英美文化概论3 which English
英美文化Unit 3
英美文化教程Unit 3Chapter 3. Which English?I . Focal Pointsthe roots of the English languageOld EnglishMiddle Englishdifferences between Old English and Middle Englishdifferences between Middle English and Modern EnglishModern EnglishShakespeare' s EnglishBBC EnglishStandard Englishchanges in the English languageThe King' s English and the advice given in the bookII. Questions and Answers on the Text1. Why did the Celtic people leave little that could later be incorporated into English?They left little that could later be incorporated into English because these people had no written language.2.Where can we find relics of Celtic?We can find relics of Celtic in place names.3.What are the Celtic languages that survive in Britain today?The Celtic languages that survive today are Welsh, Scottish Gaelic and Irish Gaelic.4 What is meant by lingua franca? Give one example of lingua franca ever used in British history.Lingua franca is any language widely used as a means of communication among speakers of other languages. One example is Latin, which became the lingua franca of Britain after the Romans, invaded Britain in 55 BC.5.When did the English alphabet appear? What scripts was it adapted from?The English alphabet appeared sometime between AD 500 and 700. It was adapted from Roman scripts.6. When did the history of the English language really begin? What happened then? The history of English really began around AD 450 when the Angles, Saxons and Jutes - tribes from north-west Germany and Denmark-invaded England in succession.7. How did the four dialects of Old English emerge?After the Germanic tribes of Angles, Saxons and Jutes had taken control of Britain and settled, the four main dialects of Old English emerged from the Germanic dialects.8. What is the ancestor of the modern English language?The ancestor of the modern English language is Old English of Anglo-Saxon.9. What scripts did writers of the Old English period use?Writers of the Old English period used both Latin and Germanic scripts.10. How did the Scandinavian influence enter Old English?The Scandinavian influence entered Old English by way of the Vikings from Scandinavia.11. How large was the vocabulary of Old English by the end of its period?By the end of its period, Old English contained a vocabulary of 30,000 words.12. Name one best-known Old English writer and his works.One of the best-known Old English writers was the Venerable Bede (673--735). His Ecclesiastical History of the English People is one of the main sources of information about the history of Anglo-Saxon English.13. What became the official language of England after the Norman invasion led by William the Conqueror? What language did the common people speak?After the Norman invasion led by William the Conqueror, Norman French became the official language of England. The common people, however, continued to speak their Anglo-Saxon language.14. In English, why do many words connected with administration come from Norman French?Many English words connected with administration come from French because after the Norman invasion Norman French became the official language of England, and the most important positions were given to Normans, who organized government and public affairs.15. What is known as Middle English?The blend of Anglo-Saxon, Latin and French which developed in the three centuries after the Norman Conquest is known as Middle English.16. When did Middle English begin?Middle English began in 1066.17. Why did the literature of England become trilingual in the three centuries following 1066?The literature of England became trilingual because the literature was written in Middle English, which is a blend of French, English and Latin.18. In Middle English, what is meant by the Romance words, and what is meant by the Germanic words?Romance words were the Latin and French words; Germanic words were the English and Scandinavian words.19. Who was the most important writer who used Middle English?The most important writer who used Middle English was Geoffrey Chaucer.20. What is the basic difference between Old English and Middle English?The difference between Old English and Middle English lies mainly in the abandonment of the system of grammatical inflexions.21. In what aspects did the changes from Middle English to Modern English take place?The changes from Middle English to Modern English involve mainly pronunciation, vocabulary and spelling.22. When did the spellings and written forms of English begin to become standardized?The spellings and written forms of English began to become standardized at the end of the fifteenth century, with the invention of the printing press (1476).23. When did Modern English start?Modern English started from about AD 1500.24. What does BBC stand for? When was it founded? What was its motto?BBC stands for the British Broadcasting Corporation. It was founded in 1927. Its motto was Nation Shall Speak Peace Unto Nation. It meant that the English in which the voice of peace was broadcast over the radio should be universally understood.25. Whose particular style of speech is usually recognized as Standard English or Received Pronunciation English?The Particular style of speech of the BBC announcers is usually recognized as Standard English or RP English.26. Whom do the speech patterns of the BBC announcers represent?The speech patterns of the BBC announcers represent the educated southern upper class.27. Why has the English language had a very strong association with class and social status?This began from the Norman times when the upper classes spoke a completely different language from the common people.28. What difference have modern ideas of social equality made to language use in Britain?With the ideas of social equality, hallmarks of class distinction such as styles of speech have been gradually discarded, especially by the younger generation.29. What was the attitude towards language use in Britain by the second half of the 1960s? What was the characteristic of the fashionable speech of the day?By the second half of the 1960s, it became apparent that it was not necessary to speak Standard English or even correct grammar to become popular, successful and rich. The fashionable speech of the day was no longer the prerogative of a privileged class rather a defiant expression of classlessness.30. What is the greatest single influence of the shaping of the English language in modern times?The greatest single influence of the shaping of the English language in modern times is the American accents, idioms and vocabulary exported all over the globe by US films.31. What was the characteristic of the fashion of speech in the 1970’s in Britain?In the 1970s, fashion favoured careless enunciation and a language full of jargon, slang and "in" words, much of it quite incomprehensible to the outside world.32. Who were the authors of The King' s English?The authors of The King' s English were the Fowler brothers.33. What is the approximate proportion of Germanic vocabulary and Romance vocabulary in current English vocabulary?Current English V ocabulary is approximately half Germanic (English and Scandinavian) and half Romance (Latin and French).IV. Explanations:1. Old English(1) Also called Anglo-Saxon, it is the first period of the English language from the time of the Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain in AD450 to the Norman Conquest in 1066.(2) Old English used both Latin and Germanic scripts. (3) Old English is the ancestor of Modern English. It is quite different from today's English.2. the Venerable Bede(1) The Venerable Bede (673--735) was one of the best. known Old English scholar-monks. (2) He wrote the Ecclesiastical History of the English People, which is one of the main sources of information about the history of Anglo-Saxon England.3. Middle English(1) Middle English is the name given to the English language in use from the Norman Conquest of 1066 to the introduction of the printing press in England in 1476. (2) Middle English is the blend of Anglo-Saxon, Latin and French. (3) The difference between Old English and Middle English lies mainly in the abandonment of the system of grammatical inflexions.4. Geoffrey Chaucer(1) Geoffrey Chaucer (1345--1400) was the most important Middle English poet. (2) His masterpiece was The Canterbury Tales.5. Modern English(1) Modern English is the English language since 1476. (2) With the introduction of the printing press in 1476, spellings and written forms of the English language began to become standardized. (3) The changes from Middle English to Modern English involve mainly pronunciation, vocabulary and spelling.6. the BBC(1) It stands for the British Broadcasting Corporation. (2) Its motto is Nation Shall Speak Peace Unto Nation. (3) The motto means that the voice of peace spoken over the radio should be universally understood. (4) The speech patterns of BBC annoumers represent the educated southern upper class, and their particular style of speech is recognized as Standard English or Received Pronunciation (RP) English.7. Standard English(1) The form of English as written and spoken by educated speakers of the language. (2) The style of speech of BBC announcers is usually recognized as Standard English. (3) Standard English is also the most appropriate variety of English for a foreigner learning English to copy.8. The King' s English(1) The famous book written by the Fowler brothers in 1906. (2) The best advice to all those who wish to become proficient in English was given in this book. (3) The best advice is to try to be direct, simple, brief, vigorous and lucid. (4)This general principle may be translated into practical rules in the domain of vocabulary as follows: Prefer the familiar words to the far-fetched.Prefer the concrete word to the abstract.Prefer the single word to the circumlocation.Prefer the short word to the long.Prefer the Saxon word to the Romance.。
英美文化Unit3（学习资料）
英美文化教程Unit 3Chapter 3. Which English?I . Focal Pointsthe roots of the English languageOld EnglishMiddle Englishdifferences between Old English and Middle Englishdifferences between Middle English and Modern EnglishModern EnglishShakespeare' s EnglishBBC EnglishStandard Englishchanges in the English languageThe King' s English and the advice given in the bookII. Questions and Answers on the T ext1. Why did the Celtic people leave little that could later be incorporated into English?They left little that could later be incorporated into English because these people had no written language.2.Where can we find relics of Celtic?We can find relics of Celtic in place names.3.What are the Celtic languages that survive in Britain today?The Celtic languages that survive today are Welsh, Scottish Gaelic and Irish Gaelic.4 What is meant by lingua franca? Give one example of lingua franca ever used in British history.Lingua franca is any language widely used as a means of communication among speakers of other languages. One example is Latin, which became the lingua franca of Britain after the Romans, invaded Britain in 55 BC.5.When did the English alphabet appear? What scripts was it adapted from?The English alphabet appeared sometime between AD 500 and 700. It was adapted from Roman scripts.6. When did the history of the English language really begin? What happened then? The history of English really began around AD 450 when the Angles, Saxons and Jutes - tribes from north-west Germany and Denmark-invaded England in succession.7. How did the four dialects of Old English emerge?After the Germanic tribes of Angles, Saxons and Jutes had taken control of Britain and settled, the four main dialects of Old English emerged from the Germanic dialects.8. What is the ancestor of the modern English language?The ancestor of the modern English language is Old English of Anglo-Saxon.9. What scripts did writers of the Old English period use?Writers of the Old English period used both Latin and Germanic scripts.10. How did the Scandinavian influence enter Old English?The Scandinavian influence entered Old English by way of the Vikings from Scandinavia.11. How large was the vocabulary of Old English by the end of its period?By the end of its period, Old English contained a vocabulary of 30,000 words.12. Name one best-known Old English writer and his works.One of the best-known Old English writers was the V enerable Bede (673--735). His Ecclesiastical History of the English People is one of the main sources of information about the history of Anglo-Saxon English.13. What became the official language of England after the Norman invasion led by William the Conqueror? What language did the common people speak?After the Norman invasion led by William the Conqueror, Norman French became the official language of England. The common people, however, continued to speak their Anglo-Saxon language.14. In English, why do many words connected with administration come from Norman French?Many English words connected with administration come from French because after the Norman invasion Norman French became the official language of England, and the most important positions were given to Normans, who organized government and public affairs.15. What is known as Middle English?The blend of Anglo-Saxon, Latin and French which developed in the three centuries after the Norman Conquest is known as Middle English.16. When did Middle English begin?Middle English began in 1066.17. Why did the literature of England become trilingual in the three centuries following 1066?The literature of England became trilingual because the literature was written in Middle English, which is a blend of French, English and Latin.18. In Middle English, what is meant by the Romance words, and what is meant by the Germanic words?Romance words were the Latin and French words; Germanic words were the English and Scandinavian words.19. Who was the most important writer who used Middle English?The most important writer who used Middle English was Geoffrey Chaucer.20. What is the basic difference between Old English and Middle English?The difference between Old English and Middle English lies mainly in the abandonment of the system of grammatical inflexions.21. In what aspects did the changes from Middle English to Modern English take place?The changes from Middle English to Modern English involve mainly pronunciation, vocabulary and spelling.22. When did the spellings and written forms of English begin to become standardized?The spellings and written forms of English began to become standardized at the end of the fifteenth century, with the invention of the printing press (1476).23. When did Modern English start?Modern English started from about AD 1500.24. What does BBC stand for? When was it founded? What was its motto?BBC stands for the British Broadcasting Corporation. It was founded in 1927. Its motto was Nation Shall Speak Peace Unto Nation. It meant that the English in which the voice of peace was broadcast over the radio should be universally understood.25. Whose particular style of speech is usually recognized as Standard English or Received Pronunciation English?The Particular style of speech of the BBC announcers is usually recognized as Standard English or RP English.26. Whom do the speech patterns of the BBC announcers represent?The speech patterns of the BBC announcers represent the educated southern upper class.27. Why has the English language had a very strong association with class and social status?This began from the Norman times when the upper classes spoke a completely different language from the common people.28. What difference have modern ideas of social equality made to language use in Britain?With the ideas of social equality, hallmarks of class distinction such as styles of speech have been gradually discarded, especially by the younger generation.29. What was the attitude towards language use in Britain by the second half of the 1960s? What was the characteristic of the fashionable speech of the day?By the second half of the 1960s, it became apparent that it was not necessary to speak Standard English or even correct grammar to become popular, successful and rich. The fashionable speech of the day was no longer the prerogative of a privileged class rather a defiant expression of classlessness.30. What is the greatest single influence of the shaping of the English language in modern times?The greatest single influence of the shaping of the English language in modern times is the American accents, idioms and vocabulary exported all over the globe by US films.31. What was the characteristic of the fashion of speech in the 1970’s in Britain?In the 1970s, fashion favoured careless enunciation and a language full of jargon, slang and "in" words, much of it quite incomprehensible to the outside world.32. Who were the authors of The King' s English?The authors of The King' s English were the Fowler brothers.33. What is the approximate proportion of Germanic vocabulary and Romance vocabulary in current English vocabulary?Current English V ocabulary is approximately half Germanic (English and Scandinavian) and half Romance (Latin and French).IV. Explanations:1. Old English(1) Also called Anglo-Saxon, it is the first period of the English language from the time of the Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain in AD450 to the Norman Conquest in 1066.(2) Old English used both Latin and Germanic scripts. (3) Old English is the ancestor of Modern English. It is quite different from today's English.2. the V enerable Bede(1) The V enerable Bede (673--735) was one of the best. known Old English scholar-monks. (2) He wrote the Ecclesiastical History of the English People, which is one of the main sources of information about the history of Anglo-Saxon England.3. Middle English(1) Middle English is the name given to the English language in use from the Norman Conquest of 1066 to the introduction of the printing press in England in 1476. (2) Middle English is the blend of Anglo-Saxon, Latin and French. (3) The difference between Old English and Middle English lies mainly in the abandonment of the system of grammatical inflexions.4. Geoffrey Chaucer(1) Geoffrey Chaucer (1345--1400) was the most important Middle English poet. (2) His masterpiece was The Canterbury Tales.5. Modern English(1) Modern English is the English language since 1476. (2) With the introduction of the printing press in 1476, spellings and written forms of the English language began to become standardized. (3) The changes from Middle English to Modern English involve mainly pronunciation, vocabulary and spelling.6. the BBC(1) It stands for the British Broadcasting Corporation. (2) Its motto is Nation Shall Speak Peace Unto Nation. (3) The motto means that the voice of peace spoken over the radio should be universally understood. (4) The speech patterns of BBC annoumers represent the educated southern upper class, and their particular style of speech is recognized as Standard English or Received Pronunciation (RP) English.7. Standard English(1) The form of English as written and spoken by educated speakers of the language. (2) The style of speech of BBC announcers is usually recognized as Standard English. (3) Standard English is also the most appropriate variety of English for a foreigner learning English to copy.8. The King' s English(1) The famous book written by the Fowler brothers in 1906. (2) The best advice to all those who wish to become proficient in English was given in this book. (3) The best advice is to try to be direct, simple, brief, vigorous and lucid. (4)This general principle may be translated into practical rules in the domain of vocabulary as follows: Prefer the familiar words to the far-fetched.Prefer the concrete word to the abstract.Prefer the single word to the circumlocation.Prefer the short word to the long.Prefer the Saxon word to the Romance.。
英美概况第三章 Chapter 3 ppt
举下议院,举行大选
2. New words
ecclesiastical: adj. of or relating to a
church, especially as an organized
institution. 基督教的;(与)教会(有关)的
suffrage: n. The right or privilege of
3. Brief Introduction
3.1 The House of Lords Key points The House of Lords debates legislation, and has some power to amend or reject bills The house of Lords is the highest court in the United Kingdom hearing civil and criminal appeals from the lower courts. The procedures of the Lords are more informal than those of the Commons, and their role in saving the Commons a great amount of time is widely recognized.
3. Brief Introduction
2.1 The Origin of the Monarchy
Key points Restored in 1660; Charles I’s son enthroned Formally established through Glorious Revolution in 1688; limited constitutional monarchy
英美文化 (英国部分答案)
(判断题)Chapter 11. People in different parts of Britain like to use the name England to refer to their country. (F)2. The Severn River is the longest river of Britain, which originates in Wales and flows through western England.(T)3. Today more than half of the people in Wales still speak the ancient Welsh language. (F)4. In terms of population and area, Northern Ireland is the second largest part of Britain.(F)5. Although the climate in Britain is generally mild, the temperature in northern Scotland often falls below -10℃ in January . (F)6. The majority of the people in Britain are descendants of the Anglo-Saxons.(T)7. The Celtic people were the earliest known inhabitants of Britain.(T)8. English evolved into what is now described as Modern English from the late 16th century.(F)Chapter 21. British history before 55BC is basically undocumented.(T)2. The Anglo-Saxons came to Britain in the 5th century.(T)3. The chief or king of the Anglo-Saxons tribes exercised power at their own will. (F)4. The Vikings began to attack the English coast in the 8th century.(T)5. HenryⅡ built up a large empire which included England and most of France.(T)6. The Magna Carta was designed to protect the rights of both the privileged class and the townspeople.(F)7. The Hundred Years’War (1337-1453) was a series of wars fought between the British and the Vikings for trade and territory.(F)8. In an effort to make a compromise between different religious factions, Queen ElizabethⅠactually defended the fruit of the Reformation.(T)Chapter 31. Conventions are regarded less important than the statutory law in the working of the British government.(T)2. The British monarchy has never been interrupted throughout the history.(F)3. In reality, the British King or Queen is the source of all government powers.(F)4. The British Parliament is the law-making body of the Commonwealth of Nations.(F)5. The members of the House of Commons are appointed rather than elected.(F)6. The British Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party in Parliament.(T)7. Cabinet members are chosen by the Prime Minister from various political parties in Parliament.(F)8. The legal systems in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland are much similar in terms of law, organization and practice.(T)Chapter 41. British was the first industrialized nation in the world.(T)2. The British economy experienced a relative decline during the post-war period.(T)3. Limited resources and high unemployment rate were persistent problems that prevented rapid economic development in Britain after World WarⅡ.(F)4. Thatcher’s revolution turned out to be a great success i n dealing with all the British economic and social problems.(F)5. The economic approach adopted by Tony Blair was different from that of the old Labor Party and the Conservative Party.(T)6. Blair made the Bank of England independent in order to separate politics from economic policy.(T)7. Britain is an important oil exporter since its oil industry has a long history.(F)8. Nuclear power is one of the major energy source in Britain.(T)Chapter 51. The British government has been responsible for education since the early1800s.(F)2. Education in Britain is compulsory for all children between the ages of 6 and15.(F)3. The National Curriculum is compulsory in both the state system and theindependent system.(F)4. When children finish their schooling at 16, they are required to take a nationalGCSE examination.(T)5. Graduates from state schools in Britain have a less favorable chance to enterfamous universities than those from independent schools.(T)6. The Times is the world’s oldest Sunday newspapers.(F)7. The BBC World Service broadcasts only in English throughout the world.(F)(选择题)Chapter 11. The two main islands of the British Isles are .A. Great Britain and IrelandB. Great Britain and ScotlandC. Great Britain and WalesD. Great Britain and England2. is the capital city of Scotland.A. BelfastB. EdinburghC. AberdeenD. Cardiff3. Among the four parts of the United Kingdom, is the smallest.A. EnglandB. ScotlandC. WalesD. NorthernIreland4. English belongs to the group of Indo-European family of languages.A. CelticB. Indo-IranianC. GermanicD. Roman5. The introduction of Christianity to Britain added the first element ofwords to English.A. Danish and FinnishB. Dutch and GermanC. French and ItalianD. Latin and Greek6. The evolution of Middle English was reinforced by the influence.A. NormanB. DutchC. GermanD. Danish7. Samuel Johnson’s dictionary was influential in establishing a standard form of .A. grammarB. handwritingC. spellingD.pronunciation8. At present, nearly of the world’s population communicate in English.A. halfB. a quarterC. one thirdD. one fifthChapter 21. The attack on Rome ended the Roman occupation in Britain in 410.A. NormanB. DanishC. CelticD. Germanic2. By the late 7th century, became the dominant religion in England.A. Celtic ChristianityB. Anglo-Saxon ChristianityC. Germanic ChristianityD. Roman Christianity3. The marked the establishment of feudalism in England.A. Viking invasionB. signing of the Magna CartaC. Norman ConquestD. Adoption of common law4. The end of the Wars of the Roses led to the rule of .A. the House of ValoisB. the House of YorkC. the House of TudorD. the House of Lancaster5. The direct cause for the Religious Reformation was King Henry VIII’s effort to .A. divorce his wifeB. break with RomeC. support the ProtestantsD. declare his supreme power over the church6. The English Civil War broke out in 1642 between .A. Protestants and PuritansB. Royalists and ParliamentariansC. nobles and peasantsD. aristocrats and Christians7. was passed after the Glorious Revolution.A. Bill of RightsB. Act of SupremacyC. Provisions of OxfordD. Magna Carta8. The Industrial Revolution was accomplished in Britain by the middle of the century.A. 17thB. 18thC. 19thD. 20thChapter 31. The British government is characterized by a division of powers between three ofthe following branches with the exception of the .A. judiciaryB. legislatureC. monarchyD. executive2. The importance of the British monarchy can be seen in its effect on .A. passing the billsB. advising the governmentC. political partiesD. public attitude3. As a revising chamber, the House of Lords is expected to the House of commons.A. rivalB. complementC. criticizeD. inspect4. is at the center of the British political system.A. The CabinetB. The House of LordsC. The House of CommonsD. The Privy Council5. The main duty of the British Privy Council is to .A. make decisionsB. give adviceC. pass billsD. supervise the Cabinet6. Generally speaking, the British Parliament operates on a system.A. single-partyB. two-partyC. three-partyD. multi-party7. The policies of the Conservative Party are characterized by pragmatism and .A. government interventionB. nationalization of enterprisesC. social reformD. a belief in individualism8. In Britain, the parliamentary general election is held every years.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. sixChapter 41. The in the early 1970s worsened an already stagnant economy inBritain.A. oil crisisB. high inflation ratesC. large importsD. unemployment problem2. Of the following practices, does not belong to Thatcher’s social welfare reform.A. reducing child benefitsB. shortening the unemployment benefits periodC. reducing the unemploymentD. lowering old age pensions3. The Blair government has been successful in all the following aspects except .A. limiting government spendingB. keeping inflation under controlC. reducing unemploymentD. reducing inequality4. Britain has devoted of its land area to agriculture.A. 54%B. 64%C. 74%D.84%5. Britain’s important fishing areas include all the following except .A. the North SeaB. the English ChannelC. The sea area around IrelandD. The sea area between Britain and Ireland6. Coal mining industry in Britain provides of the energy consumed in the country.A. 1/3B. 1/4C. 1/5D. 2/37. The car industry in Britain in mostly .A. foreign-ownedB. state-ownedC. joint-ventureD. privately-owned8. Of the following sectors in Britain, has experienced spectacular growth since the end of Word War II.A. agricultureB. energy industryC. service industryD. manufacturing industryChapter 51. In Britain, the division between grammar schools and vocational schools wereended by the introduction of comprehensive schools in the .A. 1930sB. 1940sC. 1950sD. 1960s2.Over of British children receive primary and secondary education through the independent system.A. 5%B. 6%C. 7%D. 8%3. Partially funded by central government grants, the British universities receive their remaining funds from all the following sources except .A. tuition feesB. loansC. donationsD. corporate contributions4. To be admitted to the Open University, one needA. some educational qualificationsB. no educational qualificationsC. General Certificate of Education-AdvancedD. General National Vocational Qualifications5. Among Britain’s quality press, the following newspapers are regarded as the “Big Three” with the exception of .A. The TimesB. The GuardianC. The ObserverD. The Daily Telegraph6. Life on Earth is a kind of program produced by the BBC and is popular among 500 million viewers worldwide.A. featureB. dramaC. documentaryD. soap opera7. is Britain’s top pay television provider.A. BSBB. SkyTVC. BBCD. BSkyB8. The following Christmas traditions are particularly British except .A. Trooping the ColorB. Queen’s Christmas messageC. Boxing DayD. Christmas pantomime(简答题)Chapter 11. Why do tourists from all over the world like to go to Scotland?A: because they like to enjoy the beautiful Scottishscenery, to drink the scotchwhisky and to see the Scotsmen wearing kilts and playing bagpipes.2. How many periods can the development of the English language be divided into and what are they?A:the development of English language be divided into three period :old English , middle English ,modern English .3. Why did English become more important after the Black Death?A: the laboring and merchant classes grew in economic and social important after the Black Death. So English also grew in importance compared to French .Chapter 21. What were some of Queen Victoria’s major achievements?A:the Queen Victoria’s major achievements in alm ost every aspect : she promoted further industrial revolution, the building of railways and the growing of trade and commerce. By the end of her reign , British had developed to an empire including a quarter of the global population and nearly a quarter of the world’s landmass.2. What were the two camps in Europe in world war I?A: The central powers which included Germany ,Austria-Hungary , the ottoman empire and Bulgaria and allied powers which were mainly comprised of France , the Russian empire ,and British empire , Italy and the united states.3. Why did Britain cooperate closely with the united states after world war II?A: because they were allied during the war and share the same worries about the former soviet union.Chapter 31. What the three functions of the house of commons?A: the three functionsare : to draft laws, to scrutinize, criticize and restrain the activities of the governmentpolicy.2. What kind of public image dose liberal democrats have in Britain?A:the liberal democrats is perceived as “middle” between the conservation and the labor party . it is comparatively flexible and pragmatic in its balance of the individual and the social . it emphasizes the need for a change in Britain’sconstitutional arrangements to make the government more democratic and accountable.3. Why are independent candidates unlikely to win in the general election ?A; Because even if they were elected, they would be powerless in parliament. Therefore , it is not possible for many people to vote for independent candidates.Chapter 41. What was the negative aspect of Thatcher’s reform in the early 1980s?A: its negative aspect was a rapid increase in unemployment .in 1982,the unemployment rate reached the level of the great depression years, with three million people out of work.2. What are the characteristics of Britain’s agriculture?A:britain’s agriculture is characterized by a small portion of the population engaged in agriculture activities with a high degree of mechanization. Although it employs a mere 1% of the country’s labor force , it meets around 60% of the national demands.3. What happened to Britain’s beef industry in the mid-1990s?A: Britain’s beef industry was hit badly by BSE, resulting in a ban on beef exports in 1996.Chapter 51. What used to be the major functions of grammar schools and vocational schools in Britain?The major functions of grammar schools were to train the most academically capable students and prepare them for university , whereas the major functions of vocational schools were to help less successful students to learn a trade.2. What kind of subjects do Britain comprehensive schools provide?Britain comprehensive schools provide a general education, offering both academic subjects like literature and science, and practical subjects like cooking and carpentry.3. In what ways do Britishuniversities enjoy complete academic freedom? Britishuniversities enjoy complete academic freedom because they can appoint their own staff, decide which students to admit, provide their own courses and award their own degrees.4. What role dose the media play in British leisure culture?The media play an essential role in British leisure culture since it helps to shape the public’s opinion, determine people’s moral and political orientation and consolidate or undermine the rule or a government.。
《英美文化概论》课程教学大纲
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5.2英国和美国的工业概况
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5.4英国和美国的经济贸易
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结合中美贸易战，指出美方的霸权主义
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第1章
第1章英美两国的地形特点概述
本章重点难点：英国和美国的地形特点；美国地理位置对其经济发展的重要性；美国地理位置对其经济发展的重要性
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网络平台作业
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1.1
1.1英国和美国的地理位置
英国和美国的地理位置、地理方面重要特征
This is a selective course for the application and further improvement of college English. By introducing the geography, history, society, culture, politics and other aspects of the United States and the United Kingdom, it elaborates the formation and development process of the cultural traditions and core values of the United States and the United Kingdom. It is helpful for learners to understand the way of thinking, values and lifestyles of the UK and the US. This course could equip students with certain ability to comprehend the social and cultural phenomena in UK and the US. Besides, students' language skill and cultural sensitivity when interacting with the British and the Americans would also be enhanced.
武汉理工大学英美文化英国概况Unit3
英美文化与国家概况British and American Studies ( British Part )Unit Three大学英语第一教研室余非编2013年2月Unit 3 Politics and LawContents:1.Political Parties2.Elections3.Justice and Law Courts4.Legal Profession1.Political Parties✧In the United Kingdom, politics is under the control of political parties, and this is known asparty politics.✧There are two major political parties that contest the majority of seats of Parliament in thegeneral election.✧Britain normally holds a general election every five years for British people to elect Membersof Parliament.✧British voters regard the transfer of political powers from one party to another as an effectiveway of making the government more responsive to their demands.✧Under the British law, people are free to set up political parties, and a number of politicalparties exist in the United Kingdom. The law grants equal treatment to all political parties.✧However, only two of them are most important and they are known as the major parties.✧Consequently, politics in Britain is based on a two-party system instead of multi-partysystem.✧The two major parties are respectively called the Conservative Party and the Labor Party.British Parliament is always dominated by one or the other of these two major parties.✧Small parties, usually called minor parties, cannot win the majority seats of Parliament andhave no chance to control the government.✧The history of political parties in Britain can be traced back to the late 17th century when twopolitical parties, the Whigs and the Tories, were founded.The Whigs (辉格党):1. The name Whig is derived from a derogatory term first applied to Scottish rebels.2.Towards the middle of the 19th century, the Whigs adopted a new name, the liberal Party.3.After the First World War, the Liberal Party disintegrated and some of its members laterjoined the Labor Party, which was founded in 1900. Its supporters are mainly from trade unions, liberals, socialists, and progressive intellectuals.4.The basic doctrine of the Labor Party was based on socialism, but its goal was to promotenational and individual growth, not the uprising of one class by overthrowing another one. 5.Many of the Labor leaders are from the working class families, but the party is not arepresentative of the working class in its real sense. It represents the interests of confusing class elements.6.According to statistics from general elections, about 20% of upper-middle class, half of themiddle class, and 60% of the manual workers vote for the Labor Party. It is for this reason that the Labor Party is said to represent the relatively poor or the lower class.The Tories（托利党）:1.Those who opposed the doctrine of the Whigs were called the “ Tories ”. The name Tory,derived from an old Irish word meaning runaway or fugitive.2.In the mid-19 century, the Tory Party decided to adopt the new name --- The ConservativeParty--- because of the changed situation in Britain. Tory is still often used as a synonym for Conservative.3.The main support of the Conservative Party comes from the middle and upper-middle classes,which are believed to be more conservative.4.The average educational level of the Conservatives is usually higher than that of otherpolitical parties. It can be said that the higher one goes up in social and economic class, the more likely he is to vote for the Conservatives.5.That is why some people label the Conserv atives as a party of “the rich”.2.Elections✧Members of Parliament are elected in nationwide general elections. The goal of the twomajor parties is to gain the majority of the seats in the House of Commons so as to form itsgovernment.✧There are 659 seats in the House of Commons, representing the whole nation.✧To distribute the seats fairly, the United Kingdom is divided into 659 electoral districts, alsoknown as constituencies, of equal population. Each constituency is to elect one Member of Parliament.✧Every man and woman aged 18 or over has the right to vote. Each voter can vote for only onecandidate.✧Both parties have their local organizations that choose candidates of their party and help themwith the election campaign. A candidate without party affiliation is known as an independent candidate. Active supporters of the candidates use all kind of methods in the campaign. The most interesting method is “ canvassing ”.✧For the purpose of soliciting votes by canvassing, activists go from house to house and oftenrides in cars to the voting place.✧The general election is held on the same day all over the country, but voting is notcompulsory. The voter takes his ballot paper to a booth where he marks the name he intends to vote for and puts it into a large box.✧At the end of the time for voting, all the boxes containing marked ballot papers are sent to acentral point in the constituency.✧The candidate who gets most votes wins the election. As soon as the results of the generalelection are published, everyone knows which party will govern Britain for the next few years.✧If the Government (the party in power) wins the majority of the seats in Parliament, there isno need to make changes.✧If it fails to win the majority, the Prime Minister concedes his pa rty’s defeat and resigns atonce. The Queen then appoints the leader of the new majority party Prime Minister and empowers him to organize a new government for the five years.✧The former government would become the Opposition Party and form it “ shadow cabinet ”.3.Justice and Law Courts✧Britain is a modern democracy based on the rule of law, but it dose not have a singledocument that can be called the written constitution because British values stress adherence to tradition.✧Generally speaking, the English law comprises three elements :1) Act of Parliament （议会法案）2) Common law （习惯法；判例法）3) The European Union law. （欧盟法）✧There are also various local laws known as by-laws made by local governments; however,since local are not allowed to contradict national laws, they cannot be regarded as a separate element.✧Britain has a long judicial history. Its legal system has been emulated throughout the worldand some of its key principles are reflected in the laws of other countries.✧The most important principles derived from British law include due process of law and thewrit of habeas corpus.✧Due process of law is a legal principle that has been adopted by almost all the moderncountries to protect individual rights. It was used for the first time in the Great Charter., also known as the Magna Carter that was signed by King John in 1215.Note :英国是一个没有成文宪法的国家。
英美文化概论尔雅满分答案
3.3Agriculture in the USA1 In 2012, the top 5 agricultural commodities of America are ( ), cattle, soybeans, dairy products and chickens for meat.A、CornB、PotatoC、TomatoD、Cotton正确答案：A2 ( ), Missouri, Iowa, Oklahoma and California have the most farms in the USA.A、ArizonaB、MarylandC、TexasD、Nevada正确答案：C3 96% of the farmers are black people.( )正确答案：×4 In 2008, most of American agriculture imports were from China.( )正确答案：×3.4Global Financial Crisis1 Recession is ( ) of negative GDP growth.A、1 quarterB、2 quartersC、3 quartersD、4 quarters正确答案：D2 The GFC Recession started in ( ).A、the USAB、the UKC、JapanD、France正确答案：A3 Which one of following is wrong about the GFC Recession? ( )A、Banks stopped lending.B、Companies cut jobs.C、Stock market crashed.D、People got more job opportunity.正确答案：D4 The cause of the GFC Recession in 2007 was ( ).A、Stock bubble burstB、Property bubble burstC、Dotcom bubble burstD、Asset price bubble burst正确答案：B3.5A Hero and a Villain1 Bernie Madoff's clients lost about ( ) billion dollars.A、10B、20C、30D、40正确答案：A2 The New York magzine called Bernie Madoff ( ).A、VillainB、HeroC、MonsterD、Saviour正确答案：C3 Warren Buffett was born in a rich family.( )正确答案：×英美文化概论1.1Western Names1 In the format of western names,which name is put first?( )A、Family nameB、Last nameC、SurnameD、First name正确答案：D2 Bill is the short version of ( ).A、WilliamB、StevenC、RobertD、Richard正确答案：A3 There is only one given name in western name.( )正确答案：×1.2What is Culture1 Culture is the beliefs, ( ) and way-of-life of a community or society. A、traditionsB、habitsC、customsD、costumes正确答案：C2 Which one is not the key aspect of Chinese culture?( )A、Chinese foodB、Spring FestivelC、Chinese medicineD、Football正确答案：D3 Chinese culture is better than American culture.( )正确答案：×2.1Topography of the USA1 ( ) and Hawaii are seperated from American mainland.A、ColoradoB、IndianaC、AlabamaD、Alaska正确答案：D2 Which is the largest states by population?( )A、TexasB、New YorkC、CaliforniaD、Florida正确答案：C3 Boston is on the West Coast of America.( )正确答案：×2.2Three Icons of America1 Why is Yellowstone National Park important?( )A、Because it is the first national park in the world.B、Because it is in America.C、Because it is the biggest national park in America.D、Because it is the first national park in America.正确答案：A2 Washington, Jefferson, () and Lincoln's faces are made on the Mount Rushmore.( )A、MadisonB、RooseveltC、KennedyD、Adams正确答案：B3 Which country provided the Statue of Liberty to America?( )A、The United KingdomB、CanadaC、AustraliaD、France正确答案：D2.3Comparison of the USA and China (1)1 In 2013, the population of China is about ( ) more than that of America. A、3 timesB、4 timesC、5 timesD、6 times正确答案：B2 Which one is wrong, about the geography of America and China?( )A、China has more railways than America.B、America has two neighbour countries, Canada and Mexico.C、Both America and China's climates vary greatly.D、America's land is less than China's, but water in America is more than China.正确答案：A3 The most fresh water used in China is in ( ).A、DomesticB、IndustryC、LivestockD、Agriculture正确答案：D4 Which is not the major environment issues of America?( )A、Air pollutionB、Water shortageC、Loss of agricultural landD、desertification正确答案：C5 America's population growth rate is lower than China's.( )正确答案：×2.4Comparison of the USA and China (2)1 The first three ethnic groups in the USA are ( ).A、White, Hispanic and BlackB、White, Black and HispanicC、White, Black and AsianD、White, Asian and Black正确答案：A2 All the countries in the world adopt the metric system, except ( ), Myanmar and Liberia.A、the UKB、B、the USAC、C、FranceD、D、Japan正确答案：B3 1 kilogram is ( ) pounds.A、0.6B、1.7C、2.1D、2.2正确答案：D4 Everyone in America and China can read and write.( )正确答案：×3.1Overview1 Which country is the second largest economy in the world?( )A、ChinaB、JapanC、South KoreaD、Germany正确答案：A2 Which one of following is not an American company?( )A、GoogleB、CocaColaC、Facebook正确答案：D3 Per capita means a person.( )正确答案：√3.2Comparison of USA and China1 Which one is right about the labour force in America and China?( )A、Most of American labour force are in services.B、Both America and China have the least labour force in agriculture.C、Most Chinese labour force are in agriculture.D、American labour force is more than Chinese.正确答案：A2 The UAS and ( ) is the major export markets of China.A、CanadaB、MexicoC、JapanD、South Korea正确答案：C3 ( ) is most used for the electricity production in the USA and China. A、Water B、Nuclear C、Wind D、Coal正确答案：D4 Both American and Chinese governments have significant direct involvement in the economy.( ) 正确答案：×5 Now services in China grows very fast.( )正确答案：√3.3Agriculture in the USA1 In 2012, the top 5 agricultural commodities of America are ( ), cattle, soybeans, dairy products and chickens for meat.A、CornB、PotatoC、TomatoD、Cotton正确答案：A2 ( ), Missouri, Iowa, Oklahoma and California have the most farms in the USA.A、ArizonaB、MarylandC、TexasD、Nevada正确答案：C3 96% of the farmers are black people.( )正确答案：×4 In 2008, most of American agriculture imports were from China.( )正确答案：×3.4Global Financial Crisis1 Recession is ( ) of negative GDP growth.A、1 quarterB、2 quartersC、3 quartersD、4 quarters2 The GFC Recession started in ( ).A、the USAB、the UKC、JapanD、France正确答案：A3 Which one of following is wrong about the GFC Recession? ( )A、Banks stopped lending.B、Companies cut jobs.C、Stock market crashed.D、People got more job opportunity.正确答案：D4 The cause of the GFC Recession in 2007 was ( ).A、Stock bubble burstB、Property bubble burstC、Dotcom bubble burstD、Asset price bubble burst正确答案：B3.5A Hero and a Villain1 Bernie Madoff's clients lost about ( ) billion dollars.A、10B、20C、30D、40正确答案：A2 The New York magzine called Bernie Madoff ( ).A、VillainB、HeroC、MonsterD、Saviour正确答案：C3 Warren Buffett was born in a rich family.( )正确答案：×完整版答案请打开微信扫一扫下方二维码，关注公众号帮帮ING并回复英美文化本公众号提供210门尔雅视频课选修课答案和高等数学同济第七版答案等大学350门课后答案。
英美文化基础教程
英美文化基础教程作者：朱永涛出版社：外语教学与研究出版社类别：不限英美文化基础教程的简介本书是为成为自学考试英语专业应试者, 全书分英国文化和美国文化两大部分,美国部分十一章,地理环境,政府制度,文学,风俗习惯,家庭生活,新闻媒介,种族关系及社会问题等,并通过用英语学习文化知识提高外语水平,编者在选材时注意了下列两个方面:1,尽量选用内容丰富,书本出处：英美文化基础教程的PDF电子书下载英美文化基础教程的内容预览Part OneBritish Calture1.Who Are the British?2.English History3.Which English?4.British Government System5.Industry，Agriculture and Business6.English Literature7.Religion and Beliefs8.Character and cation10.The Welfare State11.The Press，Radio and Television12.The Commonwealth Part TwoAmerican Culture1.Atlantic to Pacific2.American History3.The Forms of Government4.American Literature5.Religion6.The American Character7.American Education8.American Family Life9.Thanksgiving and Christmas10.Race and Ethnic Relations11.Social Problems in the United States更多PDF电子书下载！。
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由于古罗马不断扩大其帝国，他们 的拉丁语（Lain），成为欧洲西部 多数地区，包括大不列颠在内的不 同民族的通用语言
多数凯尔特人逃避罗马人和随 后的侵入者，移民至英国威尔 士（Wales）山区，苏格兰 （Scotland）的高原和岛屿，爱 尔兰（Ireland），马恩岛（the Isle of Man（马恩岛）），康 沃尔郡（Cornwall）。由于这些 地方偏僻，这些部落延续了他 们的语言。今天的威尔士人， 苏格兰的盖尔语（Scottish Gaeli），和爱尔兰的盖尔语 （Scottish Gaeli）都留存了下 来。
例如，从居住在该地区的一些特 殊部落，可以得知：英国南部的 肯特州（Kent）来自坎特西部落 （Cantiaci tribe）；
Devon（德文郡：英国郡名） from the Dumnonill and Cornwall （康沃 尔郡）from the Cornovii.
英国德文郡（Devon）来自杜蒙 里（Dumnonill）部落；而康沃尔 （Cornwall）郡则由科落伟里 （Cornovii）部落演变而来。
In the past, changes (in vocabulary, structures and syntax) happened so slowly that they were frequently unnoticeable to those speaking the language. But the introduction (of widespread education , radio and television ) , and the greater mobility（易变性、可动性） (of the population), have speeded up the process.
凯尔特人时代，大不列颠被分 成不同的首领部落，每个部落 讲一种自己的凯尔特语言。
但是，古代人没有书写语言， 后来能并入英语的很少。
然而，凯尔特人的遗产还是在 地名中保留下来
Some，for instance, derive from （来源于） the particular tribe live in the area: Kent（英国东南部州名） from the Cantiaci tribe,
Many Celts fled(逃避、逃跑、 逃离) from the Romans and subsequent invaders and settled in the mountains of Wales, the Highlands and islands of Scotland, Ireland, the Isle of Man（马恩岛） and Cornwall. Because These areas were so remote, the tribes managed to preserve their languages, which survive today as Welsh, Scottish Gaelic and Irish Gaelic.
Other are based on Celtic words for specific natural features: several names of rivers, like Avon（英国中 部一河）, Esk, Stour and Usk, come from Celtic words for water;
Also some town names, like London , Dover, York, Leeds, Penrith , Carlisle and Catterick, are Cletic in origin.
还有一些城市的名称，像伦敦、英国东 部的港口城市多韦尔（Dover）、纽约、 利慈（Leeds：英国城市）、彭瑞斯 （Penrith）、卡莱尔（Carlisle：英国西 北部城市）、卡特利奇（Catterick）都 源至凯尔特人（Cletic）时代。
and tor（岩 石） meaning a high rock or peak, persists in （留存于）Torquay, Torpoint and Torcross.
另外，表达高大巨石和山顶 的岩石（tor），也留存于拖 基（Torquay：英格兰南部 之一城市）、拖波因特 （Torpoint）和托科洛斯 （Torcross）地名中。
所有的语言都能够，而且必须 成为使用者用来为他们的需要 服务的工具。 例如，当今发生这么多的政治、 社会和技术变革，那么语言也 必须适应，找到其新的词语和 表述。
这种适应性在英语漫长的整个 历史中非常明显。英语可追溯 至大不列颠凯特尔语言
In the time of the Celts ,Britain was divided into various tribal （部落）Kingdoms, each one speaking its own kind of Celtic.
尤其是年轻人，使用的习 语、俚语和美国特有的风 俗及习惯性语言 这些语言要么逐渐吸收入 “高雅”英语，要么象其 他时髦东西一样被淘汰。
All language is a tool （which can and must be manipulated （利用） to serve the needs of those who use it） . In modern times ,for example, so many political, social and technological changes have taken place that language too has had to adapt（适应；） and find new words and expressions. This adaptability（适应性） has been apparent（明显的） throughout the long history of the English language （whose roots go back to Celtic Britain ）.
As the Romans extended their empire（帝国）, their language , Lain, became the lingua franca （不同民族的通用语） of most of western Europe including Britain. Then, from about the third century, the spread of Latin was strengthened by the introduction of Christianity（基督教） as all prayers（祈祷者） and liturgy（祈 祷文） were in that language . The English alphabet as such , adapted （改编）from Roman scripts（书写字母） , appeared sometime between AD 500 and 700.
其他的地名，也以凯特尔人语言 为基础表现其特有的自然特征： 几条河流的名称，例如英国中部 的河流埃温（Avon）、埃斯卡 （ Esk）、斯托尔（Stour）和尤 斯卡（Usk），都来自凯尔特人 对水的多个单词；
cumb（头梳、鸡冠）,
凯尔特人视为深山峡谷的头 Celtic for a deep valley 梳、鸡冠（cumb）单词，在 （峡谷）, is found in 现代地名，如索尔库姆 modern place names like （Salcombe）、亚底斯库姆 Salcombe, Addiscombe （Addiscombe）和韦克斯库 and Wexcombe ; 姆（Wexcombe）可以发现。
Manx, another form of Gaelic , was spoken on the Isle of Man until about 1950.
盖尔语的另一种形式曼岛语 （Manx），直到1950年还在曼 岛（the Isle of Man）使用。
The Cornish Celtic language was spoken up to about 200 years ago
自从公元前55年罗马侵入英国后， 他们的的语言fortress ,castra ，增 加了现在的许多富有凯尔特语言的 地名：例如，包括当今的温切斯特 （Winchester：英格兰南部城市）、 曼切斯特（Manchester）、累斯特 城（Leicester）、洛切斯特 （Rochester）、格洛斯特 （Gloucester）。
3 which English
Anyone ( who has lived a reasonably(适当长 的)time ) will know + that his children and their contemporaries（同时代的、同龄人） are not using the same words, grammar and pronunciation (that he learned as a child), because each generation has a different attitude to its language 大凡有一定年龄的人都会知道他的孩子和同龄 人对小时侯所学的发音、语法、文字使用存在 差别。因为每一代人对语言有其不同的态度。
and a branch of the same language called Breton, is still used across the Channel in Brittany, a region of north— west France.