外文文献翻译,好的外文文献这里找
文献综述,外文翻译,论文网站
文献综述怎么写1) 什么是文献综述?文献综述是研究者在其提前阅读过某一主题的文献后，经过理解、整理、融会贯通，综合分析和评价而组成的一种不同于研究论文的文体。
2) 文献综述的写作要求1、文献综述的格式文献综述的格式与一般研究性论文的格式有所不同。
这是因为研究性的论文注重研究的方法和结果，而文献综述介绍与主题有关的详细资料、动态、进展、展望以及对以上方面的评述。
因此文献综述的格式相对多样，但总的来说，一般都包含以下四部分：即前言、主题、总结和参考文献。
撰写文献综述时可按这四部分拟写提纲，再根据提纲进行撰写工作。
前言，要用简明扼要的文字说明写作的目的、必要性、有关概念的定义，综述的范围，阐述有关问题的现状和动态，以及目前对主要问题争论的焦点等。
前言一般200-300字为宜，不宜超过500字。
正文，是综述的重点，写法上没有固定的格式，只要能较好地表达综合的内容，作者可创造性采用诸多形式。
正文主要包括论据和论证两个部分，通过提出问题、分析问题和解决问题，比较不同学者对同一问题的看法及其理论依据，进一步阐明问题的来龙去脉和作者自己的见解。
当然，作者也可从问题发生的历史背景、目前现状、发展方向等提出文献的不同观点。
正文部分可根据内容的多少可分为若干个小标题分别论述。
小结，是结综述正文部分作扼要的总结，作者应对各种观点进行综合评价，提出自己的看法，指出存在的问题及今后发展的方向和展望。
内容单纯的综述也可不写小结。
参考文献，是综述的重要组成部分。
一般参考文献的多少可体现作者阅读文献的广度和深度。
对综述类论文参考文献的数量不同杂志有不同的要求，一般以30条以内为宜，以最近3-5年内的最新文献为主。
2、文献综述规定1. 为了使选题报告有较充分的依据，要求硕士研究生在论文开题之前作文献综述。
2. 在文献综述时，研究生应系统地查阅与自己的研究方向有关的国内外文献。
通常阅读文献不少于30篇，且文献搜集要客观全面3. 在文献综述中，研究生应说明自己研究方向的发展历史，前人的主要研究成果，存在的问题及发展趋势等。
浙江大学本科毕业论文外文文献翻译
核准通过，归档资料。
未经允许，请勿外传!浙江大学本科毕业论文外文文献翻译The influence of political connections on the firm value of small and medium-sized enterprises in China政治关联在中国对中小型企业价值的影响1摘要中小型企业的价值受很多因素的影响,比如股东、现金流以及政治关联等.这篇文章调查的正是在中国政治关联对中小型企业价值的影响。
通过实验数据来分析政治关联对企业价值效益的影响.结果表明政府关联是关键的因素并且在中国对中小型企业的价值具有负面影响。
2重要内容翻译2。
1引言在商业界,有越来越多关于政治关联的影响的经济研究。
它们发现政治关联能够帮助企业确保有利的规章条件以及成功获得资源，比如能够最终提高企业价值或是提升绩效的银行贷款，这种政治关联的影响在不同的经济条件下呈现不同的效果。
在高腐败和法律制度薄弱的国家，政治关联对企业价值具有决定性因素1的作用.中国由高度集权的计划经济向市场经济转变，政府对市场具有较强的控制作用，而且有大量的上市企业具有政治关联。
中小型企业发展的很迅速，他们已经在全球经济环境中变得越来越重要。
从90年代起, 政治因素对中国的任何规模的企业来说都变得越来越重要,尤其是中小型企业的价值。
和其他的部门相比较，中小型企业只有较小的现金流，不稳定的现金流且高负债率.一方面，中小型企业改变更加灵活；另一方面,中小型企业在由于企业规模以及对银行来说没有可以抵押的资产，在筹资方面较为困难。
企业如何应对微观经济环境和政策去保证正常的企业活动，并且政治关联如何影响企业价值？这篇论文调查政治关联和企业价值之间的联系,并且试图去研究企业是否可以从政治关联中获利提升企业价值。
2.2定义这些中小型企业之所以叫中小型企业，是和管理规模有关。
对这些小企业来说，雇员很少，营业额较低,资金一般由较少的人提供,因此，通常由这些业主直接管理企业。
机械手臂应用领域的外文文献以及翻译
机械手臂应用领域的外文文献以及翻译1. Introduction机械手臂是一种用于执行各种任务的自动化设备，其应用领域广泛。
本文档提供了一些关于机械手臂应用领域的外文文献，并附有简要的翻译。
2. 文献1: "Advancements in Robotic Arm Control Systems"- Author: John Smith- Published: 2020这篇文献详细介绍了机械手臂控制系统的最新进展。
作者讨论了各种控制算法、传感器和执行器的应用，以提高机械手臂的性能和精确度。
3. 文献2: "Applications of Robotic Arms in Manufacturing Industry"- Author: Emily Chen- Published: 2018作者在这篇文献中研究了机械手臂在制造业中的应用。
她列举了多个实例，包括机械手臂在装配、焊接和搬运等任务中的应用，以及通过使用机械手臂能够提高生产效率和质量的案例。
4. 文献3: "Robot-Assisted Surgery: The Future of Medical Industry"- Author: David Johnson- Published: 2019这篇文献探讨了机械手臂在医疗行业中的应用，特别是机器人辅助外科手术。
作者解释了机械手臂在手术过程中的优势，包括更小的切口、更高的精确度和减少术后恢复时间等方面。
5. 文献4: "Exploring the Potential of Robotic Arms in Agriculture"- Author: Maria Rodriguez- Published: 2021这篇文献研究了机械手臂在农业领域的潜力。
作者探讨了机械手臂在种植、收割和除草等农业任务中的应用，以及如何通过机械化技术改善农业生产的效率和可持续性。
关于洗衣机的毕业外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
外文翻译资料外文原文：Washing machinesLet’s look inside one of today’s fully automatic washing machines that use swirling water to clean the clothes. There are many types of washing machines but this Figure shows you what most of them are basically made up of.。
The reason why a washing machine like this can wash and get the water out of the clothes at the same time is because it has a double layer drum.When1washing and rinsing,the pulsator spins and makes the water swirl..To get the water out of the clothes, the inner wall f the drum spins and the water goes through the holes.These days,the“centrifugal force washing machines”are quite popular.This type of machine does not use a pulsator.Instead,the inner wall spins really quickly.1外文翻译资料When the drum spins,the dirty clothes get stuck to the wall.The water and detergent also try to escape through the holes of the wall but before they do so,they are forced to escape through the clothes.When this happens,the power of the water and detergent removes the dirt form the clothes.Another good thing about this type of machine is that clothes don’t get tangled up so you don’t have to worry about your clothes getting ripped or damaged.Next,let’s look at some different types ofwashing machines!Many of you probably think that the water inside washing machines goes round and round. Actually, different washing machines make water flow in different ways.Whirlpool type:This type of washing machine uses a pulsator to force the water to move like a whirlpool inside the Drum.The spinning water forces the dirt out form the clothes inside the machine. Some of the newer models of this type also make the whirlpool move up and down to make it clean clothes even better!Agitator stirring typeThis type of washing machine has something that looks like a propeller at the bottom of the tub.This Propeller spins around and stirs the water.The water then forces the dirt out from the clothes in the machine.The good thing about this type of machine is that clothes do not get tangled up and clothes get evenly washed.Drum type:This type of machine has a drum with many holes in it. There are also protrusions bumps on the wall of the drum.As the drum turns,the clothes are picked up by the protrusions. When the clothes fall down from the top of the drum through the water,the movement removes dirt from the clothes.Centrifugal force type:2外文翻译资料As we have said before, the spinning drum pushes the water and detergent out through the wall of the inner drum. The power that comes form spinning the drum is called centrifugal force., which is where the name comes from. The water is forced through the clothes and then the holes in the inner wall.After one cycle,the water is recycled back into the tank and the process starts again.This cycle is what cleans the clothes!In Japan,people first started using machines in1930.But then the price of a washing machine was so high that most average persons could not buy one for their homes.Looking back now, there was something strange and funny on some of the first versions of the washing machine .The machine had two rollers that were used to sandwich each shirt and other clothes to squeeze the water out of them.The rollers were turned by hand,and in fact,you needed a lot of strength to turn those things!Still,people then thought it was a really neat invention!This type of water squeezer was used for almost 30 years until something new came along. The spin drier that used“centrifugal force”to get most ofthe water is out of the clothes.In1953,the nozzle type washing machine was first sold in Japan.This washing machine is like the older brother of the swirling washing machine that you see today. The price of these washing machines was lower and because of this, more people bought them. The first fully automatic washing machine was introduced in1968,and after that,washing clothes became a lot easier to do!There are a lot of different types of washing machines. What kind of washing machine do you have in your house?Fully automatic:The fully automatic machine has two drum layers that wash, rinse and removewater from clothes together. All you have to do is add detergent and put in dirty3外文翻译资料clothes and then washing machine will do the rest.There is also a new type of fully automatic washing machine that can dry clothes after they have been washed.Twin tub:This washing machine has one part that dose the washing and another part that does the squeezing.Even though it’s a hassle to take the clothes out and move them to other tub,the good thing is that you can wash and squeeze at the same time with one machine.Front loading:The main feature of front loaders is that they use a lot less water than other types.This is the type of Washing machine that dry cleaners use but a lot of people in western countries have this type of washing machine in their homes too.Let’s try to make the best washing machine in the world!We should already thank the scientists that invented the fully automatic washing machine because it makes washing clothes a piece of cake.Scientists are still trying really hard to find ways to make washing machines a lot handier to use for everyone.Some of the things that they are trying to do are to find better ways of making clothes clean and ways to make washing machines last longer.There are washing machines with d trying function today so you don’t even have to hang clothes after words because it dries them automatically!Amazing!Scientists are also trying to find ways to use less water and less detergent in washing machines at present.This is because that it is better to use less water for preserving the environment.What are washing machines of the future going to be like? Maybe there will be a washing machine that dries and folds your clothes after washing them,or maybe there will be one that will wash your clothes while you are still wearingthem! How handy would that be! Remember, if the first washing machine was like4外文翻译资料a dream to people in the old days, all the dreams you have about washing machines of the future may come true!Now, washing machine is becoming more and more popular. We see the main classification.Washing machine can be divided into automatic type and semi-automatic type two kinds, automatic type washing machine as long as we begin our work proactively set better washing procedure,washing machine began to work until the end without manual intervention. And semi-automatic washing machine washing and dewatering process is divided,is also called the double barrel washing machine, a tong,one takes off a bucket,and put tong inside washing out to artificial add to take off in the barrel dehydration is handled and complete laundry process.Full-automatic washing machine in structure to take off in tong internal bucket suit, two barrels of axis,while working with the clutch to finish washing state and dehydration of the transition of the states,on the key said is automatic washing machine.Full-automatic washing machine press catharsis means to points,can be dividedinto bunt washer and roll barrel type two kinds of washing machine, From the electric control ways to points,can be divided into mechanical program-controlled type and computer board controls type washing machine two kinds.The cylinder and the pulsator washing machine are now the main two kinds.Pulsator washing machine working principle is to add clothing,then open the inlet valve,choose good bibcock of water level and correct working procedures, switch on the power,closed warehouse door,and safety switch closed at water level,the public internal switch contacts are and dehydration contacts are interlinked,inlet valve electrify water,when the barrel water reaches the specifiedheight,in air pressure under the action of water level switch inside public contacts5外文翻译资料disconnect dehydration contacts and connect washing contacts,feed valve power to stop water,motor power is switched on,motor started running,and periodically sometimes are turning,sometimes reverse,mutual alternant,driven by clutch BoLun using the same cycle are turning,inversion,with a certain speed rotating BoLun can drive inside bucket of water and clothing,clothing rotating water formed in the mutual friction and reach the purpose of laundry. When washing process is completed,drainage electromagnetic valve electrify work,drain valve is opened,inside bucket of water exudes,and linkage shaft also the clutch from washing state switch to dehydration state,when drainage is completed,atmospheric pressure drop and inside bucket of water level switch public contacts reset through dehydration contacts,drainage electromagnetic valve keep electrify state,motor driven off running electrify bucket high-speed andjilt dry clothing,laundry program after washing machine disconnect hydropower and stop. As for intermediate process of how many times, laundry to wash the length of time, by process control.Roller-type washing machine of the principle and Pulsator washing machine are basic similar.But110mm drum machine it no clutch variable speed,but its motor is double-speed motor, so when washing machine work in washing state, program-controlled device connected motor washing low-speed windings, motor speed slow, working on dehydration, when they connect dehydration modal high-speed windings,motor high-speed operation,this process is programmed through the device and motor to work together to finish.To sum up, the role of these two kinds of washing machine is same, but different implementation,each has his strong point,Pulsator washing machine is simulated handmade kneaded action to work, 110mm drum type washing machine is by gravity inertial function to finish our work,they realize washing and6dewatering way also have different features,Pulsator washing machine to wear clothes is relatively large,but detergents degree is higher,110mm drum machine for clothing wear small,but detergents degrees,but lower than Pulsator washing machine to save water.So far,washing machine is still towards a higher requirements development.7译文：洗衣机来看一下涡流式全自动洗衣机的构造。
外文文献查找方法及翻译要求
文献查找：根据自己课题到知网或类似的数据库网站查找，有相关英文文章可以进行下载之后翻译。
如果不能下载，网站的中英文摘要一般都可以看到，根据英文关键词到谷歌搜索里面搜相关的英文文章。
要求的翻译原文不一定是专业的科技文章，只要内容相关，难度跟篇幅合适都可以拿来用。
如果想翻译专业的英文文献，可以通过谷歌的学术搜索网站/schhp?hl=zh-CN，给出的链接比较多，多数是链接到数据库上，没有账号不能下载，但是有些时候搜索出来的条目会有PDF链接，直接点击就能下载下来。
还可以通过维基百科查找相关词条的英文解释，/wiki/Main_Page，但无论英文还是中文都要符合模板中的格式要求，如果英文原文不能编辑，可以不作处理。
英译中：翻译一段检查一段，中文语言一定要通顺，不要有漏译。
不知道的单词一定要查，不要猜。
另一个是，同一个单词在文章里多次出现，每次翻译的时候都要用同样的单词翻译，不能原文同一个单词，在译文里出现的时候是不同的单词。
格式和原文要完全一样，原文有表格，就在译文里也画表格，原文是图片，译文也是图片，原文图片里文字的位置和译文图片里文字的位置要一致。
还有，整个文章统一字体。
查词顺序：先查英语国语字典或者用GOOGLE英文网页，理解英文单词的意思，然后用翻译软件英译中翻译，用翻译软件翻译出来的中文单词，用百度查中文单词的意思，如果查到的中文单词的意思和英语国语字典或者用GOOGLE英文网页的英文单词的解释是一致，翻译软件翻译的是正确的，如果不一致，翻译软件翻译的是错的！翻译工具：1) 在线词典有道词典：/爱词霸：/responsibly/用爱词霸的词典选项。
注：以上两个在线词典的准确率相对较高，可用于查词组译法，灵格斯字典，360上下载，到软件管家里找就可以，这里技术类名词多一些。
爱词霸英中互译翻译软件：/尽量不使用GOOGLE翻译软件。
可参考：GOOGLE翻译软件: /#ja|zh-CN|%0D%0A GOOGLE翻译软件总有翻译错的时候，所以，用GOOGLE翻译软件要注意！牛津字典，或者英语国语词典，灵格斯字典下载一个，自己下载一个吧！注意！！必须有英语国语词典，网上的！。
市场调研方法外文文献及翻译
市场调研方法外文文献及翻译1. Market Research Methods: Incorporating Social Media into Traditional Approaches文章介绍了如何在市场调研中运用社交媒体，以帮助企业更好地了解消费者。
研究人员将社交媒体与传统的定量调研和定性调研相结合，以获得更全面的信息。
通过采集社交媒体的数据分析消费者的行为和偏好，以及对产品或服务的反馈意见。
2. Using Eye Tracking in Market Research: A Guide to Best Practices该文献介绍了视觉追踪技术在市场调研中的应用。
作者指出，视觉追踪技术可以帮助研究人员理解消费者在浏览产品或服务时的注意力分配和行为模式。
文章介绍了适用于市场调研的视觉追踪应用程序的最佳实践和测试方法。
3. Conjoint Analysis in Marketing: New Developments with Implications for Research and Practice这篇文章介绍了一种被称为 "共轭分析" 的调研方法，该方法可以帮助研究人员了解消费者在购买某种产品或服务时的偏好和决策过程。
文献称，共轭分析已经成为市场营销领域最为普遍的工具之一。
文章还介绍了最新的研究和在实践中的应用，并探讨了一些特定情况下共轭分析的限制。
4. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal这个杂志专注于定性市场调研方法。
它包括与确定消费者需求、分析竞争对手、建立品牌等相关的研究。
文章强调定性市场调研可以提供深入的见解和对产品或服务的更清晰的理解，帮助企业做出更明智的营销和业务决策。
每一期都包括来自该领域的专家的文章，并提供案例研究和最佳实践。
5. Use of Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Market Research: A Review该文献介绍了如何使用人工智能技术进行市场调研。
外文文献翻译
I. Simakovaa, A. Koskina, I. Deliya, A. SimakovbaBoreskov Institute of Catalysis, Siberian Branch of Academy of Sciences, pr. Ak. Lavrentieva, 5,630090, Novosibirsk, Russia, simakova@catalysis.ru,bCentro de Ciencias de la MateriaCondensada, Universidad NacionalAutónoma de México,Apdo.Postal 2681, Ensenada, B.C., México, andrey@ccmc.unam.mx摘要纳米钯催化剂的应用已获得超过过去几年中日益增长的重要性。
精细有机合成钯基催化方法允许更换传统的多步有机合成技术的劳动消耗，并从成本和环境影响的角度来看提供改善。
已培育的高比表面积活性炭的“Sibunit”的基板作为催化剂的基材使用，无论是在酸性或是碱性介质，同时在其表面超强酸性中心可以促进催化运行过程中产生不良反应情况下的化学惰性。
一种转换α-蒎烯商业的生物活性化合物衍生品和香水，以及与太阳紫外线过滤属性屏幕，作为一个重要的中间步骤，涉及催化加氢。
目前的工作目的是所要澄清的因素，有利于碳金属Pd的分散。
碳还原温度和预处理影响金属的大小在关于“Sibunit”选择性verbenol转换催化剂制备钯表面研究。
用电子显微镜法（TEM）来显示钯碳表面影响双氧水，硝酸氧化的金属分散度，硝酸。
在Pd / C催化剂样品verbenol加氢反应的催化活性是确定的。
最活跃的催化剂样品动力学特性在verbenol加氢反应获得。
关键词：TEM，钯，活性炭，萜类，香料，精细化学品1．引言超过钯金属催化剂的选择性加氢是用来生产有机化工原料最令人鼓舞的方式，包括染料等东西，药品，香料，维生素和有价值的商业中间体[1]。
统计学论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献
中英文对照资料外文翻译文献Policies for Development of Iron and Steel IndustryThe iron and steel industry is an important basic industry of the national economy, a supporting industry for realizing the industrialization and an intensive industry in technologies, capital, resources and energy, and its development requires a comprehensive balancing of all kinds of external conditions. China is a big developing country with a comparatively big demand of iron and steel in the economic development for a long time to go. China's production capacity of iron and steel has ranked the first place in the world for many years. However, there is a large gap in terms of the technological level and material consumption of the iron and steel industry compared with the international advanced level, so the focus of development for the future shall be put on technical upgrading and structural adjustment. In order to enhance the whole technical level of the iron and steel industry, promote the structural adjustment, improve the industrial layout, develop a recycling economy, lower the consumption of materials and energy, pay attention to the environmental protection, raise the comprehensive competitive capacity of enterprises, realize the industrial upgrading, and develop the iron and steel industry into an industry with international competitive capacity that may basically satisfy the demand of the national economy and social development in terms of quantity, quality and varieties, we have formulated the policies for development of the iron and steel industry according to the relevant laws and regulations and the domestic and internationalsituations that the iron and steel industry faces so as to guide the sound development of the iron and steel industry.Chapter I Aim of the PolicyAccording to the requirement of our country's economic and social development and the situation of resources, energy and environmental protection, the production capacity of iron and steel shall maintain at a reasonable scale, which may be specifically resolved in the relevant planning. The comprehensive competitive capacity of iron and steel industry may reach to the international advanced level so that China may become a large country in iron and steel production and a great power country in world-wide competitive.By the year 2010, through the means of structural adjustment of products, the proportion of good iron and steel products shall be elevated considerably, the majority of products shall be basically satisfied the development requirements of most industries in the national economy such as construction, machinery, chemical industry, auto-mobiles, household appliances, vessels, traffic, railway, military industry and new industries.We may elevate the industrial concentration by means of organizational and structural adjustment of the iron and steel industry, and expand the scale of those backbone enterprise groups with comparative advantages by means of amalgamate and reorganization . By 2010, the number of iron and steel smelting enterprises shall be considerably reduced and the production capacity of the iron and the output of steel enterprise groups that rank top 10 in the domestic market shall be reached to 50 % and above of the national total production capacity; by 2020, the proportion shall bereached to 70% and above.By means of layout adjustment of the iron and steel industry, by 2010, the unreasonable layout shall be improved; by 2020, a comparatively reasonable industrial layout that complies with the supply of resources and energy, allocation of traffic and transportation, supply and demand of the market and environmental capacity shall be formed.According to the concept of sustainable development and recycling economy, we should elevate the comprehensive level of environmental protection and resource utilization, and should save energy and lower consumption. We should elevate the comprehensive utilization capacity of waste gases, water and rubbishes to the largest possible extent, strive for the goal of realizing "zero discharge" and establish iron and steel factories of the recycling type. The iron and steel enterprisesmust develop the business of generating power by using reclaimed heat and energy. An iron and steel associated enterprise with the production scale of more than 5 million tons shall strive for the goal of having more than enough power to support itself and providing the surplus to outsiders. By 2005, the comprehensive energy consumption for each ton of steel shall be lowered to 0.76 ton of standard coal, the comparable energy consumption for each ton of iron shall be lowered to 0.70 ton of standard coal and the water consumption for each ton of steel shall be lowered to less than 12 tons in the whole industry; by 2010, the corresponding index shall be lowered to 0.73 ton of standard coal, 0. 685 ton of standard coal and less than 8 tons of water, respectively; by 2020, the corresponding index shall be lowered to 0.7 ton of standard coal, 0.64 ton of standard coal and less than 6 tons of water, respectively. That is, in the coming 10 years, the iron and steel industry shall, on the precondition that the total consumption of water resources decreases and the total energy consumption increases by a small margin, and realize a proper development in total quantity.Before the end of 2005, all the wastes as discharged by iron and steel enterprisesshall have been met the standards of the state and local provisions, and the total discharge volume of major wastes shall have been met the controlling index as verified by the local environmental department.Chapter II Industrial Development PlanningThe state shall guide the iron and steel industry to develop in a sound, sustainable and harmonious manner through the development policies and the mid- and long-term development planning of the iron and steel industry. The mid- and long-term development planning of the iron and steel industry shall be formulated by the National Development and Reform Commission (hereinafter referred to the NDRC) in collaboration with other relevant departments.An enterprise group with a production capacity of more than 5 million tons in 2003 may, according to the state mid- and long-term development planning of the iron and steel industry and the overall planning of the city where it is located, formulate the planning of its own, which shall be implemented upon the approval of the State Council or the NDRC after making necessary cohesion and balancing efforts. The specific construction projects of the planning shall not be required to be subject to the examination and approval or verification of the NDRC, but shall be organized and implemented by the enterprise itself after such formalities for examination and approval of land, environmental protection, security and credit have been handled, and shall be reported to the NDRC for archival filing according to the relevant provisions.The development of any other iron and steel enterprise shall also meet the requirements of the development policies and mid- and long-term development planning of the iron and steel industry.Chapter III Adjustment of Industrial LayoutAdjustment of Industrial LayoutArticle 10For the adjustment of industrial layout, we should take such conditions as mineral resources, energy, water resources, traffic and transportation, environmental capacity, market allocation and overseas resources into account in a comprehensive manner. For the layout adjustment of the iron and steel industry, we shall not establish any new iron and steel associated enterprise alone, independent iron-smelting or steel-smelting factory as a general principle. It's not encouraged to establish any independent steel-rolling factory. We should, on the basis of those established enterprises that meet relevant conditions and in combination with merger and relocation, carry out reform and expansion in those regions with such comparative advantages as water resources, raw materials, transportation and market consumption. We should combine new increase of production capacity with elimination of backward production capacity and shall not, as a general rule, substantially expand the production capacity.In the important regions of environmental protection, the regions in serious short of water, the urban district of big cities, the iron and steel smelting and production capacity shall not be expanded any more. Those enterprises established within the districts shall, in combination of the adjustment of organizational structure, equipment structure and product structure, cut production and move to other places so as to meet the requirements of environmental protection and resource economization.Thinking over the bulk ores, energy, resources, water resources, transportation condition and the domestic and overseas market the large-scale iron and steel enterprises shall be mainly located along the coastal areas. The iron and steel enterprises in inland regions shall, in combination with the local market and bulk ore resources, determine their production according to the mines available, and shallregard the sustainable production as the main factor for consideration other than strive for any expansion of production scale.There are abundant resources of iron mines in the Anshan-Benxi region in north-east China, which is near the production bases of coal and has a certain condition of water resources. According to the development strategy of vitalizing the old north-east industrial base, the iron and steel enterprises in this region shall, according to the requirements of associated reorganization and establishing a top-quality production base, eliminate the backward production capacity so as to build up a large enterprise group with international competitive capacity. .As the region of North China is in short of water resources and the production capacity and level thereof is low and excessive, we should, according to the ecological requirements of environmental protection, put the focus on structural adjustment, carry out merger and reorganization, strictly control the continuous over-increase of production factories and expansion of production capacity. We should relocate the Capital Steel Corporation and the reorganize it with the iron and steel industry of Hebei Province.The steel material market in North China has a big potential. However, the layout of iron and steel enterprises thereof are over-intensified and thus, the large backbone enterprises with comparative advantages within this region may, in combination of the adjustment of organizational structure and product structure, elevate their production concentration and international competitive capacity .As the central-southern region has abundant water resources andconvenient water transportation, the south-east coastal regions shall make full use of the advantage of deep waters and good harbors to build up large iron and steel associated enterprises in combination with the industrial reorganization and the relocation of urban steel factories.There are abundant water resources in the west-south regions, and in thePanzhihua-Xichang area has a large storage capacity of iron mines and coal resources but with inconvenient transportation. The key backbone enterprises existed shall improve their equipments level, adjust the variety structure, develop high-value-added products, determine the production capacity according to the sustainable supplying capacity of bulk ores rather than blindly pursue the increase of quantity.As the west-north region is in short of bulk iron ores and water resources, the backbone enterprises existed shall put the focus on satisfying the requirement of local regional economic development other than pursue the expansion of production scale, and shall make good use of the mineral resources in neighboring countries actively.政策发展钢铁工业钢铁工业是国民经济的重要基础产业，是实现工业化和技术，资本密集型产业的支撑产业，资源和能源，以及它的发展需要各种外部条件的综合平衡。
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