电子商务在中国：传统与挑战【外文翻译】
电子商务对传统商业的挑战
电子商务对传统商业的挑战: With the rapid development of modern networking technology, a revolution triggered by the E-commerce will strongly impact the traditional commercial concept and the pattern. It has also brought an increasing number of business opportunities. E-commerce to the traditional commercial marketing idea, management pattern, pricing systems, ways of doing business, logistics and distribution, policies and regulations and so on each aspect all brings the huge influence, the traditional trade faces with a full-face challenge.21 世纪是信息化的时代，第三产业在各国的比重不断上升，特别是服务业，信息服务业已成为21 世纪的主导产业，这导致了电子商务的产生和发展。
在全球信息化的影响下，各国的电子商务不断地改进和完善，电子商务将成为21 世纪人类信息世界的核心，也是网络应用的发展方向，具有无法预测的增长前景。
虽然目前还不能预测电子商务交易模式何时能成为主流模式，但电子商务的市场发展潜力是无穷的。
一方面，潜在消费者的发展速度惊人，到2005 年底，全球因特网用户已达11亿之多。
据中国互联网信息中心（CNNIC 2006年1月17日在京发布“第17 次中国互联网络发展状况统计报告”显示，中国上网用户总数为1.11 亿人，他们中的一部分已是电子商务的消费者，而更多的则是这个快速发展市场的潜在消费者。
电子商务在中国翻译行业中的应用和前景
电子商务在中国翻译行业中的应用和前景硕士学位论文THESIS OF MASTER DEGREE论文题目:电子商务在中国翻译行业中的应用和前景(英文) :The Application of E-commerce in Translation Field作者:侯幸子指导教师:成栋教授2007 年 10 月 30 日论文题目:(中文)电子商务在中国翻译行业中的应用和前景(外文)The Application of E-commerce in TranslationField所在院、系、所 :商学院专业、名、称 : 企业管理指导教师姓名、职称 :成栋教授论文主题词: 电子商务;翻译行业;应用;前景学习期限 : 2005 年 3 月至 2008 年 1 月论文提交时间 : 2007 年 10 月独创性声明本人郑重声明:所呈交的论文是我个人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。
尽我所知 ,除了文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外,论文中不包含其他人已经发表或撰写的研究成果, 也不包含为获得中国人民大学或其他教育机构的学位或证书所使用过的材料。
与我一同工作的同志对本研究所做的任何贡献均已在论文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。
签名: 侯幸子日期: 2007.9.28关于论文使用授权的说明本人完全了解中国人民大学有关保留、使用学位论文的规定,即:学校有权保留送交论文的复印件 ,允许论文被查阅和借阅; 学校可以公布论文的全部或部分内容, 可以采用影印、缩印或其他复制手段保存论文。
签名:侯幸子导师签名:成栋日期: 2007.10.30摘要随着中国改革开放政策的推进、中国引进国外先进技术和设备高峰的到来、众多外企纷纷登陆中国市场、以及大量国内企业跃跃欲试地跨出国门, 近 10 年来翻译行业迎来了其快速发展时期,迅速成长为一个新兴行业,其产值每年成倍上升。
但是, 在现在这个信息技术高速发展的时代, 传统的翻译业务流程面临着一系列的挑战,包括:翻译项目的整体质量和进度难以保证;翻译过程中的沟通成本很高,且效果不尽如人意;客户期望的质量标准难以用文字表达清楚, 大型项目的翻译质量很难实现完全统一;在翻译过程中,译者之间缺乏沟通,昀后的审校压力非常大;客户对时间的要求越来越高, 需要翻译公司迅速作出反应, 报价、确认、翻译、交稿的周期都非常短, 对翻译公司的内部管理和协作提出了越来越高的要求;客户对价格越来越敏感, 因为大量翻译公司和个体翻译的涌现, 竞争越发激烈,而客户对于怎样选择翻译服务又缺乏有效的标准和参考依据,所以价格竞争日益白热化;营销成本高昂。
电子商务 外文翻译
B2B e-marketplace:an e-marketing framework for B2B commercePurpose– The purpose of this paper is to provide a clear understanding of the performance of business-to-business (B2B) e-marketplace in conducting e-marketing in the global business environment. The proposed framework is intended to be used as a guide for B2B firms especially small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) who wish to adopt a proactive approach in the use of information and communication technology for business efficiency and competitive advantage, and those who wish to explore the internet technologies for marketing activities.Design/methodology/approach– Literature from the B2B e-marketplaces and operations of e-marketing fields were analysed,and the findings were synthesised to develop a preliminary conceptual model of e-marketing.The conceptual model was tested empirically through an online survey from various industries in China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Findings– With significant online and offline publications from both academia and industry, there is a growing awareness of the contribution of the e-marketing in the global environment.This new marketing paradigm is reported to reshape the business relationships between both consumer marketers and consumers, improving business processes and enhancing the business exposure in the new markets.Research limitations/implications– The major limitation of this paper is associated with the sample selection. Although the literature findings were international,the empirical study was restricted to China,Malaysia,and Singapore.Therefore,the generalizability of the results may not be applicable for other countries.Furthermore, the majority of the respondents participated were SMEs. Hence, the applicability of findings to large-scale organisations may be limited.Practical implications– The framework allows B2B firms to capitalise and understand the e-marketing opportunities provided by B2B e-marketplace.The framework also offers guidance to marketing managers a most appropriate approach to adopt B2B e-marketplace to perform their e-marketing activities.Originality/value–Based on the need for a framework for e-marketing,this study is significance to:SMEs, marketers,information technology practitioners,and all other stakeholders that adopted the internet and other electronic means for marketing purposes.BackgroundThe development of the internet and the world wide web (www) in the 1990s as a tool for the global sharing of information has opened up new opportunities in marketing practices. “The rapid growth of internet users has made the internet an increasingly important and attractive platform for business transactions”According to the Internet World Stats (2007), by March 2008, the internet user population reached 1.40 billions world wide, an increase of 290 percent in the period from 2000 to 2008 (Figure 1). Many academics and practitioners have emphasized that the internet is a major platform for e-marketing to deal with marketing mixes, which include global accessibility (Laudon, 2002), convenience in updating (Sandeep and Singh, 2005), real-time information services (Harridge-March, 2004), interactive communications features (Chaffey, 2004), and unique customisation and personalised capabilities (Teo and Tan, 2002). Additionally,e-marketing also refers to the use of electronic methods or media to build upon and maintain customer relationship through electronic platforms (e.g. business-to-business (B2B) e-marketplaces) that facilitates the exchange of ideas, products, and services to satisfy both buyers and sellers.Strauss and Frost (2001)support the above statement and suggested that,sales,public relations,direct marketing,and advertising are marketing communication that comprises the crucial components of e-marketing strategy.B2B e-marketplace, as one of the major trading platforms brought by the internet technology has made a significant contribution to the e-marketers.The larger organisations are taking advantages from the vast array ofsuppliers/buyers via the B2B e-marketplace (Stockdale and Standing,2004).However,small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) are also eager to compete in the electronic environment remain concerns as how theirbusinesses can gain benefits from B2B e-marketplace.With significant online and offline publications from both academia and industry there is a growing awareness of the contribution of the e-marketing in the global environment. Nonetheless, there is limitation on how to explore the opportunities for SMEs in benefiting from the emergent e-marketing practices, derive from the B2B e-marketplace.Review of e-marketing performances in B2B e-marketplaceThe internet is the foundation for B2B commerce that provides the technology and platform to enable this business relationships work effectively.B2B transactions over public and private sectors uses the internet as a delivery vehicle for transactions including;financial transfer,on-line exchanges,auctions,delivery of products, and services (O’Reily and Finnegan, 2007). Many pra ctitioners are predicting B2B commerce is expected to have a massive growth and majority of the organisations will have to give consideration to involve with B2B commerce. Referring to Figure 5, B2B consists of three main elements and the e-marketplace performs the main tasks such as sourcing, automated purchasing, processing to facilitate the sellers and buyers to do business transactions.Laudon and Laudon (2000)stated that B2B e-marketplace refers to the exchange of information,products, services,and payment via the internet between buyers and sellers.B2B e-marketplaces are typically defined as inter-organisational IS through which multiple buyers and sellers interact electronically to identify potential trading partners, select them and execute transactions (Rohmtal.2004). Argued that, B2B e-marketplace is able to remove some of the inefficiency of traditional business functionality and allows partners to streamline their marketing activities by sharing information instantaneously.In recent years,B2B e-marketplace have improved/enhanced the extent of e-marketing activities;providing to all marketers especially to SMEs. Recent studies (Narayanasamy ET al.2008; Pavaloia, 2009) are indicative of the fact that SMEs have started to respond positively to the changes brought about by the internet technologies.While the main concerns of SMEs are related to the generic SMEs characteristics of limited time/resources and expertise,B2B e-marketplace provide a favorable environment for SMEs to;lower operating and marketing cost, better opportunity to promote their products/services,and enrich their overall marketing communications mix. Overall,the benefits of B2B e-marketplace as reported by many academics and practitioners include:reducing search costs by facilitating comparison of price, products, and services(Kandampully, 2003; Bakos, 1998; Kaplan and Sawhney, 2000);.improving production and supply capability (Barua et al. , 1997; Albrecht et al. ,2005);.improving personalization and customization of product offerings (Bakos, 1998);.enhancing customers relationships (Kierzkowski et al. 1996);.reducing marketing costs compare to traditional marketing media (Sculley andWoods, 2001);.reducing numbers of marketing staff (Gloor, 2000).However,the current literatures do not fully explore the issues relating to the performances of B2B e-marketplace from an e-marketing perspective. In addition, much of the research is focused on particular research areas of interest often ignoring the links to others dimensions in particular e-marketing services.Hence,there are concerns that the despite the efforts to promote adoption of B2B e-marketplace from an e-marketing perspective, SMEs are not fully aware of the opportunities and benefits (Stockdale and Standing, 2004). The literature provides insights into the current level of internet-enabler marketing technologies from B2B e-marketplace to the marketers. The online and offline publications from both academics and practitioners indicated that,e-marketing via B2B e-marketplace is a modern marketing practice for buying and selling goods/services,exchange information/ideas via the internet associated with communication and promotional purposes.The frameworks suggested by various authors including Chaffey (2004), Gloor (2000),Kierzkowski et al.(1996) makes a significant contribution to knowledge in the areas of e-marketing that has the potential to create competitive advantage and enhance customer value. However, it appears that there is limited exploitation of such frameworks by industry professional. In order to develop a better understanding of the topic under study,this paper will adapt a multidisciplinary approach by integrating;traditional SMEs marketing,e-marketing,IS/IT,and B2B e-marketplace to develop an e-marketing framework that will offer a greater value for SMEs.B2B 电子商务市场：电子营销的 B2B 电子商务框架背景自上世纪 90 年代互联网作为一种全球共享信息的工具，互联网开辟了一种新的营销模式。
电子商务文献翻译——电子商务面临的挑战
外文文献原文The Strategic Challenges of Electronic CommerceIntroduction11th Century Europe saw the emergence of credit-based banking systems and fi nancial instruments such as bills of exchange. These concepts remain with us, in their modified form, to this day (Chown, 1994). They underpin all modern forms of comm erce. The arrival of information technology (computers and telecommunications) has raised the prospect of radical change to this traditional model.The rise of the Internet (electronic commerce), since the advent of the World Wi de Web, has provided an easy to use communication channel for businesses to conta ct current and potential customers. The emergence of the Internet as a general communication channel has also given rise to the possibility of widespread elect ronic commerce. Even though there is still much debate relating to electronic payme nt for commercial activities, this is clearly an area of growth.It is difficult to say how large the Internet is. Hoffman & Novak (1996) quote a n umber of surveys (O'Reilly, FIND/SVP, Times Mirror and CommerceNet) which sugges t that there are at least 10 million Internet users in the United States alone. The num ber of computers (hosts) connected to the Internet topped 9.47 million (Network Wiz ards, 1996) as of January 1996. Note that a single host supports anywhere from a sin gle user to, in some cases, thousands of users.As of March 21, 1996, 24,347 firms were listed in Open Market's (1996) director y of "Commercial Services on the Net," and there were 54,800 entries in the "Compa nies" directory of the Yahoo Guide to WWW (Yahoo, 1996), with the total number of Web sites doubling approximately every two months. Jim Clarke, the chairman of Net scape, estimated the Internet has 40 million users in 1995 with growth at 8% per mo nth (Clarke, 1995).The Internet is only one aspect of technology. Businesses require information an d supporting systems (processes) to handle the data - over time these systems have become computerised (IT). Modern information technology can both support the proc esses and help capture useful information for the enterprise. These technologies incl ude:1. Organizational support systems, such as workflow and groupware - making bu sinesses more efficient.2. Customer contact databases - helping capture information about customers a nd facilitate new methods of marketing.3. Electronic payment systems for goods and services - these are emerging, alth ough the majority of payments are still based on relatively expensive traditional cheq ue clearance.Collectively and individually, these areas will contribute to major changes in the way a company conducts its business. Enix have coined the term Workware to descri be the combination of these technologies.Figure 1 - The emergence of Electronic Commerce will be underpinned by three key componentsHowever, there is still widespread misunderstanding on the value of organisatio nal support technology. A recent survey of 437 large enterprises by research compan y Xephon (1996) indicated that an astonishing proportion (44%) had no immediate in tention of introducing modern information handling systems (Groupware was define d by Xephon as Lotus Notes, Microsoft Exchange and Novell GroupWise). Of these, 6 5% said they were unsure what these technologies could deliver. From these statistic s, it is clear many organisations are still sceptical about the benefits of technology.The efficient collection, utilisation, handling, storage and dissemination of information is a vital component of corporate success in the modern business world. How ever, the gathering and use of information must take into account issues of privacy a nd security. A recent feature in the Financial Times (1996) noted that " … in order to t hrive in the 1990s, financial services organisations are as much in the business of ma naging and manipulating information as managing and making money." Furthermore, the interest shown in topics such as TQM and BPR has demonstrated the importance of processes as a fundamental building block.Inevitably a few savvy organizations in each sector will utilise all three compone nts to change their market or develop new markets. Those who do not adapt quickly to the new ways of working are likely to be disadvantaged as their strategies become redundant. All businesses should investigate the implications of these technologies fo r them and the markets within which they operate. MarketingChampy, Buday and Nohria (1996) argue that the rise of electronic commerce an d the changing consumer processes brought about through electronic communities a re likely to lead to a new wave of reengineering, mergers and acquisitions. Moreover, organizations may expand into new business areas, taking on roles unforeseen prior to the rise of the Web. For example: a magazine publisher, Cond Naste, has moved in to the travel business; Bill Gates is now an electronic real estate agent; and a recruit ment advertising agency, Bernard Hodes, has now become an electronic recruitment company.The emergence of electronic commerce will significantly impact what we curren tly call ‘marketing’. Clearly, the appearance of electronic communities (Armstrong and Hagel, 1996) implies that marketing professionals must expand their horizons as the advent of this technology will threaten existing channels of business. Those involve d in marketing need to understand the full range of products and services required b y the electronic community. They must learn to take advantage of the technology tha t allows customers to move seamlessly from information gathering to completion of a transaction, interacting with the various providers of products and services as nece ssary. A number of interesting questions are implied:1. What kind of information is available for collection? Is it appropriate to gatherthis information and for what should it be used?2. Are information systems equipped to capture customer information and trans actions, making it available for later analysis?3. When dealing with electronic communities, do marketing professionalscomprehend the differences? One needs to engage the customer as part of the t ransaction rather than blindly mailing targets.This idea of community has been at the heart of the Internet since its origins as a defence and academic computer network although most communities are still not particularly oriented toward commerce. However, the World Wide Web has changed and broadened the nature of the Internet and the way in which commercial transacti ons are conducted. The CEO of Kodak is alleged to have remarked that he c ouldn’t tel l if the Kodak Website was a money maker. But he knew it was important because it was the most personal way of selling since door to door salesmen, only now the cust omers were knocking on Kodak’s door.Armstrong and Hagel propose four types of non-exclusive electronic communiti es, those: interested in transactions; sharing common interests; indulging in fantasy g ames; and with a shared life experience. The business opportunity is for those who s upport and interact with these communities, building customer loyalty on an ongoing basis. By satisfying the requirements of relational marketing and transactions, comp anies may gain important insights into their customers’ nature and needs. For exampl e, a baby products company could entice customers to order items from an associate d on-line catalogue by providing bulletin boards for new parents.The desire to establish long-term customer relationships with increasingly sophi sticated demands has led companies to seek new ways of acquiring, managing and ut ilising customer information (Peters and Fletcher, 1995).Furthermore, advances in information technology have fundamentally altered t he channels through which companies and customers maintain their relationships. T he capacity to obtain and apply customer information within processes has become a key strategic issue. This often places the company in the position of requiring sensiti ve personal information from customers.Gummesson (1987, 1994, 1995) views marketing as a set of relationships, netwo rks and interactions and lists 30Rs (relationships) in contrast to McCarthy’s (1981) 4Ps (Product, Price, Place & Promotion). Gummesson highlights the fact that the electro nic relationship is not discussed in the marketing literature even though it is practise d widely by many businesses. He links relationship marketing to the imaginary (simila r to a virtual or network) organisation. He argues that by increasingly applying IT, mor e relationships are established. They create a new type of bond to customers and bet ween employees.The electronic relationship extends beyond the bounds of the organisation into t he market as seen in the example of airline, hotel and car rental reservation systems. The communities established have a re-enforcing effect. These insights force us to re-examine traditional theories of economics, systems, organisations, marketing, compe tition and transaction cost analysis. As the boundaries between firms and markets dis solve, a characteristic of relationship marketing and network organisations, a new im age of interaction and business is needed.The importance of information exchange in relationship marketing (particularly using an electronic channel) requires a clear understanding and recognition of the po tential problems. Privacy is also an issue - what is private changes from one person to another as well as between different cultures. Those who use the Internet are likely t o be better educated and less willing to give information, unless they trust the recipie nt. Companies need to realise that the only reason they hold information on a custo mer is because they have a relationship with that customer - something which is not transferable. Those using electronic channels to reach customers are likely to target b etter educated and more affluent customers. They need, therefore, to ensure that th eir customer information systems are appropriate.An understanding of the trust building process is also required. Firms need to m ake a feature of their trustworthiness (a unique selling point!). Trust is best develope d through processes. Processes tend to be customer facing - within each customer int eraction trust is built-up or eroded. Companies must be absolutely clear about the va lue and intended use of information. Collecting information because it is technically possible (and one day might be useful) is likely to weaken trust development.Hoffman and Novak (1996) assert that the Web heralds an evolution in marketin g concepts. In order for marketing efforts to succeed in this new medium, a new busi ness paradigm is required in which the marketing function is reconstructed to facilitat e electronic commerce in the emerging electronic society underlying the Web.The "many or any" communication model of the Web (in fact many instances of many-to-one) turns traditional principles of mass media advertising inside out (a one -to-many model) (Hoffman and Novak, 1994). The application of advertising approac hes which assume a passive, captive consumer are redundant on the Web.Surprisingly, as it is currently evolving, there is little activity aimed at including t he consumer in the development of emerging media (Dennis & Pease, 1994). In orde r to adopt a market orientation, firms must understand their customers and engage i n consumer research. Potential customers are most effectively engaged through new conversational marketing approaches.Anecdotal evidence suggests there are two types of customers - ‘convenience sh oppers’ and ‘explorers’ (those street-smart consumers who are happy to surf the We b looking for the best deal or most appropriate product combination). Furthermore, t he sheer size of the Web (trillions of documents and growing exponentially) means fi nding relevant information is becoming more and more difficult - despite the best eff orts of search engines such as Yahoo. Our research suggests that the large proportion of Web users would rather rely on an intermediary (community operator) to sift and select information on their behalf. Web sites not endorsed will require knowledge of the address (URL) and are unlikely to be accessed when similar information, products or services are readily available inside the community.Contributing to the rise of intermediaries are associated issues of privacy, trust a nd security (Schell, 1996). Whilst there is much discussion on the issues of Internet pr ivacy and security, in the context of normal business activities, many millions of peop le trust others with their personal financial information. Examples include ordering o ver the telephone, passing a credit card to an unknown waiter, even signing direct de bit mandates. If an error occurs in these types of transactions we trust the service provider to correct the error. So why is it that we expect the Internet to support a level of trust and security which we do not observe in everyday life?There is no reason why similar trust relationships cannot be established in electr onically mediated discussions. If anything, it becomes easier for an individual (or gro up of individuals) to seek retribution on those that break the rules within an electroni c community. Evidence of this can be found in the tendency to attack those that try t o advertise on academic discussion groups (mail bombs) and community policing aga inst pornographers in the Netherlands.Marketeers must reconstruct their advertising models for the interactive, consu mer controlled medium. The traditional customer loyalty ladder (Suspect, Prospect, C ustomer, Client, Partner, Advocate) is still applicable, but now operates in a different f ashion. The first three stages are often instantaneous in electronic commerce. The tr ansition from customer to advocate relies on loyalty earned through trust. The instan taneous nature of the Internet makes this more difficult.Communicating Across The Value ChainIt should be recognized that processes are not confined within one organization - they cross the value chain as demonstrated by the following example. Steinfield, et al (1995) describe a large, multinational, electrical appliance and consumer electroni cs manufacturer that used France Telecom’s Telnet system to support EDI-like connec tions to approximately 10,000 separate retailers and independent service engineers t hroughout France (accessed through Minitel terminals). The ubiquitous Telnet servic e and the commercial applications which emerged to exploit it, provide insights into t he development of commerce on a world-wide Internet.The after-sales service subsidiary of this manufacturer provided replacement pa rts and training to its widely dispersed customer base. The Telnet system permitted e lectronic transactions, even with the smallest trading partners. Through the use of on -line ordering, coupled with courier service for rapid delivery, the firm was able to eli minate regional parts warehouses and reduce the average repair time from two wee ks to two days. In the past, service engineers waited until they had a sufficient need f or parts before driving to a regional warehouse. Once the system was implemented, they used the Telnet based "just-in-time" stocking practice for replacement parts.Moving to a centralised warehouse reduced the need for replicated inventories and extra personnel around the country, creating substantial savings. Moreover, servi ce engineers were further bound-in following the introduction of a revenue producin g, expert system-based, training application. Technicians connected to the expert syst em which asked a series of questions designed to diagnose the fault and indicate the repairs needed.This "just-in-time" training service meant that technicians no longer required ex pensive and lengthy in-person training - a difficult task given the short life cycle of ne w electronics products. Service engineers were charged a fee for connecting to the se rvice, but it clearly helped them to provide a faster service to the end customer whils t also further enforcing their dependence on the supplying firm. The expert system al so accumulated data on repair problems and provided valuable feedback to the desig n and manufacturing divisions of the company. A primary motivation for this service was to dissuade service engineers from obtaining parts and services from other suppl iers. The ubiquity of Minitel merely created the environment within which the suppli er could manage relationships with a very large set of buyers, without opening their s ervice to other suppliers.翻译电子商务战略挑战介绍11世纪欧洲出现了信贷和银行系统等金融工具，如外汇支出。
英语美文赏析：来自电商的挑战 The Challenge From E-commerce
英语美文赏析：来自电商的挑战 The Challenge From E-commerceAs the Internet continues to gain in popularity, more and more businesses are turning to e-commerce as a way to reach new customers. This has created a unique challenge for traditional businesses, as they must now compete with the convenience and low prices of online retailers.In order to remain competitive, traditional businesses must take advantage of the tools available to them. They must utilize their existing customer base, as well as look for new ways to attract customers. This can include offering discounts and promotions, providing excellent customer service, and utilizing social media to reach out to potential customers.At the same time, traditional businesses must also be aware of the advantages that e-commerce has over them. Online retailers are able to offer a wider selection of products, as well as lower prices due to their lack of overhead costs. Traditional businesses must find ways to compete with these advantages, such as offering unique products or services that cannot be found online. Ultimately, the challenge of e-commerce is one that traditional businesses must face head on. By taking advantage of the tools available to them, traditional businesses can remain competitive and continue to thrive in the digital age.。
电子商务对我国外贸企业带来的商机与挑战英文文献
Our country foreign trade enterprise how to deal with the opportunities and challenges of e-commerceAbstract: with the constant expansion of the Internet, electronic commerce activity rise and rapid development in the countries all over the world, and to our country international trade field far-reaching. After joining the WTO, China's international trade under the tide of e-commerce faces great opportunities and challenges. The advantages of high speed information, our country foreign trade enterprise facing the huge opportunity, inevitable is faced with great challenge. In an enterprise as a network economy era to adapt to the network virtual enterprise management new mode of market development, will break through the traditional business model, under the condition of foreign trade enterprises will certainly to make adjustments to adapt to this pattern, in order to achieve the ultimate goal of development.Keywords: foreign trade enterprise electronic commerce business strategies to respond to the challengeFirst, electronic commerce researchE-commerce as an important industry in modern service industry, "chaoyang industry, green industry", has the characteristics of the "three highs", "3". "Three highs" namely high human capital content, high technology content and high additional value; "Sanxin" refers to new technologies, new forms and new ways. Stream of people, logistics, cash flow, information flow and "four circulations" is the core of electronic commerce value chain. E-commerce industry has the marketglobalization, continuous trading, the cost is low, the advantage such as resource intensive.(a) the electronic commerce development situationThroughout the global e-commerce market, regional development is not balanced, the United States, the European Union, Asia's "three pillar" of the situation. Global B2B e-commerce trading has been dominated, since 2002, thesustained high-speed growth, global B2B trading to $8.3 trillionin 2007, is expected to maintain the growth rate of more than 40% in the next few years, to 2010 B2B transactions will reach $26 trillion, more than 30 times higher than in 2002.Always attach importance to the development of electronic commerce in our country, our country electronic commerce application is still in the primary level, pay most of the electronic commerce is a type of electronic commerce, Internet marketing, namely offline payment; Small is e-commerce payment type,that is, Internet marketing, online payment. Have to carry out the electronic commerce enterprise also is only a small number of large enterprise groups.. Because our country industry, imbalance of regional development, the southeast coast and the central and western regions have very big difference, at present, the traditional industry in some industries and southeast coastal cities has to develop e-commerce, some industries and thebroad masses of urban and rural areas has not yet to carry outthe electronic commerce in the Midwest. But it's very likely. National economy informationization foundation weak, the commercial automation level is low, the traditional business and electronic commerce of modern business will co-exist for a longtime; Traditional stores and online mall long period; Must adopt diversified, multi-level and multimodal development of electronic commerce strategy with Chinese characteristics.1, the function and advantage of e-commerce in international trade1.1 looking for trading partners, build your own website or with the aid of relevant countries trade e-commerce platform, to the world within the scope of the potential customers to provide information about products and services, and online directory, attract customers consultation regarding the related trade, on a global scale to find the ideal trading partner and more business opportunities.Trade negotiations. Under the electronic commerce mode, via the Internet for consultation and negotiation between the seller and the buyer can span the limitation of face-to-face negotiations, offers a variety of convenient and cheap way of long-distance communication, greatly save the transaction time and expenses.1.2 the advantages of e-commerce in international tradeTo reduce international trade transaction costs, the use of e-commerce in international trade can reduce inventory carrying costs, save the storage fee; Improve transaction efficiency of various relevant documents on the Internet can realize instant transfer, greatly save the document transmission time, its effect in improve transaction efficiency is very obvious; Improve the national competitiveness of enterprises, as the development direction of international trade, e-commerce will become the international trade will become mainstream.This advocate the use of e-commerce markets would reject without the use of e-commerce to international trade of traders, makes those who lag behind the foreign trade enterprises tolose a lot of trading opportunities, and those using e-commerce to international trade enterprises get more opportunities, improve the competitiveness of the enterprises.(2) the status quo of China's foreign trade enterprises to use e-commerceOur country as the world's most populous country, electronic commerce has caused many companies enough attention, and many companies have even e-commerce as an indispensable important part of enterprise management to management. For example, we are very familiar with taobao, dangdang, such as the network trading platform on the seller initially is for individuals or small shops. But after years of development and progress of network technology and network and regulations more and more enterprises to join the network trading platform, made outstanding contributions to the business development of our country. But in the overseas trade, most enterprises are preliminary involved in e-commerce. There are 4.5% of the export enterprises have been extensively developed, and the preliminary began to 31.2% of the enterprises, 28.7% of companies have embarked on, 12% of the enterprises have to consider, only 23.6% of the enterprise has not yet been considered.Using e-commerce mostly limited to 1, the our country foreign trade enterprise information delivery, collection, communication, and information recording and processing. Raw material supplyinformation such as collect, record orders, accounting unit time income and cost, etc. But for the order and the contract is signed, and payment, distribution and other activities mainly in offline, the scope of electronic commerce become very limited.1.1 the enterprise information infrastructure is weakTo drive industrialization by informationization in our country development of strategic objectives. At present our country enterprise widespread lack of core competitiveness. Problems such as outdated management ideas, management foundation is weak, is still widespread. These problems have restricted to improve the economic benefits of the enterprises and the improvement of market competition ability.1.2 to the implementation of B2B electronic commerce foreign trade enterprises do not have enough attentionEnterprise development electronic commerce activity directly, can drive the enterprise internal network construction, thus realizing the each link of production and operation of electronic commerce. Is also very easy to maintain direct and close contact with customers. Our country foreign trade enterprise, however, didn't pay enough attention to for B2B e-commerce. 2, due to our country foreign trade e-commerce environment is not yet mature, our country foreign trade enterprise electronic commerce development in terms of overall, still stay on for security, security certification, technical means such as law and standard specification is mature and reliable. Not real network trade at the present stage in China, and can only be "browse online, offline trade".2.1 China's e-commerce logistics couldn't keep up with the international trade developmentThe growth of the added value of the total social logistics and logistics constitutes a powerful logistics market demand.China's e-commerce logistics, however, failed to keep pace with the development of international trade, lead to the restriction of the logistics cost, thinking consciousness and the constraints of the rule of law, power to do international logistics, international logistics problems such as lack of professional talents.2.2 international payments in foreign trade activities is difficult to achieveOur country is in the development of market economy less developed countries, financial law remains to be perfect, credit card system remains to be development. Implementation in our country electronic commerce electronic payment of the subjective and objective conditions have not fully mature, need to build e-commerce payment systems have their own characteristics. Formulate corresponding laws to clear the legal relations between the parties of electronic payment, formulate relevant electronic payment system.Second, the electronic commerce brings to the our country foreign trade enterprise of business opportunities and challengesGlobal economy is entering the information economy era, the electronic commerce is the next 25 years economic development an important driving force in the world, and its effects can even 200 years ago the industrial revolution for thepromotion of economic development role. Just as President jiang zemin on the sixth APEC leaders' informal meeting pointed out: "the electronic commerce represents the developing direction of future trade way, its application promotion will bring more trade opportunities for members." Compared with the traditional business mode, e-commerce will have a major impact on human social life, also will certainly to our country traditional industry play a positive role in promoting the modify and improve:(a) the electronic commerce brings to the our country foreign trade enterprise of business opportunities1. The huge market gestates unlimited business opportunities The rapid development of the Internet has become after the traditional market is a huge market, this market break through the borders and territory, is forming a new continent on earth, that is: "the seventh continent" - virtual state. Enterprise or business can be on the "virtual state" building global business marketing network, and thus obtain a global, unlimited business space. The global Internet users has close to 400 million, and still growing. It is predicted that the next 10 years, a third of the global international trade will be completed in the form of network trade. For China's foreign trade enterprises, it will be a huge piece of cake. Huge market and infinite business opportunities, show the market reality and potential commercial profits.1.1 with the help of a new method for global competitive advantageInformation in the information age has become the most important strategic resources, e-commerce is the best means of access. Method of e-commerce, enterprises can build global business marketing system, the implementation of global management strategy, strengthen the cooperation between industry globally, and thus enhance the global competitiveness. Especially for small business or small business, to understand the world through e-commerce market demand, promote cooperation between companies all over the world, it certainly gave a stage of their foreign trade enterprises.1.2 the new business model, make the enterprise management efficiency and productivity hugelyE-commerce in a way of maximizing network customers, distributors, suppliers and employees together, make the supply and demand in the most appropriate time to get the most suitable market information, thus greatly promote the economic activity of supply and demand, reduce transaction costs and operating costs, improve enterprise economic efficiency and the ability to participate in world competition.1.3 e-commerce is becoming a new growth point of national economy and the core competitiveness in the futureElectronic commerce is the dominant technology of information technology, it will strongly promote the development of a group of information industry and the development of the information service industry, promote the adjustment of economic structure, so as to promote economic development. In 1996, the world bank estimates that global upgrade for information infrastructure investment of $300 billion, predictably, the futurewill be from all around the world to attract capital to construct information infrastructure and fierce competition. Based on the above, countries will develop electronic commerce in recent years, as for the plans of national competitiveness. Know this is going to the transformation of Chinese traditional enterprises and network company and industry development is of great significance.(2) although in the electronic commerce to our country foreign trade enterprise got the huge opportunity, but at the same time also faces great challenges:1, lack of awareness of e-commerceMost of the foreign trade enterprise although has been on the Internet, but it is mainly used for information query and import and export of parts and building enterprise website or in the professional network platform to build enterprise web is still few. For production, supply and sale, people, money, and other important resources electronically, network management a smaller proportion of business. Thus caused many enterprise site under the Internet's vast information, cannot reflect its product differentiation competition.1.1 the electronic commerce itself security problemsWith the development of e-commerce, Internet banking, online contract, electronic signature application more and more widely, such as the network has become an indispensable part of our life. In e-commerce bring convenient to our work life at the same time, there is also a safe hidden trouble. E-commerce must be conducted through the Internet, the Internet does not have the security of business need. A large number of economicinformation on the Internet, online transfer flow of funds, online trading authority authentication are required to do foolproof,both international and domestic e-commerce security is worrying.1.2 the legal system of electronic commerceWith the popularity of Interment, through the Interment theft software will become very easy, on software, music, movies and other intellectual property disputes are increasing; On the other hand, the establishment of related legal system is far behind the development of information industry.1.3 the information infrastructure construction problems of e-commerceElectronic commerce is based on the information network communication business activities, its characteristic is real-time, fast, the development of electronic commerce to some extentcan be said to depend on the size of the information infrastructure, therefore, need to build the necessaryinformation infrastructure. But in our country because of economic strength and technology, the network infrastructure is relatively slow and lag. Our country most enterprise informationization, electronic degree is extremely low, many enterprises even the computer is not to buy, a few enterprises is mainly used to even have a computer typing and calculation,and the production, supply and sale, people, goods, content and other important resources management mostly no electronically.1.4 the foreign trade enterprise electronic commerce lack of talentE-commerce is a new things, need to build e-commerce in the information consciousness, information technology based on knowledge level and the consumption idea of habit change, need to master e-commerce talents. Its development effects and level depends largely on the quality and ability of professional talents. The lack of interdisciplinary talents is to restrict international trade one of the key factors for enterprises to implement electronic commerce.Three, our country foreign trade enterprise in the face of the countermeasures of e-commerce(a) to speed up the construction of information infrastructure Application and development of international e-commerce in a country depend on complete information infrastructure as the foundation. At present, the global international e-commerce sales of 80, took place in the United States. The United States in the advantage position in the competition for its high investment, capital, technology and complete information infrastructure construction as the foundation. Impoverishment "" information is regarded as the bottleneck of economic development in the developing world in the 21st century, and in the information infrastructure in our country, is likely to lose our international electronic commerce brings to the economic development opportunities. Widens the gap with developed countries in the competition. In order to promote the development of international e-commerce in our country. At the same time to speed up the construction of information infrastructure, a more effective use of existing network resources. Must do, (1) break the industry division managementsystem, improve the efficiency of the resources, (2) reform the existing charging system, cut down the high rates.(2) strong key technology researchCurrent around the confidential technology, security management, CA authentication and the research of key technologies such as electronic payment, the parties should strengthen the contact, close cooperation and common development, to change the situation of domestic network "silos", the early realization of the domestic network interconnection, set up special national foreign trade information network, then planned and organized to achievewith the United Nations and other international trade information network connected to the Internet business information network, and strive to in a relatively short period of time to make our country power has an obvious increase of technological research.(3) promoting the public awareness of societyIn the process of the development of international e-commerce, government support, encourage and guide is essential, it is introduced the international e-commerce more successful countries Shared experience. Our country government information consciousness is relatively weak. Although the central government has founded in April 1998 to form the ministry of information industry, but local governments at all levels of the impact of the global informationization tide may know enough, lack of initiative in promoting the activities of the international e-commerce, measures are not effective, did not play a proper role. At present, the international electroniccommerce in our country is still in its infancy stage, must give full play to the government's guiding and promoting role.(4) push the enterprise informationEnterprise is an important subject, carry out international e-commerce enterprises to actively participate in is essential guarantee for the development of international e-commerce. But at present, our country enterprise is in the crucial stage of reform. In the enterprise management mechanism and leadership, employee ideas, haven't really realize the transition from planned economy to market economy. There's not a good benefit and the pursuit of the development of the inner motivation of doing basic, inevitably cause enterprise information consciousness, the lack of development of international e-commerce.(5) strengthen the study and draft laws and regulationsThe current international trade law is based on the traditional paper trade way, many rules do not apply to international e-commerce way, the development of international e-commerce will bring a lot of difficult to overcome obstacles. In order to guarantee the development of international e-commerce. Around the international e-commerce development and related network management, information security, financial settlement, the protection of intellectual property rights and other issues, should speed up the pace of current law changes, timely, introduce new trade regulations.(6) to actively participate in international cooperation and dialogueInternational e-commerce to break the boundaries of time and space, speed up the global economic integration. In the face of international e-commerce, such as tariffs and taxes, uniform commercial code, the protection of intellectual property rights and a series of new problems, and the countries to strengthen dialogue and cooperation. For international discussion activity, our government is involved, but not positive enough.(7) to participate in the international conventions and trade partner agreementThe opportunity and the challenge seems to is always coexist, international e-commerce for China's foreign trade, is not only an unprecedented opportunity. Is an unprecedented challenge. Our country is in economic reform period, the market system construction is still in progress. The reform of state-owned enterprises are at a crucial stage. Combined with the management system of international e-commerce itself. International legal issues of e-commerce, the security problem, and the personnel quality requirements for international electronic commerce, is the current enterprise engaged in international e-commerce, banking, information management department, the economic and trade management departments at all levels and the workers engaged in research on related theory and method must face and solve the problem seriously. Changeable international trade environment will not falter for who. In international e-commerce under the big push of flood. Both size enterprises, and the whole foreign trade policy, are under great pressure. At the beginning of the world, under the benign interaction of China should make hay while the sunshines. In international e-commerce, for incision, international trade as the backing, in the entire national economy onto a new stage. In the new world economic pattern.。
浅析电子商务对传统商业的挑战
浅析电子商务对传统商业的挑战摘要：随着现代网络技术的飞速发展，第三产业的比重不断上升，特别是服务业，信息服务业已成为21世纪的主导产业，这导致了电子商务的产生和发展。
在全球信息化的影响下，电子商务正以其迅速、广泛、深入的发展之势, 动摇和丰富着人们千百年来形成的传统商品交易方式,深刻地改变着人们的生活消费习惯和思想观念。
从而给传统商业带来了许多影响和挑战。
随着电子商务的发展，商业领域将呈现出一片新景象。
关键词：电子商务，传统商业，挑战Challenge of e-commerceon traditional businessAbstract: With the rapid development of modern network technology, the proportion of the third industry is rising, especially in the service industry .information service industry has become the leading industry in twenty-first Century, which led to the emergence and development of electronic commerce .The influence of global information, electronic commerce is its rapid, extensive and in-depth development trend, traditional commodities trading shake and enrich the people for thousands of years to form, profoundly changing the people's consumption habits and ideas. Along with the development of electronic commerce, businesses will be showing a new vision.Keywords: electronic commerce, the traditional commercial, challenge1两种商业模式简介1.1传统商业模式传统商业模式是指一个生产出的产品、和产品提供服务和产品销售，及每一个参与者和在其中起到的作用，为企业创造最终利润。
传统商业和电商的英文作文
传统商业和电商的英文作文英文：When it comes to traditional commerce and e-commerce, there are some significant differences and similarities between the two. Traditional commerce refers to the buying and selling of goods and services through physical stores or face-to-face interactions, while e-commerce involves the buying and selling of goods and services over the internet.One of the main differences between traditional commerce and e-commerce is the way in which transactions take place. In traditional commerce, customers physically visit a store to make a purchase, while in e-commerce, customers can make purchases from the comfort of their own homes using a computer or mobile device. This convenienceis a major advantage of e-commerce, as it allows customers to shop at any time and from anywhere.Another difference is the level of personal interactioninvolved. In traditional commerce, customers have the opportunity to interact with salespeople and see and touch the products before making a purchase. In e-commerce, the interaction is more limited, and customers rely on product descriptions, images, and reviews to make informed decisions. This lack of personal interaction can sometimes make it difficult for customers to trust the quality of the products they are purchasing.Despite these differences, there are also some similarities between traditional commerce and e-commerce. Both involve the buying and selling of goods and services, and both require businesses to understand and meet the needs and preferences of their customers. Additionally, both types of commerce require businesses to have effective marketing and customer service strategies in place in order to attract and retain customers.In my own experience, I have found that traditional commerce can offer a more personal and immersive shopping experience. For example, when I visit a physical store, I can interact with the sales staff, ask questions, and get afeel for the products I am interested in. This personal interaction can make the shopping process more enjoyable and help me make more informed purchasing decisions.On the other hand, e-commerce offers a level of convenience that is hard to beat. I can shop for products online at any time of day, compare prices and options easily, and have the items delivered right to my door. This convenience is especially valuable when I have a busy schedule and limited time to visit physical stores.中文：说到传统商业和电子商务，这两者之间有一些显著的不同和相似之处。
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外文翻译原文E-commence in China: culture and challenge Material Source: Author:Jeffrey HsuThe growth of e-commerce has been a global phenomenon, and the influence of business and commerce being conducted over the Internet has been dramatic and wide-reaching. The ability to conduct business, from consumer purchases to large scale B2B transactions, globally using the Internet has been far-reaching and significant (Turban et al. 2006).Certainly, China, being a major player in terms the global economy, having a large population and many Internet users, may be assumed to have a well-developed state of e-commerce. However, in reality, the development of e-commerce in China has been different from, and in many ways, has lagged behind, that of the United States, Europe, and Asian countries such as Japan (Wong, Yen, and Fang 2004).What is the state of e-commerce in China? Based on previous research and studies co nducted, China’s e-commerce is in many respects a varied and complex situation which in some ways parallels development in the West and other parts of Asia, but in other aspects is different and unique in terms of its dynamics and usage. Since e-commerce, even if focused solely on China, is such a large subject, the focus in this chapter will be mainly on B2C (business to consumer) e-commerce. There are studies which have addressed the development of B2B e-commerce in China, but that is an entire topic in itself (Hu, Wu, and Wang 2004; Andersen et al. 2004).There are a number of issues which have impacted upon the acceptance, and usage, of e-commerce in China. They relate to the state of government, business practices and customs, language, culture, and a number of other variables. Business issues such as trust, logistics, payment systems, guanxi, and unique aspects of Chinese culture and society all make e-commerce in China a unique set of challenges and opportunities.Particular attention is given to issues relating to the cultural aspects of Chineseculture and society which can impact not only the usage of e-commerce in general, but also, more specifically, the design and content of web sites which are directed towards Chinese audiences. Some of these issues include the basic differences between Chinese and American/Western cultures, family and collective orientations, religion and faith, color, symbolism, ordering and risk/uncertainty. This chapter will focus on these issues and discuss the present, and projected future state of e-commerce in China.Based on all indications, there appears to be a bright future for e-commerce in China; however at the present time there still exist a number of issues and considerations which are hindering further growth, deployment, and expansion.While China claims the second highest number of Internet users in the world behind the United States, those who use the Internet make up only a small portion (10% or less) of the total Chinese population. Generally, the younger, higher income, and better educated persons, and those who reside in the major cities and coastal areas, make up the bulk of Internet users. However, there has been some progress made in terms of improving the telecommunications and communications capabilities in general, and a realization of the need to give more attention to enhancing technology in the more remote regions of China.Many of the trends which are present in the U.S. and Europe are being seen in China, including interests in further development of B2B (business to business) e-commerce, the increased interest and availability of online auction sites (Lin and Li 2005), e-tailing, and the use of newer technologies such as RFID (Davison, V ogel, and Harris 2005) and web technologies (Xu, Jiang and Ma 2005). However, the major use for the Internet by most Chinese is not so much to make purchases, but rather communications through e-mail, finding out about news and happenings, for educational purposes, and for doing research into products and services.Despite the ability for many Chinese to read and speak English, the preference is for sites which are produced in Mandarin Chinese. These sites may include China-focused portals of global brands (Yahoo!, Google), sites which are focused on China, and also locally developed and hosted sites.Improvements in infrastructure can help bring about greater availability of the Internet to a greater portion of the population in China. There have been additions and improvements made to the Internet infrastructure, to the creation of fiber-optic lines, and also a $151 billion commitment towards the creation of a national infrastructure for telecommunications. This development is a result of the NinthNational People’s Congress, which wanted to make China a viable player in tele-communications by the year 2010. One of the broad goals, overall, is to make China the IT center of the world (Quan, Hu, and Wang 2005). The advancements proposed would help to expand coverage, allow for more readily available Internet access, wireless capabilities, and bring service to previously more remote, inaccessible areas.The availability of cell phones, even by those who do not have or use a computer, can also contribute to the demand for e-commerce. A large portion of the over 300 million cell phones being used in China have the ability to access the Web, so there is a greater market in terms of potential users, when m-commerce is considered (Martinsons 2004). In fact, while some claim that China does not at this time have true e-commerce as it exists in the United States, there seems to be a strong possibility for growth in m-commerce given that cell phones have achieved greater coverage than computers in many parts of China, and the total population, overall.Payment issues are another crucial consideration, since the low incidence and use of credit cards in China severely limit the facilitation of payments for purchases made online. Instead, less convenient means such as payment on delivery, payment at the post office, and billing through cell phones (for m-commerce transactions) are currently in use. Underlying this is the lack of an infrastructure to support a high volume of electronic credit card and other financial transactions.Shipping, logistics, and related issues also hinder online transactions, and prompt shipment of goods is not currently that easily accomplished in China. More frequently, the customer must pick up, and pay for, purchases, at local stores, for products ordered online. Only goods such as music and video CDs/DVDs and book, for example, are typically shipped to the customer, and this usually through the post office.A number of issues and considerations with relation to Chinese cultural and web site/e-commerce design were discussed, and clearly, there are a number of important considerations and issues which should be noted when creating a website or e-commerce site for Chinese audiences.To start, the Chinese value the use of their own language. In China, using Mandarin Chinese implies respect and understanding of Chinese culture. Cultural traditions, while not quite as strong as in the past, still exist, and web designers need to be sensitive to the many complexities of a civilization which has developed overthousands of years. These include varied considerations such as cultural traits, Confucianism, traditions, and characteristics of Chinese consumers.Business aspects are also to be considered. China’s business environment is different, and understanding the dynamics would be a useful prerequisite. The social aspects of guanxi (relationship) and its role in business is also important to understand, as is its impact upon e-commerce. In online transactions, the role of these relationships is minimized, and therefore may be considered by some to be contrary to established means of conducting business.Having discussed at length about the past and current states of B2C e-commerce in China, it would be useful to look at the future of electronic commerce in this nation of over 1 billion people. While there are limitations which current exist, based on the payment, infrastructure, consumer attitudes, and the availability of the Internet to larger numbers of users; further growth and development, especially with government support, is indicating further growth and prospects in this area. As mentioned, there are forecasts for vast increases in employment needs for electronic commerce positions over the next decade.In conclusion, marketing and selling over the Internet in China is a complex endeavor, which is gaining in popular and growing, but has been up to this moment limited by a number of factors and limitations. Over time, it is expected that these limitations can be overcome, and that the B2C e-commerce (and m-commerce) will likely be an important part of the Chinese consumer’s means for shopping and buying in the future.译文电子商务在中国：传统与挑战资料来源:万方数据库作者：杰弗里·徐电子商务的发展已经成为了一种世界性的事件，而且网络对商业已经形成了巨大的影响。