2014年10月自考《英语一》讲义 Unit 05_(含课文、生词表、课后练习及答案)

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2014年10月自考《英语一》讲义 Unit 12_(含课文、生词表、课后练习及答案)

Unit 12 Technology：A Double－Edged SwordA FAMOUS QUOTEThere is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so.——William Shake 世界上之事物本无善之分，思想使然。

——威廉·莎William Shakespeare（1564-1616）, English playwright and poet.Shakespeare is universally recognized as the greatest of English writers and one of the most extraordinary creators in hum history.The thirty-seven plays associated with his name, including the major tragedies Hamlet, Lear, Othello, and Macbeth, and his romances and comedies, Twelfth Night and A Midsummer Night' Dream among them, have been translated into many languages and have crossed all kinds of cultur divide.威廉·莎士比亚（1564-1616），英国剧作家和诗人。

莎士比亚是全世界公认的最伟大的英国作家和最不常的人类历史创造者之一。

有37部剧作与他的名字相关，其中包括四大悲剧《哈姆雷特》、《李尔王》、《罗》和《麦克白》。

他的浪漫喜剧作品中有《第十二夜》和《仲夏夜之梦》等等。

这些作品都已经被翻译成多言并且跨越各种文化鸿沟。

Speaking ActivityClosing a ConversationSample DialogueRead the following conversation.Pay attention to how the speakers close their conversation.Steve: It's been fun talking to you.Jenny: It was really nice talking to you too.Steve: I've got to go now.But how about meeting up some time?Jenny: Yes.I'd like that.Steve: How about having dinner somewhere?Jenny: Why not? You name the date.Steve: OK.I'll call you so we can fix a time.Jenny: I look forward to that.Steve: Good.Jenny: All right.See you.Steve: See you.Bye.Guided PracticeDirections: You have just met someone at a party, but you have to leave the party early and goodbye to him/e your own information.You may use the following tips to help you.It's been fun talking to you.It was really nice talking to you.Nice talking to you too.I've got to go now.How about…？I look forward to that.All right.See you.Bye.New words1.privacy n.the state of being alone and not watched or disturbed by other people 隐私；私密2.feature v.to include a particular person or thing as a special feature 以……为特色；以…主要组成3.transparent adj.（of glass, plastic, etc.）allowing you to see through it 透明的4.isolate v.to separate somebody/something physically or socially from other people or thin （使）隔离，孤立5.coin v.to invent a new word or phrase that other people then begin to use 创造（新词语）6.cell n.a room for one or more prisoners in a prison or police station单间牢房；牢房7.unobserved adj.without being seen 不被看见（或发现）的8.behave v.to do things in a particular way 表现9.wired adj.connected to a system of computers 联机的10.metaphor n.a word or phrase used to describe somebody/something else, in a way that is different from its normal use 暗喻；隐喻11.surveillance n.the act of carefully watching a person suspected of a crime or a place wh crime may be committed 监视12.enormous adj.extremely large 巨大的；庞大的；极大的13.ubiquitous adj.seeming to be everywhere or in several places at the same time 似乎无所不的；十分普遍的14.whereabouts n.the place where somebody/something is 下落；行踪15.track v.to find somebody/something by following the marks, signs, information, etc., tha they have left behind them 跟踪；追踪16.survey n.an investigation of the opinions, behaviour, etc.of a particular group of peopl which is usually done by asking them questions 民意调查；民意测验17.scale n.the size or extent of something, especially when compared with something else 规范围，程度18.exchange n.an act of giving something to somebody or doing something for somebody and receiving something in return 交换；互换；交流19.expand v.to become greater in size, number or importance 扩大，增加，增强20.decade n.a period of ten years 十年，十年期21.electronic adj.relating to computers or something that is done by computers 电子的22.profile n.a description of somebody/something that gives useful information 概述；简介23.cyberspace n.the imaginary place where electronic messages, etc.exist while they are bei sent between computers 网络空间24.grant v.to agree to give somebody what they ask for, especially formal or legal permissi do something （尤指正式地或法律上）同意，准予，允许25.damage n.harmful effect 损害；伤害promise v.to do something that is against your principles or does not reach standards you have set 违背（原则）；达不到（标准）27.increasingly adv.more and more all the time 越来越多地；不断增加地28.maintain v.to make something continue at the same level , standard, etc.维持；保持29.defend v.to protect somebody/something from attack 保护；保卫30.expose v.to show something that is usually hidden 暴露；显露；露出Phrases and Expressions1.or rather used to correct something you have said, or to give more accurate information 确说2.in addition （to） used when you want to mention another person or thing after somethin else 除……以外（还）3.apply for to make a formal request, usually in writing, for something such as a job, a pl at college, university, etc.（通常以书面形式）申请，请求4.beyond one's control impossible for someone to control 无法控制5.call （one's）attention to to make people notice and be concerned or think about somethin 起（某人）对……的注意Proper namesThe New York Times《纽约时报》Jeremy Bentham 杰里米?边沁（英国哲学家、法学家）Text A Privacy in Our High-Tech SocietyText APre－reading Questions1.Do you worry about safety on the Internet? What problems have you encountered on the inte2.How do you protect yourself in today's high-tech society?Privacy in Our High-Tech SocietyA recent New York Times "House and Home" article featured the story of a man who lived in a glass house.Every wall in his home was transparent; he had no walls to hide behind, not even in bathroom.Of course, he lived in an isolated area, so he didn't exactly have neighbors peering i watching his every move.But he had chosen to live without any physical privacy in a home that allowed every action to be seen.He had created his own panopticon, a place in which everything open to view.The term panopticon was coined by Jeremy Bentham in the late eighteenth century when he was describing an idea for how prisons should be designed.The prisoner's cells would be placed in a circle with a guard tower in the middle.All walls facing the center of the circle would be glas that way, every prisoner's cell would be in full view of the guards.The prisoners could do noth unobserved, but would not be able to see the guard tower.They would know they were being watche or rather, they would know that they could be being watched — but because they could not see t guard tower, they would never know when the guard was actually monitoring their actions.It is common knowledge that people behave differently when they know they are being watched act differently when we know someone is looking; we act differently when we think someone else be looking.In these situations, we are less likely to be ourselves; instead, we will act the wa think we should act when we are being observed by others.In our wired society, many talk of the panopticon as a metaphor for the future.But in many the panopticon is already here.Surveillance cameras are everywhere, and we often don't even kno actions are being recorded.In fact, the surveillance camera industry is enormous, and these cam keep getting smaller and smaller to make surveillance easier and more ubiquitous.In addition, w leave a record of everything we do online; our cyber-whereabouts can be tracked and that inform can be used for various purposes.Every time we use a credit card, make a major purchase, answer survey, apply for a loan, or join a mailing list, our actions are observed and recorded.And mos us have no idea just how much information about us has been recorded and how much data is avail to various sources.The scale of information gathering and the scale of exchange have both expan so rapidly in the last decade that there are now millions of electronic profiles of individuals existing in cyberspace, profiles that are bought and sold, traded, and often used for important decisions, such as whether or not to grant someone a loan.① However, that information is essentially beyond our control.We can do little to stop the information gathering and exchange can only hope to be able to control the damage if something goes wrong.With so much information floating about in cyberspace, and so much technology that can reco and observe, our privacy has been deeply compromised.There are those who argue that information be gathered for the social good.However, I find it truly amazing that anyone would want to live transparent house at any time, especially in an age when individual privacy is becoming increas difficult to maintain and defend.② Perhaps the story of the man who lived in a glass house isattempt to call our attention to the fact that the panopticon is already here, and that we are just as exposed as he is.Key Sentences1.The scale of information gathering and the scale of exchange have both expanded so rapidl the last decade that there are now millions of electronic profiles of individuals existing in cyberspace, profiles that are bought and sold, traded, and often used for important decisions, as whether or not to grant someone a loan.过去十年间，信息收集以及信息交换的规模迅速扩展，网络空间存有无数个人电子档案，这些档案被买卖易，经常用于重要决策，如是否给某人发放贷款等。

2014年10月自考《英语一》讲义 Unit 07_(含课文、生词表、课后练习及答案)

Unit 7 Attitude Is AltitudeA FAMOUS QUOTEAttitude is a little thing that makes a big difference.——Winston Churchill态度微不足道，却意义深远。

——温斯顿·丘吉尔Winston Churchill （1874—1965）, British statesman and author known for his leadership of United Kingdom during the Second World War and often described as the "savior of his country".H served as Prime Minister twice and is the only British Prime Minister to have received the Nobe Prize in Literature.温斯顿·丘吉尔（1874—1965），英国政治家及作家。

在第二次世界大战期间展示了其领导才能，带领英得胜利。

常常被称之为“国家的拯救者”。

他（曾于1940－1945年及1951－1955年期间）两度出任英国首相且是1953年诺贝尔文学奖得主，他是诺贝尔文学奖获得者中唯一的一个英国首相。

Speaking ActivityAsking for and Giving DirectionsSample DialogueRead the following conversation. Pay attention to how the speakers ask for and give directi Steve: Excuse me. I was wondering if you could help me ?Jenny: Sure! What's up?Steve: I'm trying to find this office. Do you know where it is?Jenny: Yes. You need to go up this street and then turn right.Steve: At the lights on the corner?Jenny: Right. Then go down that street, and it's in the middle of the block.Steve: You mean the one next to the hotel?Jenny: Yes. The office is on the first floor.Steve: Got it. Thank you!Jenny: No problem!Guided PracticeDirections: Talk about the directions to the train station in your city with your partner. your own information. You may use the following tips to help you.I was wondering if you could…I'm trying to find…Do you know where…？You mean…go up/down this streetmake a…turnturn…at the lights on the cornerIt's…Text ANew Words1、motivator n. somebody who makes one want to do something, especially something that invo hard work and effort 鼓动者2、employee n. a person who, is paid to work for somebody 受雇者；雇员3、positive adj. thing about what is good in a situation 积极乐观的4、situation n. all the circumstances and, things that are happening at a particular time aa particular place 情况；形势；局面5、curious adj. having a strong desire to know about something 求知欲强的；好奇的6、mood n. the way you are feeling at a particular time 情绪；心情7、victim n. a person who has been attacked, injured or killed as the- result of a crime, a disease, an accident etc. 受害者；牺牲品8、complain v. to say that you are annoyed, unhappy or not satisfied about somebody/somethi 怨；埋怨；发牢骚9、protest v. to say or do something to show that you disagree with or disapprove of someth especially publicly （尤指公开）反对；抗议10、junk n. thing that are considered useless or of little value 无用的东西；无价值的东西11、reflect v. to think carefully and deeply about something 认真思考；沉思12、company n. a business organization that makes money by producing or selling goods or services 公司；商行13、involve v. if a situation, an event or an activity involves somebody/something, they ta part in it or are affected by it 牵涉；牵连14、accident n. an unpleasant event that happens unexpectedly and causes injury or damage事意外遭遇15、communications n. methods of sending information, especially telephones, radio, compute etc. 通信；交通联系16、surgery n. medical treatment of injuries or diseases that involves cutting open a perso body and often removing or replacing some parts 外科手术17、intensive care n. continuous care and attention, often using, special equipment, for pe in hospital who are very seriously ill or injured （医院的）特别护理；重症监护18、release v. to let somebody/something come out of a place where they have been kept or trapped 释放；放出；放走19、scar n. a mark that is left on the skin after a wound has healed 伤疤；伤痕20、decline v. to refuse politely to accept or to do something 谢绝；婉言拒绝21、scared adj. frightened of something or afraid that something bad might happen 害怕的；恐的；畏惧的22、consciousness n. the state of being able to use your senses and mental powers to unders what is happening 清醒状态；知觉23、paramedic n. a person whose job is to help people who are sick or injured, but who is n doctor or a nurse 护理人员；医务辅助人员24、wheel v. to move somebody/something that is in or on something that has wheels 用有轮之动25、emergency room n. he part of a hospital where people who need urgent treatment are take 院）急诊室26、burly adj. （of a man or a man's body） big, strong and heavy 高大强壮的；魁梧的27、allergic adj. having an allergy to something （对……）变应的，过敏的28、gravity n. ①the force that attracts objects in space towards each other, and that on t earth pulls them towards the centre of the planet, so that things fall to the ground when they dropped 重力；地球引力②serious behaviour, speech or appearance 严肃；庄严29、laughter n. the act or sound of laughing 笑；笑声30、attitude n. the way that you think and feel about somebody/something; the way that you behave towards somebody/something that shows how you think and feel 态度；看法Phrases and Expressions1、cut away to remove something from something by cutting 切除；砍掉；剪去2、reflect on to think carefully and deeply about something 对……沉思3、involve…in… to make somebody experience something, especially something unpleasant 把…涉到……4、take action to begin to do something to solve a particular problem 采取行动5、be allergic to① to have an allergy to something 对……过敏；厌恶②（in formal, humoro to have a strong dislike of something/somebody 对…十分反感；厌恶6、tanks to used to say that something has happened because of somebody/ something 幸亏；由因为Text A A MotivatorPre-reading Questions1. What kinds of situation cause you most stress? How do you try to react to them?2. Among all the people you know, who has the attitude to life that you most admire?A MotivatorHe was a natural motivator.If an employee was having a bad day, Michael was there telling the employee how he could lo the positive side of the situation. Observing this style really made me curious, so one day I w up to Michael and asked him, "I don't get it! You can't be a positive person all of the time. H you manage to be so positive all the time?" ①Michael replied, "Each morning I wake up and say to myself, 'You have two choices today. Yo choose to be in a good mood or you can choose to be in a bad mood.' I choose to be in a good mo Each time something bad happens, I can choose to be a victim or I can choose to learn from it. choose to learn from it. Every time someone comes to me complaining, I can choose to accept the complaining or I can point out the positive side of life. I choose to point out the positive si life. ""I don't think it's as easy as that," I protested. ②"Yes, it is," Michael said. "Life is all about choices. When you cut away all the junk, eve situation is a choice. You choose how you react to situations. You choose how people affect you mood. It's your choice how you live your life." I reflected on what Michael said.③Soon after, I left the company to start my own business. We lost touch, but I often thought about him when I was faced with difficult choices.④Several years later, I heard that Michael was involved in a serious accident, falling some feet from a communications tower. After 18 hours of surgery and weeks of intensive care, he was released from the hospital with rods placed in his back.⑤I saw him about six months after the accident. When I asked him how he was, he replied, "If were any better, I'd be twins. ⑥Do you want to see my scars?" I declined to see his wounds, bu did ask him what had gone through his mind as the accident took place.⑦"The first thing was the well-being of my soon-to-be-born daughter," Michael replied."Then, lay on the ground, I remembered that I had two choices: I could choose to live or I could choos die. I chose to live." "Weren't you scared? Did you lose consciousness?" I asked.Michael continued, "…the paramedics were great. They kept telling me I was going to be fin But when they wheeled me into the emergency room and I saw the expressions on the faces of the doctors and nurses, I got really scared. In their eyes, I read, 'he's a dead man.' I knew I nee to take action.""What did you do?"I asked."Well, there was a big burly nurse shouting questions at me," said Michael. "She asked if I allergic to anything. 'Yes,' I replied. The doctors and nurses stopped working as they waited f reply. I took a deep breath and yelled…'Gravity. 'Over their laughter, I told them, I am choosing to live. Operate on me as if I am alive, noif I'm dead. '"Michael lived, thanks to the skill of his doctors, but also because of his amazing attitude learned from him that every day we have the choice to live fully. Attitude, after all, is everything.Therefore do not worry about tomorrow, for tomorrow will take care of itself. Each day has enough trouble of its own. After all, today is the tomorrow you worried about yesterday.⑧Key Sentences1. Observing this style really made me curious, so one day I went up to Michael and asked h "I don't get it! You can't be a positive person all of the time. How do you manage to be so pos all the time?"他的这种方式着实让我好奇，所以有一天我找到迈克尔问：“我真弄不明白。

2014年10月自学考试英语一讲义 Unit 01_(含课文、生词表、课后练习与答案)

Unit 1 Foreign Language LearningA FAMOUS QUOTEA man who does not know a foreign language is ignorant of his own.——Johann Wolfgang von Goethe一个不懂得外语的人，也不会真正了解自己的母语。

——约翰·沃尔夫冈··歌德Johann Wolfgang von Goethe （1749-1832）, German poet, novelist, playwright, statesman and scientist. Goethe is one of the great figures in the history of German literature and best know his two-part poetic drama Faust, which he started around the age of twenty-three and didn't fin till shortly before his death sixty years later.约翰·沃尔夫冈··歌德享年83岁，德国诗人、剧作家、政治家和科学家。

他是德国历史上最伟大的人一。

他的最著名的上下两部诗剧《浮士德》，从23岁开始创作直至他临终前完成，耗时近六十年。

Speaking ActivityStarting a ConversationSample DialogueRead the following conversation. Pay attention to how the speakers greet and introduce each other.Steve: Hi. I don't think we've met. My name's Steve.Jenny: Hi, Steve. Nice to meet you. My name's Juanita, but everybody calls me Jenny.Steve: It's a pleasure to meet you, Jenny.Jenny: Sorry, what was your name again?Steve: Steve.Jenny: So Steve, what do you do for a living?Steve: I work at the public library. How about you?Jenny: I'm a university student.Steve: That's great. So, where do you study?Jenny: Carnegie Mellon University. CMU is a global research university recognized for world class arts and technology programs. It's the best university in the world for my major.Steve: Great for you! It was really nice meeting you.Jenny: Yeah. It was a pleasure meeting you too.注：卡基·梅隆大学成立于1990年，位于美国宾州的匹兹堡，是一所研究型的私立大学，也是美国的重学之一。

英语自考 00595英语阅读(一)201410 真题试卷

全国2014年10月高等教育自学考试英语阅读(一)试题课程代码：00595本试卷满分100分，考试时间150分钟.考生答题注意事项：1.本卷所有试题必须在答题卡上作答。

答在试卷上无效。

试卷空白处和背面均可作草稿纸。

2.第一部分为选择题。

必须对应试卷上的题号使用28铅笔将“答题卡”的相应代码涂黑。

3.第二部分为非选择题。

必须注明大、小题号，使用0．5毫米黑色字迹签字笔作答。

4.合理安排答题空间。

超出答题区域无效。

第一部分选择题I. CAREFUL READINGRead the following passages carefully. Decide on the best answer and blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points, 2 points each)Passage 1Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.In the 1950s，the Sami of Finland had an economy based on fishing and reindeer herding (放养驯鹿)，which provided most of the food. Reindeer had several other important economic and social functions. They were used as animals to haul wood for fuel. Their hides were made into clothing. Reindeer were also key items of exchange, both in external trade and internal gift-giving. A child was given a reindeer to mark the appearance of its first tooth. When a couple became engaged, they exchanged a reindeer with each other and when they married, reindeer were the most important wedding gift By the 1960s，all this had changed because of the introduction of the snowmobile. After that，the herds were no longer kept closely domesticated (围养）for part of the year, during which they became tame. Instead, they were allowed to roam freely all year and thus became wilder. On snowmobiles, the men covered larger amounts of territory at round-up (把牲畜赶回畜栏）time to bring in the animals, and sometimes several round-ups occurred instead of one.Herd size declined dramatically. Reasons for the decline included the stress caused to the reindeer by the extra distance traveled during round-ups and the fear aroused by the noisy snowmobiles. Round-ups were now held at a time when the females were near the end of their pregnancy, another factor causing reproductive stress. As the number of snowmobiles increased, the number of reindeer decreased.Another economic change involved the dependence on the outside through links to the cash economy. Cash was needed in order to purchase a snowmobile, gasoline, and to pay for parts and repairs. This led to social inequality, which had notexisted previously: the cash cost of effective participation in herding exceeded the resources of some families，who had to drop out of serious participation in herding; the use of snowmobiles changed the age pattern of reindeer herding in favor of youth over age; thus, older herders were squeezed out; the snowmobile pushed many Sami into debt; the dependence on cash and indebtedness forced many Sami to migrate to cities for work.1.The first paragraph focuses on_____.A. the social pattern of the Sami in FinlandB. the influence of technology upon the SamiC. the problems of reindeer herding of the SamiD.the significance of reindeer in Sami culture2. Because of the introduction of snowmobiles, the reindeer_____.A. became tamerB. grew wilderC. increased in numberD. were harder to manage3. The introduction of snowmobiles led to more dependence on_____.A. the old peopleB. the familyC. the local economyD. the outside world4. The author’s attitude towards the introduction of snowmobiles is_____.A. objectiveB. positiveC. negativeD. neutral5. The Sami had to use cash to buy_____.A. wood and gasolineB. food and woodC. wedding gifts and foodD. snowmobiles and gasolinePassage 2Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.Fashion myths have led women to believe that they are more beautiful or sophisticated for wearing heels, but in reality, heels pose short as well as long term hardships. Women should fight the high heel industry by refusing to use or purchase them in order to save the world from unnecessary physical and psychological suffering.Fairly speaking，it must be noted that there is a positive side to high heels. First，heels are excellent for aerating (充氧）lawns. A simple trip around the yard in a pair of those babies eliminates all need to call for a lawn care specialist and provides the perfect sized holes to give lawn oxygen. Second, heels are quite functional for defense against oncoming enemies, who can easily be scared away with these sharp, deadly fashion accessories. Finally, anytime a hammer can’t be found, a high heel shoe makes the perfect substitute tool for pushing in a nail.Regardless of such practical uses for heels, the fact remains that wearing high heels is harmful to one’s physical health. High heels are known to cause problems such as deformed feet and tom toenails. The risk of severe back problems and twisted or broken ankles is three times higher for a high heel wearer than for a flat shoe wearer. Also of course, after wearing heels for a day, any woman knows she can look forward to a night of pain as she tries to comfort her swollen, throbbing feet.Besides the obvious physical damage heels can cause, they are also responsible for a large amount of psychological damage. A woman with a closet Ml of heels may endanger her own social well-being as well as that of a man who chooses todate her. A night on the town in a pair of shoes that makes a woman feel as if she is a towering ostrich is not something to look forward to. In addition, an evening with a woman twice his height may make an insecure man slightly less than comfortable. Instead of enjoying the date, he may be feeling uncomfortable about his own height as he attempts to equal her height by stretching his back，holding up his chin，and standing on tiptoe. Ultimately，the man will lose interest in the heel-wearer as he realizes that no woman is worth the price of his diminishing self-esteem. In short，a woman who feels likea walking skyscraper and a man who feels like an ant are not likely to feel high self-esteem.6. According to the author，women believe that high heels are____.A. stylishB. comfortableC. formalD. practical7.High heels are viewed by the author as____.A. tools to push in nailsB. devices to provide lawns with oxygenC. weapons to protect women against enemiesD. accessories harmflil to rather than good for women8. The expressio n “those babies” in Paragraph 2 refers to____.A. little shoesB. high heelsC. toy shoesD. flat heels9. Sufferings caused by high heels are____.A. cultural and economicB. cultural and spiritualC. physical and psychologicalD. social and material10. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that____.A. heel-wearers are more attractiveB. high heels make women feel safeC. men don’t love women wearing heelsD. men don’t like dating women taller than themPassage 3Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.Magaret Mead, an American scholar, went to Eastern Samoa in 1925 to spend nine months studying childrearing patterns and adolescent behavior. She sought to answer these questions: “Are the adolescent problems due to the nature of adolescence itself or to the civilization? Does adolescence present a different picture under different conditions?” She observed and interviewed fifty adolescent girls of three different villages. Her conclusion was that, unlike the typical experience in the United States, children in Samoa grew up in a relaxed and happy atmosphere. As young adolescents，they made a sexually free and unrepressed (不受压抑的）transition to adulthood. These findings had a major impact on thinking about child rearing in North America, prompting attempts at more relaxed forms of child rearing in the hope of raising less stressed adolescents.In 1983, five years after Mead’s death (at which point she had no chance for response), Derek Freeman, an Australian scholar, published a strong criticism of Mead9s work on Samoa. Freeman said that Mead’s findings on adolescence were wrong. Freeman, abiological determinist, believes that universally, adolescents are driven by hormonal (荷尔蒙的）changes that cause social and psychological problems. He claims that Mead’s work was flawed in two major ways. First, he says her fieldwork was inadequate because she spent a relatively short time in the field and she had insufficient knowledge of the Samoan language. Second, he says that her theoretical bias against biological determinists led her to overlook evidence that was contrary to her interests. He compares rates of adolescent crimes in Samoa and England and finds that they are similar in both cultures. On the basis of this result, he argues that sexual and social repression also characterized Samoan adolescence. In other words, Samoa is not so different from the West with its supposedly pervasive adolescent problems.Because of Mead’s reputation，Freeman’s criticism prompted a vigorous response from scholars, most in defense of Mead. One response in defense of Mead came from Eleanor Leacock, an expert on how colonialism affects native cultures. Leacock claimed that Free man’s position failed to take history into account; Mead’s findings applied to Samoa of the 1920s while Freeman’s analysis was based on data from the 1960s. By the 1960s, Samoan society had gone through radical cultural changes due to the influence of World War II and intensive exposure to Western influences. Freeman’s data，in her view，do not contradict Mead’s because they are from a different period.11. According to the information provided in the first paragraph, Magaret Meadwould probably agree that adolescent problems are____.A. sexually determinedB. racially basedC. culturally determinedD. historically based12. Derek Freeman believes that adolescent problems originate from____.A. biological factorsB. social influencesC. individual personalityD. cultural environment13. Derek Freeman considers Magaret Mead to be wrong in her____.A. fieldwork and theoryB. fieldwork and dataC.purpose and theoryD. purpose and subjects14. The word “prompted” in the last paragraph probably means____.A. triggeredB. proposedC. promotedD. suppressed15. In Eleanor Leacock’s view，Freeman’s accusation of Magaret Mead is groundless because he pays no attention to____.A. the sexual differenceB. the racial differenceC. the historical differenceD. the cultural differencePassage 4Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.Substantial research suggests that, given the existing health tendency and health condition of an individual at a particular time, the probability of better or worse future health of spouses is affected by a variety of social factors that are subject to influence of his or her spouse.There are many ways in which spouses can influence each other’s probability of good health. Spouses can promote each other’s health by alleviating psychological stress. A substantial literature provides strong evidence that psychological stress causes illness, increases mortality risk, and is an important mechanism that links socio-economic characteristics to health andmortality. Stress-reducing mechanisms include removal of sources of stress, and management of stress through confidential conversation, psychiatric treatment (精神治疗)，physical exercise，recreation and other means. A spouse can provide or encourage all of these stress-reducing behaviors.Spouses can also promote each other’s health by providing supportive social co ntacts, and they can facilitate or inhibit each other’s social contact with supportive others. Evidence suggests that health is greatly advanced by supportive social contacts, including positive interaction with relatives, friends, co-workers and acquaintances. Recent data show that persons with more diverse social networks are more resistant to diseases than those with less diverse social networks.Spouses can also promote each other’s health by providing each other with money income, and they can help each other manage it effectively. Money does not buy health directly，but it can be used to purchase goods and services that make good health possible. These goods and services include nutritious food, a hygienic (卫生的）and safe environment, medical care, and facilities that reduce psychological stress. Unless estranged (分居的）or unusually wealthy，spouses share their financial resources and consume these health-promoting goods and services.16. The word “alleviating” in Paragraph 2 probably means____.A. increasingB. reducingC. removingD. enhancing17. Paragraph 3 emphasizes the influence of spouses in terms of____.A. personal incomeB. social networksC. psychological needsD. physical exercise18. How many supporting facts does the author provide for his argument?A. 2.B. 3.C. 4.D. 5.19. Spouses can promote each other’s good health with money income because_____.A. they can manage money income jointly and effectivelyB. they can make themselves cheerful with money incomeC. money is used to purchase health-promoting goods and servicesD. money is one of the best and most direct health-promoting means20. The passage focuses on____.A. how spouses promote each other’s healthB. spouses’ probability of better future healthC. the effect of psychological stress on healthD. how spouses set up stress-reducing mechanismsII. SPEED READINGSkim or scan the following passages, and then decide on the best answer and blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points, 1 point each)Passage 5Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.The number of speakers of English in Shakespeare’s time is estimated to have been about five million. Today it is estimated that some 260 million people speak it as a native language, mainly in the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Ireland, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. In addition to the standard varieties of English found in these areas, there are a great many regional and social varieties of the language, as well as various levels of usage that are employed both in its spoken and written forms.It is virtually impossible to estimate the number of people in the world who have acquired an adequate working knowledge of English in addition to their own language. The purposes for which English is learned and the situations in which such learning takes place are so varied that it is difficult to define and still more difficult to assess what constitutes an adequate working knowledge for each situation.The main reason for the widespread demand for English is its present-day importance as a world language. Besides serving the infinite needs of its native speakers, English is a language in which some of the most important works in science, technology and other fields are being produced, and not always by native speakers. It is widely used for such purposes as meteorological (气象学的)and airport communications，international conferences, and the dissemination (传播）of information over the radio and television networks of many nations. It is a language of wider communication for a number of developing countries，especially former British colonies. Many of these countries have multi-lingual populations and need a language for international communication in such matters as government, commerce, industry, law and education as well as for international communication and for access to the scientific and technological developments in the West.21. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for this passage?A. Internal CommunicationB. English as a World LanguageC. The Standard Varieties of EnglishD. The Difficulties of Learning English22. Which of the following statements is NOT true?A. English is learned for different purposes.B. English learning takes place in various situations.C. Some 260 million people speak English as a native language.D. Some 260 million people use English as a working language.23. English speaking countries are listed in____.A. Paragraph 1B. Paragraph2C. Paragraph 3D. Paragraphs 1 and 224. Paragraph 3 is about____.A. who speaks EnglishB. why English is widespreadC. when English became popularD. how people learn to speak English25. English is widely used in countries____.A. affected by the culture of the U.S.B. formerly colonized by Great BritainC. geographically close to Great BritainD. technologically influenced by the U.S.Passage 6Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.In the 1950s, a collection of definitions of culture by A. L. Kroeber produced 164 different ones that had appeared in writings since 1700. The first definition was proposed by Edward Taylor. He said that “culture，or civilization is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a me mber of society." The phrase “that complex whole” is the most longstanding feature of this proposition. Note that two other features of Taylor’s definition have not stood the test of time. First，most scholars now avoid the use of “man”to refer to all humans and instead use words such as “humans”and “people.”While you may argue that the word “man”can be used to refer to all human beings，many studies indicate that this usage can be confusing. Second, most scholars no longer equate culture with civilization. The term civilization implies a sense of “highness”versus non-civilized “lowness”and sets up a distinction placing “us”（civilized nations of Europe and North America) in a superior pos ition to “them”-the other societies.In contemporary theories of culture, there are two important definitions. Clifford Geertz believes that culture consists of symbols, motivations, moods, and thoughts. This definition focuses on people’s perceptions，thoughts，and ideas，and does not include behavior as a part of culture. Cultural materialist Marvin Harris states that a culture is the total socially acquired life-way or life-style of a group of people. It consists of the patterned repetitive ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that are characteristic of the members of a particular society or segment of society. The definition of culture used in this book follows Harris’s more comprehensive approach.26. The scholar who defined culture as a “complex whole” was____.A. Clifford GeertzB. Marvin HarrisC. Edward TaylorD. A. L. Kroeber27. The use of “man” is now avoided by most scholars because the usage____.A. is too specificB. is out-datedC. causes confusionD. can be inclusive28. According to the passage, most scholars today____.A. prefer “culture” to “civilization”B. prefer “civilization” to “culture”C. equate “culture” with “civilization”D. use “culture” and “civilization” interchangeably29. The author plans to use the definition of culture as defined by____.A. Clifford GeertzB. A. L. KroeberC. Edward TaylorD. Marvin Harris30. The passage is mainly about____.A. sexual discriminationB. racial discriminationC. the definition of cultureD. the definition of civilization非选择题部分注意事项：用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔将答案写在答题纸上，不能答在试题卷上。

自考英语一课文翻译UINT 5

动物会思考，就会学习。某些动物比别的动物学得多。虽然鹦鹉在别的某些方面很愚蠢，但它会学说话。反舌鸟可以学会模仿很多不同的声音。马不用很长时间就能学会与它要干的活有关的很多事情。牧羊犬并不比别的狗知道得多，然而它却非常清楚怎样看护羊。
虽然动物会思考和学习，但它们不像人那样在做事的方式上进行任何真正的改进。每一种鸟都有自己的筑巢方式，而且这种方式总是一成不变。别的动物也是如此，它们没有任何新的花样，也不互相学习。但是大家都知道，人总是在寻找新的方式建造房屋，总是在寻找进行各种劳动的更佳方式。
有许多事动物知道怎样做，但它们要么未经学习就会，要么是以某种我们不了解的方式学会的。据说它们是靠本能做这样的事情，但没有人能说清楚本能是什么。正是靠着这种本能，鸟会筑巢，海狸会建坝和小屋。如果做这些事都是像人盖新房子那样经过了计划和仔细考虑，那么它们在做事情的方式上就会有所变化，有所改进。
我已经提到过海狸的建筑本能。一个英国人抓到一只小海狸，他先把它关在笼子里，过了一会儿，他把海狸放出来，放到一间有各种各样东西的房间里。海狸一出来就开始施展它的建筑本能。它收集起所有它能找到的东西：树枝，篮子，皮靴，衣服，棍子，煤块等等，并进行安排整理，好像要建一个坝。如果它真有头脑的话，它本应知道在一个没有水的地方建坝是毫无用处的。
还有一种关于食物混在一起吃的错误想法，即不能在同一餐中吃蛋白质食物和淀粉质食物。例如，很多人认为面包是一种淀粉质食物。虽然面包主要是一种淀粉质食物，但它也含有蛋白质。同样，牛奶可能是最好的单一食物，但它也含有蛋白质和淀粉。不要吃面包喝牛奶，这种说法是愚蠢的，就像不要把肉类和土豆一起食用一样。
第二部分 Text B
【课文译文】
动物会思考吗?
人们经常问这一问题：动物会思考吗?我认为有些动物思考得很多。很多动物就像在运动中的孩子一样。我们注意到，这一点就狗和猫而言常常是对的，但对别的动物也是一样。

英语必修一精品讲义：必修一unit5精品讲义.doc

必修1 Unit 5 Nelson Mandela----a modern hero纳尔逊·曼德拉——一位当代英雄一．考纲词汇梳理·活用单词荟萃1．核心单词(1)____________(n.) 质量；品质；性质→(形近词) ____________(n.) 数量(2)____________(adj.) 积极的；活跃的→____________(adv.) 积极地→____________(n.) 活动(3)____________(vt.) 献身；专心于→____________ (adj.) 忠实的；深爱的→____________ (n.) 关爱；奉献；忠诚(4)____________(vt.&vi.)投票;选举(n.)投票;选票;表决→____________(n.) 投票人；选举人(5)____________(vt.) 进攻;攻击;抨击 (n.)攻击;抨击;疾病发作→(形近词) attach (vt.) 把…附(在…上);重视(6)____________(adj.) 相等的；平等的→____________(n.) 平等；相等→____________(adv.) 同样地；相等地；公平地→____________(adj.) 不平等的；不公平的(7)____________(vt. & vi.) 逃脱；逃走；避开；泄露(8)____________(vt.) 教育；训练→____________(adj.) 受过教育的；有教养的→____________(n.) 教育→____________(n.) 教育工作者→____________(adj.) 教育的；有关教育的(9)____________(vi.) 请求；乞求→____________(过去式/过去分词) →____________(n.) 乞丐(10)____________(n.) 报酬；奖金 (vt.) 酬劳；奖赏→____________(adj.) 值得的；有益的；有回报的(11)____________ (n.) 意见；看法；主张2．阅读单词mean [miːn]吝啬的；自私的；卑鄙的generous ['dʒen(ə)rəs]慷慨的大方的easy-going 随和的．温和宽容的self [self]自我自身selfish ['selfɪʃ]自私的selfless ['selflɪs]无私的．忘我的selflessly ['selflisli]无私地；忘我地found [faʊnd]建设republic [rɪ'pʌblɪk]共和国.共和政体principle ['prɪnsɪp(ə)l]法则．原则；原理peaceful ['piːsfʊl; -f(ə)l]和平的.平静的.安宁的mankind [,mæn'kaɪnd]人类layer [ɪ'laɪəs]律师guidance ['gaɪd(ə)ns]指导．领导legal ['liːg(ə)l]法律的.依照法律的fee [fiː]费（会费、学费等）酬金helpful ['helpfʊl; -f(ə)l]有希望的youth [juːθ]青年；青年时期league [liːg]同盟；联双．联合会Youth League青年团stage [ste ɪd ʒ]舞台阶段；时期 violence ['va ɪəl(ə)ns]暴力；暴行 blow up 使充气；爆炸willing ['w ɪl ɪŋ]乐意的．自愿的 unfair [ʌn'fe ə]不公正的．不公平的 blanket ['blæŋk ɪt]毛毯．毯子 relative ['rel ət ɪv]亲戚；亲属 terror ['ter ə]恐怖恐怖时期恐怖活动 cruelty ['kr ʊəlt ɪ]残忍；残酷 sentence ['sent(ə)ns]判决，宣判 anti-【前缀】反；抗；阻 anti-black 反黑人的president ['prez ɪd(ə)nt]总统；会长；校长；行长 Nobel Peace Prize 诺贝尔和平奖 3. 联想积累1．表示“人物特点”的形容词全扫描 ①generous 慷慨的 ②active 积极的；活跃的 ③warmhearted 热心肠的 ④creative 富有创造力的 ⑤devoted 有献身精神的 ⑥energetic 有活力的⑦intelligent 聪明的 ⑧ambitious 有雄心壮志的 ⑨confident 有信心的 ⑩enthusiastic 充满热情的2．名词＋后缀ful 构成的形容词荟萃 ①peaceful 和平的 ②painful 痛苦的 ③harmful 有害的 ④powerful 强大的 ⑤cheerful 欢乐的 ⑥meaningful 有意义的 ⑦beautiful 美丽的 ⑧merciful 仁慈的；宽大的 ⑨helpful 有帮助的；有用的 ⑩careful 小心的；仔细的；谨慎的3．后缀“ent”形容词与“ence”名词大集合 ①violent 暴力的 violence 暴力 ②silent 沉默的 silence 沉默 ③different 不同的 difference 差异 ④patient 有耐心的 patience 耐心 ⑤confident 自信的 confidence 信心 ⑥evident 明显的 evidence 证据 ⑦intelligent 聪明的 intelligence 智力 ⑧independent 独立的 independence 独立短语聚焦1.失业 __________________2.事实上 __________________3.使充气；爆炸 __________________4.在危险,受罚,痛苦,忧虑等处境__________________ 5.求助于 __________________6.丧失勇气或信心 __________________7.当权；上台 __________________8.建立；设立 ___________________9.被判处……(徒刑) ___________________10愿意干某事 ___________________11.献身于…… ___________________12.投票赞成/反对 ___________________13.从某人的观点来看；依照某人的观点 ___________________词汇活用Ⅰ.单词填空（用所给单词的适当形式填空）1.It’s___________(legal) to read people's private letters without permission.2.I remembered the beatings and the__________(cruel)of the guards and my friends who had died.3.This is the first time I__________(see) the film .4.He thought of a way to stop the car from______ (steal).5.We were deeply moved by his___________(self)spirit.6.It’s wrong to see___________(violent) as the only way to solve problems.7.He___________(devote) to helping those who suffered from accidents and earthquakes.8.The baby looks so________(peace) when he's sleeping.9.Though he has met with many difficulties over the past two years，he is still______________(hope)．10.If you don't treat all your students equally,it is_________(fair)．Ⅱ.短语填空（用所给短语的适当形式填空）1.They always____________me when they are in trouble.2.The team had won no games and it________________.3.It is reported that many people are_____________in that country.4.He said they should not be___________studying for their degrees.5.Things have changed a lot since Obama____________.6.A policeman was killed when the car_____________.7.He is such a kind man that he is ready to help people_____________.8.People_______________a monument to honor those people who devoted their lives to their country.二．重点句型精讲·精练1.The last thirty years have seen the greatest number of laws stopping our rights and progress，until today we have reached a stage where we have almost no rights at all.(教材P34)过去三十年目睹了大量法律剥夺我们的权利，阻挡我们的进步，一直到今天我们还处于几乎什么权利都没有的阶段。

2014年10月自考《英语一》讲义 Unit 08_(含课文、生词表、课后练习及答案)

Unit 8 The Mystery of LifeA FAMOUS QUOTEDo not go where the path may lead, go instead where there is no path and leave a trail.— Ralph Emerson不要走己经铺好的路，而要走没人走过的路，开拓自己的路。

—拉尔夫·爱默生Ralph Emerson（1803-1882）, American essayist, lecturer, and poet, the most thought-provok American cultural leader of the mid-19th century. Through his essays, poems, and lectures, he established himself as a leading spokesman of transcendentalism and as a major figure in Americ literature.拉尔夫·爱默生（1803-1882），美国随笔散文作家、演讲者和诗人。

在19世纪中期，他是最发人深省的文化领袖。

爱默生通过其散文、诗歌和讲演，确立了自己作为超验主义的主要代言人以及美国文化的主要代表物。

Speaking ActivityMaking RequestsSample DialoguesRead the following conversation. Pay attention to how the speakers make requests and the responses they receive.Jackie: Excuse me. Can you do me a favour?Cashier: Sure. How can I help you, Miss?Jackie: Could you break a 20 for me?Cashier: Sure. How do you want it?Jackie: Could I have two 5's and the rest in l's?Cashier: Well, I have some 5's, but I don't have enough l's. Are quarters fine with you?Jackie: Oh, that's even better! In that case, I won't have to worry about the small change the laundry.Cashier: There you go!Jackie: Thanks a million!Guided PracticeDirection: Ask for room service in a hotel. You may use the following tips to help you.Excuse me. Could you help me, please?Sure. What can I do for you?Can you …?Could you…?Could I…？That's even better!Thanks a million!Text ANew Words1、embrace v. to put your arms around somebody as a sign of love or friendship; to accept a idea, a proposal, a set of beliefs 拥抱；欣然接受2、mystery n. something that is difficult to understand or to explain 奥秘3、terrain n. an area of land when you are mentioning its natural features 地形；地带4、 universe n. the whole of space and everything in it, including the earth, the planets a the stars 宇宙5、reveal v. to make something know to somebody 揭示；显示6、otherwise adv. in a different way to the way mentioned; differently不同地7、infant n. a baby or very young child 婴儿8、depart v. to leave a place 离开、离去9、tragedy n. a very sad event or situation, especially one that involves death 不幸；惨案10、injustice n. the fact of a situation being unfair and of people not being treated equal an unfair act or an example of unfair treatment 不公正11、innocent adj. not guilty of a crime, etc.; not having done something wrong 无辜的；清白12、species n. a group into which animals, plants, etc., that are able to bread with each o and produce healthy young are divided 物种13、survive v. to continue to live or exist 生存14、biology n. the way in which the body and cells of a living thing behave 生理15、hostage n. a person who is captured and held prisoner by a person or group, and who may injured or killed if people do not do what the person or group is asking 人质16、capacity n. the ability to understand or do something 领悟能力17、infinite adj. without limits; without end 无限的；无穷尽的18、conceive v. to form an idea, a plan, etc. in your mind 构想；设想19、incline v. to tend to think or behave in a particular way; to make somebody do this （使向于，有……的趋势20、honorable adj. （AmE）honest and fair, or deserving respect and admiration 可敬的；值得的21、celebrate v. to praise somebody/something 赞美；颂扬22、merely adv. used to emphasize a fact or something that you are saying 仅仅；只不过23、certainty n. the state of being certain 确定性24、testimony n. a thing that shows something else exists or is true 证明25、urge n. a strong desire to do something 强烈的欲望；冲动26、impulse n. a sudden strong wish or need to do something, without stopping to think abou results 冲动；一时的念头27、envision v. to imagine what a situation will be like in the future, especially a situat you intend to work towards 展望28、inconsequential adj. not important or worth considering 不重要的29、shell n. the hard outer part of eggs, nuts, some seeds and some animals 壳30、restless adj. constantly moving 运动不止的31、murmur n. a quietly spoken word or words; a soft continuous sound 喃喃声32、vast adj. extremely large in area, size, amount, etc. 辽阔的；巨大的33、magical adj. containing magic; used in magic 有魔力的34、membrane n. a thin layer of material used to prevent air, liquid, etc. from entering aparticular part of something 膜状物35、challenge n. a new or difficult task that tests somebody’s ability and skill 挑战Phrases and Expressions1、for certain without doubt 肯定2、in violation of taking an action that breaks a law, agreement or principle 违背3、visit…on/upon… to punish somebody or something 对……进行惩罚4、reach out to stretch your hand towards something in order to touch it, pick it up, etc.5、bear witness to to provide evidence of the truth of something 为……作证；证明Text A Embracing the MysteryPre-reading Questions1. What do you find most mysterious about the universe and about the world around you?2. Do you want to know more or do you sometimes have a fear of the unknown?Embracing the MysteryWhen every word has been written, and every phrase has been spoken, the great mystery of li will still remain. We may map the terrains of our lives, measure the farthest reaches of the universe, but no amount of searching will ever reveal for certain whether we are all children o chance or part of a great design.①And who among us would have it otherwise? Who would wish to take the mystery out of the experience of looking into a newborn infant's eyes? Who would not feel in violation of somethin great if we had knowledge of what has departed when we stare into the face of one who has died? These are the events that make us human, that define the distance between the stars and us.Still, life is not easy. Much of its mystery is darkness. Tragedies occur, injustices exist things happen to good people and suffering is visited upon the innocent. In order to live we mu take the lives of other species. In order to survive we may leave some of our brothers and sist by the side of the road. We are prisoners of time, victims of biology, and hostages of our own capacity.③At times the mystery of life seems too much and impossible to accept.We must stand against this. The world is a great mysterious place, and its possibilities ar infinite, governed only by what our hearts can conceive. If we incline our hearts toward the darkness, we will see darkness. If we incline them toward the light, we will see the light.④Those of great heart have always known this. They have understood that, honorable though it to see the wrong and try to correct it, a life well lived must somehow celebrate the promise th life provides.⑤ The darkness at the limits of our knowledge, the darkness that sometimes seem surround us is merely a way to make us reach beyond certainty, to make our lives a witness to h a testimony to possibility, an urge toward the best and the most honorable impulses that our he can conceive.It is not hard. There is in each of us, no matter how humble, a capacity for love. Even if lives have not taken the course we had envisioned, even if we are less than the shape of our dr we are part of the human family.⑥Somewhere, in the most inconsequential corners of our lives, the opportunity for love.If I am blind, I can run my hand across the back of a shell and celebrate beauty. If I have legs, I can sit in quiet wonder before the restless murmurs of the sea. If I am wounded in spir can reach out my hand to those who are hurting. If I am lonely, I can go among those who are desperate for love. There is no tragedy or injustice so great, no life so small and inconsequen that we cannot bear witness to the light in the quiet acts and hidden moments of our days.⑦And who can say which of these acts and moments will make a difference? The universe is vas is a magical membrane of meaning, stretching across time and space, and it is not given to us t know her secrets and her ways. Perhaps we are placed here to meet the challenge of a single mom perhaps we will touch something or someone that will change the world.⑧Key Sentences1. We may map the terrains of our lives, measure the farthest reaches of the universe, but amount of searching will ever reveal for certain whether we are all children of chance or part great design.我们或许可以描绘出我们人生的蓝图，可以测量宇宙的尽头，但是迄今为止没有任何的探索能够揭示，我命的存在是纯属偶然，还是一个伟大设计的一部分。

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Unit 5 Music and LeisureA FAMOUS QUOTEWithout music, life would be a mistake.——Friedrich Nietzsche音乐是生命的支柱。

——弗里德里希·尼采Friedrich Nietzsche （1844-1900）, German-Swiss philosopher and writer, one of the most influential of modern thinkers.He wrote critical texts on religion, morality, contemporary cult philosophy and science.弗里德里希·威廉·尼采（Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche，1844～1900）德国-瑞士哲学家、作家，同时最有影响力的现代思想家之一。

他写的批评主题学说涉及到宗教信仰、道德品行、当代文化、哲学和科学等领Speaking ActivityMaking an AppointmentSample DialogueRead the following conversation.Pay attention to how the speakers make an appointment.Cindy:Dr.Peterson's office.How can I help you?David: I'd like to make an appointment.Would Dr.Peterson be able to see me at 9:30 tomorrow Cindy: I'm sorry, but he hasn't got any openings until 11:00, unless there's a cancellation David: Would 1:00 in the afternoon be convenient?Cindy: Yes, he's free then.May I have your name?David: Yes, it's David Lain.Cindy: Have you seen Dr.Peterson before?David: Yes, I had a physical examination last year.Cindy: Right.I've scheduled you in for 1:00 o'clock.David: Thank you.Guided PracticeDirections: Work with your partner and make up a situation in which you invite your partner dinner.You may use the following tips to help you.Are you available on …？Can we meet on …?Is…convenient for you?What about …？Yes, … is fine.Sorry, I'm afraid I can't…Text ANew Words1、universal adj.done by or involving all the people in the world or in a particular group 界的；共同的2、define v.to say or explain what the meaning of a word or phrase is 解释（词语的含义）；给定义3、melody n.a tune, especially the main tune in a piece of music written for several instru or voices 旋律；曲调；（尤指）主旋律4、beat v.to make, or cause something to make, a regular sound or movement（使）规律作响，作运动5、tune n.a series of musical notes that are sung or played in a particular order to form a piece of music 曲调；曲子6、personal adj.your own; not belonging to or connected with anyone else 个人的；私人的7、definition n.what an idea, etc.means 定义8、vary v.to be different from each other in size, shape, etc.（大小、形状等）相异，不同，有9、bucket n.an open container with a handle, used for carrying or holding liquids, sand, et （有提梁的）桶10、shudder v.to shake because you are cold or frightened, or because of a strong feeling 发打颤，战栗11、variety n.several different sorts of the same thing 不同种类，多种式样12、genre n.a particular type or style of literature, art, film or music that you can recog because of its special features 体裁，类型13、perspective n.the ability to think about problems and decisions in a reasonable way wit exaggerating their importance 客观判断力；权衡轻重的能力14、icebreaker n.a thing that you do or say, like game or a joke to make people feel less nervous when whey first meet 消除隔阂的行动，活跃气氛的话15、option n.something that you can choose to have or do; the freedom to choose what you do 择的事物；选择16、evoke v.to bring a feeling, a memory or an image into your mind 引起，唤起（感情、记忆或象）17、soothe v.to make somebody who is anxious, upset, etc.feel calmer 安慰；抚慰；劝慰18、unwind v.to stop worrying or thinking about problems and start to relax 放松；轻松19、comfort v.to make somebody who is worried or unhappy feel better by being kind and sympathetic towards them 安慰；抚慰；宽慰n.a person or thing that helps you when you are suffering, worried or unhappy 令人感到安慰的（或事物）20、motivate v.to make somebody want to do something, especially something that involves ha work and effort 推动…甘愿苦干；激励；激发21、pump v.（of a liquid）to flow in a particular direction as if it is being forced by a p （液体）涌出：涌流；奔流22、productive adj.doing or achieving a lot 有效益的；富有成效的23、creativity n.the ability to use your imagination to produce new ideas, make things, etc 力24、aspect n.a particular part or feature of a situation, an idea, a problem, etc.; a way i which it may be considered 方面；层面25、instrument n.an object used for producing musical sounds, for example a piano or a drum26、imagination n.the ability to create pictures in your mind; the part of your mind that d this 想象力；想象27、crave v.to have a very strong desire for something 渴望；热望28、addiction n.the condition of being addicted to something 瘾；入迷；嗜好29、cope v.to deal successfully with something difficult （成功地）对付，处理30、tension n.a situation in which people do not trust each other, or feel unfriendly towar each other, and which may cause them to attack each other 紧张局势（或关系、状况）31、inspiration n.the process that takes place when somebody sees or hears something that c them to have exciting new ideas or makes them want to create something, especially in art, musi literature 灵感32、unlock v.to undo the lock of a door, window, etc., using a key（用钥匙）开…的锁Phrases and Expressions1、relate to to be able to understand and have sympathy with somebody/something 产生共鸣；领了解；认同2、in hand used to say an undertaking is being dealt with 正在处理中Text APre-reading Questions1.Do you enjoy listening to music? What kind of music do you like best?2.Do you agree that music is a universal language?Music as a Universal LanguageThe importance of music in our lives cannot be defined with words.It is the air we breathe the thoughts we think.It is the melodies that beat to the tune of our hearts.It is the universa language that we can all understand and relate to, even when our personal definitions vary.①Mu is a very valuable tool throughout the world.I am not a musician.I couldn't carry a tune in a big old bucket, yet I still sing along wit favorite song.②I shudder at the thought of life without music.Music is a very important part o world and without it I don't know how I would have come as far as I have.③Music is variety.Because there are many different styles and genres of music, there is some for everyone.Although we may not always like every type of music on the market, the variety mak music universal.Music is the voice we long for when we can't find words to speak.Many people will agree tha there are songs that were written just for them.④Songs can sometimes say things better than we could have said them .They can express our emotions though we didn't really know we felt that way.Music can put things into perspective.⑤Music is a great icebreaker.There are a lot of topics to be discussed when it comes to musi If you are talking about music, dead silence isn't an option.Playing music in the background at parties will help calm your guests.Music sets the mood and makes things happier.Music speaks to our emotions.It evokes memories.It can remind us of happy times.It can help relate to experiences.It can bring a smile to our face or tears to our eyes.Music is a link to soul.Music soothes, and relaxes us.Music is a great way to unwind.It helps us feel better when w blue.⑦It comforts us when we are lonely, yet it makes us realize that we aren't alone.Music motivates us.Listening to music can prepare us for many possibilities.It gets our blo pumping and points us in the right direction.Music can make us feel more productive.It prepares for the task in hand.Music gives us a means of creativity.There are many aspects to music, such as playing an instrument, writing the words, or even dancing.If we use music to help us create, our imaginati has no limits.I need music like the flowers need rain.I crave it like a child craves candy.It is a health addiction and a pleasant way of coping with the many tensions of life.Music is as important to breathing and food.It is my escape, my comfort, and my inspiration.Music is the key that unlock soul.Key Sentences1、It is the universal language that we can all understand and relate to, even when our per definitions vary.即使我们个人对音乐的定义各不相同，它也是我们都能理解和产生共鸣的通用语言。