中国的独生子女政策 One-child policy in China

FUTURE OF THE ONE CHILD POLICY----DEMOLISHED?
WANG MING A NATIONAL COMMITTEE MEMBER OF THE CPPCC
(CHINESE PEOPLE'S POLITICAL CONSULTATIVE CONFERENCE) PROFESSOR AT TSINGHUA UNIVERSITY RECENTLY PROPOSED: COMPLETE REMOVAL OF THE POLICY CANCEL THE SOCIAL MAINTENANCE FEE
REWARDS
• “One Child Certificate”
• Cash bonuses(￥20/month)
• Longer maternity leave
• Better childcare
• Preferential housing
• Preferential employment
• Preferential school placement
Exploring China’s “One-Child Policy”
—--Past, Present and Future
RUIWU MIN
FROM VISITING SCHOLAR OCEAN UNIVERSITY OF CHINA
CHINA’S POPULATION
• State Census data (2010): • Total population: 1.370536875 billion • Han nationality : 91.51%; others 8.49% ---male 51.27% : female 48.73% 105.20 : 100 • Annual increase: 12 million (down from peak 23 million in 1980s)
BASIC STATE POLICY
• In 1982, Family planning policy was incorporated into China’s Constitution Requiring over 90% Han couples to have one child only
• In 2002: POPULATION and FAMILY PLANNING LAW
FAMILY PLANNING: “LATER, SPACED, AND FEWER…”
“Practice family planning for the revolution.” 1972
“Deliver medicine (contraceptives) to the door step,
do a good job in birth control work.” 1974
--Population experts Song, Jian(宋健)
Tian, Xueyuan(田雪原) in 1979
The policy has been relaxed
In 2004 & 2009 scholars called for a change In 2011, couples who are both the only child of the families are allowed to have 2 children
NEW READJUSTMENT POLICY
• Nov. 15, 2013: Bill to allow couples… to have 2 children was approved by the National people Congress • Five provinces/municipalities enforced --Tianjin, Beijing, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Anhui
Negative Effects
• Sex selective abortion • Type-B ultrasound forbidden beginning 2002 • “Little Emperor Syndrome”
SEX RATIO AT BIRTH UNBALANCED
126 123 120
Soldiering...
“BEAR AS MANY CHILDREN AS POSSIBLE… TO MAKE CHINA STRONGER.” --MAO ZEDONG
“பைடு நூலகம்he happy life Chairman Mao gave us.” 1954
This led to overpopulation: In 1949 ----475 million In 1953-----over 600 million In 1970—830 million Average birth number for Per couple: 5 children
Deng Xiaoping took power in 1978: • New policies focused on strengthening China's economy • Overpopulation as block to economic development In 1979, China introduced the ONE CHILD POLICY. goal: population contained within 1.2 billion by 2000.
• Paid medical/hospital expenses
CONSEQUENCES
• Loss of family allowances • Loss of medical benefits • Demotion/discharge from jobs • Confiscation of property • Fines- up to 7 times annual salary
Effects:
• China’s population reduced 400 million.
1970: the crude birth rate is 33 1990: the rude birth rate is 22 2008: the crude birth rate is 19 (Crude birth rate is childbirth /1000 people per year)
TRADITIONAL CHINESE CONCEPT OF FERTILITY
1. 多子多福 MORE CHILDREN, MORE HAPPINESS
2. 传宗接代 CONTINUE THE FAMILY LINE
3.养儿防老 BRINGING UP SONS TO SUPPORT PARENTS IN THEIR OLD AGE
FAMOUS EXAMPLE
• Zhang Yimo • Famous film director • Fined ￥7.4 million RMB for having 3 children without permission in Feb. 2014
A PROFESSOR WAS FIRED FOR HAVING A SECOND CHILD WITHOUT PERMISSION IN NOV. 2013
121.7 119.9
122.9 120.5 117.1
117 114 111 108 105 111.8 111.3 109.9
116.4
113.0
1982
1987
1990
1995
2000
2005
Year
What is the FUTURE of this Policy? “ The policy should be enforced for 30-40 years”
Sex ratio
Total Urban area Rural area 117.8 116.8 113.6 113.1 112.1 107.7 107.6 107.1
Source: China Population Censuses and 1% Population Sample Surveys 5.
GENERAL EXCEPTIONS
•Members of ethnic minorities •First child disabled or dies •Remarried couples •In rural areas, if first child is a girl •Pregnancy after adoption
•
• Article 18: The State maintains its current policy for reproduction, encouraging late marriage and childbearing and advocating one child per couple. Article 41: Citizens who give birth to babies not in compliance with the provisions of Article 18 of this Law shall pay a social maintenance fee prescribed by law.
POPULATION DENSITY OF CHINA & USA
In early 1950’s people were encouraged to have more children (after WWII & civil war；learned from Soviet Union) for military strength Farming... agricultural production
ONE CHILD POLICY
• • • • • Demographic targets down to local level Government regulations and fines for unplanned births Pressure to abort unplanned pregnancies Highly organized service(Family Planning Commission) “One veto” system for evaluating officials
• The Family Planning Commission merged into Health and Family Planning Commission in 2013
ITS INFLUENCES:
1. Number of children per household present: 1.5—1.6 future: 1.8 2. Population structure By 2030 22 million people added to workforce 3. Rebalancing of gender disparity Now there are 30 million more males than females 4. Avoiding the "4--2--1" family structure