact structure, adsorption, good settling properties. It must meet the nutritional zoogloea bacteria and environmental requirements. Zoogloea’s forming dendritic zoogloea, the first condition is dirty residence time, which is the sludge age. In biological wastewater treatment, compared with other forms of microorganisms, micelle-forming bacteria grow slower, longer sludge age. Secondly, Zoogloea is suitable for aerobic environment [6],and is linked to the dissolved oxygen in the water .4.Future study direction of zoogloeaBecause our country’s most of the rivers are polluted by organic,activated sludge process with application of biased efficiency, flexibility, run continuously, automation,technology function diversity can remove nitrogen and phosphorus. Activated sludge is from sewage domestication.nematodes and rotifers show that the sludge has been mature .In the activated sludge, microbial community is mainly including bacteria, protozoa and algae .The bacteria and protozoa are the main two kinds .In the biological wastewater treatment systems, the degradation of pollutants is mainly bacteria.In the activated sludge of wastewater biological treatment, activated sludge bacteria in the degradation of organic matter in water purification plays a most important ually,bacteria is divided into two categories, one is filamentous bacteria, another it is zoogloea .So it is particularly important to study zoogloea.Filamentous bacteria in activated sludge flocculation body form a space truss structure, zoogloea bacteria attached on the formation of a symbiotic relationship between microbial ecological system, when the zoogloea bacteria and filamentous bacteria are on a balance of an appropriate proportion to grow, the sludge flocs formed by large and dense is easy to precipitate. as the growth of filamentous bacteria is faster than zoogloea bacteria, there will be a sewage sludge expansion. Activated sludge expansion is since the advent of activated sludge process has been accompanied by a worldwide difficult problem.Although researchers through a lot of research guided by the biodynamics and comprehensive research results put forward the cause of sludge bulking and classification of the unity of theory and effectivecontrol method, as a result of filamentous bacteria related to the activated sludge expansion type is various, combined with a series of complicated environment and operating factors influence each other,having been the expansion of the proposed control method can't satisfy all control in activated sludge expansion.In the activated sludge expansion, sludge bulking caused by filamentous bacteria multiply is more common. Controlling sludge bulking and strengthening the competitiveness of zooglea and filamentous fungi has become a zoogloea research direction in the future. References[1]杨颐康.微生物[M] .北京:高等教育出版社, 1997: 18-24.[2]陈燕飞.微生物在好氧活性污泥法处理水污染中的作用[J].科技情报开发与经济,2007,17(7):182-183+194.[3]许保玖,龙腾锐.当代给水与废水处理原则[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2000.[4]孔秀琴,马宁.活性污泥生枝状菌胶团的形成及降解机理[J].武汉理工大学学报,2007,29(10):47-50.[5]王淑莹,彭永臻,周利.用溶解氧浓度作为SBR法过程和反应时间控制参数[J].中国环境科学,1998,18(5):415-418.[6]周凤霞,陈剑虹.淡水微型生物图谱[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2005.。
常用微生物学英语词汇(二)
辅酶 M coenzyme M微量营养 micronutrient特需营养要求型 idiotroph微[量]动[⼒]作⽤ oligodynamic action抗代谢物 antimetabolites索状因⼦ cord factor异株克⽣物质 allelopathic substances光能⽆机营养 photolithotrophy光能有机营养 photoorganotrophy化能⽆机营养 chemolithotrophy化能有机营养 chemoorganotrophy光营养 phototrophy兼性营养 amphitrophy腐⽣营养 saprophytic nutrition甲基营养 methylotrophy化能营养 chemotrophy⾃养 autotrophy光能⾃养 photoautotrophy化能⾃养 chemoautotrophy半⾃养 mesotrophy异养 heterotrophy氮平衡 nitrogen balance碳平衡 carbon balance磷平衡 phosphorus balance同化作⽤ assimilation异化作⽤ dissimilation氨化作⽤ ammonification硝化作⽤ nitrification反硝化作⽤ denitrification固氮作⽤ nitrogen fixation⾮共⽣固氮作⽤ asymbiotic nitrogen fixation 光同化作⽤ photo-assimilation巴⽒效应 Pasteur effect葡萄糖效应 glucose effect种间分⼦氢转移 interspecies H transfer发酵 fermentation发酵[能]⼒ fermentation capacity可发酵性 fermentability同型发酵 homofermentation异型发酵 heterofermentation厌氧消化 anaerobic digestion厌氧呼吸 anaerobic respiration厌氧⽣活 anaerobiosis需氧呼吸 aerobic respiration需氧⽣活 aerobiosis反馈抑制 feed back inhibition内源变量 endogenenous variable异养潜能 heterotrophic potential溶菌丝作⽤ hypholytic action溶菌作⽤ bacteriolysis费⽒[溶菌]现象 Pfeiffer's phenomenon⾃溶[现象] autolysis裂殖 schizogenesis芽殖 budding⼆分分裂 binary fission不等分裂 unequal fission断裂 fragmentation复分裂 multiple fission隐蔽期 eclipse period⽐⽣长速率 specific growth rate同步⽣长 synchronous growth双峰⽣长曲线 diauxie growth curve延滞期 lag phase⼀步⽣长[曲线] one step growth时间-存活曲线 time-survival curve倍增时间 doubling time指数⽣长 exponential growth衰亡期 decline phase稳定期 stationary phase对数期 log phase时间节律 temporal rhythm隐⽣现象 cryptobiosis休眠 dormancy衰⽼型 involution form静息细胞 resting cell光复活作⽤ photoreactivation交*复活 cross reactivation热[致]死时 thermal death time热[致]死点 thermal death point原⽣质体再⽣ protoplast regeneration[噬菌体]接合分裂 conjugate division[噬菌体]裂解阻抑 lysis inhibition[噬菌体]裂解量 burst size[噬菌体]⽣产性感染 productive infection[噬菌体]⾃愈 curing病毒复制 replication of virus复制周期 replicative cycle裂解周期 lytic cycle[病毒]侵⼊ penetration病毒⼊胞现象 viropexis[病毒]脱壳 uncoating[病毒]装配 assembly蚀斑 plaque蚀斑形成单位 plaque forming unit,PFU成斑效率 efficiency of plating强毒株 virulent strain[狂⽝病]固定毒 fixed virus[狂⽝病]街毒 street virus病毒抑制作⽤ viral inhibition病毒诱导 virus induction[流感病毒]α抑制物α-inhibitor[流感病毒]朱⽒抑制物 Chu-inhibitor ,β-inhibitor ⼲扰素 interferon⼲扰[现象] interference溶原化 lysogenization溶原性 lysogeny溶原现象 lysogenesis抗⽣素 antibiotic阿克拉霉素 aclacinomycin放线酮 actidione, cycloheximide放线菌素 actinomycin阿霉素 adriamycin氨丁苷菌素 ambutyrosin7-氨基头孢菌酸 7-aminocephalosporinic acid6-氨基青霉烷酸 6-aminopenicillanic acid两性霉素 amphotericin安丝菌素 ansamitocin抗蠕霉素 anthelmycin抗霉素 antimycin阿泊拉霉素 apramycin除疟霉素 aplasmomycin曲霉菌素 aspergillin除⾍菌素 avermectin杆菌肽 bacitracin双环霉素 bicyclomycin杀稻瘟素 blasticidin博来霉素 bleomycin丁苷菌素 butirosin, butyrosin杀假丝菌素 candicidin卷曲霉素 capreomycin, capromycin腐霉素 carriomycin洋红霉素 carminomycin天青菌素 celesticetin头孢菌素 cephalosporin氯霉素 chloromycetin, chloramphenicol ⾦霉素 chloroteracycline, aureomycin ⾊霉素 chromomycin创新霉素 chuangxinmycin棒酸 clavulanic acid氯林肯霉素 clindamycin粘菌素 colistin⿁伞菌素 coprinin蛹⾍草菌素 cordycepin⾹菇菌素 cortinellin环孢菌素 cyclosporin环丝氨酸 cycloserine松胞菌素 cytochalasin胞霉素 cytomycin道诺霉素 daunomycin越霉素 destomycin偏端霉素 distamycin红霉素 erythromycin抑酯酶素 esterastin扁枝⾐霉素 everninomicin间型霉素 formycin健霉素 fortimicin磷霉素 fosfomycin, phosphonomycin镰孢菌酸 fusarinic acid⾉他霉素 gentamicin胶霉毒素 gliotoxin⾕⽒菌素 gougerotin短杆菌肽 gramicidin灰霉素 grisein灰黄霉素 griseofulvin除莠菌素 herbicidin除莠霉素 herbimycin全霉素 holomycin潮霉素 hygromycin岛霉素 ilamycin天神霉素 istamycin双氢除⾍菌素 ivermectin交沙霉素 josamycin卡那霉素 kanamycin春⽇霉素 kasugamycin柱晶⽩霉素 leucomycin林可霉素 lincomycin美登素 maytenin酒霉素 methymycin光神霉素 mithramycin丝裂霉素 mitomycin莫能菌素 monensin菌霉素 mycomycin霉酚酸 mycophenolic acid麦迪霉素 mydecamycin, midecamycin 暗霉素 nebramycin新霉素 neomycin纺锤菌素 netropsin诺卡菌素 nocardin新⽣霉素 novobiocin制霉菌素 nystatin⽵桃霉素 oleandomycin蛇孢菌素 ophiobollin展青霉素 patulin青霉酸 penicillic acid青霉素 penicillin多氧菌素 polyoxin多粘菌素 polymyxin灵菌红素 prodigiosin制反转录酶素 revistin核糖霉素 ribostamycin, vistamycin利福霉素 rifamycin龟裂杀菌素 rimocidin瑞斯托菌素 ristocetin蔷薇霉素 rosamicin红⽐霉素 rubidomycin相模霉素 sagamicin盐霉素 salinomycin⾁瘤霉素 sarkomycin制唾酸酶素 siastatin紫苏霉素 sisomicin壮观霉素 spectinomycin, actinospectacin 螺旋霉素 spiramycin链霉素 streptomycin链⿊菌素 streptonigrin链丝菌素 streptothricin枯草菌素 subtilin杀鱼菌素 teleocidin⼟霉素 terramycin, oxytetracycline四环素 tetracycline噻烯霉素 thienamycin硫藤黄素 thiolutin妥布拉霉素 tobramycin⽊霉菌素 trichodermin抗滴⾍霉素 trichomycin⾐霉素 tunicamycin泰乐菌素 tylosin焦曲菌素 ustin有效霉素 validamycin缬氨霉素 valinomycin, aminomycin万古霉素 vancomycin疣孢菌素 verrucarine优胜霉素 victomycin紫霉素 viomycin巴龙霉素 paromomycin遗传转化 genetic transformation供体 donor受体 recipient转化体 transformant感受态 competence光滑型 smooth type粗糙型 rough type⽆性型 anamorph克隆 clone有性型 teleomorph异源性 heterology同源性 homology转导 transduction局限转导 restricted transduction转染 transfection溶原性转换 lysogenic conversion抗原性漂移 antigenic drift抗原性转变 antigenic shift⾼频重组 high frequency of recombination, Hfr 重组 recombination接合[作⽤] conjugation重组体 recombinant互补 complementation杂合[现象] heterozygosis重组⼦ recon接合阶段 zygophase接合 zygosis质粒 plasmid粘粒 cosmid噬粒 phasmid质粒不相容性 plasmid incompatibility相容性 compatibility致育因⼦ fertility factor性因⼦ *** factor⼤肠杆菌素⽣成因⼦ colicinogenic factor突变 mutation表型 phenotype环状染⾊体 ring chromosome基因型 genotype原养型 prototroph原养菌 prototrophic bacteria营养缺陷型 auxotroph多重营养缺陷型 polyauxotroph诱变 mutagenesis诱变剂 mutagen诱发变异 induced variation突变体 mutant渗漏突变体 leaky mutant条件突变株 conditional mutant条件致死 conditional lethal温敏突变株 temperature sensitive mutants半透明型突变噬斑 cococarde噬斑突变株 plaque mutants宿主范围突变株 host range mutant扇形突变 secter mutationH-O 变异 H-O variation弱毒株 low virulent strain减毒株 attenuated strain凝固酶因⼦ coagulase factor耐药[性决定]因⼦ resistance determining factor 耐药性转移因⼦ resistance transfer factor, RTF 抗药性 drug-resistance抗药因⼦ resistance factor抗药基因 drug resistant gene抗药性菌株 drug resistant strain基因簇 gene cluster复制 replication启动⼦ promotor操纵⼦ operon单形现象 monomorphism双态现象 dimorphism多形现象 polymorphism⼲扰缺损颗粒 defective interfering particle重分配 redistribution表型混杂 phenotypic mixing基因转移 gene transfer原⽣质体融合 protoplast fusion趋合⼦性 zygotaxis向合⼦性 zygotropism兔化毒 lapinized virus缺损病毒 defective virus[病毒]缺损突变株 defective mutant[流感病毒]O-D相变异 O-D variation病毒基因 virogene[病毒]早期基因 early genes[病毒]晚期基因 late genes微⽣物⽣态系统 microbial ecosystem趋化性 chemotaxis趋氧性 aerotaxis趋光性 phototaxis向化性 chemotropism向氧性 oxytropism向光性 phototropism内共⽣ endosymbiosis捕⾷作⽤ predation拮抗作⽤ antagonism初级合作 protocooperation共⽣ symbiosis互利共栖 mutualism偏害共栖 amensalism偏利共栖 commensalism互养共栖 syntrophism兢争[共栖] competition寄⽣ parasitism⽆关共栖 neutralism卫星现象 satellitism协同共栖 synergism异种克⽣[现象] allelopathy代谢共栖 metabiosis共⽣⽣物 symbiont聚⽣体 consortium伴⽣种 companions致坏死寄⽣物 necroparsite根际微⽣物 rhizospheric microorganism 叶际微⽣物 phyllospheric microorganism 悉⽣⽣物 gnotobiote腐⽣现象 saprophytism分解者 decomposer含菌细胞 mycetosome嗜狭⾼温⽣物 stenothermophiles⼴温微⽣物 eurythermal microorganism 狭温微⽣物 stenothermal microorganisms 暂居微⽣物 transient microbe原⽣演替 primary succession次⽣演替 secondary succession异养演替 heterotrophic succession⾃养演替 autotrophic succession顶极群落 climax community菌群 flora区系 flora微⽣物区系 microflora⼟著菌群 indigenous flora⼟著区系 indigenous flora菌群失调 dysbacteriosis⽔华 blooms⽣物量 biomass⽣物质 biomass⽣物圈 biosphere前发酵 primary fermentation后发酵 secondary fermentation浅盘发酵 shallow tray fermentation深层发酵 submerged fermentation固态发酵 solid state fermentation液态发酵 liquid state fermentation主发酵 main fermentation连续发酵 continuous fermentation半连续[型]发酵 semicontinuous fermentation [罐]批发酵 batch fermentation敞⼝发酵 open fermentation上⾯发酵 top fermentation下⾯发酵 bottom fermentation上⾯酵母 top yeast下⾯酵母 bottom yeast阿明露法 amylo process酿造 brewing酿造技术 brewing technique陈酿化 aging发酵罐 fermenter种⼦罐 seeding tank⼿动⽓锁 manual airlock⾃动⽓锁 automatic airlock超滤膜 ultrafiltration membrane超滤法 ultrafiltration消泡剂 antifoam agent醋化作⽤ acetification酸化作⽤ acidification糖化作⽤ saccharification糖化剂 sacchariferous agents曲 Qu(raw starter)⼤曲 Daqu (massive raw stater for alcholic liquor)⼩曲 Xiaoqu(raw starter complex)⽇本酒曲 koji麸曲 bran koji液体曲 liquid koji起⼦ starter, culture starter酒母 seeding yeast活性⼲酵母 active dry yeast单细胞蛋⽩ single cell protein, SCP菌丝球 mycelium pellet活性污泥 activated sludge醪液 mash固定化细胞 immobilized cell共固定化作⽤ co-immobilization酸败 spoilage平[罐]酸败 flat-sour spoilage平罐酸败菌 flat sour bacteria需氧量 oxygen requirement⽣物致劣 deterioration微⽣物传感器 microbial sensor微⽣物浸矿 microbial leaching微⽣物杀⾍剂 microbial pesticide病毒杀⾍剂 viral pesticide根瘤 root nodule菌根 mycorrhiza根瘤菌剂 nitragin植物杀菌素 phytocidin昆⾍病原微⽣物 entomopathogen[蜜蜂]幼⾍腐臭病 foulbrood固氮菌剂 azotogen亚⿇浸渍 flax retting⽣物防治 biological control沤⿇ retting青贮饲料 silage沼⽓ biogas⽆菌植物 germ-free plant侵染 infection侵染性 infectivity侵染中⼼ infectious center侵染剂量 infective dose, ID病毒尿症 viruria病毒⾎症 viremia菌⾎症 bacteremia⾷物中毒 food poisoning真菌中毒 mycetism标准⾎清 standard serum混合分型⾎清 pooled typing serum抗⾎清 antiserum抗⽩喉⾎清 antidiphtheric serum结核菌素反应 tuberculin reaction卡介苗 BCG vaccine抗毒素 antitoxin旧结核菌素 old tuberculin, OT结核菌素单位 tuberculin unit, TU致热原 pyrogen病原体 pathogen带[病]毒者 carrier带菌者 carrier感染 infection传染 infection原发性感染原 primary invader继发性感染原 secondary invader机会致病菌 opportunistic pathogen条件致病菌 conditioned pathogen正常菌群 normal flora感染性 infectivity感染中⼼ infectious center攻击⼒ aggressivity侵袭⼒ invasiveness⽪肤坏死毒素 dermatonecrotoxin毒素 toxin毒⼒ virulence感染剂量 infective dose, ID半感染剂量 infectious dose 50%, ID 50半数组织培养感染量 50% tissue culture infective dose, TCID 50致病性 pathogenicity致细胞病变[效应] cytopathic effect, CPE半数致死量 50% lethal dose, LD 50细菌毒⼒ bacterial virulence神经毒⼒ neurovirulence类毒素 toxoid神经毒性 neurotoxicity最⼩感染量 minimal infecting dose, MID最⼩抑菌浓度 minimal inhibitory concentration, MIC最⼩致死量 minimal lethal dose, MLD⽣物制品 biological products鞭⽑抗原 flagellar antigen菌体抗原 O antigen[细菌]包被抗原 envelope antigen菌苗 bacterial vaccine疫苗 vaccine活疫苗 live vaccine活菌苗 live bacterial vaccine单价疫苗 univalent vaccine单价菌苗 univalent bacterial vaccine多价菌苗 polyvalent bacterial vaccine多价疫苗 polyvalent vaccine三联疫苗 triple vaccine联合疫苗 combined vaccine亚单位菌苗 subunit bacterial vaccine亚单位疫苗 subunit vaccine兔化法 lapinization减毒作⽤ attenuation⾃⾝疫苗 autovaccine⾃⾝菌苗 autovaccine菌苗疗法 vaccinetherapy, vaccinotherapy化学疗法 chemotherapy疫苗疗法 vaccinetherapy, vaccinotherapy疫苗再接种 revaccination再接种 reinoculation⾃⾝接种 autoinoculationVi 抗原 Vi antigen⼄型肝炎核⼼抗原 HBcAg⼄型肝炎表⾯抗原 HBsAg扩散因⼦ spreading factor⼄型肝炎e抗原 HBeAg溶⾎[作⽤] haemolysis[抗菌素的]协同作⽤ synergism抑菌作⽤ bacteriostasis杀芽孢剂 sporicide杀病毒剂 virucide抗溶[菌]素 antilysin杀菌剂 germicides消毒剂 disinfectant抑菌剂 bacteriostat抗微⽣物剂 antimicrobial agent抗菌剂 antibacterial agent抗真菌剂 antifungal agent杀细菌剂 bactericide杀真菌剂 mycocide抑真菌剂 fungistat消毒 disinfection腐败 putrefaction防腐 antisepsis⽯炭酸系数 phenol coefficient药物敏感性 drug susceptibility防腐剂 antiseptic⼤肠菌类 coliform group⼤肠[杆]菌值 colititre⼤肠[杆]菌指数 coli-index指⽰菌 indicator显微肥达⽒凝集试验 microscopic Widal agglutination test 敏化细菌 sensitized bacteria⽆特定病原动物 specific pathogen free animals, SPFA⽆菌动物 germ-free animal硫磺[样]颗粒 sulfur granule显微镜 microscope双⽬显微镜 binocular microscope倒置显微镜 invert microscope明视野显微镜 bright field microscope暗视野 dark-field暗视野显微镜 dark-field microscope暗视野显微术 dark-field microscopy相差显微镜 phase contrast microscope[分辨]⼲涉差显微镜 Differential interference contrast microscope, DICM 荧光显微镜 fluorescence microscope电[⼦显微]镜 electron microscope透射电[⼦显微]镜 transmission electron microscope, TEM扫描电[⼦显微]镜 scanning electron microscope, SEM超薄切⽚术 ultramicrotomy超薄切⽚ ultrathin section⽬镜 ocular物镜 objective透镜 lens补偿⽬镜 compensative eyepiece消⾊差透镜 achromatic lens全消⾊差透镜 apochromatic lens低倍物镜 low power objective⾼倍物镜 high power objective油浸物镜 oil immersion objective显微镜集光器 microscope condenser镜台测微计 stage micrometer⽬镜测微计 ocular micrometer显微操作 micromanipulation显微操作器 micromanipulator盖玻⽚ cover glass载玻⽚ slide凹玻⽚ concave slide⾹柏油 cedar oil涂⽚ smear悬滴法 hanging drop method热固定 heat fixation镜检 microscopic examination分辨率 resolving power放⼤率 magnification染⾊法 staining染⾊反应 staining reaction负染[⾊法] negative staining鉴别染⾊法 differential staining对染[法] counterstaining两极染⾊ bipolar staining萋-尼染⾊法 Ziehl-Neelsen staining method抗酸细菌染⾊法 acid-fast staining⾰兰⽒染⾊ Gram staining赖夫松鞭⽑染⾊ Leifson's flagella staining墨汁荚膜染⾊ India-ink capsule staining阿⽒染⾊ Albert's staining麦⽒[⽴克次⽒体]染⾊ Macchiavello's staining瑞⽒染⾊ Wright's staining富尔根染⾊ Feulgen staining染⾊剂 stain鲁⼽⽒碘液 Lugol's i o d i n e s o l u t i o n。
菌胶团名词解释
菌胶团名词解释菌胶团概念:是指聚合度高,以单个细菌为核心,由胶体包裹的生物絮团。
菌胶团分类:分为胶体金属-氧化物胶体、多孔玻璃纤维素质基、水溶性高分子基、藻类-胶体、霉菌-胶体和聚苯乙烯泡沫等,其中最常用的是聚苯乙烯泡沫。
菌胶团构成:6、菌胶团能引起微生物细胞之间的粘连,提高微生物细胞膜的通透性,促进物质的运输和代谢产物的排泄,从而加速细胞内的信息传递和废物排除,提高机体的免疫力。
7、腐败微生物(产毒菌):产生毒素(PAH)或使毒素失去毒性的微生物。
3、发酵性:发酵性的细菌种类可以利用某些糖、氮源,或在特定条件下利用环境中的碳源、氮源、磷酸盐和硫化物等微量营养物质合成新的物质。
8、有益菌:是指正常生活状态下的人体肠道中寄生的一些细菌,具有保持肠道健康的作用,这些菌与宿主之间构成了互利共生的关系。
10、肠道菌群不同程度上能影响宿主的健康,但同时也会反过来影响宿主。
11、肠道菌群数量及结构变化是宿主健康状况的指示器,并且有助于揭示宿主与其周围环境之间的相互作用。
12、有益菌:是指正常生活状态下的人体肠道中寄生的一些细菌,具有保持肠道健康的作用,这些菌与宿主之间构成了互利共生的关系。
这些菌称为肠道菌群。
肠道菌群种类很多,根据人体对肠道菌群的研究,现已鉴定的有300余种。
菌胶团定义:聚合度高,以单个细菌为核心,由胶体包裹的生物絮团。
菌胶团构成:3、对肠道菌群有益,对宿主没有害处的活的微生物。
2、能被宿主肠道中的消化酶、有益菌(正常存在的)所降解。
1、当肠道中菌群失调时,胃肠道内环境就会发生紊乱,导致肠道微生态平衡失调,有害菌大量繁殖,食物得不到充分消化和吸收,残渣积累,出现腹泻、便秘或交替发作。
1、因生活习惯改变和饮食结构改变所造成的菌群改变,从而诱发某些疾病。
2、非正常菌群所致的急慢性腹泻、便秘等。
3、对肠道菌群有益,对宿主没有害处的活的微生物。
4、能被宿主肠道中的消化酶、有益菌(正常存在的)所降解。
环境保护概论答案
环境保护概论(gàilùn)答案论答案名词解释或简答:1、环境容量:一定环境所能容纳污染物的最大负荷称为(chēnɡ wéi)环境容量,即一定环境所能承担外加的某种污染物的最大允许负荷量。
2、生物放大(fàngdà)作用:在同一条食物链上,高位营养级生物体内污染物的浓度(nóngdù)大于低位营养级生物的现象3、超城市化:一些发展中国家,大批劳动力盲目从农村涌入城市,致使大城市人口急剧增加,超过了城市设施、区域资源和环境的负荷能力,从而(cóng ér)带来就业困难、住房拥挤、交通阻塞、环境污染、治安恶化等一系列社会问题和环境问题,这种现象称为“超城市化”。
4、水体(shuǐ tǐ)富营养化:水体富营养化是一种氮、磷等植物营养物质含量过多所引起的水质污染现象。
5、二次污染物:从污染源排出的一次污染物与大气中原有成分、或几种一次污染物之间,发生了一系列的化学变化或光化学反应,形成了与原污染物性质不同的新污染物,称为二次污染物。
6、面源污染:指以面积形式分布和排放污染物造成污染的发生源。
(比较点源污染与面源污染:点源污染"是指有固定排放点的污染源,指工业废水及城市生活污水,由排放口集中汇入江河湖泊。
如企业,面源污染则没有固定污染排放点,如没有排污管网的生活污水的排放。
)7、水体自净作用:各类天然水体都有一定的自净能力。
污染物质进入天然水体后,通过一系列物理、化学和生物因素的共同作用,使排入的污染物质的浓度和毒性自然降低,这种现象称为水体的自净。
8、光污染:光污染泛指影响自然环境,对人类正常生活、工作、休息和娱乐带来不利影响,损害人们观察物体的能力,引起人体不舒适感和损害人体健康的各种光。
从波长10nm-1mm的光辐射,即紫外辐射、可见光和红外辐射,在不同的条件下都可能成为光污染源。
9、排污交易:指环境管理部门制定总排污量上限,按照此上限发放排污许可证,排污许可证可以在市场买卖。
菌胶团名词解释
菌胶团名词解释菌胶团是一种由微生物形成的粘稠团块,由多种细菌、真菌和其他微生物组成。
菌胶团具有粘附性和聚集性,可以将微生物聚集在一起形成结构稳定的团块。
菌胶团中的成分主要包括微生物细胞、胞外多糖、蛋白质和其他有机物。
微生物细胞是菌胶团的核心,它们通过共同的生物化学过程和相互作用相互结合在一起。
胞外多糖是一种由微生物分泌的粘性物质,起到粘附微生物细胞和聚集菌胶团的作用。
菌胶团中的蛋白质和其他有机物则为微生物提供了生长和代谢所需的营养物质。
菌胶团在自然界中广泛存在,包括水体、土壤、农田和工业废水等环境中。
它们具有很强的粘附性,可以附着在固体表面上,如沉积物、植物根系和人工结构等。
菌胶团的形成与微生物的生长和代谢过程密切相关,其形成和结构在一定程度上反映了环境中的微生物群落结构和活动特征。
菌胶团在生态系统中发挥着重要的功能。
首先,它们可以促进微生物之间的相互作用和合作。
微生物可以通过菌胶团中的信号传递、营养共享和代谢合作等方式互相协作,增强其生存和适应能力。
其次,菌胶团可以增加微生物在环境中的附着和存活率,提供了一种保护机制。
同时,菌胶团还可以在水中形成微生物聚集物,促进微生物的沉降和降解有机物的速率,对环境的净化和修复具有重要意义。
菌胶团的形成和作用在环境保护和生物技术领域具有潜在的应用价值。
通过研究和利用菌胶团的形成机制和功能特性,可以开发出新型的微生物固定化技术和生物修复方法,有效地控制和利用微生物在环境中的活动和功能。
此外,菌胶团还可以作为一种新型的生物材料,在微生物纳米技术和生物传感器等领域有广泛的应用前景。
总之,菌胶团是由微生物形成的粘稠团块,具有粘附性和聚集性,由微生物细胞、胞外多糖、蛋白质和其他有机物组成。
菌胶团在自然界中广泛存在,并对生态系统的结构和功能具有重要影响。
菌胶团的研究和应用有助于深入理解微生物的生态学和生物技术学,为环境保护和生物工程领域的发展提供新的思路和方法。
菌胶团名词解释
菌胶团名词解释菌胶团是细菌及其分泌的胶质物质组成的细小颗粒,是活性污泥的主体,污泥的吸附性能、氧化分解能力及凝聚沉降等性能均与菌胶团有关。
菌胶团简介:菌胶团中的菌体,由于包埋于胶质中,故不易被原生动物吞噬,有利于沉降。
菌胶团的形状有球形、蘑菇形、椭圆形、分枝状、垂丝状及不规则形。
上述各菌胶团在活性污泥中均有,典型的有动胶菌属(zoogloea itzigsohn),它有两个种:枝状动胶菌属(Zoogloea ramigera)和垂(悬)丝状动胶菌属(Zoogloea filipendula)。
产生原因:有些细菌在一定的环境条件下可形成一层黏液性物质,包围在细胞壁外面。
这层物质叫黏液层。
黏液层的厚度不一定,其成分主要是多糖和果胶类物质。
黏液的形成是细菌代谢作用的正常结果,但黏液与细菌的生长无关。
当细菌运动时,黏液会从细胞表面剥离开来。
当黏液层呈现均匀厚度时则称为荚膜(capsule)。
荚膜厚0.5~2.0nm,微荚膜厚5一10nm。
在正常情况,荚膜不会在细菌分裂后使它们黏在一起。
但是,有些细菌的黏液层能黏结起来,使许多细菌成团块状生长,称为菌胶团(zoogloea)或冻胶菌。
并非所有的细菌都能形成菌胶团,能够形成菌胶团的细菌,则称为菌胶团细菌。
不同细菌形成不同形状的菌胶团,有分枝状的、垂丝状的、球形的、椭圆形的、蘑菇形的、片状的以及各种不规则形状的。
菌胶团细菌藏在胶体物质内,一方面对动物的吞噬起保护作用,同时也增强了它对不良环境的抵抗能力。
作用:菌胶团是活性污泥和生物膜的重要组成部分,有较强的吸附和氧化有机物的能力,在水生物处理中具有重要作用。
活性污泥性能的好坏,主要可根据所含菌胶团多少、大小及结构的紧密程度来确定。
新生胶团(即新形成的菌胶团)颜色较浅,甚至无色透明,但有旺盛的生命力,氧化分解有机物的能力强。
老化了的菌胶团,由于吸附了许多杂质,颜色较深,看不到细菌单体,而像一团烂泥似的,生命力较差。
食用菌专业英语
[原创]食用菌专业术语中英对照1 主题内容与适用范围本标准规定了食用菌形态、生理、遗传、育种、栽培、生产、加工、商品贸易等方面有关的中英文术语,适用于食用菌科研、教学、生产、贸易等领域。
2 术语及定义2.1 概述2.1.1 食用菌edible fungus指可供食用的一些真菌。
多数为担子菌,如蘑菇、香菇、草菇、牛肝菌等。
少数为子囊菌,如羊肚菌、块菌等。
2.1.2 药用菌medicinal fungus指有药效价值的一些真菌。
如灵芝、茯苓、雷丸、蜜环菌等。
2.1.3 真菌fungus为一类营异养生活,不进行光合作用;具有真核细胞;营养体为单细胞或丝状;细胞壁含有几丁质或纤维素;具有无性和有性繁殖特征的菌体。
2.1.4 菇mushroom泛指伞菌类或牛肝菌类的子实体。
2.1.5 胶质菌gelatinous fungus泛指子实体属胶质的菌类。
如木耳、银耳等。
2.1.6 草腐菌straw rotting fungus生长在腐草类上的菌类。
如蘑菇、草菇等。
2.1.7 木腐菌wood rotting fungus生长在腐木上的菌类。
如香菇、金针菇等。
2.1.8 担子菌basidiomycete指有性孢子外生在担子上的菌类。
如蘑菇、香菇等。
2.1.9 子囊菌ascomycete指有性孢子着生在子囊内的菌类。
如羊肚菌、块菌等。
2.1.10 伞菌agaric伞菌目伞菌科担子菌的俗名。
2.1.11 霉菌mould腐生在各种基物上的除细菌以外的丝状及粉状体的微小真菌。
2.1.12 放线菌actinomycete分枝丝状的单细胞原核生物。
2.1.13 酵母菌yeast营出芽繁殖的单细胞真菌。
2.1.14 细菌bacterium以裂殖方式繁殖的单细胞原核生物。
2.1.15 病毒virus专性寄生的核酸蛋白质大分子,只能在寄主细胞内依靠寄主的代谢系统进行繁殖。
2.1.16 微生物microorganism微小或超微小个体结构的小生物。
活性污泥基础知识
菌胶团:P99 细菌集团 MLSS
原理:活性絮凝体的形成与曝气池内的能含量有关
☆ 能含量:曝气池内的有机物量与微生物量的比值,用F/M表示。
有机物F小,F/M小,能含量低,处于内源呼吸期,有利于絮凝体形成。
F大,F/M大,1/2mv2大,引力小不易结合。
F小,F/M小,V↓,易结合成小的菌胶团→生物絮凝体。
{MLSS 无
一般用f表示=MLVSS/MLSS 城市污水落石出 0.7---0.8
2、 活性污泥的沉降性能及评定指标
⑴污泥沉降比 P107
SV=(混合液30min静沉的沉降污泥体积ml)/(原混合液体积l)
意义:SV小,沉淀污泥体积小,污泥沉降性能好.
城市污水: 15%---30%
⑵污泥溶积指数: (SVI) (sludgs Volume Index)
②低底物浓度,S<<Ks
V=VmaxS/Ks=k2S (3)
-ds/dt=VmaxXS/Ks=k2SX (4)
结论:在低底物浓度下,有机底物降解速度与有机底物浓度有关,且成一级反应(有机物多,无机物少)
由(4)得 -∫s0sds/dt=∫0tk2xsdt
S=S0e-k2xt
3. 莫诺方程式在曝气池中的应用
活性污泥反应动力学基础
一. 概述
研究目的 {①研究反应速度和环境因素间的关系
{②对反应的机理进行研究,使反应进行控制
反应动力学方程式 {米门方程式 1913 研究酶促反应速度
{莫诺方程式 1942
{劳—麦方程式 1970
二. 莫诺方程式
1. 基本方程式形式
微生物学(朱军)中英文版期末考试及考研复习资料
微生物学绪论:1.微生物的定义:指一般肉眼看不见或者看不清的微小生物的总成2.分类:①原核:细菌,放射菌,蓝菌,支原体,立克次氏体和衣原体②真核:真菌(酵母菌、霉菌、蕈菌),原生动物,显微藻类③非细胞类:病毒和亚病毒(类病毒,拟病毒,朊病毒)3.微生物的特点:①小(体积微小)微米级:光学镜纳米级:电子镜②简(结构)单细胞,简单多细胞,非细胞③低(进化地位低)原核,真核,非细胞类病毒、亚病毒4.发展史:①史前期(朦胧阶段)②发展期(形态描述阶段)③初创期(生理研究阶段)④奠基期(生化研究阶段)⑤发展期(分子生物学阶段)5.微生物与人的关系:医疗保健、工业、农业、生产、环保①与工业的关系:a.食物罐藏防腐 b.酿造工作 c.纯种厌氧发酵的建立d.液体的深层通气搅拌大规模培养技术的创建 f.代谢调控发酵技术②与农业大作用:a.以菌治害虫和以菌治植病的生物防治技术 b.以菌增肥效和以菌促长的微生物增产技术 c.以菌作饲料和以菌当蔬菜的单细胞蛋白和食用菌生产技术 d.以菌产沼气等生物能源技术③与环保的关系:a.促进许多重大问题的突破 b.促分子生物学的三大来源和技术之一 c.刺进经典遗传学发展为分子遗传学 d.微生物与基因工程6.微生物的五大共性:①体积小,面积大②吸收多,转化快③生长快,繁殖快④适应强,易变异⑤分布广,种类多第一章1.细菌:是一类细胞细短,结构简单,胞壁坚韧,多以二分裂方式繁殖和水生性较强的原核生物2.细胞的形态可分为三类:球状,杆状,螺旋状3.细菌的鉴别染色法——革兰氏染色法步骤:涂片固定→结晶紫初染1min→碘液媒染1min→95%乙醇脱色0.5min→番红复染1min 阳性菌(G+)→紫色阴性菌(G-)→红色4.细菌细胞壁的化学组成与结构:肽聚糖单体、网状结构;5.革兰氏阳性菌的细胞壁:由肽聚糖和磷壁酸组成6.磷壁酸:占40%革兰氏阳性菌所特有成分七主链由数十个磷壁酸苷油或磷壁酸核糖醇组成有的还有D-Ala和还原糖所组成的侧链7.磷壁酸的特点:①通过分子上的大量负电荷浓缩细胞周围的Mg2+,以提高细胞膜上一些合成酶的活力②储藏元素③调节细胞内自溶素的活力,借以防止细胞因自溶而死亡,作为噬菌体的特异性吸附受体④赋予G+细菌特异的表面抗原,因而可用于菌种鉴定⑤增强某些致病菌对宿主细胞的粘连,避免被白细胞吞噬,并有抗补体(一种酶)的作用8.外壁层:位于肽聚糖层的外部,包括脂多糖,外膜蛋白,磷脂9.脂多糖(Lps)的功能:①革兰氏阴性菌的致病物质-内毒素的物质基础②与磷壁酸相似,吸附二阶阳离子以提高这些离子在细胞表面浓度③由于Lps的多样决定革兰氏阴性菌表面抗原决定簇的多样性④噬菌体吸附位点10.古生菌(古细菌或谷菌):细胞壁含假肽聚糖11.革兰氏染色的原理:革兰氏阳性菌:细胞壁厚,肽聚糖网状分子形成一种透明性障,当乙醇脱色时,肽聚糖脱水而孔障缩小,放保留结晶紫-碘复合物在细胞膜上,呈紫色革兰氏阴性菌:肽聚糖层薄,交联疏松乙醇脱色不能使其结构放缩,其脂含量高,乙醇酱脂溶解,缝隙大,结晶紫-碘复合物溶出细胞壁,呈红色12.缺壁细菌:L型细菌和支原体可遗传13.聚β-羟丁酸颗粒(PHB):①概念:为碳源储存物②功能:储存能量,碳源,可降低渗透压③功用:具有无毒,可塑和易降解等特点,可用于造医用塑料,克服白色污染14.质粒特点:①可自我复制,稳定遗传,对生存不是必要的,复制与染色体分开但同步进行②不同质粒携带不同遗传信息③无质粒细菌可通过结合,转化,转导方式获得,不能自发产生15.细菌DNA:放射自显影下2-4μm长的E.coli其DNA长1-1.4μm无组蛋白与精氨亚精氨结合,故有稳定性和柔软性16.细菌细胞的特殊结构:①糖被:a.包被与某些细菌细胞壁外的一层厚度补丁的透明胶状物质b.种类:微荚膜:<0.2μm,与细胞表面牢固结合荚膜:>0.2μm,与菌表面结合松弛振荡离心可得粘液层:与菌表面结构松弛,可向菌的周围扩散,增大粘性菌胶团:多个细菌共有一个荚膜c.荚膜的观察:光镜,复染色,特殊染色d.荚膜的组成:糖被的成分一般是多糖,少数是蛋白质或多肽也有多太多糖复合型17.鞭毛:生长在某些细菌表面的长丝状,波曲的蛋白质附属物18.鞭毛的结构:由鞭毛丝,钩状鞘基本组成19.鞭毛的活动:靠鞭毛丝旋转而动动力为原质子的力,与膜内外质子浓度差和电势决定20.“栓菌”实验:即设法把单毛菌鞭毛的游离端用相应抗体牢固“栓”在载玻片上然后再光镜下观察细胞行为,结果该菌只能不断打转而未作伸缩运动,故旋转轮正确21.性菌毛:性状介于菌毛和鞭毛之间,传递遗传信息22.芽孢:某些细菌长到一定阶段以后,细胞内形成的圆或卵圆形的内生孢子,是对不良环境有较强抵抗力的休眠体23.芽孢特性:①多层膜结构通透性很差②组分:水分小(5%),DPA,富含疏水性角蛋白③抗性强:热,酶解,辐射,药物④休眠体新陈代谢几乎停止,一个芽孢产生一个个体24.芽孢意义:①鉴定价值:不同芽孢的大小,位置,形状不同②作为无菌标准25.伴胞晶体:少数芽孢杆菌在形成芽孢的同时会在孢子旁形成一颗菱形,方形或不规则形的碱溶性蛋白质晶体。
常用微生物学英语词汇
常用微生物学英语词汇落secondary colony 粗糙型菌落rough colony光滑型菌落smooth colony丝状型菌落filamentous type colony子菌落daughter colony深层菌落deep colony粘液型菌落mucoid colony巨大菌落giant colony侏儒型菌落dwarf colony菌苔lawn菌胶团zoogloea菌膜pellicle[菌]醭mycoderm, pellicle群游现象swarming菌柄stipe[菌体]附器appendage鞭毛flagellum周质鞭毛periplasmic flagella轴丝axial filament菌毛pilus性丝*** pilus外生孢子exospore内生孢子endospore芽孢spore芽孢形成sporulation终端芽孢terminal spore近端芽孢subterminal spore中生芽孢central spore前芽孢forespore[芽孢]皮层cortex芽孢外膜exitine芽孢内膜intine外壁exine伴胞晶体parasporal crystal菌蜕ghost鞘sheath荚膜capsule粘液层slime layer微荚膜microcapsule壁膜间隙periplasmic space原生质体protoplast原生质球spheroplast气泡gas vacuole甲烷粒体methanochondria间体mesosome载色体chromatophore鞭毛基体flagellar basal body异染质volutin异染粒matachromatic granules致死颗粒killer particle紫膜purple membrane噬菌体bacteriophage无囊盖类inoperculatae超显微微生物ultramicroscopic organism 真菌噬菌体mycophage噬藻体phycophage烈性噬菌体virulent phage温和噬菌体temperate phage前原噬菌体preprophage原噬菌体prophage隐性前噬菌体cryptic prophage营养期噬菌体vegetative phage载体噬菌体carrier phageλ噬菌体lambda particles phage [可]诱导噬菌体inducible phage同源免疫噬菌体homoimmune phage噬菌体分型bacteriophage typing噬菌体型phagetype噬菌体变型phagevar噬斑plaque[噬菌体]聚合头部polyhead[噬菌体]聚合尾鞘polysheath[噬菌体]伞毛fimbrium[噬菌体]颈须whisker[噬菌体]先导蛋白pilot protein[噬菌体]尾丝抗原fiber antigen[噬菌体]顶体apex[噬菌体]基片插孔base-plate hub[噬菌体]基片丝base-plate fibril[噬菌体]基片楔突base-plate wedge [噬菌体]串联体concatemer[噬菌体]颈部collar[噬菌体]顶部壳粒apical capsomere[噬菌体]尾丝tail fiber[噬菌体]畸形体monster[噬菌体]颈圈connector[噬菌体]髓部core[噬菌体]头部head[噬菌体]尾部tail[噬菌体]尾管tail tube[噬菌体]尾鞘tail sheath类病毒viroid病毒virus真病毒euvirus亚病毒subvirus原病毒provirus拟病毒virusoid卫星病毒satellite virus假型病毒pseudotype virus慢病毒slow virus辅助病毒helper virus过客病毒passenger virus多分体病毒multicomponent virus昆虫痘病毒entomopox virus, EPV颗粒体症病毒granulosis virus, GV多角体病毒polyhedrosis virus核型多角体病毒nuclear polyhedrosis virus, NPV 质型多角体病毒cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus,CPV多粒包埋型病毒multiple embedded virus单粒包埋型病毒singly embedded virus伴随病毒associated virus浓核病毒densovirus,DNV内源病毒endogenous virus潜伏病毒latent virus肠道病毒enterovirus艾柯病毒ECHO virus虫媒病毒arbovirus腺病毒adenovirus腺伴随病毒adeno associated virus真菌病毒mycovirus肿瘤病毒oncovirus逆[转]录病毒retro virus坏死病毒necrosis virus虹彩病毒irido virus泛嗜性病毒pantropic virus毒株strain原[生小]体elementary body包含体inclusion body顾氏小体Guarnieri's bodies内氏小体Negri's body病毒[粒]体virion裸露病毒[粒]体naked virion假病毒体pseudovirion立体对称cubical symmetry二十面体对称icosahedral symmetry 螺旋对称helical symmetry[病毒]五邻体pentomer,pentons [病毒]六邻体hexonmer,hexons复合对称complex symmetry包膜突起peplomerbody包膜envelope, peplos蛋白质包膜protein envelope[病毒]包膜抗原envelope antigen [病毒]壳体capsid[病毒]壳粒capsomer, capsomere二十面[体]壳体icosahedron capsid 核心core核壳nucleocapsid病毒原质体viroplasma病毒束virus bundle多角体polyhedron多角体蛋白polyhedrin颗粒体granule颗粒体蛋白granulin类核nucleoid内含颗粒inclusion granuleX体X-body[病毒]早期蛋白early protein[病毒]晚期蛋白late protein负链negative strand正链positive strand复制子replicon病毒发生基质virogenic stroma衣原体chlamydia[衣原体]始体initial body立克次氏体rickettsia假肽聚糖pseudopeptidoglycan肽聚糖peptidoglycan磷壁酸teichoic acid胞壁酸muramic acid2,6-吡啶二羧酸dipicolinic acid, DPA脂多糖类lipopolysaccharides多糖包被glycocalyx鞭毛蛋白flagellin菌毛蛋白pilin杀白细胞素leucocidin豆血红蛋白leghaemoglobin藻胆蛋白phycobiliprotein藻青蛋白phycocyanin藻红蛋白phycoerythrin藻青素cyanophycin藻蓝素algocyan, leucocyan藻胆素phycobilin藻红[胆]素phycoerythrobilin藻蓝胆素phycocyanobilin藻青素颗粒cyanophycin granule别藻蓝素allophycocyanin类葫萝卜素carotenoids细菌淀粉粒granulose聚β羟基丁酸盐poly-β-hydroxy butyrate葡萄球菌A蛋白staphylococcal protein A, SPA 纯化蛋白衍生物purified protein derivative, PPD [葡萄球菌]凝固酶staphylocoagulaseβ[细胞]溶素β-lysinα淀粉酶α-amylase通透酶permease胞内酶intracellular enzyme胞外酶extracellular enzyme果胶酶pectinase逆[转]录酶reverse transcriptase凝固酶coagulase受体破坏酶receptor destroying enzyme, RDE透明质酸酶hyaluronidase纤维素酶cellulase链道酶streptodornase,SD链激酶streptokinase,SK神经氨酸酶neuraminidase青霉素酶penicillinase溶菌酶lysozyme[细菌]紫膜质bacteriorhodopsin 菌紫素bacteriopurpurin[细]菌[叶]绿素bacteriochlorophyll自溶素autolysin亲菌素bacteriotropin攻击素aggressin抑殖素ablastin粘附素adhesin菌红素bacterioerythrin灵菌毒素prodigiosus toxin细菌素bacteriocin麻风菌素lepromin葡萄球菌素staphylococcin伞菌氨酸agarfitine苏云金菌素thuricin肠球菌素enterococcin布氏菌素brucellin大肠菌素colicin, colicine丁香假单胞菌素syringacin黄色粘球菌素xanthacin链球菌素streptocin流产菌素abortin绿脓[菌]素pyocyanin红假单胞菌素rhodopseudomonacin绿脓菌荧光素pyofluorescein白喉毒素diphtheria toxin杯伞素clitocybine白细胞溶素leucolysin表皮溶解毒素epidermolytic toxin产气荚膜梭菌素perfringocin肠毒素enterotoxin毒蝇碱muscarine肺炎球菌毒素pneumotoxin鬼笔[毒]环肽phalloidin根霉蝶呤rhizopterin肺炎[链]球菌溶血素pneumolysin黑粉菌酸ustilagic acid分枝菌酸mycolic acid齿孔酸eburicoic acid根霉促进素rhizopin蘑菇素agaricin蘑菇酸agaricinic acid红斑毒素erythrogenic toxin黄曲霉毒素aflatoxin菌丝酰胺mycelianamide绿脓杆菌溶血素pyocyanolysin葡萄球菌溶血毒素staphylolysin真菌毒素mycotoxin曲霉毒素aspertoxin赭曲毒素ochratoxin曲酸kojic acid破伤风[菌]痉挛毒素tetanospasmin溶葡萄球菌素lysostaphin破伤风[菌]溶血素tetanolysin溶纤维蛋白溶酶fibrinolysin溶血素hemolysin鼠疫菌素pesticin神经毒素neurotoxin杀[细]菌素bactericidin外毒素exotoxin内毒素endotoxin细菌毒素bacteriotoxin血凝素hemagglutinin杂色曲霉素A versicolorin A柄曲霉素sterigmatocystin毒植物素phytotoxin真菌醇mykol链球菌溶血素streptolysin剥脱性毒素exfoliative toxin细菌荧光素bacteriofluorescein[放线菌]土臭味素geosmins土壤杆菌素agrobacteriocin产甲烷[作用] methanogenesis生物转化bioconversion生长因子growth factor420 因子factor 420V 因子V factorX 因子X factor微生物学microbiology病毒学virology噬菌体学bacteriophagology细菌学bacteriology鉴定细菌学determinative bacteriology 系统细菌学systematic bacteriology真菌学mycology原生生物学protistology原生动物学protozoology普通微生物学general microbilogy微生物分类学microbial taxonomy微生物生理学microbial physiology微生物生物化学microbial biochemistry微生物遗传学microbial genetics微生物生态学microbial ecology古微生物学paleomicrobiology土壤微生物学soil microbiology水生微生物学aquatic microbiology海洋微生物学marine microbiology悉生生物学gnotobiology医学微生物学medical microbiology兽医微生物学veterinary microbiology农业微生物学agricultural microbiology工业微生物学industrial microbiology石油微生物学petroleum microbiology食品微生物学food microbiology乳品微生物学diary microbiology瘤胃微生物学rumen microbiology诊断微生物学diagnostic microbiology病原学etiology国际微生物学会联合会International Union of Microbiological Societies, IUMS中国微生物学会Chinese Society for Microbiology, CSM世界培养物保藏协会World Federation for Culture Collection, WFCC中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会China Committee for Culture Collection of Microorganisms, CCCCM美国模式培养物保藏所American Type Culture Collection, ATCC自然发生说,无生源说spontaneous generation, abiogenesis原界urkingdom始祖生物progenote古始生物界archetista古细菌archaebacteria原生生物protista原生动物protozoan原生植物protophyte真核生物eukaryote原核生物prokaryote裂殖植物schizophyte微生物microorganism数值分类法numerical taxonomy模式目type order模式科type family模式属type genus模式种type species模式株type strain真菌fungi捕食真菌predacious fungi虫道真菌ambrosia fungi地下真菌hypogeal fungi虫生真菌entomogenous fungi菌根真菌mycorrhizal fungi木腐菌wood-decay fungi霉菌mold, mould半知菌imperfect fungi子囊菌ascomycetes粘菌slime mold, slime mould壶菌chytrid卵菌oomycetes接合菌zygomycetes担子菌basidiomycetes核菌pyrenomycetes盘菌cup fungi块菌truffles锈菌rust fungi蘑菇mushrooms毒蘑菇poisonous mushroom酵母菌yeast无孢子酵母菌asporogenous yeasts 有孢子酵母菌sporogenous yeasts 黑粉菌smut fungi双态性真菌dimorphic fungi毛外癣菌ectothrix毛内癣菌endothrix完全真菌perfect fungi黑粉病smut disease锈病rust disease菌丝hypha菌髓trama假菌丝体pseudomycelium气生菌丝体aerial mycelium基内菌丝体substrate mycelium球拍状菌丝体racquet mycelium结节状菌丝nodular mycelium梳状菌丝pectinafe mycelium螺旋菌丝spiral mycelium匍匐菌丝stolon次生菌丝体secondary mycelium有隔菌丝septate hypha无隔菌丝nonseptate hypha生殖菌丝体reproductive mycelium营养菌丝体vegetative mycelium不育菌丝体sterile mycelium菌丝体mycelium黄癣菌丝favic chandelier mycelium产囊丝ascogenous hypha产囊体ascogonium原植体thallus粘菌体aethalium合胞体syncytium虫菌体hyphal body盾状体clypeus子实体fruiting body产孢体gleba子实层体hymenophore子实层hymenium子实下层subhymenium菌丝层subiculum菌丝段hyphal fragment菌丝束coremium菌丝索funiculus菌核sclerotium器菌核pycnosclerotium菌环annulus菌裙indusium菌盖pileus顶体apicle藏卵器oogonium雄器antheridium[锈菌]性孢子器pycnium 锈子器aecium精子器spermogonium囊状体cystidium粉孢子梗oidiophore小梗sterigma接合孢子柄zygosporophore孢囊柄sporangiophore配囊柄suspensor孢子梗sporophore分生孢子梗conidiophore雄器柄androphore帚状枝penicillus瓶梗phialide梗基metulae芽孔germ pore芽管germ tube芽缝germ slit孢丝capillitium周丝periphysis类周丝periphysoid侧丝paraphysis拟侧丝pseudoparaphysis类侧丝paraphysoid[孢子]外壁exosporium外生菌根ectomycorrhiza内生菌根endomycorrhiza内外生菌根ectendomycorrhiza泡囊丛枝菌根vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza 刺突spike弹丝elater刚毛seta微体microbody泡囊vesicle隔膜septum假隔膜pseudoseptum分生孢子盘acervulus分生孢子座sporodochium精子团spermatium囊基膜hypothallus囊层基hypothecium囊层被epithecium囊间丝hamathecium囊托apophysis囊领collarette囊轴columella孔口ostiole菌托volva孢子角cirrus孢子球spore ball孢子印spore print聚簇cluster[菌丝]融合anastomosis [孢子]切落abjunction[孢子]缢断abstriction多态[现象] polymorphism缢缩[作用] constriction粉孢子oidium孢子spore掷孢子ballistospore厚壁孢子chlamydospore环痕孢子annellospore节孢子arthrospore卷旋孢子helicospore腊肠形孢子allantospore孔出孢子porospore星形孢子staurospore线形孢子scolecospore砖格孢子dictyospore侧生孢子aleuriospore芽生孢子blastospore瓶梗孢子phialospore无梗孢子thallospore分生孢子conidium大分生孢子macroconidium 小分生孢子microconidium 节分生孢子arthroconidium 芽分生孢子blastoconidium 器孢子pycnidiospore无隔孢子amerospore双胞孢子didymospore多隔孢子phragmospore休眠孢子hypnospore顶生孢子acrospore顶生厚壁孢子fuseau内分生孢子endoconidium 担孢子basidiospore双孢担孢子dispore同形孢子isospore柄生孢子stylospore[锈菌]性孢子pycniospore产雄器孢子androspore锈孢子aeciospore夏孢子urediniospore, aeciospore 冬孢子teliospore四分孢子tetraspore粘孢子myxospore多核孢子coenospore孢囊孢子sporangiospore子囊孢子ascospore多核细胞coenocyte分生孢子果conidiocarp分生孢子器pycnidium孢[子]囊sporangium柱孢子囊merosporangium四分孢子囊tetrasporangium原孢子囊prosporangium多核孢子囊coenosporangium休眠孢子囊hypnosporangium子囊ascus接合孢子zygospore拟接合孢子azygospore原囊壁子囊prototunicate ascus 单囊壁子囊unitunicate ascus双囊壁子囊bitunicate ascus子囊果ascocarp子囊壳perithecium闭囊壳cleistothecium闭囊果cleistocarp盘状子囊果discocarp孢囊果sporangiocarp[接]合子zygote单性合子azygote多核合子coenozygote异形合子heterozygote合子核zygotonucleus游动合子planozygote担子basidium半担子hemibasidium隔担子heterobasidium无隔担子holobasidium有隔担子phragmobasidium 内生担子endobasidium原担子protobasidium上担子epibasidium下担子hypobasidium同担子homobasidium担子果basidiocarp担子体basidiophore配子gamete原配子progamete雄配子androgamete雄核发育androgenesis同形配子isogamete异形配子heterogamete游动配子zoogamete多核配子coenogamete配子囊gametangium配子母细胞gametocyte同形配子囊isogametangium 原配子囊progametangium 小孢子囊sporangiole微包囊microcyst足细胞foot cell脚胞foot cell固着器holdfast附着枝hyphopodium吸盘sucker锁状细胞clamp cell锁状联合clamp connection 偶核细胞zeugite卵球oosphere卵质ooplasm孢原质sporoplasm卵配子oogamete卵孢子oospore球状胞sphaerocyst子囊腔locule子囊盘apothecium子囊座ascostroma缝裂壳hysterothecium下子座hypostroma包被peridium子座stroma壳心centrum拟包被pseudoperidium无融合生殖apomixis同宗配合homothallism准性生殖para***uality异宗配合heterothallism同配生殖isogamy异配生殖heterogamy无配生殖apogamy配囊交配gametangial copulation交配型mating type全型holomorph夏孢子期uredostage冬孢子堆teleutosorus, telium夏孢子堆uredinium子囊孢子形成ascosporulation孢子形成sporulation细菌bacteria薄壁[细]菌类gracilicutes硬壁[细]菌类fermicutes疵壁[细]菌类mendosicutes无壁[细]菌类tenericutes柔膜细菌mollicutes真细菌eubacteria暗细菌scotobacteria无氧光细菌anoxyphotobacteria生氧光细菌oxyphotobacteria放线菌actinomycetes螺[旋]菌spirilla粘细菌slime bacteria鞘细菌sheathed bacteria柄细菌caulobacteria弧菌vibrio根瘤细菌root nodule bacteria硫酸盐还原菌sulfate reducting bacteria 硫细菌sulfur bacteria铁细菌iron bacteria紫色无硫细菌purple nonsulfur bacteria 产甲烷菌methanogen辅酶M coenzyme M微量营养micronutrient特需营养要求型idiotroph微[量]动[力]作用oligodynamic action抗代谢物antimetabolites索状因子cord factor异株克生物质allelopathic substances光能无机营养photolithotrophy光能有机营养photoorganotrophy化能无机营养chemolithotrophy化能有机营养chemoorganotrophy光营养phototrophy兼性营养amphitrophy腐生营养saprophytic nutrition甲基营养methylotrophy化能营养chemotrophy自养autotrophy光能自养photoautotrophy化能自养chemoautotrophy半自养mesotrophy异养heterotrophy氮平衡nitrogen balance碳平衡carbon balance磷平衡phosphorusbalance同化作用assimilation异化作用dissimilation氨化作用ammonification硝化作用nitrification反硝化作用denitrification固氮作用nitrogen fixation非共生固氮作用asymbiotic nitrogen fixation 光同化作用photo-assimilation巴氏效应Pasteur effect葡萄糖效应glucose effect种间分子氢转移interspecies H transfer发酵fermentation发酵[能]力fermentation capacity可发酵性fermentability同型发酵homofermentation异型发酵heterofermentation厌氧消化anaerobic digestion厌氧呼吸anaerobic respiration厌氧生活anaerobiosis需氧呼吸aerobic respiration需氧生活aerobiosis反馈抑制feed back inhibition内源变量endogenenous variable异养潜能heterotrophic potential溶菌丝作用hypholytic action溶菌作用bacteriolysis费氏[溶菌]现象Pfeiffer's phenomenon 自溶[现象] autolysis裂殖schizogenesis芽殖budding二分分裂binary fission不等分裂unequal fission断裂fragmentation复分裂multiple fission隐蔽期eclipse period比生长速率specific growth rate同步生长synchronous growth双峰生长曲线diauxie growth curve延滞期lag phase一步生长[曲线] one step growth时间-存活曲线time-survival curve倍增时间doubling time指数生长exponential growth衰亡期decline phase稳定期stationary phase对数期log phase时间节律temporal rhythm隐生现象cryptobiosis休眠dormancy衰老型involution form静息细胞resting cell光复活作用photoreactivation交*复活cross reactivation热[致]死时thermal death time热[致]死点thermal death point原生质体再生protoplast regeneration[噬菌体]接合分裂conjugate division[噬菌体]裂解阻抑lysis inhibition[噬菌体]裂解量burst size[噬菌体]生产性感染productive infection [噬菌体]自愈curing病毒复制replication of virus复制周期replicative cycle裂解周期lytic cycle[病毒]侵入penetration病毒入胞现象viropexis[病毒]脱壳uncoating[病毒]装配assembly蚀斑plaque蚀斑形成单位plaque forming unit,PFU成斑效率efficiency of plating强毒株virulent strain[狂犬病]固定毒fixed virus[狂犬病]街毒street virus病毒抑制作用viral inhibition病毒诱导virus induction[流感病毒]α抑制物α-inhibitor[流感病毒]朱氏抑制物Chu-inhibitor ,β-inhibitor 干扰素interferon干扰[现象] interference溶原化lysogenization溶原性lysogeny溶原现象lysogenesis抗生素antibiotic阿克拉霉素aclacinomycin放线酮actidione, cycloheximide放线菌素actinomycin阿霉素adriamycin氨丁苷菌素ambutyrosin7-氨基头孢菌酸7-aminocephalosporinic acid6-氨基青霉烷酸6-aminopenicillanic acid两性霉素amphotericin安丝菌素ansamitocin抗蠕霉素anthelmycin抗霉素antimycin阿泊拉霉素apramycin除疟霉素aplasmomycin曲霉菌素aspergillin除虫菌素avermectin杆菌肽bacitracin双环霉素bicyclomycin杀稻瘟素blasticidin博来霉素bleomycin丁苷菌素butirosin, butyrosin杀假丝菌素candicidin卷曲霉素capreomycin, capromycin腐霉素carriomycin洋红霉素carminomycin天青菌素celesticetin头孢菌素cephalosporin氯霉素chloromycetin, chloramphenicol 金霉素chloroteracycline, aureomycin 色霉素chromomycin创新霉素chuangxinmycin棒酸clavulanic acid氯林肯霉素clindamycin粘菌素colistin鬼伞菌素coprinin蛹虫草菌素cordycepin香菇菌素cortinellin环孢菌素cyclosporin环丝氨酸cycloserine松胞菌素cytochalasin胞霉素cytomycin道诺霉素daunomycin越霉素destomycin偏端霉素distamycin红霉素erythromycin抑酯酶素esterastin扁枝衣霉素everninomicin间型霉素formycin健霉素fortimicin磷霉素fosfomycin, phosphonomycin镰孢菌酸fusarinic acid艮他霉素gentamicin胶霉毒素gliotoxin谷氏菌素gougerotin短杆菌肽gramicidin灰霉素grisein灰黄霉素griseofulvin除莠菌素herbicidin除莠霉素herbimycin全霉素holomycin潮霉素hygromycin岛霉素ilamycin天神霉素istamycin双氢除虫菌素ivermectin交沙霉素josamycin卡那霉素kanamycin春日霉素kasugamycin柱晶白霉素leucomycin林可霉素lincomycin美登素maytenin酒霉素methymycin光神霉素mithramycin丝裂霉素mitomycin莫能菌素monensin菌霉素mycomycin霉酚酸mycophenolic acid麦迪霉素mydecamycin, midecamycin暗霉素nebramycin新霉素neomycin纺锤菌素netropsin诺卡菌素nocardin新生霉素novobiocin制霉菌素nystatin竹桃霉素oleandomycin蛇孢菌素ophiobollin展青霉素patulin青霉酸penicillic acid青霉素penicillin多氧菌素polyoxin多粘菌素polymyxin灵菌红素prodigiosin制反转录酶素revistin核糖霉素ribostamycin, vistamycin利福霉素rifamycin龟裂杀菌素rimocidin瑞斯托菌素ristocetin蔷薇霉素rosamicin红比霉素rubidomycin相模霉素sagamicin盐霉素salinomycin肉瘤霉素sarkomycin制唾酸酶素siastatin紫苏霉素sisomicin壮观霉素spectinomycin, actinospectacin 螺旋霉素spiramycin链霉素streptomycin链黑菌素streptonigrin链丝菌素streptothricin枯草菌素subtilin杀鱼菌素teleocidin土霉素terramycin, oxytetracycline四环素tetracycline噻烯霉素thienamycin硫藤黄素thiolutin妥布拉霉素tobramycin木霉菌素trichodermin抗滴虫霉素trichomycin衣霉素tunicamycin泰乐菌素tylosin焦曲菌素ustin有效霉素validamycin缬氨霉素valinomycin, aminomycin万古霉素vancomycin疣孢菌素verrucarine优胜霉素victomycin紫霉素viomycin巴龙霉素paromomycin遗传转化genetic transformation供体donor受体recipient转化体transformant感受态competence光滑型smooth type粗糙型rough type无性型anamorph克隆clone有性型teleomorph异源性heterology同源性homology转导transduction局限转导restricted transduction转染transfection溶原性转换lysogenic conversion抗原性漂移antigenic drift抗原性转变antigenic shift高频重组high frequency of recombination, Hfr 重组recombination接合[作用] conjugation重组体recombinant互补complementation杂合[现象] heterozygosis重组子recon接合阶段zygophase接合zygosis质粒plasmid粘粒cosmid噬粒phasmid质粒不相容性plasmid incompatibility相容性compatibility致育因子fertility factor性因子*** factor大肠杆菌素生成因子colicinogenic factor突变mutation表型phenotype环状染色体ring chromosome基因型genotype原养型prototroph原养菌prototrophic bacteria营养缺陷型auxotroph多重营养缺陷型polyauxotroph诱变mutagenesis诱变剂mutagen诱发变异induced variation突变体mutant渗漏突变体leaky mutant条件突变株conditional mutant条件致死conditional lethal温敏突变株temperature sensitive mutants半透明型突变噬斑cococarde噬斑突变株plaque mutants宿主范围突变株host range mutant扇形突变secter mutationH-O 变异H-O variation弱毒株low virulent strain减毒株attenuated strain凝固酶因子coagulase factor耐药[性决定]因子resistance determining factor 耐药性转移因子resistance transfer factor, RTF 抗药性drug-resistance抗药因子resistance factor抗药基因drug resistant gene抗药性菌株drug resistant strain基因簇gene cluster复制replication启动子promotor操纵子operon单形现象monomorphism双态现象dimorphism多形现象polymorphism干扰缺损颗粒defective interfering particle 重分配redistribution表型混杂phenotypic mixing基因转移gene transfer原生质体融合protoplast fusion趋合子性zygotaxis向合子性zygotropism兔化毒lapinized virus缺损病毒defective virus[病毒]缺损突变株defective mutant[流感病毒]O-D相变异O-D variation病毒基因virogene[病毒]早期基因early genes[病毒]晚期基因late genes微生物生态系统microbial ecosystem趋化性chemotaxis趋氧性aerotaxis趋光性phototaxis向化性chemotropism向氧性oxytropism向光性phototropism内共生endosymbiosis捕食作用predation拮抗作用antagonism初级合作protocooperation共生symbiosis互利共栖mutualism偏害共栖amensalism偏利共栖commensalism互养共栖syntrophism兢争[共栖] competition寄生parasitism无关共栖neutralism卫星现象satellitism协同共栖synergism异种克生[现象] allelopathy 代谢共栖metabiosis共生生物symbiont聚生体consortium伴生种companions致坏死寄生物necroparsite根际微生物rhizospheric microorganism 叶际微生物phyllospheric microorganism 悉生生物gnotobiote腐生现象saprophytism分解者decomposer含菌细胞mycetosome嗜狭高温生物stenothermophiles广温微生物eurythermal microorganism 狭温微生物stenothermal microorganisms 暂居微生物transient microbe原生演替primary succession次生演替secondary succession异养演替heterotrophic succession自养演替autotrophic succession顶极群落climax community菌群flora区系flora微生物区系microflora土著菌群indigenous flora土著区系indigenous flora菌群失调dysbacteriosis水华blooms生物量biomass生物质biomass生物圈biosphere前发酵primary fermentation后发酵secondary fermentation浅盘发酵shallow tray fermentation深层发酵submerged fermentation固态发酵solid state fermentation液态发酵liquid state fermentation主发酵main fermentation连续发酵continuous fermentation半连续[型]发酵semicontinuous fermentation [罐]批发酵batch fermentation敞口发酵open fermentation上面发酵top fermentation下面发酵bottom fermentation上面酵母top yeast下面酵母bottom yeast阿明露法amylo process酿造brewing酿造技术brewing technique陈酿化aging发酵罐fermenter种子罐seeding tank手动气锁manual airlock自动气锁automatic airlock超滤膜ultrafiltration membrane超滤法ultrafiltration消泡剂antifoam agent醋化作用acetification酸化作用acidification糖化作用saccharification糖化剂sacchariferous agents曲Qu(raw starter)大曲Daqu (massive raw stater for alcholic liquor)小曲Xiaoqu(raw starter complex)日本酒曲koji麸曲bran koji液体曲liquid koji起子starter, culture starter酒母seeding yeast活性干酵母active dry yeast单细胞蛋白single cell protein, SCP菌丝球mycelium pellet活性污泥activated sludge醪液mash固定化细胞immobilized cell共固定化作用co-immobilization酸败spoilage平[罐]酸败flat-sour spoilage平罐酸败菌flat sour bacteria需氧量oxygen requirement生物致劣deterioration微生物传感器microbial sensor微生物浸矿microbial leaching微生物杀虫剂microbial pesticide病毒杀虫剂viral pesticide根瘤root nodule菌根mycorrhiza根瘤菌剂nitragin植物杀菌素phytocidin昆虫病原微生物entomopathogen [蜜蜂]幼虫腐臭病foulbrood固氮菌剂azotogen亚麻浸渍flax retting生物防治biological control沤麻retting青贮饲料silage沼气biogas无菌植物germ-free plant侵染infection侵染性infectivity侵染中心infectious center侵染剂量infective dose, ID病毒尿症viruria 病毒血症viremia菌血症bacteremia食物中毒food poisoning真菌中毒mycetism标准血清standard serum混合分型血清pooled typing serum抗血清antiserum抗白喉血清antidiphtheric serum结核菌素反应tuberculin reaction卡介苗BCG vaccine抗毒素antitoxin旧结核菌素old tuberculin, OT结核菌素单位tuberculin unit, TU致热原pyrogen病原体pathogen带[病]毒者carrier带菌者carrier感染infection传染infection原发性感染原primary invader继发性感染原secondary invader机会致病菌opportunistic pathogen条件致病菌conditioned pathogen正常菌群normal flora感染性infectivity感染中心infectious center攻击力aggressivity侵袭力invasiveness皮肤坏死毒素dermatonecrotoxin毒素toxin毒力virulence感染剂量infective dose, ID半感染剂量infectious dose 50%, ID 50半数组织培养感染量50% tissue culture infective dose, TCID 50致病性pathogenicity致细胞病变[效应] cytopathic effect, CPE半数致死量50% lethal dose, LD 50细菌毒力bacterial virulence神经毒力neurovirulence类毒素toxoid神经毒性neurotoxicity最小感染量minimal infecting dose, MID最小抑菌浓度minimal inhibitory concentration, MIC最小致死量minimal lethal dose, MLD生物制品biological products鞭毛抗原flagellar antigen菌体抗原O antigen[细菌]包被抗原envelope antigen菌苗bacterial vaccine疫苗vaccine活疫苗live vaccine活菌苗live bacterial vaccine单价疫苗univalent vaccine单价菌苗univalent bacterial vaccine多价菌苗polyvalent bacterial vaccine多价疫苗polyvalent vaccine三联疫苗triple vaccine联合疫苗combined vaccine亚单位菌苗subunit bacterial vaccine亚单位疫苗subunit vaccine兔化法lapinization减毒作用attenuation自身疫苗autovaccine自身菌苗autovaccine菌苗疗法vaccinetherapy, vaccinotherapy化学疗法chemotherapy疫苗疗法vaccinetherapy, vaccinotherapy疫苗再接种revaccination再接种reinoculation自身接种autoinoculationVi 抗原Vi antigen乙型肝炎核心抗原HBcAg乙型肝炎表面抗原HBsAg扩散因子spreading factor乙型肝炎e抗原HBeAg溶血[作用] haemolysis[抗菌素的]协同作用synergism抑菌作用bacteriostasis杀芽孢剂sporicide杀病毒剂virucide抗溶[菌]素antilysin杀菌剂germicides消毒剂disinfectant抑菌剂bacteriostat抗微生物剂antimicrobial agent抗菌剂antibacterial agent抗真菌剂antifungal agent杀细菌剂bactericide杀真菌剂mycocide抑真菌剂fungistat消毒disinfection腐败putrefaction防腐antisepsis石炭酸系数phenol coefficient药物敏感性drug susceptibility防腐剂antiseptic大肠菌类coliform group大肠[杆]菌值colititre大肠[杆]菌指数coli-index指示菌indicator显微肥达氏凝集试验microscopic Widal agglutination test 敏化细菌sensitized bacteria无特定病原动物specific pathogen free animals, SPFA无菌动物germ-free animal硫磺[样]颗粒sulfur granule显微镜microscope双目显微镜binocular microscope倒置显微镜invert microscope明视野显微镜bright field microscope暗视野dark-field暗视野显微镜dark-field microscope暗视野显微术dark-field microscopy相差显微镜phase contrast microscope[分辨]干涉差显微镜Differential interference contrast microscope, DICM 荧光显微镜fluorescence microscope电[子显微]镜electron microscope透射电[子显微]镜transmission electron microscope, TEM扫描电[子显微]镜scanning electron microscope, SEM超薄切片术ultramicrotomy超薄切片ultrathin section目镜ocular物镜objective透镜lens补偿目镜compensative eyepiece消色差透镜achromatic lens全消色差透镜apochromatic lens低倍物镜low power objective高倍物镜high power objective油浸物镜oil immersion objective显微镜集光器microscope condenser镜台测微计stage micrometer目镜测微计ocular micrometer显微操作micromanipulation显微操作器micromanipulator盖玻片cover glass载玻片slide凹玻片concave slide香柏油cedar oil涂片smear悬滴法hanging drop method热固定heat fixation镜检microscopic examination分辨率resolving power放大率magnification染色法staining染色反应staining reaction负染[色法] negative staining鉴别染色法differential staining对染[法] counterstaining两极染色bipolar staining萋-尼染色法Ziehl-Neelsen staining method抗酸细菌染色法acid-fast staining革兰氏染色Gram staining赖夫松鞭毛染色Leifson's flagella staining墨汁荚膜染色India-ink capsule staining阿氏染色Albert's staining麦氏[立克次氏体]染色Macchiavello's staining瑞氏染色Wright's staining富尔根染色Feulgen staining染色剂stain鲁戈氏碘液Lugol's iodine solution吕氏甲烯蓝Loeffler's methylene blue石炭酸品红carbol fuchsin孔雀石绿溶液malachite green solution柯斯特染料Koester's stain培养基medium营养琼脂nutrient agar营养肉汤nutrient broth远藤培养基Endo's medium沙氏葡萄糖琼脂Sabouraud's dextrose agar吕氏血清培养基Loeffler's serum medium伊红甲烯蓝琼脂EMB agar沙门-志贺氏琼脂Salmonella-Shigella agar, S.S.agar麦氏培养基MacConkey medium庖肉培养基cooked meat medium马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂potato dextrose agar, PDA豆芽汁培养基bean sprouts medium[蛋白]胨酵母膏葡萄糖培养基peptone-yeast extract-glucose medium 分离培养基isolation medium鉴别培养基differential medium富集培养基enrichment medium基础培养基basic medium确定成分培养基defined medium合成培养基synthetic medium半合成培养基semisynthetic medium液体培养基liquid medium半固体培养基semisolid medium固体培养基solid medium滋养培养基enriched medium生化培养基biochemical medium完全培养基complete medium干燥培养基dehydrated medium天然培养基natural medium选择性培养基selective medium平板plate聚硅酸盐平板polysilicate plate梯度平板gradient plate补加培养基supplemented medium琼脂平板agar plate琼脂agar肉膏meat extract牛肉膏beef extract牛肉汁beef broth麦芽汁malt wort酵母汁yeast water酵母膏yeast extract paste酵母提取粉yeast extract powder[水解]酪蛋白氨基酸casamino acids[蛋白]胨peptone琼脂斜面agar slant杜氏发酵管Durham's fermentation tube 传代transfer of culture分离isolation划线[分离] streaking稀释平板分离法dilution-plate method无菌检查sterility test无菌sterile污染contamination污染物contaminant菌株strain接种物inoculum接种inoculation, inoculating, inoculate无菌操作aseptic technique移种culture transfering平板接种plating穿刺stab平板划线plate streaking细胞系cell line细胞株cell strain培养cultivation纯化purification。
废水处理工中级
废水处理工(中级)名词解释:1.气浮法是从液体中除去低密度固体物质或液体颗粒的一种方法。
是通过空气鼓入水中产生的微小气泡与水中的悬浮物黏附在一起,靠气泡的浮力一起上浮到水面而实现固液或液液分离的操作。
2.菌胶团是由细菌分泌的多糖类物质将细菌包覆成的粘性团块,使细菌具有抵御外界不利因素的性能。
菌胶团是活性污泥絮凝体的主要组成部分。
3.污泥沉降比(SV)污泥沉降比指活性污泥混合液静置沉淀30min,所得污泥层体积与原混合液体积之比(%)。
即:污泥沉降比=混合液静置30min所得污泥层体积/原混合液体积*100%4.吸附平衡:吸附质被吸附剂吸附的过程称为吸附过程;已被吸附的吸附质脱离吸附剂的表面又回到液相中去的过程称为解吸过程。
当吸附速度和解吸速度相等时,即单位时间内吸附的数量等于解吸的数量时,则吸附质在溶液中的浓度和吸附剂表面上的浓度都不再改变而达到平衡。
5.水体富营养化:水体中氮、磷元素含量较高时,使水流缓慢的水域中,藻类及水草大量繁殖,造成水中溶解氧的含量急剧减少,使水呈红色或其他色泽,水质恶化的现象。
6.水力停留时间:水力停留时间HRT是水流在处理构筑物内的平均驻留时间,从直观上看,可以用处理构筑物的容积与处理进水量的比值来表示,HRT的单位一般用h表示。
7.接触角:是气、液、固三相界面处于平衡状态时由界面张力所形成的。
接触角越小,表示固体物被水润湿性能强,即亲水性强。
反之,接触角越大,表示固体物被水润湿性弱,即亲水性弱。
8、污泥膨胀:污泥变质时,污泥就不易沉降,含水率上升,体积膨胀,澄清液减少,这种现象叫污泥膨胀。
9、AB法:AB法(Adsorption Biodegradation)是吸附-生物降解工艺的简称,由以吸附作用为主的A段和以生物降解作用为主的B段组成,是在常规活性污泥法和两段活性污泥法基础上发展起来的一种污水处理工艺。
10、水体的自净容量:在满足水环境质量标准的条件下,水体通过正常生物循环能够同化有机废物的最大数量,称为水体的自净容量。
