华科公共管理学考博历年试题
华科2021博士入学英语试题_及参考答案
华科2021博士入学英语试题_及参考答案华科2021博士入学英语试题及参考答案Passage 1Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented opportunities - as well as new and significant risks. Civilrights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselvesin business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontractsthat are generated by large companies. Now Congress, in apparent agreement,has required by law that businesses awarded federal contracts of more than $500,000 do their best to find minority subcontractors and record theirefforts to do so on forms filed with the government. Indeed, some federal and local agencies have gone so far as to set specific percentage goals for apportioning parts of public works contracts to minority enterprises.Corporate response appears to have been substantial. According to figures collected in 1977, the total of corporate contracts with minority businesses rose from $77 million in 1972 to $1.1 billion in 1977. The projected total of corporate contracts with minority businesses for the early 1980's is estimated to be over 53 billion per year with no letup anticipated in the next decade. Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for them, too. First, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves financially, since most are small concerns and,unlike large businesses, they often need to make substantial investments innew plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them. If, thereafter, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses. The worldof corporate purchasing can be frustrating for small entrepreneurs who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids. Both consume valuable time and resources, and a small company's efforts must soon result in orders, or both the morale and the financial health of the business will suffer.A second risk is that White-owned companies may seek to cash in on the increasing apportionments through formation of joint ventures with minority-owned concerns. Of course, in many instances there are legitimate reasons forjoint ventures; clearly, White and minority enterprises can team up to acquire business that neither could acquire alone. But civil rights groups andminority business owners have complained to Congress about minorities being set up as “fronts (a person, group, or thing used to mask the identity or true character or activity of the actual controlling agent)” with White backing, rather than being accepted as full partners in legitimate joint ventures.Third, a minority enterprise that secures the business of one large corporate customer often runs the danger of becoming-and remaining-dependent. Even in the best of circumstances, fierce competition from larger, more established companies makes it difficult for small concerns to broaden their customer bases: when such firms have nearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate benefactor, they may truly have to struggle against complacency arising from their current success.11. The primary purpose of the text is to[A] present a commonplace idea and its inaccuracies.[B] describe a situation and its potential drawbacks. [C] propose a temporary solution to a problem. [D] analyze a frequent source of disagreement.2. The text suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for subcontracts result quickly in orders might causes it to[A] experience frustration but not serious financial harm. [B] face potentially crippling fixed expenses.[C] have to record its efforts on forms filed with the government. [D] increase its spending with minority subcontractors.3.The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements about corporate response to working with minority subcontractors?[A] Annoyed by the proliferation of “front” organizations, corporations are likely to reduce their efforts to work with minority-owned subcontractors in the near future.[B] Although corporations showed considerable interest in working with minority businesses in the 1970’s, their aversion to government paperwork made them reluctant to pursue many government contracts.[C] The significant response of corporations in the 1970’s is likely to be sustained and conceivably be increased throughout the 1980’s.[D] Although corporations are eager to cooperate with minority-owned business es, a shortage of capital in the 1970’s made substantial response impossible4 According to the text, civil rights activists maintain that one disadvantage under which minority-owned businesses have traditionally had to labor is that they have[A] been especially vulnerable to government mismanagement of the economy.[B] been denied bank loans at rates comparable to those afforded larger competitors.[C] not had sufficient opportunity to secure business created by large corporations.[D] not been able to advertise in those media that reach large numbers of potential customers.5 The author implies that a minority-owned concern that does the greater part of its business with one large corporate customer should[A] avoid competition with larger, more established concerns by not expanding. 【B】 concentrating on securing even more business from that corporation. [C] use its influence with the corporation to promote subcontracting with other minority concerns.[D] try to expand its customer bases to avoid becoming dependent on the2corporation.Passage 2Years of research had educated me about how sugar, fat, and salt changethe brain. I understood some of the parallels between hyperpalatable foods and drugs of abuse, and about the links among sensory stimulation, cues, and memory. I'd met enough people like Claudia and Maria to understand how eventhe thought of food could cause them to lose control.But I wasn't fully prepared for the discoveries I made aboutirresistibility and whoosh, the Monster Thickburger and Baked! Cheetos Flamin' Hot, about indulgence and purple cows. Without necessarily understanding the underlying science, the food industry has discovered what sells.I was sitting at Chili's Grill & Bar in Chicago's O'Hare Airport waitingfor a late-night flight. At a nearby table a couple in their early forties was deep into a meal. The woman was overweight, with about 180 pounds on her five-foot-four-inch frame. The Southwestern Eggrolls she had ordered were listed as a starter course, but the enormous platter in front of her had been heapedwith food. The dish was described on the menu as \chicken, black beans, corn, jalape?o Jack cheese, red peppers, and spinach wrapped inside a crispy flour tortilla,\and it was served with a creamy avocado-ranch dipping sauce. Despite its name, the dish looked more like a burrito than an egg roll, an only-in-America fusion approach.I watched as the woman attacked her food with vigor and speed. She heldthe egg roll in one hand, dunked it into the sauce, and brought it to hermouth while using the fork in her other hand to scoop up more sauce. Occasionally she reached over and speared some of her companion's french fries. The woman ate steadily, working her way around the plate with scant pause for conversation or rest. When she finally paused, only a little lettuce was left.Had she known someone was watching her, I'm sure she would have eaten differently. Had she been asked to describe what she had just eaten, she probably would have substantially underestimated her consumption. And shewould probably have been surprised to learn what the ingredients in her meal really were.The woman might have been interested in how my industry source, who had called sugar, fat, and salt the three points of the compass, described her entree. Deep-frying the tortilla drives down its water content from 40 percentto about 5 percent and replaces the rest with fat. \is supposed to look, which is crispy and brown on the outside.\The food consultant read through other ingredients on the label, keeping up a running commentary as he did. \. People like smoky flavor ― it's the caveman in them.\\eating something healthy.\\off the chart.\3The hot peppers, he said, \He believed the chicken had been chopped and formed much like a meat loaf, with binders added, which makes those calories easy to swallow. Ingredients that hold moisture, including autolyzed yeast extract, sodium phosphate, and soy protein concentrate, further soften the food. I noticed that salt appeared eight times on the label and that sweeteners were there five times, in the form of corn-syrup solids, molasses, honey, brown sugar, and sugar.\\yes. All of this has been processed such that you can wolf it down fast...chopped up and made ultrapalatable.... Very appealing looking, very high pleasure in the food, very high caloric density. Rules out all that stuff you have to chew.\By eliminating the need to chew, modern food processing techniques allow us to eat faster. \it,\mouth.1. It can be inferred from the author's description of the woman eating in paragraph four that(A) The woman prefers to eat at Chili's vs. other restaurants. (B) The woman truly enjoys the foods that she chooses to eat.(C) The woman's efficiency at cleaning her plate adds to her dining experience. (D) The author is disgusted by the woman's consumption.(E) The author believes the woman should take a course in healthy eating.2. According to the passage, the main reason people overeat is(A) because salt and sweeteners, like corn-syrup solids and brown sugar, are added to the food.(B) because we don't have to chew our food very much (C) because people like smoky flavor(D) because sugar, fat and salt change the brain(E) because we are used to eating quickly in this modern society 3. The following are all ingredients in the egg rolls, EXCEPT(A) salt (B) binders (C) honey (D) spinach (E) dark meat chicken4. Which of the following statements best describes the main idea of the passage?(A) If you eat too much food too quickly, you'll gain weight and become unhealthy.(B) Because refined food is irresistible and easy to eat, it masks how unhealthy it is, leaving people unaware of the poor food choices they're making.(C) Chili's is one of the restaurants in the U.S. serving unhealthy food to consumers today. (D) Food consultants and authors are making Americans aware of their unhealthy eating habits, thus, creating healthier generations for years to come.(E) Refined foods, with salt, sugar, and fat hidden inside, are less nutritious and more damaging than whole foods.5. In the first sentence of paragraph four, the word \ (A) pleasure (B) flamboyance (C) lethargy (D) energy (E) craftiness4Passage 3No very satisfactory account of the mechanism that caused the formation of the ocean basins has yet been given.The traditional view supposes that the upper mantle of the earth behaves as a liquid when it is subjected to small forces for long periods and that differences in temperature under oceans and continents are sufficient to produce convection in the mantle of the earthwith rising convection currents under the mid-ocean ridges and sinkingcurrents under the continent. Theoretically， this convection would carry the continental plates along as though they were on a （conveyer belt） and would provide the forces needed to produce the split that occurs along the ridge.This view may be correct： it has the advantage that the currents are driven by temperature differences that themselves depend on the position ofthe continents.On the other hand， the theory is implausible because convection does not normally occur along lines， and it certainly does not occur long lines broken by frequent offsets or changes in direction， as the ridge is.It has the advantage that the currents are driven by temperature differences that themselves depend on the position of the continents.Such a backoupling， in which the position of the moving plate has an impact on the forces that move it， could produce complicated and varying motionsAlso it is difficult to see how the theory applies to the plate betweenthe Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the ridge in the Indian Ocean.This plate is growing on both sides， and since there is no intermediate trench， the two ridges must be moving apart. It would be odd if the rising convection currents kept exact pace with them.An alternative theory is that the sinking part of the plate， which is denser than the hotter surrounding mantle， pulls the rest of the plate after it. Again it is difficult to see how this applies to the ridge in the South Atlantic， where neither the African nor the American plate has a sinking part.Another possibility is that the sinking plate cools the neighboring mantle and produces convection currents that move the plates. This last theory is attractive because it gives some hope of explaining the enclosed seas， such as the Sea of apan. These seas have a typical oceanic floor， except that the floor is overlaid by several kilometers of sediment. Their floors have probably been sinking for long periods.These seas have a typical oceanic floor， except that the floor is overlaid by several kilometers of sediment. Their floors have probably been sinking for long periods. It seems possible that a sinking current of cooled mantle material on the upper side of the plate might be the cause of such deep basins.The enclosed seas are an important feature of the earth's surface and seriously require explanation because， in addition to the enclosed seas that are developing at present behind island arcs， there are a number of older ones of possibly similar origin， such as the Gulf of Mexico， the Black Sea，and perhaps the North5感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。
华中科技大学2010年招收博士研究生入学考试试题+答案
华中科技大学2010年招收博士研究生入学考试试题考试科目： 英语适合专业：各专业Part I Cloze (0.5x20=10%)Directions: In this part you are asked to choose the best word for each blank inthe passage. Write your answers on the answer sheet.Who won the World Cup 1994 football game? What happened at the .United Nations? Howdid the critics like the new play? 1 en event takes place, newspapers are on the street 2 the details. 3 anything happens in the world, reporters are on the spot to gather the news. Newspapers have one basic 4 , to get the news as quickly as possible from its source,from those who make it to those who want to 5 it.Radio, telegraph, television, and 6 inventions brought competition for newspapers. So did the development of magazines and other means of communication. 7 , this competitionmerely spurred the newspapers on. They quickly made use of the newer and faster means of communication to improve the 8 and thus the efficiency of their own operations. Today more newspapers are 9 and read than ever before. Competition also led newspapers to 10 out into many other fields. Besides keeping readers informed of the latest news, today's newspapers entertain and influence readers about politics and other important and serious 11 Newspapers influence readers' economic choices 12 advertising. Most newspapers depend on advertising for their very 13 Newspapers are sold at a price that 14 even a small fraction of the cost of production.The main 15 of income for most newspapers is commercial advertising. The 16 in selling advertising depends newspaper's value to advertisers. This 17 in terms of circulation. How many people read the newspaper?Circulation depends 18 on the work of the circulation department and on the servicesor entertainment 19 in a newspaper's pages. But for the most part, circulation depends on a newspaper's value to readers as a source of information 20 the community, city, county, state, nation and world……and even outer space.1. A. Just when B. While C. Soon after D, Before2. A. to give B. giving C. given D. being given3. A. Wherever B. Whatever C. However D. Whichever4. A. reason B. cause C. problem D. purpose5. A. make B. publish C. know D. write6. A. another B. other C. one another D. the other7. A. However B. And C. Therefore D. So8. A. value B. ratio C. rate D. speed9. A. spread B. passed C. printed D. completed10. A. provoke B. jump C. step D. branch11. A. matters B. affairs C. things D. events12. A. on B. through C. with D. of13. A. forms B. existence C. contents D. purpose14. A. tries to cover B. manages to cover C. fails to cover D. succeeds in15. A. source B. origin C.course D. finance16. A. way B. means C. chance D. success17. A. measures B. measured C. is measured D. was measured18. A. somewhat B. little C. much D. something19. A. offering B. offered C. which offered D. to be offered20. A. by B. with C. at D. aboutPart II Reading comprehension (20x2=40%)Directions: There are four passages in this part. After each passage, there are five questions. You are to choose the best answer for each question. Write your answers on the answer sheet. Passage OneEarly in the sixteenth century, Francis Bacon proposed that science consisted in the elevation of the authority of experiment and observation over that of reason, intuition, and convention. Bacon thought that as more and more reliable and precise particular facts, accumulate, they can be classified and generalized, resulting in an ever-expanding hierarchy of useful “ axioms”. This is what he meant by" induction".Although many people today continue to regard the collection of facts and their arrangement by induction into theories as the heart of scientific method, Bacon's conception of what facts and theories are and of the relationship between them was hopelessly unrealistic even in his own time. The most important early scientific discoveries …… such as those made by Galileo about the movement of the earth, by Keppler about the elliptical shape of planetary orbits, and later byNewton about the" force" of gravity …… could never have been made if Bacon's rules had prevailed.Determined to avoid all premature speculations, Bacon proposed that data gathering be carried out by illiterate assistants with no interest in whether an experiment turned out one way or another. Plain facts, properly arranged, would automatically lead to certain knowledge of the universe. Nothing could be more misrepresentative of the actual problem-solving techniques of the scientific method. That plain facts do not speak for themselves is evident from Bacon's own acceptance of the errors contained in what appeared to be the most "obvious" of facts. For Bacon, that the earth did not move was a fact because it could be seen not to move; and for Bacon it was a-fact that life was being spontaneously generated because maggots always developed in putrid flesh and frogs appeared after every rain.What is clear is that the great breakthroughs of Newton, Darwin, or Marx could never have been achieved solely on the basis of Baconian fact gathering. Facts are always unreliable without theories which guide their collection and which distinguish between superficial and significant appearances.21. According to Bacon, facts 。
华中科技大学2009年招收博士研究生入学考试试题(含答案)
Part II.Reading comprehension (20x2=40%)
Directions:There are four passages in this part. After each passage, there are five questions. You are to choose the best answer for each question. Write your answers on the answer sheet.
The Unesco report presents a world4of literacy. Too often we limit our thoughts to the5small proportion of illiterates in our own country and fail to see it in its international6.
Literacy progammes11indifferent countries have taken and are taking different12to the problem: for example the involvement of voluntary non-governmental organizations, which13the importance of seeing literacy not as a condition imposed on people but as a consequence of active participation14society. People can learn from the attempts of other countries to provide as15‘literacy environment’.
公共管理考博题目
公共管理考博题目全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：公共管理是一门综合性的学科，涉及政府管理、公共政策、行政管理等多个领域。
随着社会的发展，对公共管理人才的需求日益增加，考博成为进入公共管理领域的重要途径之一。
公共管理考博题目涉及面广泛，既包括理论研究，也包括实践案例，下面我们来看一些典型的公共管理考博题目。
一、政府治理1. 政府治理理论研究及实践探索2. 政府公共服务能力提升研究3. 公共部门绩效管理理论与实践研究4. 政府社会责任研究及实践探索二、公共政策1. 公共政策形成机制研究2. 政策评估与政策执行效果研究3. 政策协调与政策整合研究4. 公共政策与社会发展的关系研究三、行政管理1. 行政管理效率与效能研究2. 行政改革与创新研究3. 公共组织管理与领导能力建设4. 行政伦理与廉政建设研究四、社会治理1. 社会组织与社会治理研究2. 社会治理机制创新研究3. 公民参与与社会治理的关系研究4. 社会治理与社会稳定研究五、公共服务1. 公共服务品质与效能研究2. 公共服务供给与需求匹配研究3. 公共服务市场化与社会公平研究4. 公共服务创新与发展研究以上是一些常见的公共管理考博题目，当然在实践中还会有很多新颖的研究课题。
在准备考博之前，考生需要做好功课，充分了解公共管理领域的研究现状和热点问题，选择一个合适的研究方向，并深入研究相关理论和案例。
考生还需要具备扎实的理论基础和研究方法，熟悉学术领域的最新动态，积极参与学术交流和学术活动，不断提高研究水平和学术能力。
公共管理考博不仅是一个考验考生学术能力的过程，更是一个培养学术素养和科研能力的过程。
通过攻读博士学位，可以加深对公共管理领域的理解和认识，提高研究水平和学术能力，为今后的科研工作和学术发展奠定基础。
希望广大考生能够充分准备，积极备考，顺利通过考试，取得博士学位，并为公共管理领域的发展贡献自己的智慧和力量。
【文章2000字】第二篇示例：公共管理考博题目是考博士生的一项重要内容，通过考试来考察考生对公共管理学科的理解和掌握程度。
2003年春季华中科技大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】
2003年春季华中科技⼤学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】考试科⽬：英语适⽤专业：Part I. Listening comprehension (10%)Directions:In this part you will hear three long talks or passages. Each will be read only once. At the end of each talk or passage, there will be somequestions. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answerfrom the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then mark thecorresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through thecenter.Question 1 to 4 are based on the talk you’ve just heard.1. A. She wants him to listen to the noise.B. She wants him to examine the machine.C. She wants him to wash the clothes.D. She wants him to repair the machine.2. A. He asks the woman to ignore the noise.B. He asks the woman to let him finish his reading.C. He asks the woman to ring the shop and ask them to repair it.D. He asks the woman to stop washing.3. A. The man from the shop overcharged then for his work.B. The man from the shop charged them two pounds.D. The man from the shop fixed the machine carelessly.Questions 4 to 6 are based on the passage you’re just heard.4. A. Different businesses produce different products.B. Each worker plays a certain role in finishing a certain product.C. The workers are very specialized experts in their field.D. Each worker is only concerned with his own work.5. A. It is easy for the workers to become experts.B. It will reduce the labor.C. It will raise the productivity.D. It will make the workers satisfied with their work.6.A. The division of labor brings about mass production.B. Most workers have no idea how the production is operated on the whole.C. Workers seem to be unable to get a sense of satisfaction from working.D. Working on one small duty day after day is dull.Questions 7 to 10 are based on the passage you’ve just heard.7. A. We will not have enough food to eat.B. All the oil that drives our car will be used up.C. The earth will become ice crowded.D. There will be little water left on Earth.8. A. Venus is too hot.B. There is no water there.D. It is lacking in carbon dioxide.9. A. A large amount of carbon.B. Heavy rain.C. The proper temperature.D. Enough water.10. A. The way to ensure the survival of the human race on Venus.B. The way to breed organisms on Venus.C The way to reduce the population of the Earth.D. The way to conquer the universe.Part II. Cloze (15%)Directions:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes thesentence.With the passage of time, the wave of change also spread to cities. The expression “one’s 11 on marriage” began to appear, as did the concept of “marriage as one of life’s many 12 ,”The 13 of men still unmarried in their thirties reached about twenty percent in the national 14 taken in 1985, and the advent (到来) of a “hard-to-get-married era” began to be 15 talked about. The figure apparently 16 30percent in 1995. 17 , the highest rate of male singles in their thirtieswas 18 in Tokyo, including that the 19 number of unmarried men was no longer a 20 rural problem.What about women? The proportion of unmarried women in the 25-59 age bracket（年龄段）has been increasing 21 about 5 percent every five years until it is now nearly 50 percent.What are the real reasons women 22 not to marry? Early on, two were cited: women are now better educated and more women are interested in working outside the home. A ministry of Education survey 23 in 1989 found that 35.8 percent of male high school graduates went on to college or university (including junior college) -less than the 36.8 percent for female graduates. This was the first time since the ministry started such surveys that women had outnumbered men in going 24 higher education. 25 , the proportion of women with jobs outside the home reached 49.5 percent in 1989.11. A. outlook B. lookout C. conception D. belief12. A. options B. alterations C. substitutes D. preferences13. A. ration B. ration C. proportion D. rates14. A. investigation B. census C. search D. approach15. A. very much B. fairly C. rather D. much16. A. transcended B. proceeded C. preceded D. exceeded17. A. Nonetheless B. Nevertheless C. Moreover D. Likewise18. A. recorded B. provided C. granted D. supplied19. A. growing B. grown C. advancing D. promoting20. A. primary B. prime C. primarily D. chief21. A. for B. at C. by D. with22. A. offer B. long C. choose D. expect23. A. sponsored B. conducted C. imposed D. enforced24. A. with B. in for C. about D. after25. A. Incidentally B. Virtually C. Meanwhile D. FurthermorePart III. Reading comprehension (40)Directions: In this part, there are 4 reading passages. Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions at the end of each passage. Choosethe best answer to each question and write your answer on the ANSWERSHEET.Passage 1The evolution of intelligence among early large mammals of the grasslands was due in great measure to the interaction between two ecologically synchronized groups of these animals, the hunting carnivores and the herbivores that they hunted. The interaction resulting from the differences between predator and prey led to a general improvement in brain functions; however, certain components of intelligence were improved far more than others.The kind of intelligence favored by the interplay of increasingly smarter catchers and increasingly keeper escapers is defined by attention—that aspect ofmind carrying consciousness forward from on moment to the next. It ranges from a passive, free-floating awareness to a highly focused, active fixation. The range through these states is mediated by the arousal system, a network of tracts converging from sensory systems to integrating centers in the brain stem. From the more relaxed to the more vigorous levels, sensitivity to novelty is increased. The organism is more awake, more vigilant; this increased vigilance results in the apprehension of ever more subde signals as the organism becomes more sensitive to its surroundings. The processes of arousal and concentration give attention its direction. Arousal is at first general, with a flooding of impulses in the brain stem; then gradually the activation is channeled. Thus begins concentration, the holding of consistent images. One meaning of intelligence is the way in which these images and other alertly searched information are used in the context of previous experience. Consciousness links past attention to the present and permits the integration of details with perceived ends and purposes.The elements of intelligence and consciousness come together marvelously to produce different styles in predator and prey. Herbivores and carnivores develop different kinds of attention related to escaping or chasing. Although in both kinds of animals, arousal stimulates the production of adrenaline and nor epinephrine by the adrenal glands, the effect in herbivores is primarily fear, whereas in carnivores the effect is possibly aggression. For both, arousal attunes the animal to what is ahead, perhaps it does not experience forethought as we know it, but the animal does experience something like it. The predator is searchingly。
公共管理考博题目
公共管理考博题目全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：一、政府管理1. 如何优化政府的组织结构和运作模式，提高政府管理效率？2. 政府改革对社会经济发展的影响和作用是什么？3. 政府对市场的监管和调控应该在哪些方面加强？二、公共政策1. 公共政策如何制定和实施，以促进社会公平和经济可持续发展？2. 在全球化背景下，政府应如何调整公共政策以适应国际环境？3. 如何评估和监督公共政策的效果和成效？三、公共领导1. 什么是有效的公共领导力，如何培养和提升公共领导者素质？2. 公共领导力与组织绩效之间的关系是怎样的？3. 公共领导者在应对危机和困难时应该如何行动？四、公共服务1. 如何保障公共服务的公平性和质量？2. 公共服务创新和改进的途径和方法有哪些？3. 公共服务的数字化转型对社会管理的影响是怎样的？五、公共治理1. 公共治理的核心原则和方法有哪些？2. 公共治理在应对全球性挑战和问题中有何作用？3. 公共治理的发展趋势和前景是怎样的？以上仅仅是一些公共管理考博题目的简要介绍，实际考试中可能还会涉及更多的具体内容和深度问题。
考生在备考过程中，应该关注当前的社会热点和政策议题，充分了解公共管理领域的前沿动态和理论研究，灵活运用知识和理论来解决实际问题，提出自己的见解和观点。
希望考生能够在考博中取得优异成绩，为将来的学术研究和实践工作打下坚实的基础。
第二篇示例：公共管理考博题目关于公共管理的考博题目是一个涵盖了政府管理、公共政策、社会组织以及公共服务等多个领域的综合性考试。
通过考博题目的设置，可以考查考生的理论功底、批判思维、问题解决能力以及实践能力等方面的能力。
下面就公共管理考博题目进行详细的分析和探讨。
一、政府管理领域政府管理是公共管理领域的一个核心内容，也是公共管理考博题目中的重要考查内容之一。
在政府管理领域，考生可能会遇到以下类型的题目：1.政府管理理论与实践的关系：如何理解政府管理理论与实践之间的关系？政府管理理论对实践的指导作用是什么？2.政府绩效评估：如何评价政府的绩效表现？政府绩效评估的指标体系应该如何设计？如何解决政府绩效评估中存在的问题？3.政府创新能力：政府如何提升创新能力？政府创新能力的核心要素是什么？4.政府治理模式：政府治理模式的演进过程及其影响因素是什么？如何评价各种不同类型的政府治理模式？二、公共政策领域1.公共政策制定过程：公共政策的制定过程包括哪些步骤？如何有效地进行公共政策评估？2.政策分析方法：政策分析的方法有哪些？各种政策分析方法的适用范围是什么？3.政府政策的责任落实：政府政策的最终目的是什么？政府如何实现政策的责任落实？4.政府决策与民主参与：政府决策过程中如何实现公众参与？民主参与对政府决策的影响是什么？三、社会组织领域1.社会组织的类型与功能：社会组织包括哪些类型？不同类型的社会组织在社会治理中扮演的角色是什么？2.社会组织的治理机制：社会组织的治理机制有哪些？如何提升社会组织的治理能力？3.社会组织与政府之间的关系：社会组织与政府之间的关系如何协调？政府应该如何支持社会组织的发展？4.社会组织的创新能力：社会组织如何提升创新能力？社会组织的创新能力对社会进步的影响是什么？1.公共服务质量评价：如何评价公共服务的质量？公共服务质量标准应该如何制定？2.公共服务的供给与需求：公共服务的供给与需求之间的平衡关系是什么？公共服务的提供者应该如何更好地满足需求？3.公共服务的管理机制：公共服务的管理机制有哪些？如何提升公共服务的管理效率？4.公共服务的创新与改进：公共服务如何实现创新与改进？如何利用科技手段提升公共服务的效益？第三篇示例：近年来，公共管理专业的热度逐渐上升，越来越多的人选择考取公共管理专业的博士学位。
华中科技大学历年的考博真题整理 1
同济医科大学2006年麻醉学（博士)一、名词解释1.2相阻滞2.V AS评分3.间歇指令通气（IMV）4.前负荷5.霍夫曼消除6.PCA7.CO2排除综合征8.MODS二、问答题1.全麻术后苏醒延迟的原因。
2.简述低流量吸入麻醉的优点和存在的问题。
3.简述肌松药的类型及肌松药作用的监测。
4.简述目前疼痛治疗的方法。
5.肺动脉高压的原因及处理6.急性肺损伤和ARDS的病因及其诊断标准。
2.同济医科大学组织胚胎学（博士）[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboardPosted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:38同济医科大学2004年组织胚胎学（博士）一、名解：1.神经干细胞2.凋亡3.胚泡4.抗原提呈细胞5.小强荧光细胞二、问答：1. 丘脑的结构、功能和功能的调控2. 大脑皮质的神经元种类、皮质分层和神经纤维联络3. 球旁复合体的结构和功能4. 胃肠内分泌细胞的种类、特点和功能5. 已知一种HAP1蛋白在下丘脑高水平表达，但不知道其功能。
请你进行课题设计以揭示HAP1的功能。
简述实课题研究目的、研究内容、实验方案。
并简要说明所用实验技术的基本原理。
注：名解是用英文出的。
3.同济医科大学神经解剖学（博士）[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboardPosted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:39同济医科大学2006年神经解剖学（博士）一、名词解释：1、皮质2、神经节3、纤维束4、internal capsule5、corpus striatum6、medial lemniscus7、？8、broca区9、锥体系10记不起来了，也很简单二、问答题：1.小脑的分叶及纤维联系2.尺神经损伤的表现及原因3.交感神经节前纤维及节后纤维的走向4.脑干一般内脏运动核的功能及纤维联系5.？6.？4.同济医科大学肿瘤学（博士）[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboardPosted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:40同济医科大学2006年肿瘤学（博士）一、名解（4*5）20分1 IGRT2 GCP3 VEGF4 TBI5 NCCN二、问答题80分1.简述肿瘤基因治疗的策略？152.简述霍杰金淋巴瘤的临床分期及治疗原则？153.WHO疼痛治疗原则？154.论述化疗药物机制和细胞周期的关系？155.鼻咽癌TNM分期，临床分期，治疗原则和技术？205.同济医科大学考博历年真题感染专业2005年试题[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboard Posted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:40同济医科大学考博历年真题感染专业2005年试题一、名词解释（每题5分）1.incudation period2.septicemia3.rabies4.nosocomial infection5.cholera二、问答题（每题20分）1.肝性脑病的发病机制及治疗原则2.HIV的治疗原则和临床表现3.丙型肝炎的基因分型及抗病毒治疗方案三、选答题（二选一）（15分）1.试述肝相关干细胞研究的现状及展望2.简述细菌对抗菌药产生耐药的发病机制6.同济医科大学细胞生物学（博士）[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboardPosted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:41同济医科大学2003年细胞生物学（博士）一、名词解释（共10小题，每题4分，共40分）1.nuclear skeleton2.kinetochore3.Signal Sequence4.stem cell5.molecular chaperon6.cyclin7.核孔复合体核篮模型8.膜泡运输9.微丝结合蛋白10.蛋白酶体二、综合题（共60分）1.试述溶酶体的形态结构、化学组成、形成的主要途径及功能。
(完整版)华科公共管理学考博历年试题
2008年华中科技大学公共管理学院试题
公共管理学
1、善治的基本要素（10分）
2、行政权力的特点（10分）
3、责权利相一致的原则（10分）
4、撒切尔主义公共管理新思维的主要内容，分析这对大部门制改革的启示（35分）
5、服务型政府与传统政府的差异，并分析如何构建服务型政府？（35分）
2009年华中科技大学公共管理学院试题
公共管理学
1、公共选择学派的政府失败论的概述（10分）
2、政府职能的配置及实现方式（10分）
3、西方新公共管理理论及实践的概述（10分）
4、西方公共组织理论（10分）
5、电子政务对政府执行力的影响（30分）
6、在金融风暴下，列举一个国家，并评价应急管理的监管措施（30分）。
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2008年华中科技大学公共管理学院试题
公共管理学
1、善治的基本要素（10分）
2、行政权力的特点（10分）
3、责权利相一致的原则（10分）
4、撒切尔主义公共管理新思维的主要内容，分析这对大部门制改革的启示（35分）
5、服务型政府与传统政府的差异，并分析如何构建服务型政府？（35分）
2009年华中科技大学公共管理学院试题
公共管理学
1、公共选择学派的政府失败论的概述（10分）
2、政府职能的配置及实现方式（10分）
3、西方新公共管理理论及实践的概述（10分）
4、西方公共组织理论（10分）
5、电子政务对政府执行力的影响（30分）
6、在金融风暴下，列举一个国家，并评价应急管理的监管措施（30分）。