Keys to Test 1

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商务英语听说(第二版)参考答案unit1-to-test-I--the-keys-of--listening-practice

Unit1. Welcome and farewell.Part A. intensive listeningPhonetics: A B A D CDictation:1.Flight AF 463 to Paris is now boarding at Gate number 7.2.This is the final call for flight No. AZ 963 to Rome.3.I’d like to make a reservation for a flight to Boston on Nov. 28th.4.Do you have a single room available tomorrow night?5.I’m looking forward to our future cooperation.6.I’ll need an economy ticket with an open return.7.I’d like to have my laundry by 9 o’clock tomorrow morning.8.Thank you for all your help during our stay here in China.Part B. Extensive listeningDialogues: B C B B D1.W: do you have anything particular to declare?M: No. I don’t think so. I haven’t got anything dutiable with me.Q: where does the conversation most probably take place?2. M: will you attend the Fair in Tianjin in two days?W: No. I’m leaving Tianjin for Shanghai tomorrow morning for a 3-day meeting, and will visit Guangzhou afterwards.Q: where is the man going tomorrow?3.W: your flight will be departing from Gate 18. the boarding time is 8:45 and yourflight leaves at 9:15, have a nice journey!M: thank you very much.Q: what time does the man’s flight depart?4.M: did you enjoy your flight?W: Not really, I was a little airsick when the plane experienced a few bumps.Q: how does the woman like her flight?5.W: room reservation, good afternoon.M: I’d like to book a double room for Tuesday next week.Q: what’s the probable relationship between the two speakers? Conversation:Meeting a foreign businessman at the airportMr. Wang: excuse me, sir, but are you Mr. Stone from New York?Mr. Stone: Yes, I am Michael Stone, the sales manager of ABC Import & Export Company, Ltd.Mr. Wang: I am Wang Qiang from Eastern Electronics Company. I’ve come to meet you, Mr. Stone.Mr. Stone: how are you, Mr. Wang? Thank you for coming to the airport to meet me. Mr. Wang: it’s my pleasure. How many people are there in your party?Mr. Stone: only two. This is Miss White, my assistant.Mr. Wang: nice to meet you, Miss White.Miss. White: nice to meet you too, Mr. Wang.Mr. Stone: I’m sorry to have kept you waiting for long, but the flight was delayed 30 minutes. If it weren’t for the heavy fog, we would have been here by 2:00pm.Mr. Wang: never mind. I was stuck in traffic, too.Mr. Stone: where are we heading now?Mr. Wang: I guess you must be very tired after the long trip, so it is best if we go to your hotel to check in first. If you don’t mind, we’d like to accommodate you at Sheraton Hotel.Mr. Stone: terrific! That’s very considerate of you.(on the way)Mr. Stone: how far is it to the hotel?Mr. Wang: about 45 minutes. Is this your first time here in Tianjin, Mr. Stone?Mr. Stone: yes. We’ve never been here before.Mr. Wang: so you might as well have a look at the city along the way. And we’ll show you around the city after our business.Mr. Stone: that would be great! Thank you very much.Section A: B C B D APart C. Listening & Speaking IntegrationConversation: Bon VoyageWang: it’s a shame that you can not stay in Beijing for a few more days, Mr. Knox! Knox: Yes, I’d like to, very much indeed. But I have to rush home and preside over the committee meeting. Anyhow, I really enjoyed every minute of my stay here, your warm reception, as well as your working enthusiasm have left me a deep and vivid impression and helped make my trip a productive one. Wang: it’s very kind of you to say so. Through beautiful negotiation we finally have all the disputes solved and the contract signed. I’m sure our initial transaction will pave the way for further cooperation between our two companies. We’ve been brought closer to each other by this transaction. It’s essential for us, or fora country, to strengthen economic contact with the outside world, isn’t it? Knox: I quite agree with you. In the long run, it makes sense for a nation to specialize in certain activities, producing the goods in which it has the most advantages and exchanging them for those in which it does not have the advantages. Wang: you seem to be an economist, Mr. Knox!Knox: you are to blame for it, Wang. If you hadn’t started this talk about a country’s…well, let’s drop this topic. Economist or not, I hope business between us will prosper. Then we’ll have more opportunities to meet each other. To tell you the truth, I find it very hard to say goodbye. I shall bemissing you, Wang.Wang: me too, I shall be looking forward to your visit again.Knox: next time I come, I shall see more of the city. And I’ve got to try Beijing Roast Duck again, very impressive. But listen, are they announcing my flight? I’m afraid I have to board the plane now.Wang: Bon V oyage, Mr. Knox!Knox: Good-bye. Let’s keep in contact.Wang: Good-bye and take care.Section A: F F T T TUnit 2. Companies and Occupations.Part A. intensive listeningPhonetics: B A D C ADictation:1.Our market share in China has increased by 6%, accounting for 15%.2.How many sections come under the Production Department?3.We have 70330employees world-wide and sales of $19806 million.4.The world wide company has operations in more than 100 countries.5.Secretaries who receive visitors are called receptionists.6.Business hours usually start at 9 am. And finish at 5 pm., Monday to Friday.7.Most of our work consists of looking after the taxation and financial affairs.8.In the United States alone we have a turnover of over $1 billion annually.Part B. Extensive listeningDialogues: D A D C B1.M: I’ve got a job offer in P&J Chemicals. Do you think I should take it?W: well, I’m not quite familiar with it. You’d better do some research on the internet.Q: what does the woman think of P&J Chemicals?2.W: I’d appreciate your professional opinion. Do you think that I should sue thecompany?M: not really. I think that we can settle this out of court.Q: what is the probable relationship between the two speakers?3.M: should I come for an interview?W: I’ll let you know in two weeks when I hear from the Personnel Department.Q: when should the man come for an interview?4.W: may I have a look around your company?M: sure, I’ll show you. This way please. The canteen is on the ground floor, the Personnel Department and the Sales are on the second floor. And you’ll find our biggest department on the third floor, which is the Production Department.Q: on which floor is the Sales Department?5. M: Good morning. I’m John Green from General Sales Company. I have anappointment with Mr. Smith of the Purchasing Department at ten W: Good morning. Mr. Smith’s office is on the third floor. You can take the lift around the corner.Q: which department does the woman work at?Conversation:McDonald’sTom: Where are we having lunch today?Mary: Since we are visiting another client at 1:30, I guess we’ll just grab sth at McDonald’s. what do you think?Tom: that’s pk with me. We don’t need to bother finding a place to eat, because you can find McDonal d’s everywhere. Bur do you know the history of the bigM?Mary: not really, you seem to be an expert on that. Tell me some. Did a person named McDonald start it?Tom: yes, actually brothers Richard and Maurice McDonald opened their first restaurant in California in 1940.Mary: it has many restaurants around the world now.Tom: quite right. It’s one of the two most recognized and powerful brands in the world. The other is Coca Cola, the only soft drink supplier to McDonal d’s today.McDonal d’s operates over 32000 restaurants in 119 countries worldwide, employing more than 1.5 million people. It is growing with an average of 396 new restaurants to the system annually in the past five years. This means a new McDonal d’s will open somewhere in the world every single day.Mary: incredible! I wonder how much they make!Tom: sales across all of its company-owned and franchised restaurants totaled $56.9 billion in 2009. its revenues were of $22.7 billion and the net profit amountsto $4.3 billion.Mary: very good business. Do you know when we had the first McDonal d’s in Beijing?Tom: if I’m not wrong. It was 1992. the date , yes, April 23. but actually McDonal d’s very first appearance in China was in Shenzhen on October 8, 1990.Mary: you seem to know everything! Did you work there?Tom: No, I just came across an article in the newspaper the other day!Part C. Listening & Speaking IntegrationConversation: a job interviewInterviewer: thank you for coming to see us, Emily. Have a seat please. Now, I’d like to start by checking a few details with you.Emily: OKInterviewer: your resume says you worked in ABC Electronics, when did you join it? Emily: five years ago. It is a large international company, which provided a trainee program for people from university and, well that was my first job, trainee marketing manager.Interviewer: what exactly did you do?Emily: well, the program lasted 18 months. During that time I worked in different departments—in personnel, purchasing, marketing and such things. O also went out with the sales representatives to visit customers.Interviewer: did you enjoy it?Emily: yes, I did. I didn’t really know what I wanted to do when I left university, so it was god to see what the different departments did. I was really practical. Interviewer: it sounds interesting.Emily: yes, it was. But it was very badly paid. I did the same work as other people. I think a lot of the trainees feel they are a cheap source of labor. Interviewer: how long did you stay there?Emily: till the end of the trainee program. And then I saw a job vacancy in the marketing department of GM, and I applied for a job there. That’s where I work now.Interviewer: but why do you want to leave now?Emily: I want sth more challenging. And I want a job closer to home, too. Interviewer:all right, and what career development are you looking for in our company?Unit 3. products and salesPart A. intensive listeningPhonetics: A B D C CDictation:1.we will allow you another 2% discount for its new product.2.the pants are available in four different colors and three sizes.3.our machine is of better quality though the price is a little higher.4.there is a close relationship between building a reputation and establishinggoodwill.pared with competing products, ours is smaller and lighter.6.we have a wide selection of shirts that will appeal to all ages.7.our company relies on quick sales and low profits.8.the sales reached a peak of 850 million in 2006, before falling to under 600million in 2008.Part B. Extensive listeningDialogues: A B D A C1．W: Do you think we should put an ad in the newspaper for the new product?M: by all means.Q: what does the man think of n ad in the newspaper?2．M: is it the latest model you have?W: Yes, this model is specially designed for personal cyclists. It’s got Italian frame and Japanese components.Q: what product are they talking about?3．W: In what newspapers, magazines or websites does your company advertise?M: we send brochures and samples to our potential customers. That’s more direct.Q: how does the man’s company advertise?4．M: any news from the annual conference?W: yes. The sales of this year are reported to be 120 million, increased by 20% compared with last year.Q: what were the sales last year?5. W: I’d like to get some information about your vacuum cleaner.M: OK. Unlike any other vacuum cleaner, ours is unique. It has some space age design features. Most importantly, there’s no bag inside.Q: what do we learn about the vacuum cleaner?Conversation:Section A: C B D A CPart C. Listening & Speaking IntegrationSection A1.warranty2.selling price\3.yearly on-site maintenance service after one-year warranty period4.money-back guarantee5.free deliveryUnit 4. MarketingPart A. intensive listeningPhonetics: B D A B BDictation:1.From what I’ve heard, you’re already well up in shipping work.2.I’m sorry to say that your price has soared.3.the next thing I’d like to bring up for discussion is insurance.4.it would be very difficult for us to push any sakes if we buy it at this price.5.we wish our opinions on marketing will be passed on to our manager.6.we sell our goods on loaded weight and not on landed weight.7.it’s too expensive, do you have any discount?8.we can effect shipment in December or early next year at the latest.Part B. Extensive listeningDialogues: A C D D B1.M: How many do you intend to order?W: I want to order 900 dozen.M: the most we can offer you at present is 600 dozen.Q: how many can the woman order?2.M: TV is much more effective to advertise our new product, but it will cost a lotof money.W: it is worth doing so as long as the result is satisfactory.Q: what does the woman mean?3.W: could we use booklets, letters, and catalogues for direct mail advertising?M: Yes. But you should build up a mailing list of possible customers for direct mail advertising.Q: what should the woman do first?4.W: you are going to Chicago tomorrow, aren’t you?M: Yes. I thought I’d fly, but then I decided that taking a Greyhound bus would be cheaper than driving or flying.Q: how will the man get to Chicago?5. M: I intend to get in the American market, but we know little about the localconditions and preferences.W: market research can help.Q: what does the woman mean?Conversation:Section A: F T F T FSection B:1.advertising\promotional2.on television\in a national newspaper3.posters\point-of-sales displays4.experienced salespeople5.high\T-shirts\umbrellaPart C. Listening & Speaking Integration Section A:1.have very little knowledge\blaze a trial2.defend and compete against3.various kinds and in scorching competition4.keep good relations and co-operationsUnit 5. Business FairsPart A. intensive listeningPhonetics: B D D C ADictation:1.I’m calling to inform you that we have decided to make the purchase.2.do you have any plans to sell in Europe?3.our company is ranked second in the business.4.we doubled our output in this department as a result.5.we could make a delivery of this parcel as soon as possible.6.we find our price 25% higher compared with other companies’.7.how much does she have to pay if she stays for 3 days?8.the new company can give him 2000 dollars a month as a start.Part B. Extensive listeningDialogues: C B D C D1. W: Do you think we should park the car downtown?M: it’s hard to find a place.Q: what does the man mean?2. M: if I place an order on this product, when can you deliver them?W: f or these products, we can arrange shipment at once. It would take longer, say, three months, if you want to order special designs.Q: when can products of special design delivered?3. W: are you glad that you came to work in Washington?M: Yes. Indeed. I’d considered going to New York or Boston, but I’ve never regretted my decision.Q: where does the man live now?4. M: registration always takes so long.W: what bothers me is all the people who cut in line.Q: what bothers the woman?5. M: did you buy your car from that dealer in the city?W: he went out of business last week.Q: what does the woman mean about the car dealer?Conversation:Section A: B D C B CSection B:1.calling from\get some information2.vacant suites\conference hall3.the experts\get the VIP treatment4.the reservation form\by fax5. 1000 RMB Yuan or 120 US DollarsPart C. Listening & Speaking IntegrationSection A:1.china international agricultural machinery exhibition2.concerning agriculture\increase the farmers’ income\supporting policies and laws3.\0086-10-68596444Test IPart A. intensive listeningPhonetics: A C B C B D D A B CDictation:1.can you give me an account of your product?2.I want to take part in the exhibition in Miami.3.I know the factory is operating at full capacity.4.I suggest we ride the subway back to our hotel and rest for a while.5.my watch reads 11:30, so we have about 45 minutes to get there.6.have you filled in the Customs Declaration Form?7.we have to arrive at the airport one hour earlier.8.the company was established in 1990 and we have about 1500 employees now.9.our net profits were over 100 million US dollars last year.10.I think some of the items may find a ready market in our country.Part B. Extensive listening-----Dialogues: D B A A B1. W: Jack, have you finished your research paper for economics?M: not yet. I always seem to put things off until the last minute.Q: what are they talking about?2. M: this black bag is $ 2.00 and that blue one is a dollar more.W: the red one is twice as much as the blue one.Q: how much is the red bag?3. W: watching the news on TV is a good way to learn English.M: it’s especially helpful when you check out the same information in the newspaper.Q: what are they talking about?4. M: I like to travel by air. I like getting different places fast. Do you like travelingby air?W: flying makes me nervous. I like feeling the ground under my feet. Traveling by rail and road are my favorite ways of traveling.Q: what does the woman feel about traveling by air?5. W: I’d like to cash this check.M: please sign the back. Do you have any account here?Q: what does the man ask the woman to do to cash money?Passage: D A B C BConversation: Leather products\leather garments\Europe\ FOB ShanghaiPart C. Listening & Speaking IntegrationSection A:Newspapers, magazines, online, E-mail, blog, Facebook, twitter and cinema advertising.Making counter displays for dealers to exhibit in their shops.。

python中keys的用法_在Python中用keys方法返回字典键的教程

python中keys的用法_在Python中用keys方法返回字
典键的教程
在Python中，`keys(` 方法用于返回一个包含字典中所有键的列表。

该方法适用于字典数据类型。

以下是使用`keys(` 方法的示例代码：
```python
#创建一个字典
d={"a":1,"b":2,"c":3}
# 使用 keys( 方法返回字典的键列表
keys = d.keys
#打印键列表
print(keys) # 输出结果：dict_keys(['a', 'b', 'c'])
#遍历字典的键并打印每个键
for key in keys:
print(key) # 输出结果：a、b、c
```
在上面的示例中，`keys(` 方法返回一个 `dict_keys` 对象，它是
一个包含字典中所有键的集合。

你可以在需要的时候将其转换为列表，使
用 `list(keys)`。

`dict_keys` 对象可以用于迭代，使你能够遍历字典的键并执行相应的操作。

在示例中，我们使用 `for` 循环遍历键列表并打印每个键。

需要注意的是，`dict_keys` 对象是动态的，它会自动反映出字典中键的任何更改。

所以，如果在迭代过程中修改了字典，`dict_keys` 对象将会反映出这些更改。

希望这个教程能够帮助你理解 `keys(` 方法的用法。

浙江理工大学CET4新题型高分攻略模拟试题答案

Keys to Model Test OnePart I WritingSample:On Saving FoodAs we can see from the picture, a big tall man is throwing away leftovers which are quite a lot and seem delicious, while in the dustbin a skinny little man keeps his mouth wide open, eagerly waiting for something to eat. The picture implicitly raises the question of wasting food, which has been a major issue world wide.Food waste means wasting money as well as wasting precious resources. When food is thrown away, it becomes rubbish whic h can be harmful to the environment and people’s health. And it should also be noticed that there are millions of people suffering from hunger all over the world. Therefore, it’s shameful to waste food.For all of us, it’s meaningful to join in the “Clean Your Plate Campaign”, which helps us realize how difficult it is for a grain of rice to come on our plate and how important it is to save food. It’s wise to order a proper amount of food when dining out. If there’re leftovers, it’s better to take them home. To save food, we should start with ourselves and start from now.Part II Listening ComprehensionSection A1.A2. B3. D4. A5. C6. A7. C8. C9. A 10. B 11. D 12.A 13. D 14. B 15. CSection B16. D 17.A 18. D 19.B 20.B 21.C 22.A 23.C 24.A 25.C Section C26.reaches 27.a wide range of 28.advanced 29.isolation 30.Transforming 31.close to 32.profoundly 33.unreliable 34.gather data effectively 35.measurePart III Reading ComprehensionSection A36.L 37.A 38.F 39.E 40.O 41.D 42.J 43.H 44.C 45.NSection B46.D 47.F 48.B 49.H 50.C 51.I 52.D 53.A 54.H 55.GSection C56.B 57.D 58.B 59.D 60.A 61.D 62.B 63.A 64.D 65.BPart IV TranslationIt’s recorded that Chinese lanterns originated from the period of the Western Han Dynasty 1800 years ago. In the Tang Dynasty, lanterns got connected with Buddhism, since when lighting lanterns has become a part of official activities to celebrate the Lantern Festival. Colored lanternsof different regions have their own distinctive styles and lanterns of different shapes also convey different messages. During the festival, riddles are written on some lanterns. To guess those riddles on lanterns is a traditional entertainment popular among people. Because of the festive atmosphere they bring, lanterns, especially the red ones, are also used in other festivals for decoration.Keys to Model Test TwoPart I WritingSample:Attend Your Classes RegularlyNowadays, it is very common that some university students are late for or even absent from classes. And some students slip out of classrooms before the class is over. Class attendance has become a thorny problem to both the students and teachers.As to the reason for that, both the students and the teachers have fault of their own. Compared with middle school students, college students have relatively more “freedom”. If they are not strict with themselves, they probably will oversleep in the morning, surf on the Internet or find other activities to entertain themselves during class hours. On the other hand, some teachers still conduct classes in the old fashioned way, which makes their classes so boring that many students fall asleep.Despite all those excuses for not attending classes regularly, I firmly believe that it is crucial for students to attend their classes regularly, for it ensures students to catch up with teachers in their learning. What’s more, attending classes regularly will help to form a good habit of punctuality, which is imperative for students in their future jobs. Therefore, university students should attend classes regularly.Part II Listening ComprehensionSection A1.A2.C3. D4. A5. B6. B7. D8. D9. C 10. A 11. D 12. B 13. A 14. A 15. DSection B16.B 17. C 18. A 19. C 20. C 21. A 22. D 23. A 24. D 25. B Section C26. predict 27. outlive 28. explanation 29. are also linked to 30.length 31. a number of 32. photographed 33. perceived34. made no difference 35. tougherPart III Reading ComprehensionSection A36.M 37.G 38.K 39.F 40.I 41.L 42.O 43.D 44.A 45.ESection B46.G 47.C 48.A 49.D 50.E 51.E 52.B 53.I 54.H 55.F56.C 57.C 58.B 59.A 60.B 61.D 62.B 63.B 64.C 65.D Part IV TranslationThe 15th day of the eighth month in the lunar calendar is the Mid-Autumn Festival, one of the most important traditional festivals of China. According to researches, the Chinese have had the custom of celebrating the harvest during the autumn full moon since the Shang Dynasty. The celebration as a festival started to gain popularity during the early Tang Dynasty. Gradually, the Mid-Autumn Festival has become a day for family reunion, as Thanksgiving Day in the United States. In the evening, people hang up lanterns, sit around a table to have dinner and moon cakes when looking at the bright moon. The festival was listed as an “intangible cultural heritage” of China in 2006 and was made a Chinese public holiday in 2008.Keys to Model Test ThreePart I WritingSample:Employment Problem of College GraduatesAs we can see from the chart, the contract signing rate of both undergraduates and postgraduates in 2013 is obviously lower than that in 2012. The figures in the chart indicate that Chinese graduates are facing a tough problem of finding jobs in the fierce competition.The most direct reason of this problem is the increasing enrollment of college students. However, the job market gets shrinking, as a result of which a large number of students cannot get hired. At the same time, college students should also be held responsible for this, for they either have unrealistic expectations of jobs or they cannot meet the job requirements.As far as I’m concerned, pressure is not only an obstacle but also a motivity. As college students, we must work harder than ever before to keep our competitiveness. Meanwhile, the Government should try to promote employment of college graduates by working out preferential policies. Only through the combined efforts, can this problem be relieved and solved eventually.Part II Listening ComprehensionSection A2.A 2.B3. D4. A5. B6. C7. A8. D9. C 10. A 11. C 12. D 13. D 14. D 15. ASection B16.B 17. B 18. A 19. A 20. C 21. A 22 .A 23. D 24 .A 25. D Section C26. are expected to 27. product 28. burning 29. agents30. ahead of 31. current 32. remain 33. approaches34. vital 35. makes good sensePart III Reading Comprehension36.D 37.L 38.I 39.A 40.H 41.O 42.M 43.C 44.G 45.ESection B46.B 47.H 48.B 49.I 50.D 51.E 52.G 53.E 54.I 55.ASection C56.C 57.C 58.A 59.B 60.C 61.D 62.A 63.C 64.A 65.B Part IV TranslationKunqu is one of the oldest forms of Chinese traditional operas. It was developed during the early Ming Dynasty and dominated Chinese theatre in the Ming and the Qing Dynasty. By far, it has had a history of more than 600 years. Many Chinese traditional operas, including Beijing opera, have been developed on the basis of Kunqu, for which it is reputed as “the mother of Chinese opera”. Kunqu was listed as “one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity” by UNESCO in 2001. China has become one of the 19 countries to get such a special honor for the first time.Keys to Model Test FourPart I WritingSample:On TV Dating ShowsTV dating shows are getting increasingly popular among C hina’s national and local TV programs nowadays. The top-rated TV dating show —“If You Are the One”has attracted thousands of people to participate, and many more to watch.It’s easy to understand their popularity, for there is an increasing number of single men and women at marriageable age who are too busy to find their soul mates. What’s more, we cannot deny that these programs bring great entertainment and relaxation to the viewers. In contrast, some people are strongly opposed to them, arguing that the participants are not pursuing love but fame and that the programs promote some incorrect social and love values such as money-worship.From my point of view, such TV shows are just for entertainment and should not be confused with real life and the quest for marriage. But it should also be noted that those shows do reflect some realities in the fast-changing Chinese society. What we need to do is to face up to them instead of holding those shows responsible.Part II Listening ComprehensionSection A1. B2.C3. C4. B5. B6. D7. A8. D9. A 10. B 11. C 12. C 13. A 14. D 15. BSection B16.C 17.A 18.C 19.C 20.C 21.A 22.D 23.B 24.A 25.C Section C26. concluded 27. at higher risk of 28. actually 29. develop30. turns out to be 31. height 32. in poor shape 33. associated 34. professionals 35. look down onPart III Reading ComprehensionSection A36.J 37.L 38.G 39.F 40.K 41.B 42.C 43.M 44.D 45.ISection B46.C 47.C 48.I 49.E 50.C 51.D 52.G 53.A 54.F 55.BSection C56.C 57.D 58.C 59.B 60.A 61.B 62.D 63.B 64.C 65.CPart IV TranslationOne of China’s six ancient capital cities, Hangzhou has a history of more than 2, 000 years. It is well known to the world not only for the beauty of the West Lake but also for its cultural tr aditions. Reputed as “the home of silk” in China, Hangzhou boasts silk products in a great variety, among which the brocade is especially attractive. The earliest silk school in China Silkworm School was also located in Hangzhou. It was found in 1897, marking the beginning of China’s modern silk textiles education. Zhejiang Sci-tech University grew out of it.Keys to Model Test FivePart I WritingSample:An Application LetterJune 23, 2013Dear Sir or Madam,I’m sending this letter to apply for the part-time hotel receptionist position, which you advertised in the People’s Daily on Sunday.I believe I have the required qualities for the position. First of all, I am easy-going, kind-hearted and patient, which I think are the imperative traits for being a good waitress. At present, I am a junior majoring in Business Management from Zhejiang University. I work very hard and my academic performance is fairly good. I am familiar with Windows-based systems and am proficient with Office software, such as Word and Excel. Besides, I’ve passed CET-6 with high grades.As my resume indicates, last summer vacation I worked as a waitress at McDonald’s. The experience improved my capability and skill in communication and made me more confident. I am sure I am the right person for the job.If you consider me as an eligible applicant, I would be available for an interview any time at your convenience. My telephone number is and I’m looking forward to your early reply.Yourssincerely,Li MingPart II Listening ComprehensionSection A1. C2. B3. B4. C5. A6. C7. C8. B9. B 10. C11. B 12. D 13. B 14. C 15. DSection B16.A 17.D 18.B 19.D 20.A 21.C 22.B 23.B 24.C 25.D Section C26. more likely to 27. tend to 28. cruelty 29. surveyed30. engaged 31. Additionally 32. participants 33. taken into account 34. facility 35. based onPart III Reading ComprehensionSection A36.F 37.E 38.I 39.O 40.M 41.L 42.B 43.D 44.G 45.NSection B46.A 47.B 48. B 49. D 50. G 51. D 52. I 53. B 54. C 55. FSection C56.B 57.C 58.C 59.B 60.A 61.D 62.D 63.C 64.A 65.D Part IV TranslationTian’anmen Square is one of the largest city center squares in the world. It was first built in 1714 as the entrance gate to the imperial palace, connecting the expansive imperial “front courtyard” and the palace. Since the PRC was founded, Tian’anme n Square has experienced four renovation projects in 1958, 1976, 1981 and 2013. In feudal times, Tian’anmen played an important political role and was a place where ordinary people were forbidden to go. Now, besides its political importance, Tian’anmen is also a good place for people to go and relax, and a must-see attraction for visitors to the capital.Keys to Model Test SixPart I WritingSample:Should Students Be Banned from Living off Campus?Nowadays, more and more college students choose to live off campus instead of living together with other roommates in the students’ dormitory. They claim that the living conditions oncampus are unbearable while living off campus can bring them more convenience and freedom. They can do whatever they want in the house without disturbing others, such as cooking, playing games, watching movies.But others argue that students should be banned from living off campus, as it has many obvious disadvantages. First of all, it may be not safe for a student to live off campus without the supervision or help from faculty members. Secondly, if the students have no self-discipline, they may addict to computer games, or even gambling. Last but not least, compared with living on campus, it should be more expensive to rent an apartment outside.I tend to believe that it’s appropriate to simply ban students from living off campus, because college students, as young adults, should have their rights to choose after all. Universities need be more flexible about the administration of dorms and try to upgrade the overall conditions at the same time.Part II Listening ComprehensionSection A1. D2.B3. C4. D5. A6. B7. A8. B9. C 10. D 11. A 12. C 13. D 14. A 15. BSection B16.A 17.D 18.C 19.C 20. B 21.A 22. D 23.B 24.D 25.C Section C26. forward 27. focused more strongly on 28. positive 29. research 30. attributes 31. undertaken 32. figure out 33. element 34. tied to 35. processPart III Reading ComprehensionSection A36.G 37.M 38.I 39.N 40.K 41.O 42.F 43.C 44.E 45.ASection B46.B 47.C 48. D 49.E 50.F 51. G 52.G 53.H 54. I 55. ISection C56.C 57.B 58.C 59.B 60.D 61.D 62.C 63.D 64.A 65.A Part IV TranslationConfucius is one of the greatest thinkers in ancient China, who is thought to be the founder of Confucianism. The Analects of Confucius, as a classic of Confucianism, was compiled by his disciples and second-generation disciples. It’s a record of Confucius’ philosophy, teachings and advises. For more than two thousand years, The Analects and Confucianism have had a profound impa ct on Chinese people and Chinese culture. The core concept of Confucianism “benevolence” is still mainstream values accepted by most people in today’s China.Keys to Model Test SevenPart I WritingSample:Personal Information LeakageStepping into the information age, we are enjoying the convenience brought by information technology. But at the same time we get more worried about the security of our privacy than ever before, since it’s not very difficult for a hacker to invade our computers, steal our files and information and then publicize them without being noticed at all.The danger of personal information leakage is obvious. Once our information is leaked, we will be continuously bombarded by anonymous messages or phone calls via mobile phones and other communication channels for private tutoring, apartment sales, insurance and so on. To make it worse, if our confidential information was made known to criminals, we might have major purchases made on our credit card, money withdrawn from our bank accounts, and even huge loans taken out in our name.So how can we protect our personal information? Some virus-killing software can protect us from being invaded. However, the best way is thinking before acting. For example, avoid filling out forms requiring private information for free trials or other promotions.Part II Listening ComprehensionSection A1. C2.C3. D4. B5. A6. B7.C8. C9. D 10. B 11. C 12. D 13. A 14. C 15. CSection B16. A 17.D 18. C 19. B 20. C 21. D 22.D 23.D 24.A 25.B Section C26. planet 27. an average of 28. in the meantime 29. highways 30. widening 31. efficient 32. rather than 33. alternative 34. survive 35. introducedPart III Reading ComprehensionSection A36.E 37.B 38.N 39.K 40.G 41.J 42.D 43.A 44L 45.HSection B46.C 47.C 48. F 49.F 50.G 51. H 52.I 53.B 54.D 55.HSection C56.D 57.B 58.A 59.C 60.C 61.D 62.C 63.B 64.C 65.APart IV TranslationUrbanization is a process that is occurring in nearly every developing city in China, which on the one hand helps improve the life quality of many people and on the other hand supplies more job opportunities. This trend is expected to further boost the prospects of young people inthe country. As increasingly more people migrate to cities, the construction of housing and city infrastructure, including water and energy supplies, will be a focal point of urban development. The talent shortage has made urban planning and architecture one of the most high-paying majors for university graduates.Keys to Model Test EightPart I WritingSample:Should May Day Holiday Be Resumed to Seven Days?The week-long May Day Holiday was shortened to three days in 2007 so as to ease the burden of overcrowded tourist hotspots and add three traditional Chinese festivals like the Tomb-Sweeping Festival, Dragon Boat Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival.However, some people are appealing to the Government for resuming the seven-day May Day Holiday. They claim that the significance of May Day is not only paying tribute to thousands of diligent workers, but also providing them an opportunity to get refreshed and get ready to welcome and embrace the coming work day with vibrancy and vigor. In that case, a three-day off, which is just one day more than normal weekend, would not make any difference to these people. Apart from that, the golden week could help boost the tourism industry as well as domestic consumption.Personally, I prefer to resume the May Day golden week, not only because it falls in the best season for traveling but also because it will be an effective measure to boost domestic demand, to increase employment and to revive tourism and other related industries.Part II Listening ComprehensionSection A1.B2.D3. B4. C5. A6. C7. A8. A9. B 10. D 17.C 12. D 13. D 14. C 15. ASection B16.C 17. D 18. A 19.D 20. D 21.C 22.D 23.B 24.D 25.C Section C26. beyond 27. more than ever 28. marvelous 29. regardless of 30. struggle 31. simplest 32. available 33. let alone34. immature 35. immediatelyPart III Reading ComprehensionSection A36.C 37.H 38.K 39.N 40.O 41.B 42.G 43.L 44.A 45.ISection B46.A 47.C 48. B 49.D 50.C 51. D 52.C 53.C 54.D 55.FSection C56.C 57.B 58.C 59.A 60.C 61.B 62.D 63.A 64.C 65.C Part IV TranslationHigher education is undergoing transformation in China as technology and demographics change. With more education resources and fewer students, higher education is becoming increasingly available. Recruitment measures become more diversified, and studying aboard is becoming commonplace. Children now in elementary schools will accept a kind of higher education that is totally different from that of today. It is necessary to have students prepared for the challenges they will face. To achieve this end, how to reduce the workload and improve the overall quality of students are two key points.。

IEC-61854架空线.隔离层的要求和检验

NORMEINTERNATIONALECEI IEC INTERNATIONALSTANDARD 61854Première éditionFirst edition1998-09Lignes aériennes –Exigences et essais applicables aux entretoisesOverhead lines –Requirements and tests for spacersCommission Electrotechnique InternationaleInternational Electrotechnical Commission Pour prix, voir catalogue en vigueurFor price, see current catalogue© IEC 1998 Droits de reproduction réservés Copyright - all rights reservedAucune partie de cette publication ne peut être reproduite niutilisée sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucunprocédé, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photo-copie et les microfilms, sans l'accord écrit de l'éditeur.No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher.International Electrotechnical Commission 3, rue de Varembé Geneva, SwitzerlandTelefax: +41 22 919 0300e-mail: inmail@iec.ch IEC web site http: //www.iec.chCODE PRIX PRICE CODE X– 2 –61854 © CEI:1998SOMMAIREPages AVANT-PROPOS (6)Articles1Domaine d'application (8)2Références normatives (8)3Définitions (12)4Exigences générales (12)4.1Conception (12)4.2Matériaux (14)4.2.1Généralités (14)4.2.2Matériaux non métalliques (14)4.3Masse, dimensions et tolérances (14)4.4Protection contre la corrosion (14)4.5Aspect et finition de fabrication (14)4.6Marquage (14)4.7Consignes d'installation (14)5Assurance de la qualité (16)6Classification des essais (16)6.1Essais de type (16)6.1.1Généralités (16)6.1.2Application (16)6.2Essais sur échantillon (16)6.2.1Généralités (16)6.2.2Application (16)6.2.3Echantillonnage et critères de réception (18)6.3Essais individuels de série (18)6.3.1Généralités (18)6.3.2Application et critères de réception (18)6.4Tableau des essais à effectuer (18)7Méthodes d'essai (22)7.1Contrôle visuel (22)7.2Vérification des dimensions, des matériaux et de la masse (22)7.3Essai de protection contre la corrosion (22)7.3.1Composants revêtus par galvanisation à chaud (autres queles fils d'acier galvanisés toronnés) (22)7.3.2Produits en fer protégés contre la corrosion par des méthodes autresque la galvanisation à chaud (24)7.3.3Fils d'acier galvanisé toronnés (24)7.3.4Corrosion causée par des composants non métalliques (24)7.4Essais non destructifs (24)61854 © IEC:1998– 3 –CONTENTSPage FOREWORD (7)Clause1Scope (9)2Normative references (9)3Definitions (13)4General requirements (13)4.1Design (13)4.2Materials (15)4.2.1General (15)4.2.2Non-metallic materials (15)4.3Mass, dimensions and tolerances (15)4.4Protection against corrosion (15)4.5Manufacturing appearance and finish (15)4.6Marking (15)4.7Installation instructions (15)5Quality assurance (17)6Classification of tests (17)6.1Type tests (17)6.1.1General (17)6.1.2Application (17)6.2Sample tests (17)6.2.1General (17)6.2.2Application (17)6.2.3Sampling and acceptance criteria (19)6.3Routine tests (19)6.3.1General (19)6.3.2Application and acceptance criteria (19)6.4Table of tests to be applied (19)7Test methods (23)7.1Visual examination (23)7.2Verification of dimensions, materials and mass (23)7.3Corrosion protection test (23)7.3.1Hot dip galvanized components (other than stranded galvanizedsteel wires) (23)7.3.2Ferrous components protected from corrosion by methods other thanhot dip galvanizing (25)7.3.3Stranded galvanized steel wires (25)7.3.4Corrosion caused by non-metallic components (25)7.4Non-destructive tests (25)– 4 –61854 © CEI:1998 Articles Pages7.5Essais mécaniques (26)7.5.1Essais de glissement des pinces (26)7.5.1.1Essai de glissement longitudinal (26)7.5.1.2Essai de glissement en torsion (28)7.5.2Essai de boulon fusible (28)7.5.3Essai de serrage des boulons de pince (30)7.5.4Essais de courant de court-circuit simulé et essais de compressionet de traction (30)7.5.4.1Essai de courant de court-circuit simulé (30)7.5.4.2Essai de compression et de traction (32)7.5.5Caractérisation des propriétés élastiques et d'amortissement (32)7.5.6Essais de flexibilité (38)7.5.7Essais de fatigue (38)7.5.7.1Généralités (38)7.5.7.2Oscillation de sous-portée (40)7.5.7.3Vibrations éoliennes (40)7.6Essais de caractérisation des élastomères (42)7.6.1Généralités (42)7.6.2Essais (42)7.6.3Essai de résistance à l'ozone (46)7.7Essais électriques (46)7.7.1Essais d'effet couronne et de tension de perturbations radioélectriques..467.7.2Essai de résistance électrique (46)7.8Vérification du comportement vibratoire du système faisceau/entretoise (48)Annexe A (normative) Informations techniques minimales à convenirentre acheteur et fournisseur (64)Annexe B (informative) Forces de compression dans l'essai de courantde court-circuit simulé (66)Annexe C (informative) Caractérisation des propriétés élastiques et d'amortissementMéthode de détermination de la rigidité et de l'amortissement (70)Annexe D (informative) Contrôle du comportement vibratoire du systèmefaisceau/entretoise (74)Bibliographie (80)Figures (50)Tableau 1 – Essais sur les entretoises (20)Tableau 2 – Essais sur les élastomères (44)61854 © IEC:1998– 5 –Clause Page7.5Mechanical tests (27)7.5.1Clamp slip tests (27)7.5.1.1Longitudinal slip test (27)7.5.1.2Torsional slip test (29)7.5.2Breakaway bolt test (29)7.5.3Clamp bolt tightening test (31)7.5.4Simulated short-circuit current test and compression and tension tests (31)7.5.4.1Simulated short-circuit current test (31)7.5.4.2Compression and tension test (33)7.5.5Characterisation of the elastic and damping properties (33)7.5.6Flexibility tests (39)7.5.7Fatigue tests (39)7.5.7.1General (39)7.5.7.2Subspan oscillation (41)7.5.7.3Aeolian vibration (41)7.6Tests to characterise elastomers (43)7.6.1General (43)7.6.2Tests (43)7.6.3Ozone resistance test (47)7.7Electrical tests (47)7.7.1Corona and radio interference voltage (RIV) tests (47)7.7.2Electrical resistance test (47)7.8Verification of vibration behaviour of the bundle-spacer system (49)Annex A (normative) Minimum technical details to be agreed betweenpurchaser and supplier (65)Annex B (informative) Compressive forces in the simulated short-circuit current test (67)Annex C (informative) Characterisation of the elastic and damping propertiesStiffness-Damping Method (71)Annex D (informative) Verification of vibration behaviour of the bundle/spacer system (75)Bibliography (81)Figures (51)Table 1 – Tests on spacers (21)Table 2 – Tests on elastomers (45)– 6 –61854 © CEI:1998 COMMISSION ÉLECTROTECHNIQUE INTERNATIONALE––––––––––LIGNES AÉRIENNES –EXIGENCES ET ESSAIS APPLICABLES AUX ENTRETOISESAVANT-PROPOS1)La CEI (Commission Electrotechnique Internationale) est une organisation mondiale de normalisation composéede l'ensemble des comités électrotechniques nationaux (Comités nationaux de la CEI). La CEI a pour objet de favoriser la coopération internationale pour toutes les questions de normalisation dans les domaines de l'électricité et de l'électronique. A cet effet, la CEI, entre autres activités, publie des Normes internationales.Leur élaboration est confiée à des comités d'études, aux travaux desquels tout Comité national intéressé par le sujet traité peut participer. Les organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non gouvernementales, en liaison avec la CEI, participent également aux travaux. La CEI collabore étroitement avec l'Organisation Internationale de Normalisation (ISO), selon des conditions fixées par accord entre les deux organisations.2)Les décisions ou accords officiels de la CEI concernant les questions techniques représentent, dans la mesuredu possible un accord international sur les sujets étudiés, étant donné que les Comités nationaux intéressés sont représentés dans chaque comité d’études.3)Les documents produits se présentent sous la forme de recommandations internationales. Ils sont publiéscomme normes, rapports techniques ou guides et agréés comme tels par les Comités nationaux.4)Dans le but d'encourager l'unification internationale, les Comités nationaux de la CEI s'engagent à appliquer defaçon transparente, dans toute la mesure possible, les Normes internationales de la CEI dans leurs normes nationales et régionales. Toute divergence entre la norme de la CEI et la norme nationale ou régionale correspondante doit être indiquée en termes clairs dans cette dernière.5)La CEI n’a fixé aucune procédure concernant le marquage comme indication d’approbation et sa responsabilitén’est pas engagée quand un matériel est déclaré conforme à l’une de ses normes.6) L’attention est attirée sur le fait que certains des éléments de la présente Norme internationale peuvent fairel’objet de droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. La CEI ne saurait être tenue pour responsable de ne pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et de ne pas avoir signalé leur existence.La Norme internationale CEI 61854 a été établie par le comité d'études 11 de la CEI: Lignes aériennes.Le texte de cette norme est issu des documents suivants:FDIS Rapport de vote11/141/FDIS11/143/RVDLe rapport de vote indiqué dans le tableau ci-dessus donne toute information sur le vote ayant abouti à l'approbation de cette norme.L’annexe A fait partie intégrante de cette norme.Les annexes B, C et D sont données uniquement à titre d’information.61854 © IEC:1998– 7 –INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION––––––––––OVERHEAD LINES –REQUIREMENTS AND TESTS FOR SPACERSFOREWORD1)The IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprisingall national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of the IEC is to promote international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and in addition to other activities, the IEC publishes International Standards. Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. The IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations.2)The formal decisions or agreements of the IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, aninternational consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all interested National Committees.3)The documents produced have the form of recommendations for international use and are published in the formof standards, technical reports or guides and they are accepted by the National Committees in that sense.4)In order to promote international unification, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC InternationalStandards transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional standards. Any divergence between the IEC Standard and the corresponding national or regional standard shall be clearly indicated in the latter.5)The IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for anyequipment declared to be in conformity with one of its standards.6) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subjectof patent rights. The IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. International Standard IEC 61854 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 11: Overhead lines.The text of this standard is based on the following documents:FDIS Report on voting11/141/FDIS11/143/RVDFull information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on voting indicated in the above table.Annex A forms an integral part of this standard.Annexes B, C and D are for information only.– 8 –61854 © CEI:1998LIGNES AÉRIENNES –EXIGENCES ET ESSAIS APPLICABLES AUX ENTRETOISES1 Domaine d'applicationLa présente Norme internationale s'applique aux entretoises destinées aux faisceaux de conducteurs de lignes aériennes. Elle recouvre les entretoises rigides, les entretoises flexibles et les entretoises amortissantes.Elle ne s'applique pas aux espaceurs, aux écarteurs à anneaux et aux entretoises de mise à la terre.NOTE – La présente norme est applicable aux pratiques de conception de lignes et aux entretoises les plus couramment utilisées au moment de sa rédaction. Il peut exister d'autres entretoises auxquelles les essais spécifiques décrits dans la présente norme ne s'appliquent pas.Dans de nombreux cas, les procédures d'essai et les valeurs d'essai sont convenues entre l'acheteur et le fournisseur et sont énoncées dans le contrat d'approvisionnement. L'acheteur est le mieux à même d'évaluer les conditions de service prévues, qu'il convient d'utiliser comme base à la définition de la sévérité des essais.La liste des informations techniques minimales à convenir entre acheteur et fournisseur est fournie en annexe A.2 Références normativesLes documents normatifs suivants contiennent des dispositions qui, par suite de la référence qui y est faite, constituent des dispositions valables pour la présente Norme internationale. Au moment de la publication, les éditions indiquées étaient en vigueur. Tout document normatif est sujet à révision et les parties prenantes aux accords fondés sur la présente Norme internationale sont invitées à rechercher la possibilité d'appliquer les éditions les plus récentes des documents normatifs indiqués ci-après. Les membres de la CEI et de l'ISO possèdent le registre des Normes internationales en vigueur.CEI 60050(466):1990, Vocabulaire Electrotechnique International (VEI) – Chapitre 466: Lignes aériennesCEI 61284:1997, Lignes aériennes – Exigences et essais pour le matériel d'équipementCEI 60888:1987, Fils en acier zingué pour conducteurs câblésISO 34-1:1994, Caoutchouc vulcanisé ou thermoplastique – Détermination de la résistance au déchirement – Partie 1: Eprouvettes pantalon, angulaire et croissantISO 34-2:1996, Caoutchouc vulcanisé ou thermoplastique – Détermination de la résistance au déchirement – Partie 2: Petites éprouvettes (éprouvettes de Delft)ISO 37:1994, Caoutchouc vulcanisé ou thermoplastique – Détermination des caractéristiques de contrainte-déformation en traction61854 © IEC:1998– 9 –OVERHEAD LINES –REQUIREMENTS AND TESTS FOR SPACERS1 ScopeThis International Standard applies to spacers for conductor bundles of overhead lines. It covers rigid spacers, flexible spacers and spacer dampers.It does not apply to interphase spacers, hoop spacers and bonding spacers.NOTE – This standard is written to cover the line design practices and spacers most commonly used at the time of writing. There may be other spacers available for which the specific tests reported in this standard may not be applicable.In many cases, test procedures and test values are left to agreement between purchaser and supplier and are stated in the procurement contract. The purchaser is best able to evaluate the intended service conditions, which should be the basis for establishing the test severity.In annex A, the minimum technical details to be agreed between purchaser and supplier are listed.2 Normative referencesThe following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this International Standard. At the time of publication of this standard, the editions indicated were valid. All normative documents are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently valid International Standards.IEC 60050(466):1990, International Electrotechnical vocabulary (IEV) – Chapter 466: Overhead linesIEC 61284:1997, Overhead lines – Requirements and tests for fittingsIEC 60888:1987, Zinc-coated steel wires for stranded conductorsISO 34-1:1994, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic – Determination of tear strength – Part 1: Trouser, angle and crescent test piecesISO 34-2:1996, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic – Determination of tear strength – Part 2: Small (Delft) test piecesISO 37:1994, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic – Determination of tensile stress-strain properties– 10 –61854 © CEI:1998 ISO 188:1982, Caoutchouc vulcanisé – Essais de résistance au vieillissement accéléré ou à la chaleurISO 812:1991, Caoutchouc vulcanisé – Détermination de la fragilité à basse températureISO 815:1991, Caoutchouc vulcanisé ou thermoplastique – Détermination de la déformation rémanente après compression aux températures ambiantes, élevées ou bassesISO 868:1985, Plastiques et ébonite – Détermination de la dureté par pénétration au moyen d'un duromètre (dureté Shore)ISO 1183:1987, Plastiques – Méthodes pour déterminer la masse volumique et la densitérelative des plastiques non alvéolairesISO 1431-1:1989, Caoutchouc vulcanisé ou thermoplastique – Résistance au craquelage par l'ozone – Partie 1: Essai sous allongement statiqueISO 1461,— Revêtements de galvanisation à chaud sur produits finis ferreux – Spécifications1) ISO 1817:1985, Caoutchouc vulcanisé – Détermination de l'action des liquidesISO 2781:1988, Caoutchouc vulcanisé – Détermination de la masse volumiqueISO 2859-1:1989, Règles d'échantillonnage pour les contrôles par attributs – Partie 1: Plans d'échantillonnage pour les contrôles lot par lot, indexés d'après le niveau de qualité acceptable (NQA)ISO 2859-2:1985, Règles d'échantillonnage pour les contrôles par attributs – Partie 2: Plans d'échantillonnage pour les contrôles de lots isolés, indexés d'après la qualité limite (QL)ISO 2921:1982, Caoutchouc vulcanisé – Détermination des caractéristiques à basse température – Méthode température-retrait (essai TR)ISO 3417:1991, Caoutchouc – Détermination des caractéristiques de vulcanisation à l'aide du rhéomètre à disque oscillantISO 3951:1989, Règles et tables d'échantillonnage pour les contrôles par mesures des pourcentages de non conformesISO 4649:1985, Caoutchouc – Détermination de la résistance à l'abrasion à l'aide d'un dispositif à tambour tournantISO 4662:1986, Caoutchouc – Détermination de la résilience de rebondissement des vulcanisats––––––––––1) A publierThis is a preview - click here to buy the full publication61854 © IEC:1998– 11 –ISO 188:1982, Rubber, vulcanized – Accelerated ageing or heat-resistance testsISO 812:1991, Rubber, vulcanized – Determination of low temperature brittlenessISO 815:1991, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic – Determination of compression set at ambient, elevated or low temperaturesISO 868:1985, Plastics and ebonite – Determination of indentation hardness by means of a durometer (Shore hardness)ISO 1183:1987, Plastics – Methods for determining the density and relative density of non-cellular plasticsISO 1431-1:1989, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic – Resistance to ozone cracking –Part 1: static strain testISO 1461, — Hot dip galvanized coatings on fabricated ferrous products – Specifications1)ISO 1817:1985, Rubber, vulcanized – Determination of the effect of liquidsISO 2781:1988, Rubber, vulcanized – Determination of densityISO 2859-1:1989, Sampling procedures for inspection by attributes – Part 1: Sampling plans indexed by acceptable quality level (AQL) for lot-by-lot inspectionISO 2859-2:1985, Sampling procedures for inspection by attributes – Part 2: Sampling plans indexed by limiting quality level (LQ) for isolated lot inspectionISO 2921:1982, Rubber, vulcanized – Determination of low temperature characteristics –Temperature-retraction procedure (TR test)ISO 3417:1991, Rubber – Measurement of vulcanization characteristics with the oscillating disc curemeterISO 3951:1989, Sampling procedures and charts for inspection by variables for percent nonconformingISO 4649:1985, Rubber – Determination of abrasion resistance using a rotating cylindrical drum deviceISO 4662:1986, Rubber – Determination of rebound resilience of vulcanizates–––––––––1) To be published.。

常见带介词to的短语归纳

常见带介词to的短语归纳在高中阶段的英语学习中，常常会遇见许多含有to的短语，而其中有些短语所含的to为介词，他的后面要求接名词、动名词或代词。

往往容易将这种情况与不定式相混淆，为了区别记忆，现将常见的介词带to的短语归纳如下：be / get / become used to 习惯于be given to 喜欢；癖好be related to 与…有关系be addicted to 沉溺于；对…上瘾be opposed to 反对devote oneself to献身于；专心于be devoted to 致力于；忠诚于be admitted to 被…录取；准进入be reduced to 沦为reduce…to…使…沦为be attached to附属于；喜欢；依恋be adjusted to 适应be known to 为…所知be married to 和…结be sentenced to被判处be connected to 和…连在一起be exposed to 暴露于；遭受be compared to 被比喻成compare… to…把…比作…be engaged to 与…订婚be / become / get accustomed to // accustomed to 惯于；有…习惯be engaged to 与…订婚get down to 着手做lead to 导致object to反对；不喜欢；不赞成put one’s mind to全神贯注于give rise to 引起look forward to 盼望stick to 坚持pay attention to 注意attend to 专心；注意；照料see to 负责；注意contribute to对…作贡献；有助于make contributions to对…作贡献apply oneself to 致力于come close to几乎；将近reply to 回答add to 增加add up to 加起来in addition to除…之外turn to转向；求助于feel up to 能胜任于look up to 尊敬admit to承认belong to 属于take to 喜爱；开始cling to 附着fall to 开始respond to 回答；对…作出回应accustom oneself to 使自己习惯于amount to等于prefer… to…更喜欢set an example to 给…树立榜样refer to 谈到；参考；查阅agree to sth. 同意某事（比较：agree to do sth. 同意做某事）prefer… to…更喜欢take / make a trip to到…地方去join…to…把…和…连接起来turn a blind eye to对…视而不见turn a deaf ear to 对…充耳不闻show honor to向…表示敬意put an end to(bring… to an end) 结束set fire to 放火烧……drink (a toast) to 为……干杯propose a toast to 提议……happen to… 发生了……事occur to sb. 想起；想到total up to 总计达be close to 几乎；将近hold to 坚持；抓住help oneself to 随便用……hold on to 抓住；固守do harm to 对……有害处do wrong to 冤枉某人date back to 追溯到when it comes to… 谈到……时come to 来到；达到；结果为 (比较：come to do sth逐渐做某事)give an eye to着眼于have an eye to doing 打算the key to ……的答案describe to 向……描述treat sb. to sth. 请某人吃……trust sth. to sb.把某物委托给某人pay a visit to 参观……access to 进入；取得的方法be a stranger to 不习惯；对……陌生on one’s way to 在去某处的路上；在达成某事的过程中be kind to 对……和善be important to 对……重要be senior to 年龄长于……be equal to 和……相等be particular to ……所特有的（比较：be particular about 对……过于讲究；挑剔）be subject to 服从；隶属；易遭受患be familiar to 为……熟悉be similar to 和……相似be open to 对……开放be loyal to 对……忠诚be helpful to对……有益处be useful to对……有用be good to sb对某人好（比较：be good for 对……有益处）be bad to 对……不好be bad for（比较：对……有害处）be new to 对……不习惯；对……陌生as to 关于；至于next to（否定词前）几乎；be due to do sth.预定要做某事next to ……的旁边due to 由于；归因于……thanks to 多亏了；由于owing to 由于；因……的缘故in / with regard to 关于in /with relation to 关于；就……而论subject to 在……条件下；依照be given to 沉溺于be related to 与…相关get down to着手做lead to 着手做object to / be opposed to 反对put one’s mind to全神贯注于be equal to 胜任devote oneself to献身于give rise to 引起look forward to 盼望pay attention to 注意lead to通向 see to 负责access to 接近(某地的)方法be addicted to 沉溺于…对…上瘾according to 根据contribute to 为…作贡献如：1. access to 接近,进入(某地的)方法; 通路The only access to that building is along that muddy track. 到那栋建筑的唯一通路是沿着那条泥泞的路走。

redis keys命令用法

redis keys命令用法在Redis中，KEYS命令用于查找所有符合指定模式的键。

以下是KEYS命令的用法：打开Redis控制台：首先，你需要在命令行中打开Red is控制台。

可以通过输入以下命令来打开Redis控制台：复制代码redis-cli选择数据库：使用SELECT命令选择要操作的数据库。

例如，要选择数据库1，可以执行以下命令：选择数据库：使用SELECT命令选择要操作的数据库。

例如，要选择数据库1，可以执行以下命令：复制代码SELECT 1执行KEYS命令：使用KEYS命令后跟模式参数来查找符合模式的键。

模式可以使用通配符来匹配任意字符。

以下是一些常用的模式匹配示例：执行KEYS命令：使用KEYS命令后跟模式参数来查找符合模式的键。

模式可以使用通配符来匹配任意字符。

以下是一些常用的模式匹配示例：KEYS *：匹配所有键。

KEYS user:*：匹配以"user:"开头的键。

KEYS ?name：匹配包含"name"的键。

KEYS [a-c]*：匹配以任意字母a、b或c开头的键。

示例：查找所有符合"user:*"模式的键：arduino复制代码KEYS user:*查找以"user:"开头的键：查找以"user:"开头的键：arduino复制代码KEYS user:*查找包含"name"的键：查找包含"name"的键：arduino复制代码KEYS ?name查找以任意字母a、b或c开头的键：查找以任意字母a、b或c开头的键：arduino复制代码KEYS [a-c]*返回值：KEYS命令将返回所有符合模式的键的列表。

如果没有符合模式的键，将返回一个空列表。

返回值：KEYS命令将返回所有符合模式的键的列表。

如果没有符合模式的键，将返回一个空列表。

浙江理工大学CET4新题型高分攻略模拟试题答案

python中的keys方法

python中的keys方法在Python中，`keys(`是一种内置方法，用于从字典中获取所有键的集合。

它返回一个可迭代的对象，该对象包含了字典中的所有键。

下面是一些关于`keys(`方法的重要信息：1. 语法：`dict.keys(`- 这里的`dict`是指字典对象，也就是要获取键集合的字典。

-方法名称后面跟着括号，表示调用该方法。

2.返回值：- `keys(`方法返回一个可迭代的对象，其中包含了字典中的所有键。

- 返回值的类型是`dict_keys`。

虽然这个对象看起来像一个列表，但它实际上是一个特殊类型的视图，它封装了字典中的键，并提供了一些方便的方法来访问和操纵这些键。

-返回的键集合是无序的，即它们没有特定的顺序。

3.使用方法：- 可以使用`for`循环遍历`keys(`方法返回的键集合。

- 可以将`dict_keys`对象转换为列表，以方便使用列表的相关方法。

下面是一些示例代码，演示了如何使用`keys(`方法：```python#创建一个字典my_dict = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}# 使用for循环遍历keys(方法返回的键集合for key in my_dict.keys(:print(key)#输出：#a#b#c# 将dict_keys对象转换为列表key_list = list(my_dict.keys()print(key_list)#输出：#['a','b','c']```总结：`keys(`方法是Python中用于获取字典键集合的方法。

它返回一个可迭代的对象，其中包含了字典中的所有键。

可以通过`for`循环遍历键集合，也可以将其转换为列表以方便使用列表的相关方法。

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Keys to Test 1Part I Writing(略)Part II. Reading Comprehension（Skimming and Scanning）1-7 B C C A A B B8.reminds 9. accounting for 10. total emissionPart III. Listening Comprehension11-25 CDBAC CCBBA BCACB 26-35 BCABB DCBAD36 last 37 largest 38 educate 39 present40 single 41 officials 42 celebrated 43 attend44 The fair provides a chance for the farming communities to show its skills andfaming products.45 Today, children and adults at the fair can play new computer games, or attend moretraditional games of skill.46 because people need to remember that they’re connected to the earth and itsproducts,Part IV. Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth)47-56 D B E I J K O M A H57-61 CBDCA 62-66 CBBDCPart V. Cloze67-76 ACBCA DBACA 77-86 DDABC DDBBAPart VI. Translation87 at the expense of his health88 were overtaken by bad weather89 take the engine apart90 a family who can’t communicate with each other91 At this rate, we’ll soon be bankruptListening Scripts to Test 1Part III. Listening ComprehensionSection A:Directions:In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations.. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then write the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.11. W: Tom, can you help me? Can you check this letter for me before I give it to theboss?M: Yes, certainly.Q: Who is the woman probably talking to?12. M: Mary, are you ready to go to the beach?W: Too late. A bad thunderstorm is here. Look out of the window. It’s raining.Q: What do we learn from the conversation?13. W: Jane was furious. Her son wrecked up her car.M: He shouldn’t have driven a car without a driver’s license. He’s still taking driving lessons.Q: What do we know about Jane’s son?14. M: Linda, I just want to say how sorry I was to learn of your mother’s passing. Iknow how close you two were.W: Thank you. It was so sudden. I’m still in a state of shock. I don’t know what to do.Q: Which of the following is true?15. W: Wish me luck; I’ve got a job interview this afternoon. I’m really nervous.M: Stay calm, best of luck! I’ve got my fingers crossed for you.Q: Why does the man say he has crossed his fingers for the woman?16. M: It seems to be cleaning up. All the dark clouds are gone and the sun is comingout.W: Yes. Let’s just hope it stays this way. I hate rainy days.Q: What can we learn from the conversation?17. W: Professor Webster has a class this afternoon from 2:30 to 4. But he won’t beable to make it because he’s lost his voice.M: Does he want me to try to find somebody else to take his place?Q: What does the man mean?18. M: Hi! Lucy. So glad to see you again.W: Likewise. I remember the last time we met was five months ago at Mike’s birthday party. How are you going?Q: What do we know about the speakers?Now you will hear two long conversations.Conversation 1Tanya：Good morning, Carla. How are you today?Carla：I’m doing fine. How about you?Tanya：Great, thanks. So, what‘s the status of our advertising campaign?Carla：As I mentioned before, it’ll be a national campaign starting next month.We’ve decided to u se a variety of media for full coverage. First, we’ll have30-second spots on television once a day for 3 weeks. At the same time, we’lldo 15-second radio commercials 3 times a day in selected cities with largepopulations. Finally, we’ll have some outdoor ads using billboards near mainentrances to big cities.Tanya：What style will the ads use?Carla：We’re focusing on slice of life, showing how you can beat the summer heat by biting into a cool ice-cream sandwich. There’ll be some reason why thrownin to hype our choice of flavors and show everyone they’re not stuck withjust vanilla.Tanya：Sounds like an ideal approach. Will we have a new slogan?Carla：Definitely. The advertising agency’s working on that right now. They’ll have some proposals ready by the end of the week.Tanya：Sounds like we‘ll have a winner on our hands!Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.19. What is the possible relationship between two speakers?20. What are they talking about?21. About the advertising campaign, which statement is not included?22. Which word is suitable to describe Tanya’s attitude towards the result of theadvertising campaign?Conversation 2W: Hi, John. Where are you living this semester?M: Hey, Lucy. I think I’m moving out of the University Dorms.W: Why? Living in the dorm is convenient, don’t you think so?M: Sure, I know I can meet everyone easily and get helps when in need. But I’m a junior. The dorms are too noisy. I need to study.W: Oh? That’s interesting. I prefer to living in the dorm. I think I can go to the library for study. Well, before you move out of the dormitory, you need to consider the location and the rent of the apartment.M: Yes. I am trying to find one. And I plan to find a part-time to pay for the rent.W: That’s a good idea. Oh, I remembered one of my friends has an apartment for rent. M: Really? It’s great!W: Let’s go and look at it.M: Great!Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.23. Where does John live now?24. What are the disadvantages of living in the dorm according to John?25. What suggestion does Lucy give to John on living outside?Section B:Directions：In this section you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B)，C)，and D). Then write the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Passage OneIf you are a young college student, most of your concerns about your health and happiness in life are probably focused on the present. Basically, you want to feel good physically, mentally, and emotionally now. You probably don’t spend much time worrying about the distant future, such as whether you will develop heart disease, or cancer, how you will take care of yourself in your retirement years, or how long you are going to live. Such thoughts may have crossed your mind once in a while. However, if you are in your thirties, forties, fifties, or older, such health-related thoughts are likely to become increasingly important to you.Regardless of your age, you can make a number of important changes in your current lifestyle that will help you feel better physically and mentally. Recently, researchers have found that, even in late adulthood, exercise, strength training with weights, and better food can help elderly individuals significantly improve their health and add happiness to their life. We know much more about preventive health today than our parents and grandparents did in the past giving us the opportunity to avoid some of health problems that have troubled them. And this new knowledge can be transmitted to our children to help them become healthier than our generation. Questions 26 to 28are based on the conversation you have just heard.26. For young college students, what do most of their concerns focus on?27. Which one is not included on the factors, which can be helpful for improvinghealth and add happiness to the young college students?28. If we know more about how to prevent health problems, what we can do? Passage TwoProtecting the environment is more important than economic development. First of all, there is a trade-off between economic development and environmental protection. The more economic activities we carry out, the more stress we place on the environment. Industrialization in many parts of the world, with its focus on development, has already caused serious global environmental problems. The earth’s natural resources are diminishing at an alarming rate and air and water pollution is taking its toll on people’s health. Economic development is not the end, but the means to improve people’s lives. If we pursue economic development at the cost of the environment, it defeats the purpose of development.On the other hand, environmental problems will in turn hurt economic development. For example, global warming, which results from the emission of greenhouse gases, is causing climate change throughout the world. The environment is the foundation for economic development, but it cannot support uncontrolled development. If we want to have long-term economic growth, we have to put environmental protection before economic development.To conclude, a healthy environment is the precondition for our well-being and a healthy economy. To ensure a healthy environment, we have to make environmental protection our priority and develop the economy within the ecological means of our planet.Questions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard.29. What’s said about protecting environment and economic development?30. What’s the impact of industrialization on the Earth?31. If we want to have long-term economic growth, what should we do?Passage ThreeModern scientists believe that humankind, like other animals, evolved through millions of years of changes and adaptations to the environment. Despite this similarity with other creatures, however, the evolution of humankind differs from that of other species in one important and unique way.In other species evolution has led to specialization, both in the species abilities and in its place within the environmental structure. For example, the giraffe is adapted to looking for grass on treetops. It is difficult to find food on shrubs. The same is true for countless other species.For humankind, it is different. Our evolution had led to a very generalized capability. We have highly developed intelligence. At the same time, we have the ability to make and handle tools. We can do almost everything we like. Rather than evolving into a specialized role in balance with natural enemies, competitive species and environmental factor, humans evolved in such a way that we are capable of moving into every environment on Earth and even into space. Now, an imbalance between biotic protection and environmental resistance appears.Said another way, we see in humankind a tremendous imbalance between biotic potential and environmental resistance. The result is the rapidly increasing world population, frequently referred to as the population explosion. Further, to support our growing population, natural ecosystems are being increasingly displaced by human habitations, agriculture, and other human-supporting activities.Questions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.32. What is the similarity of evolution between the humankind and other animals?33. What’s the purpose of the example of the giraffe?34. What’s the difference on evolution between humankind and animals?35. What can we learn from the passage?Section C: Spot DictationDirections:In this section, you will hear a passage three times, when the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For blank numbered from 44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.Almost all states in America have a state fair. They (36) last for one, two or three weeks. The Indiana state fair is one of the (37) largest and oldest state fairs in USA. It is held every summer. It started in 1852. Its goals were to (38) educate, share ideas, and (39) present Indiana’s best products. The cost of a (40) single ticket to enter the fair was 20 cents. During the early 1930’s, (41) officials of the fair ruled that the people could attend by paying with something other than money. With the passage of time, the fair has grown and changed a lot, but it’s still one of Indiana’s most (42) celebrated events. People from all over Indiana and from many other states (43) attend the fair. They can do many things at the fair. (44)The fair provides a chance for the farming communities to show its skills and faming products. For example, visitors might see the world’s largest apple, or the tallest sunflower plant. (45)Today, children and adults at the fair can play new computer games, or attend more traditional games of skill. They can watch performances performed by famous entertainers. Experts say such fairs are important, (46) because people need to remember that they’re connected to the earth and its products, and they depend on animals for many things.。