药学英语-01(1)
药学英语-01
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definition
orphan drug, drug developed under the U.S. Orphan Drug Act 《罕见病药物法》 (1983) to treat a disease that affects fewer than 200,000 people in the United States. The orphan drug law offers tax breaks and a seven-year monopoly on drug sales to induce companies to undertake the development and manufacturing of such drugs
专业英语 《英汉药学词汇》陈世铭主编 《英汉化学化工词汇》第四版
o 优点：准确，方便 o 缺点：内容少，更新慢
《柯林斯英文词典》
(Collins COBUILD English Dictionary) 金山词霸 （专业版、医学版）2005版 新编全医药学大词典
特点：专业性强，收词160万 是目前最好的医药专业电子词典
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药学英语词汇
药学英语词汇药学英语词汇是药学领域中不可或缺的一部分。
它涵盖了许多不同的概念和术语，涉及药物的研发、生产、管理和使用等方面。
下面将介绍一些常用的药学英语词汇，并对其进行拓展说明。
1. Pharmacology (药理学): The study of how drugs interact with the body and how they produce therapeutic effects or side effects.2. Pharmaceutical (制药的): Relating to the production, development, and sale of drugs.3. Pharmacokinetics (药物动力学): The study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in the body.4. Pharmacodynamics (药物动力学): The study of how drugs exert their effects on the body at the cellular and molecular level.5. Drug formulation (药物制剂): The process of developing the most suitable form of a drug for administration, such as tablets, capsules, or injections.6. Clinical trial (临床试验): A research study that tests the safety andeffectiveness of a new drug or treatment in humans.7. Drug interaction (药物相互作用): The effects that occur when two or more drugs are taken together, which can alter their individual therapeutic effects or cause adverse reactions.8. Adverse drug reaction (药物不良反应): Any harmful or unintended response to a drug, which may range from mild to severe.9. Pharmacist (药剂师): A healthcare professional who is knowledgeable about drugs, their uses, and their potential side effects, and who dispenses medications to patients.10. Prescription (处方): A written order from a healthcare provider fora specific medication, including dosage instructions and duration of treatment.11. Over-the-counter (OTC) (非处方药): Medications that can be purchased without a prescription, typically used to treat minor ailments and symptoms.12. Generic drug (仿制药): A medication that is equivalent to a brand-namedrug in terms of active ingredients, dosage form, strength, and route of administration, but is usually less expensive.13. Drug resistance (药物抗性): The ability of microorganisms or cancer cells to survive and multiply despite the presence of a drug, making the treatment less effective.14. Pharmacovigilance (药品监测): The science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems.15. Drug delivery system (药物输送系统): The technology or method by whicha drug is administered to the body, including oral, transdermal, inhalation, and intravenous routes.以上这些药学英语词汇不仅在医药领域中广泛使用，而且对于学习和理解药物的研发、使用和管理至关重要。
（仅供参考）药学英语整理
（仅供参考）药学英语整理药学英语⼀、Physiology and Pathology（P9）⽣理学与病理学（⼀）概念1、Physiology is the scientific study of function in living systems.（ppt）the study of how living organisms work.(书⾥)2、Pathology is a significant component of the causal study of disease and a major field in modern medical practice and diagnosis.(ppt)the science of disease,which deal with the studies of etiology, pathogenesis, morphologic structures, changes in functions and metabolism in the living organisms by means of natural science.(书⾥) 3、Pathophysiology is the study of functional changes in the body which occur in response to disease or injury.a convergence of Pathology with Physiology4、etiology is the study of causation,or the origination of diseases.5、the pathogenesis of a disease is the mechanism that causes the disease.6、inflammation is a response of body tissues to injury or irritation; (刺激）characterized by pain and swelling and redness and heat. （红热胀痛）(⼆)思考题1.How do you understand pathology and pathophysiology?Pathology is the science of diseasePathophysiology is the study of functional changes in the body which occur in response to disease or injury.2. what is the difference between etiology and pathogenesis?Etiology is the study of causation, or the origination of diseases.the pathogenesis of a disease is the mechanism that causes the disease 3. Could you explain the symptoms and signs of a disease?symptoms of a disease(“症”): as certain biologic processes are encroached on(侵害) ,the patient begins to feel subjectively that something is wrong., These subjective feelings are called symptoms of disease.Symptoms are subjective and can be reported only by the patient to an observer.signs of a disease（“征”）：when manifestations of the disease can be objectively identified by an observer, these are terms signs of the disease.4、what is the pathogenesis of tuberculosis?the pathogenesis of tuberculosis would include the mechanisms whereby the invasion of the body by tubercle bacillus ultimately leads to the observed abnormalitiesBiochemistry is the study of chemical processes in living organisms.⼆、Medicinal Chemistry药物化学(⼀)概念1、Medicinal chemistry(药物化学)is the science that deal with the discovery or design of new therapeutic chemicals and the development of these chemicals into useful medicine.2、Medicine（药品drug, pharmaceutics) is a compound that interacts with a biological system, and produces a biological response (ideally desired and positive)3、Therapeutic index（治疗指数）sure of the ratio of undesirable to desirable drug effects. Therapeutic index=LD50/ED50 The larger the Therapeutic index, the greater the margin of safety of drug!4、LD50（半数致死量）:the lethal dose for 50% of the test animals5、ED50（半数有效量）:the effective dose that produces the maximum therapeutic effect in 50% of the test animals.6、Log P（脂⽔分配系数）is the base-ten logarithm of the partition coefficients (分配系数)7、Chirality（⼿征性）: a molecule is considered chiral if there exists another molecule that is of identical composition ,but which is arranged in a non-superposable mirror image.8、Bioisosteres(⽣物电⼦等排体): are substituents or groups that havechemical or physical similarities ,and which produce broadly similar biological properties.9、Bioisosterism(⽣物电⼦等排性) is a lead modification approach that has been shown to be useful to attenuate toxicity （降低毒性）,modify the activity of a lead （修饰活性）and may have a significant role in the alteration of metabolism of the lead.10、Prodrug（前药）is drug which is given (taken) in an inactive form. Once administered ,the prodrug is metabolized by the body into the biologically active compound.（⼆）知识点1、The difference of “good” and “bad” drugs:Depend on dosage and chronic exposure. and therapeutic index can be the measure of safety of drugs2、classification of drugsFour main groups:（1）B y biological effect---varied assortment of drugsanalgesics（⽌痛剂）,anti-asthmatics（平喘药）,antipsychotics（抗精神病药）etc.（2）B y chemical structure---common skeletonPenicillin （青霉素类）,opiates(阿⽚类药物) etc.（3）B y target system（靶向系统）----affect a target system(synthesis, release, receptor)antihistamine (抗组胺药)etc.（4）B y target site of action(作⽤靶点)—target enzyme or receptor Anti-cholinesterase (抗胆碱酯酶)3、Medicinal chemistry involves:(1)synthesis (2)structure-activity relationships(SAR)(3)receptor interactions(4)absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME)4、Medicinal chemistry cover 3 critical steps:● A discovery step●An optimization step● A development step5、important functional groups on drugs:(1)Alkanes&alkenes(烷烃和烯烃) (2)alcohol 醇（3）phenols 酚（4）ethers 醚（5）aromatic hydrocarbons 芳⾹化合物6、a drug usually has 3 names:（1）chemical (化学名)Mostly following rules by chemical abstracts service(CAS)One compound can only have one name（2）international non-proprietary names(INN,通⽤名)Convenient to remember ,needed when apply for registration, cannot be trade marked（商标）or patented(取得专利权) One compound can only have one name（3）commercial (商品名)Named by manufactures ,can be trade marked to protect the brand. One compound can have many different names7、prodrug strategies are used to overcome a variety of problems by:(1)Altering solubility 改变溶解度(2)Improving membrane permeability 提⾼细胞膜通透性(3)Slow release of the active agent 缓慢释放活性(4)Masking drug toxicity or side effects 掩蔽药物毒副作⽤三、Phytochemistry and Natural Products 天然药物化学和天然产物(⼀)概念1、Phytochemistry（天然药物化学）is in the strict sense of the study of phytochemicals, which are derived from plants. In a narrower sense the terms are often used to describe the large number of secondary metabolic compounds found in plants.2、Primary metabolites(初级代谢产物): compounds that are common to many types of organisms, that fulfill basic biological functions(e.g.respiration 呼吸,photosynthesis光合作⽤,DNA replication ＤＮＡ复制)3、Secondary metabolites（次级代谢产物）：compounds that are not essential to daily ,common metabolism of cells and individual organisms. Instead, these compounds are unique to certain taxa and fulfill secondary functions ,often involved in signaling between organisms (e.g.mate recognition配偶识别, chemical defense化学防御, chemotaxis 趋化作⽤)4、natural products: a natural product is a chemical compound or substance produced by a living organism found in nature.（Primary metabolites & Secondary metabolites）（⼆）知识点1、summary:●natural products are compounds synthesized by living organisms,usually organic molecules with 5-100 carbons●natural products can be primary or secondary metabolites●secondary metabolites are produced via enzymatic pathways fromprimary metabolic building-blocks2、how to get natural products?/the process to purify natural products?(1)Plant collection植物采集(2)Extraction萃取(3)Fractionation分馏(4)Isolation分离(5)Structural determination 结构测定（UV，IR，MS,NMR）3、Journals in Phytochemistry and Natural Products Chemistry:●Journal of Natural Products 天然产物杂志●Phytochemistry●Journal of Ethnopharmacology 民族药物学杂志●Planta Medica 天然药物学会志（欧洲）●Phytochemical Analysis 植物化学分析●Chemical &Pharmaceutical Bulletin 化学与药学通报（⽇本）Review journals 综述期刊●Natural Product Reports 天然产物报告●Phytochemistry Review四、biochemistry ⽣物化学1、What is the goal of biochemistry？The basic goal of the science of biochemistry is to determine how the collections of inanimate molecules （⽆⽣命的分⼦）that constitute living organisms interact with each other to maintain and perpetuate life.（延长⽣命）2、Macromolecules（⽣物⼤分⼦）that constitute living organisms include proteins, nucleic acid (DNA and RNA), and polysaccharides.3、20种氨基酸：1、丙氨酸Alanine/Ala/A2、半胱氨酸Cysteine/Cys/C3、天冬氨酸Asparticacid/ Asp /D4、⾕氨酸Glutamic acid/Glu/E5、苯基丙氨酸Phenylalanine/Phe/F6、⽢氨酸glycine/Gly/G7、组氨酸Histidine/His/H 8、异亮氨酸Isoleucine/Ile/I9、赖氨酸Lysine/Lys/K 10、亮氨酸Leucine/leu/L11、蛋氨酸Methionine/Met/M 12、天冬酰胺Asparagine/Asn/N 13、脯氨酸Procine/pro/P 14、⾕氨酰胺Glutamine/Gln/Q 15、精氨酸Arginine/Arg/R 16、丝氨酸Serine/Ser/S17、苏氨酸Threonine/Thr/T 18、缬氨酸Valine/Val/V19、⾊氨酸Tryptophan/Try/W 20、酪氨酸Tyrosine/Tyr/Y五、Microbiology 微⽣物学1、Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms such as bacteria, fungi, protozoa,virus and some types of algae, which encompass various sub-disciplines including virology, mycology, parasitology, bacteriology, and other branches.2、⼏位科学家的成就Bacteriology was found in the 19th century by Ferdinand CohnCohn was also the first to formulate the scheme for the taxonomic classification of bacterial and discover spores费迪南德?科恩, Ferdinand Cohn德国博物学家和植物学家，以研究藻类、细菌和蕈类著称，被视为细菌学的创始者之⼀。
药学英语第一篇原文
Special Articles for PharmacognosyPharmacognosy , which literally means a knowledge of drugs or pharmaceuticals, has been a part of the healing arts and sciences since mankind first began to treat illnesses. It has developed from ancient civilizations that used parts of plants and animals to concoct various potions to eliminate pain, control suffering, and counteract disease. Pharmacognosy has risen from the mysterious incantations of voodoo tribes and has survived the unwritten secret recipes of medicine men. It has progressed from an era of empiricism to the present age of specific therapeutic agents. Today, pharmacognosy is a education. A number of the drugs used by the ancients are still employed in much the same manner by today’s medical practitioners. Although it is true that extraction, separation, isolation, and identification of the component constituents of plant and animal drugs have occurred in relatively resent years, nevertheless the purpose for which many of these medicinal substances are employed today barallels closely the use for they were intended by our predecessors in the study of pharmacy and medicine.Because of the interest it engenders in many of the scientists of today, pharmacognosy is a respected discipline that has no counterpart in the other professions. Perhaps because the lay public has heard little about the term pharmacognosy, there is a lack of recognition and, further, a lack of association of the term with the specific subject matter it represents. However, an intuitive curiosity is inherent in the average person who reads or hears of opium, morphine, foxglove, insulin, reserpine, thyroid, penicillin, blood plasma, polio vaccine, and even the much maligned castor oil!During the past few years, as a result of the intense concern with all aspects of ecology, there has been a renewed interest in so-called “natural”foods and drugs. The availability of an extremely wide variety of these products, ranging from fenugreek tea to ginseng chewing gum, has stimulated the public to learn more about them. Consequently, a vast literature on natural drugs written by laymen and intended to inform other laymen has come into existence. Much of this literature is relatively inaccurate, consisting of beliefs and opinions substituted for facts. The pharmacist must, of course, be aware of the existence of such pseudopharmacognostic writings, primarily to caution his patients concerning them and to correct any factual misinformation gained from readingthem.In order to gain proper perspective about a science that deals with plant and animal drugs and their constituents, it is exceedingly helpful to survey past records and to recognize those who have contributed to the subject matter that constituted the field of pharmacognosy in its beginning. By trial and error, primitive man must have acquired food value and which were to be avoided because they were unpalatable poisonous, or dangerous. His observation were handed down from one generation to another and were added to by his progeny. The healing powers of certain herbs, roots, and juices were undoubtedly dis- covered by accident; but once these attributes were learned, they were too important to be important to be forgotten. The Babylonians made clay models of the human body, and early writing indicate that they were aware of the medicinal effects of a number of plants. It is a well-known fact that the ancient Egyptians were adept at embalming the dead and that they possessed an understanding of the human anatomy as well as knowledge of the medicinal uses of many plants and animals. This famous document written in 1550 B.C., was found in the tomb of a mummy and is now preserved at the University of Leipzig.Discorides, a Greek physician who lived in the first century A.D., wrote his “De Materia Medica” in which he described about 600 plants that were known to have medicinal properities. Of these, a surprisingly large number are still important in modern medicine. Aloe, belladonna, colchicum, ergot, hyoscyamus, and opium are a few that were used then in much the same manner as they are used today. Galen (131-200 A.D.) was a Greek pharmacist-physician who lived in Rome and who described the method of preparing formulas containing plant and animal drugs. He devoted considerable time to compiling this knowledge, which was distributed throughout 20 books. As a tribute to his accuracy in recording his observations, the term “galenical” pharmacy was originated.From this humble beginning, medicine and pharmacy gradually emerged along separate paths: the physician diagnosed the ailment and prescribed the remedy, and the apothecary of pharmacists specialized in the collection, preparation, and compounding of the substance, thus, the term material medica, meaning medicinal materials, was synonymous with the substances and products derived from natural sources and was employed by the physicians of that era.The term pharmacognosy was introduced by C.A. Seydler, a medicalstudent in Halle/Saale, Germany, in 1815. This name is formed from two Greek words, pharmakon, drug, and gnosis, knowledge. The most comprehensive idea of the scope of pharmacognosy was presented by Fluckiger who stated that pharmacognosy “is the simultaneous application of various scientific disciplines with the object of acquiring knowledge of drugs from every point of view.Pharmacognosy may be defined as “an applied science that deals with the biologic, biochemical, and economic features of natural drugs and their constituents”. It is a study of drugs that originate in the plant and animal kingdoms. Modern aspects of the science include not only the crude drugs but also their natural derivatives. Digitalis leaf and its isolated gland with its extracted glycoside, digitoxin; rauwolfia root and its purified alkaloid, reserpine; and thyroid gland with its extracted hormone, thyroxin, are all part of the subject matter of pharmacognosy.In some instances drug constituents have been partially replaced in commerce by synthetic compounds of identical chemical structure and therapeutic properities; such natural and synthetic substances often can be distinguished by physical and chemical tests. For example, natural camphor is obtained from the camphor tree by steam distillation; it is dextrorotatory in its reaction to polarized light. In contrast, synthetic camphor may be manufactured by either of two methods: by total synthesis from vinyl chloride and cyclopentadiene (a completely synthetic process) or by semisythesis from pinene derived from pine stumps (not entirely a synthetic process but a chemical modification of a natural product). Synthetic camphor is racemic and can be differentiated easily from the natural from.Epinephrine, caffeine, codeine, ephedrine, menthol, penicillin, and other chemicals may also be obtained from either the natural source or by partial or total synthesis. They are considered a definite part of pharmacognosy.In a broad sense, pharmacognosy embraces a knowledge of the history, distribution, cultivation, collection, selection, preparation, commerce, identification, evaluation, preservation, and use of drugs and economic substances that affect the health of humans and other animals. Such economic substances extend beyond the category of crude and their derivatives to include a variety of commercial and medicinal products often requiring complicated methods of preparation: allergens, allergenic extracts, antibiotics, immunizingbiologics, flavoring agents, and condiments. In a restricted sense, the definition on pharmacognosy implies a particular knowledge of methods of identification and evaluation of drugs.As a part of the pharmaceutic curriculum, pharmacognosy forms an important link between pharmacology and medicinal chemistry on one hand and between pharmaceutics and clinical pharmacy on the other.Pharmacology, like pharmacognosy, is an outgrowth of material medica, the ancient science that dealt with all aspects of medicinal agents. Now, in this more specialized era, pharmacognosy deals primarily with information on the sources and constituents of natural drugs, and pharmacology is concerned with their actions and effects.Methods of procurement and preparation affect the price of drugs; thus, insofar as economics are concerned, pharmacognosy is intimately associated with the phases of pharmacy administration that deal with prescription pricing. The relationship of pharmacognosy to dispensing pharmacy and clinical pharmacy is obvious when one considers the number of naturally derived drugs that are handled by the pharmacist in this age of drug specialties. Because of his knowledge of drug constituents, the pharmacist is able to predict not only the chemical and physical incompatibilities encountered in compounding but also the therapeutic incompatibilities that the patient may encounter when utilizing a drug concomitantly with other prescribed or self-selected medication.When supplying both prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) medication to patients, the pharmacist also provides information required for the safe and effective use of such drugs. The pharmacist further serves as an information source of all aspects of drugs to his colleagues in the medical, dental, and nursing professions. These advisory roles are made possible by the vast background of the pharmacist, the drug expert, in fields such as pharmacognosy, pharmacology, medicinal chemistry, and pharmaceutics.Any treatise on plant and animal products encompasses a wide variety of uses in as much as natural substances are employed in almost every known industry. Although the pharmacist is mainly concerned with those substances having application to public health, he realizes that many of these therapeutic aids are also utilized as beverages, as spices and condiments, in confectioneries, and technical products.Coffee beans and tea leaves both yield caffeine, which has medicinal application; yet the original sources are mainstays in the diet of the American public. Wintergreen oil and ginger are used pharmaceutically, but a much greater quantity of each is utilized by the soft drink industry. Mustard seed and clove have definite therapeutic application, but they are in more demand in the spice and condiment trade. Cinnamon oil and peppermint oil are valuable carminatives; however, they enjoy an enviable reputation as popular flavoring agents in candies and chewing gums. Certain industries depend on large supplies of rosin, turpentine, linseed oil, acacia, pectin, and numerous other natural products that have a relatively limited application in the field of pharmacy.。
药学英语第五版上册unit1课后答案
药学英语第五版上册unit1课后答案1、22．Will there ________ any schools in the future? [单选题] *A．isB．areC．amD．be(正确答案)2、What’s the point of going to school when I can’t do anything there? [单选题] *A. 时间B. 意义(正确答案)C. 方向D. 目标3、It is reported（）three people were badly injured in the traffic accident. [单选题] *A. whichB. that(正确答案)C.whileD.what4、With all the work on hand, he _____ to the cinema last night. [单选题] *A.should goB.must have goneC.might goD..shouldn’t have gone(正确答案)5、( ). I’m _____ in that ______ film [单选题] *A. interesting interestedB. interested interesting(正确答案)C. interested interestedD. interesting interesting6、Chinese people spend _____ money on travelling today as they did ten years ago. [单选题] *A. more than twiceB. as twice muchC. twice as much(正确答案)D. twice more than7、96．Let's cross the street from school. There is a park ______ the school. [单选题] * A．far fromB．next toC．atD．opposite(正确答案)8、The relationship between employers and employees has been studied（）. [单选题] *A. originallyB. extremelyC. violentlyD. intensively(正确答案)9、—_____ will the bus arrive? —In four minutes. [单选题] *A. How longB. How oftenC. How soon(正确答案)D. How far10、--What’s your _______, Jim Green?--Jim. [单选题] *A. full nameB. first name(正确答案)C. last nameD. family name11、He prefers to use the word “strange”to describe the way（）she walks. [单选题] *A. in which(正确答案)B. by whichC. in thatD. by that12、____ is standing at the corner of the street. [单选题] *A. A policeB. The policeC. PoliceD. A policeman(正确答案)13、—Where ______ you ______ for your last winter holiday?—Paris. We had a great time. （）[单选题] *A. did; go(正确答案)B. do; goC. are; goingD. can; go14、Kids will soon get tired of learning _____ more than they can. [单选题] *A. if they expect to learnB. if they are expected to learn(正确答案)C. if they learn to expectD. if they are learned to expect15、Tom sits _______ Mary and Jane. [单选题] *A. amongB. between(正确答案)C. onD. next16、The Spring Festival is on the way.Many shops have _______ huge posters with the word sales. [单选题] *A. put up(正确答案)B. put onC. put outD. put off17、My father can?_______ a little English. [单选题] *A. speak(正确答案)B. sayC. talkD. tell18、My home is about _______ away from the school. [单选题] *A. three hundred metreB. three hundreds metresC. three hundred metres(正确答案)D. three hundreds metre19、69．Online shopping is easy, but ________ in the supermarket usually ________ a lot of time. [单选题] *A．shop; takesB．shopping; takeC．shop; takeD．shopping; takes(正确答案)20、John suggest _____ anything about it until they found out more facts. [单选题] *A not to sayB. not sayC to say notD not saying(正确答案)21、You’d ______ give up smoking. [单选题] *A. goodB. wellC. better(正确答案)D. best22、36．This kind of bread is terrible. I don't want to eat it ______. [单选题] *A．any more(正确答案)B．some moreC．no longerD．some longer23、75．As a student in Senior Three, I must work hard．（）, I should take exercise to strengthen my body．[单选题] *A.OtherwiseB.Meanwhile(正确答案)C.ThereforeD.Thus24、45．—Let's make a cake ________ our mother ________ Mother's Day.—Good idea. [单选题] *A．with; forB．for; on(正确答案)C．to; onD．for; in25、--Is that the correct spelling?--I don’t know. You can _______ in a dictionary [单选题] *A. look up itB. look it forC. look it up(正确答案)D. look for it26、He was proud of what he had done. [单选题] *A. 对…感到自豪(正确答案)B. 对…感到满足C. 对…表示不满D. 对…表示后悔27、The traffic jams often happen in _______ hours. [单选题] *A. lunchB. workC. leisureD. rush(正确答案)28、A good teacher is able to_____a complicated idea in very simple terms. [单选题] *A.put across(正确答案)B.break upC.work outD.bring out29、Although the story is written for children, it can be read by adult, _____. [单选题] *A. alsoB. eitherC. as wellD. too(正确答案)30、65．There is a big sale on in the shop! Every-thing is ________ price. [单选题] * A．bigB．fullC．zeroD．half(正确答案)。
药学英语(上册)-Text-A-Translation
Unit 11. A full appreciation of the physiology of a living organism must be based on asound knowledge of its anatomy. Anatomy does not merely study the separation of parts, but the accurate description of the morphologie s and functions of different organs.对生物生理学的全面了解必须基于解剖学的系统知识。
解剖学不仅仅是研究人体各部分的分离，还要准确的描述各个器官的形态和生理功能。
2.Our daily food intake must match requirements and any excess must be excretedfor balance to be maintained.我们每天摄入的事物必须满足需要，任何多余的东西必须排出体外才能维持平衡。
3.The process of stabilization of the internal environment is called homeostasis andis essential if the cells of the body are to function normally.内环境稳定的过程称之为体内平衡，体内平衡也是机体的细胞正常发挥作用所必不可少的。
4.Human cells have the ability to break down large molecules to smaller ones toliberate sufficient energy for their activities.人类细胞有将大分子分解成小分子的能力，从而为自身活动释放足够的能量。
临床药学英语第一课Lesson 1 Scope of Pharmacy
Degree in pharmacy Pharm D: Doctor of Pharmacy BS Pharm: Bachelor of Science Pharmacy B Pharm: Bachelor of Pharmacy
American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) (1900) Accrediation Council for Pharmaceutical Education (ACPE) (1932)
The interpretations of prescription orders The compounding, labeling and dispensing of drugs and devices Drug product selection and drug utilization reviews Patient monitoring and intervention The provision of cognitive services related to the use of medications and devices
无忧PPT整理发布
1. What does pharmacy involve? What is the mission of pharmacy? 2. What are the differences of pharmacists in China and the US? 3. What are the requirements for the Pharm D in US? What about in China? 4. Do the candidates for licensure need to have practical experience?
药学英语1复习重点资料
Unit4 TextAchemotherapy化学疗法pharmacology药理学pharmaceutics药剂学Toxicology毒理学pharmaceutical analysis药物分析pharmacognosy 生药学pharmacopoeia 药典hybrid science交叉学科approach vt. (着手)探讨/处理,(开始)对付biotransformation n. 生物转化chemotherapeutic(al)adj.化学治疗的; n .化学治疗剂clinician n. 临床医生diagnosis n. 诊断(法)edema n. 浮肿,水肿embrace vt. 包含,包括excretion n. 排泄(物),分泌(物) extrapolate v. 推断,推知; ~ to 推广到... genetics n. 遗传学immunological adj. 免疫的,免疫学的intoxication n. 中毒; 醉酒parasite n. 寄生生物pathology n. 病理学; 病理,病状pharmacognosy n. 生药学,药材学pharmacotherapeuticsn. 药物治疗学,药物疗法preclinical adj. 临床用以前的,临床前的renal adj. 肾（脏）的saluretic adj. (促)尿食盐排泄的; n.(促)尿食盐排泄剂renal physiology and of the pathogenesis of edema.肾脏生理学和水肿发病机制therapy n. 疗法,治疗(力,效果) pharmacology embraces the knowledge of包含以下内容any chemical agent化学物质absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion吸收、分布、生物转化及排泄dosage剂量concentration 浓度intensity强度biochemistry and enzymology生物化学和酶学the active and passive transfer主动和被动转移及分布biological membranes生物膜biochemical and physiological effects生化生理作用mechanisms of action 活性机制an experimental medical science 实验医学pharmacodynamics.药效学ramification 分支correlation 相互关系structure-activity relationships“结构-活性”关系animal pharmacology and comparative pharmacology动物药理学和比较药理学the prevention and treatment 防治stimulate or depress 促进或抑制symptoms症状eliminate除去，杀灭desired effects 积极作用undesired effects.消极作用adverse effects副作用intoxication.中毒，喝醉carcinogenicity致癌性teratogenicity致畸性mutagenicity致突变diverse clinical signs and symptoms.各种临床症状和体征Idiosyncratic特异性反应pathophysiology病理生理学genetic or immunological遗传学和免疫学occur infrequently .发生率较低continuous reactions持续反应long-term drug use长期用药delayed reactions延迟反应alkylating agents leading to carcinogenesis烷化剂致癌teratogenesis致畸end-of-use reactions停药反应withdrawal syndromes戒断-综合征discontinuation停止antidepressants ：抗抑郁depressants 镇静剂fatality-fatalities死亡hepatic or renal disease肝肾疾病Intrinsic ：内在因素surveillance pharmacovigilance监视药物警戒性high degree of sensitivity and specificity高度的敏感性和针对性detect rare but severe 罕见但严重predisposing factors易感因素Continued surveillance is mandatory持续性监测成为了一种强制性措施Early (phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ) trials are important for assessing the tolerability and dose-response relationship of new therapeutic agents.早期（Ⅰ/Ⅱ期）试验对于评价新药的耐受性和量效关系非常重要。
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somat(o)-体，躯体
somatoblast原体细胞 somatesthesia躯体感觉
-some,-plast 小体，颗粒， 生物体的基本组织单位 microsome 微粒体 chromoplast色质体
splen(o)- 脾
splenocyte脾细胞 splenemia脾充血 hepa-, hepat- 肝 hepatopancreas肝胰腺 hepatoma肝癌 ren-, nephr- 肾 nephridia肾管 nephritis肾炎 nephron肾单位 renal肾脏的 hepatocyte 肝细胞
ultr- 超
ultra-acoustics 超声学 ultra-structure超微结构 ultraviolet紫外线 Infra- 下，低，远 infralittoral 潮下带，远岸的 infrared红外线的 infrastructure下部构造, 下部组织, 基础
表示动物不同器官和组织的词素
poly- multi- mult- 多，复合
polyacrylate聚丙烯酸酯 polymerase 聚合酶 multichain多链的multinucleate 多核的 multicistronic mRNA多顺反子 multicopy多拷贝
chrom(o)-色
chromat(o)- 色 ,染色质
介绍专业英语的特点
一、文体特点
二、词汇特点
三、句法特点
（一）科技英语的文体特点
科技英语（English for Science and Technology）泛指一切
论及或谈及科学或技术的英文书面语和口头语，具体包括： （1）科技著述、科技论文、科技报告、实验报告等； （2）各类科技情报及其它文字资料； （3）科技使用手册（仪器、仪表、机械和工具等的结构描述和
peribronchial支气管周的pericyte外膜细胞(毛细血管)
sub- suc- suf- sug- 下，低，小
suborder 亚目 submucosa粘膜下层 subclone亚克隆 subcellular亚细胞 subpericardial心包下的suБайду номын сангаасpulmonary肺下的
super- supra- 上，高，超
superconductor超导体 superfluid 超流体 superoxide 超氧化物 supramolecular超分子的 hyper- 超过，过多 hypersensitive 过敏的 hypercortisolism皮质醇增多症 hypertension 高血压 hyperhepatia肝功能亢进 hypo- 下，低，次 hypoglyc(a)emia 低血糖 hypotension低血压
cephal(o)-,capit-,crani(o)- 头,头颅,颅,颅骨 cephamycin头霉素 cephalemia脑充血,头充血 cephalosporin头孢菌素 craniostenosis颅狭小；狭颅症 -cyte 细胞 myocyte肌细胞 endotheliocyte内皮细胞 haemocyte血细胞 osteocyte骨细胞
药品生产质量管理规范 有人翻译成“优良的药品生产实践”
search the web more efficiently?
查生词三部曲
查词典 用词霸 GOOGLE 搜索
小结
1 使用双语词典 2 充分利用网络资源 掌握网络搜索技巧
翻译软件介绍
国产：雅信( 2.5版 ; 3.5版 ) 国外：Trados，Deja vu
centrosome 中心体 centrogene着丝基因
ep- epi- 上，表，旁 peri- 周围,周
eparterial动脉上的 epicyte 上皮细胞
epidermal growth factor(EGF): 表皮生长因子
epicardial 心外膜的; 贲门上部 pericardial 心包的
chloro- chlor- 绿，氯
chlorophyll叶绿素 chloride氯化物
chloramphenicol氯霉素
cyan- cyano- 蓝，青紫色，氰 cyanophyceae 蓝藻纲 cyanobacteria蓝细菌 cyanide氰化物
aur- chrys- 金色
aureomycin金霉素 chrysose 金藻淀粉
xantho- flavo- fla- flavi- lute- 黄
xanthophyl叶黄素 xanthous黄色的，黄色人种
xanthine黄嘌呤 flavin黄素 flavonoid黄酮类化合物
flavone黄酮 lutein黄体素，叶黄素
erythro- rub- 红 erythrocyte红细胞 erythromycin红霉素 erythropoietin(EPO)促红细胞生成素 rubescent变红的,发红的rubeosis发红,潮红 rubidomycin柔红霉素
如以micro-（(希)小，细，微）为词头的词条在 Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms (Daniel N. Lapedas 主编) 中有304 个,以hydr-( hydro-) （(希)水；积液；氢） 为 词头的词条有292 个。 以下列举部分药学英语中常见前缀和后缀：
micr(o)- 微，微小，微量，百万分之一
microgram 微克 (gamma) microgamma 微微克,皮克 microorganism微生物 microanatomy 显微解剖学 microbody 微体 microvascular 微脉管的 microvillus 微绒毛 microenvironment 微环境 microscope 显微镜 microhistology 显微组织学 microanalysis 微量分析 micropipet 微量移液器
kilo-千 ； milli-千分之一，毫
kilodalton (KD)千道尔顿 kilobase 千碱基 kilogram千克
kiloelectron volt 千电子伏特 kilometer 千米
millimole 毫摩（尔）milliliter 毫升
mega-巨大，兆，百万 megabase(Mb) 兆碱基
mesocardia中位心mesocephalon中脑 intra- intro- 在内,向内 inter-间,中间 intra-allelic interaction 等位基因内相互作用 intracellular细胞内的 intrahepatic肝内的 intercerebral大脑半求间的 centri- centro- medi- mid- 中心，中央，中间 centrifuge离心 centriole 中心粒
操作规程；
（4）科技会议、会谈及交谈用语； （5）科技影片或录象等有声资料的解说词等。
特点：
严谨周密，概念准确，逻辑性强，行文简练，
重点突出，句式严整，常用前置性陈述句
清晰、准确、精练、严密
(二)专业英语的词汇特点
1. 医药科技英语词汇主要来自于英语、希腊语、拉
丁语等。
（1）通用英语词汇在医药学英语中的意义转变, 如 tender本意为柔嫩的,在医药学英语中常译为“压痛” plastic本意为可塑的、塑料,在医学英语中常译为 “整形的”,而labour由原来的劳动变意为“分娩”。
ectoblast外胚层 ectoparasite 外寄生生物
exocrine外分泌exocytosis胞吐作用exosmosis外渗
extract 抽取，浸出extrasystole期外收缩
extratubal管外的
meso- 中，中间
mesosphere 中圈，中层 mesoblast 中胚层
megal(o)- 大的,巨大的,增大的
megalocardia 巨 心 megaloblast 巨 幼 红 细 megalogastria 巨 胃 megalokaryocyte巨核细胞megalohepatia巨肝
megalosplenia巨脾 megalocoly巨结肠
micr(o)- 微，微小，微量，百万分之一 macro- 大，巨大，多 macrophage巨噬细胞 macromolecular大分子 nano-十亿分之一，毫微，纳
chrysanthemum菊花 chrysotherapy金疗法
Leu- leuco- leuk- leuko- alb- 无色，白色 leucine亮氨酸leukin白细胞素leucon白细胞系 leukocyte白细胞leukoblast成白细胞,幼稚白细胞 leukocytometer白细胞计数器 leukaemia=leucosis白血病 albumin白蛋白 albomycin白霉素
hydr(o)-
水;积液;氢
腹腔积液
hydroabdomen
hydrocardia
hydrocephalus hydroderma hydronephrosis hydropic hydrotherapy hydrolase hydroxyl
心包积液
脑积液 皮肤水肿 肾(盂)积液 水肿的 水疗法 水解酶 羟基
hypophysis 脑垂体,下垂体
iso- 等，相同，同
iso-osmotic 等渗的
isotope 同位素
oligo- olig- 少，低，寡，狭
oligogene寡基因
oligomer低聚物,低聚体,寡聚物
oligophagous寡食性 oligarchy寡头政治
eury 多，宽，广
eurythermal 广温的 eurytopic 广适性的
deca-,deka- 十 ； deci-十分之一，分