Electric Vechile development
新能源汽车专业英语1-1
1.1 The Development of Electric Vehicles
The early electric vehicles, such as the 1902 Wood's Phaeton (Figure 1.1), were little more than electrified horseless carriages. The Phaeton had a range of 18 miles, a top speed of 14 mph and cost $2,000.
疑难句子分析
*1 The decline of the electric vehicle was brought about by several major developments, such as a better system of roads in America By the 1920s, lower gasoline car price than electric cars due to the initiation of mass production of internal combustion engine vehicles by Henry Ford, the discovery of Texas crude oil and the invention of the electric starter in 1912 eliminating the need for the hand crank.
发展电动汽车英语作文
发展电动汽车英语作文Here is an English essay on the topic of the development of electric vehicles, with the body of the essay containing over 1000 words as requested, without any additional title or punctuation.The development of electric vehicles has been a topic of increasing importance in recent years as the world seeks to address the pressing challenges of climate change and environmental sustainability. Electric vehicles (EVs) offer a promising solution to the environmental and economic concerns associated with traditional gasoline-powered vehicles, and their adoption has been steadily growing around the globe.One of the primary drivers behind the push for electric vehicles is the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve air quality. Traditional internal combustion engine vehicles are a major contributor to global carbon emissions, with the transportation sector accounting for a significant portion of these emissions. Electric vehicles, on the other hand, produce zero direct emissions, making them a much cleaner alternative. As the world works towards reducing its carbon footprint and transitioning to more sustainable energy sources, the development and adoption of electric vehicleshave become crucial.Moreover, the increased use of electric vehicles can also help to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and promote energy independence. Many countries are heavily dependent on imported oil, which not only presents economic and geopolitical risks but also contributes to the environmental degradation associated with oil extraction and refining. By transitioning to electric vehicles, we can reduce our demand for fossil fuels and shift towards domestically produced electricity, which can be generated from a variety of renewable sources such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power.The technological advancements in battery design and energy storage have been a critical factor in the growth of the electric vehicle market. In recent years, lithium-ion battery technology has improved significantly, offering increased energy density, longer range, and faster charging times. This has helped to address some of the key concerns that have historically hindered the widespread adoption of electric vehicles, such as limited driving range and long charging times.Furthermore, the falling costs of electric vehicles and the availability of government incentives and subsidies have also played a significant role in their increased adoption. As the production of electric vehicles has scaled up and the technology has become moremature, the prices of these vehicles have been gradually declining, making them more accessible to a wider range of consumers. Additionally, many governments around the world have implemented various policies and incentives, such as tax credits, rebates, and charging infrastructure investments, to encourage the adoption of electric vehicles and support the transition to a more sustainable transportation system.The development of electric vehicles has also had a significant impact on the broader automotive industry. Traditional automakers have been compelled to invest heavily in the research and development of electric vehicle technologies, as they seek to remain competitive in the rapidly evolving market. This has led to the introduction of a wide range of electric vehicle models, catering to diverse consumer preferences and needs.Moreover, the growth of the electric vehicle industry has also created new opportunities for the development of supporting technologies and infrastructure. The demand for charging stations, energy storage solutions, and grid integration systems has driven the development of innovative technologies and business models, creating new jobs and economic opportunities.However, the widespread adoption of electric vehicles is not without its challenges. One of the key challenges is the limited availability ofcharging infrastructure, particularly in areas with limited access to electricity or public charging facilities. This can be a significant barrier for consumers who are hesitant to purchase an electric vehicle due to concerns about the availability of charging options.Additionally, the sourcing and production of the raw materials required for battery manufacturing, such as lithium, cobalt, and nickel, can also present environmental and social challenges. Ethical and sustainable mining practices, as well as the development of recycling and reuse strategies for these materials, will be crucial in ensuring the long-term sustainability of the electric vehicle industry.Despite these challenges, the development of electric vehicles remains a critical component of the global transition to a more sustainable and environmentally-friendly transportation system. As technology continues to improve, costs decline, and policy support grows, the adoption of electric vehicles is expected to accelerate in the coming years, with the potential to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on fossil fuels.In conclusion, the development of electric vehicles represents a significant opportunity to address the pressing environmental and energy challenges of our time. By promoting the adoption of clean, efficient, and sustainable transportation solutions, we can contributeto the creation of a more sustainable and resilient future for our planet and its inhabitants.。
电动汽车外文资料翻译
Abstract:This paper describes the development of electric car environmental protection and low pollution, safety, economic development prospects and countermeasures.Key words:electric vehicle technology; energy crisis; Intelligent electronic technology；Development prospectAs the world energy crisis, and the war and the energy consumption of oil -- and are full of energy, in one day, someday it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not in resources. So in oil consumption must be clean before finding a replacement. With the development of science and technology the progress of the society, people invented the electric car. Electric cars will become the most ideal of transportation.First, the chapter of electric vehicle development1, development of electronic control technologyIn the development of world each aspect is fruitful, especially with the automobile electronic technology and computer and rapid development of the information age. The electronic control technology in the car on a wide range of applications, the application of the electronic device, cars, and electronic technology not only to improve and enhance the quality and the traditional automobile electrical performance, but also improve the automobile fuel economy, performance, reliability and emissions purification. Widely used in automobile electronic products not only reduces the cost and reduce the complexity of the maintenance. From the fuel injection engine ignition devices, air control and emission control and fault diagnosis to the body auxiliary devices are generally used in electronic control technology, auto development mainly electromechanical integration. Widely used in automotive electronic control ignition system mainly electronic control fuel injection system, electronic control ignition system, electronic control automatic transmission, electronic control (ABS/ASR) control system, electronic control suspension system, electronic control power steering system, vehicle dynamic control system, the airbag systems, active belt system, electronic control system and the automatic air-conditioning and GPS navigation system etc. With the system response, the usefunction of quick car, high reliability, guarantees of engine power and reduce fuel consumption and emission regulations meet standards.2, The modern development of automobileThe car is essential to modern traffic tools. And electric cars bring us infinite joy will give us the physical and mental relaxation. Take for example, automatic transmission in road, can not on the clutch, can achieve automatic shift and engine flameout, not so effective improve the driving convenience lighten the fatigue strength. Automatic transmission consists mainly of hydraulic torque converter, gear transmission, pump, hydraulic control system, electronic control system and oil cooling system, etc. The electronic control of suspension is mainly used to cushion the impact of the body and the road to reduce vibration that car getting smooth-going and stability. When the vehicle in the car when the road uneven road can according to automatically adjust the height. When the car ratio of height, low set to gas or oil cylinder filling or oil. If is opposite, gas or diarrhea. To ensure and improve the level of driving cars driving stability. Variable force power steering system can significantly change the driver for the work efficiency and the state, so widely used in electric cars. VDC to vehicle performance has important function it can according to the need of active braking to change the wheels of the car, car motions of state and optimum control performance, and increased automobile adhesion, controlling and stability. Besides these, appear beyond 4WS 4WD electric cars can greatly improve the performance of the value and ascending simultaneously. ABS braking distance is reduced and can keep turning skills effectively improve the stability of the directions simultaneously reduce tyre wear. The airbag appear in large programs protected the driver and passenger's safety, and greatly reduce automobile in collision of drivers and passengers in the buffer, to protect the safety of life.The second chapter electric cars on the environment influence and electronic technology:1, reduce pollution: of course battery electric vehicle is the key, the electric car battery mainly has: the use of lead-acid batteries, nickel cadmium battery, the battery, sodium sulfide sodium sulfide lithium battery, the battery, the battery, the flywheelzinc - air fuel cell and solar battery, the battery. In many kind of cells, the fuel cell is by far the most want to solve the problem of energy shortage car. Fuel cells have high pollution characteristics, different from other battery, the battery, need not only external constantly supply of fuel and electricity can continuously steadily. Fuel cell vehicles (FCEV) can be matched with the car engine performance and fuel economy and emission in the aspects of superior internal-combustion vehicles.2, Intelligent electronic technology functionsIntelligent electronic technology in the bus to promote safe driving and that the other functions. The realization of automatic driving through various sensors. Except some smart cars equipped with multiple outside sensors can fully perception of information and traffic facilities and to judge whether the vehicles and drivers in danger, has the independent pathfinding, navigation, avoid bump, no parking fees etc. Function. Effectively improve the safe transport of manipulation, reduce the pilot fatigue, improve passenger comfort.Third, Electric vehicle development prospectElectric vehicles have a development prospect:Along with the computer and electronic product constantly upgrading electric car, open class in mature technology and perfected, that drive more safe, convenient and flexible, comfortable. Now, the electric car from ordinary consumers distance is still very far away, only a few people in bandwagon. Electric cars with traditional to compete in the market, the carWill was electric cars and intelligent car replaced. This is the question that day after timing will come. ABS, GPS, and various new 4WD 4WS, electronic products and the modern era, excellent performance auto tacit understanding is tie-in, bring us unparalleled precision driving comfort and safety of driving.China the development of electric vehicles has a unique advantage. Among them, is a very important factor in the market. China has a large population, has the world's largest passenger transport market, it also has the world's largest electric sightseeing cars, electric cars for the Chinese market, the electric vehicle technology development to create a special market advantage.As a result of the industry, the industry link to follow, as many enterprises have sprung up, plastic factory, carriage factory, battery factory, electric factory, electronics factory, paint factory, tire factory and so on supporting industries such as bamboo shoots after a spring rain like appearance, industry staffing needs a lot of labor intensive talent, such as the industrial workers ( production line ), R & D department, supporting the Department, purchasing department, marketing department, administration department and other departments to emerge as the times require to bring a lot of staff shortage, personnel quality is not high, be badly in need of high-quality, highly educated professionals infuse, need to bring new ideas, the enterprise inside the industry innumerable, needs a lot of talent, so the electric vehicle industry employment prospects are very optimistic.Electric car industry required：But at the same time, due to the lack of industry standards and industryself-discipline, electric vehicle industry is in a state of blind development. Hand out thousands of manufacturers, but the lack of a strong brand and technology innovation; on the other hand free to increase body weight and speed, electric vehicle traffic accidents lead to substantially increase, triggering multiple city have imposed a ban on electric car start off policy restrictions. Therefore, it is the electric vehicle industry development of a bottleneck stage. A prediction that market will eventually keep about twenty or so of the brand, and was forced to the overseas industry transfer. How to deal with future trends, there are now many people put forward a variety of plan. But most important, I think that depends on three factors. Respectively: environmental protection, safety and needs to.译文摘要:本文阐述了发展电动汽车的环保低污染性、安全性、经济性的发展前景及对策。
新能源汽车发展英语作文200
新能源汽车发展英语作文200英文回答：The development of new energy vehicles (NEVs) has taken the world by storm in recent years, offering a cleaner and more sustainable alternative to traditional fossil fuel-powered vehicles. This trend is being driven by a growing awareness of the environmental and health impacts of transportation, as well as government policies and incentives aimed at promoting the adoption of NEVs.One of the most significant benefits of NEVs is their reduced environmental impact. Electric vehicles (EVs), in particular, produce zero tailpipe emissions, meaning they do not contribute to air pollution or greenhouse gas emissions. This has the potential to significantly improve air quality and reduce the health risks associated with air pollution, especially in urban areas. Additionally, NEVs can help reduce our dependence on fossil fuels, which are a finite resource and a major contributor to climate change.Another advantage of NEVs is their lower operating costs. Electricity is generally cheaper than gasoline or diesel fuel, so EV owners can save money on their energy bills. In addition, NEVs require less maintenance than traditional vehicles, as they have fewer moving parts. This can further reduce the cost of ownership over time.However, there are also some challenges associated with the development of NEVs. One of the main concerns is the limited driving range of EVs. While the range of EVs has improved significantly in recent years, it is still less than that of traditional gasoline-powered vehicles. This can be a limiting factor for consumers who need to travel long distances or who do not have access to convenient charging stations.Another challenge is the cost of NEVs. EVs aretypically more expensive than traditional vehicles, although the cost has come down in recent years. This can make it difficult for some consumers to afford an EV. However, government incentives, such as tax credits andrebates, can help to make NEVs more affordable.Despite these challenges, the development of NEVs is expected to continue at a rapid pace in the coming years. Governments around the world are investing heavily in NEVs, and major automakers are committing to electrifying their fleets. This investment is expected to drive down the cost of NEVs and increase their driving range, making them a more attractive option for consumers.As NEVs become more affordable and convenient, they are expected to play an increasingly important role in the transportation sector. By reducing our dependence on fossil fuels and improving air quality, NEVs can help us create a more sustainable and healthy future.中文回答：近年来，新能源汽车（NEV）的发展风靡全球，为传统的化石燃料动力汽车提供了一种更清洁、更可持续的替代方案。
The Development of Electric Vehicles in China
Bus Passenger vehicle Special vehicle
Fig: Proportions of different vehicles
3.3 Infrastructure
By the end of 2011, 6,800 charging poles and 168 charging stations were built in 25 demonstration cities.
III. Demonstration and Promotion of Electric Vehicles
Stage 1: the demonstration project on the Nan'ao Island Intensive operation tests were conducted on 24 electric vehicles of various types
Work Leading Group of Demonstration City C
Technical support expert team
Auto and parts makers
Vehicle operation companies
Infrastructure construction companies
Four ministries and commissions
Demonstration Project Management Office
Work Leading Group of Demonstration City A
Work Leading Group of Demonstration City B
II. Development history and current situation in China
电动汽车发展：过去、现在与未来外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
Abstract
A vehicle is consider Green when it moreenvironmentally friendly than the traditional petroleumcombustion engine, in which includes any nontraditionalvehicle like, HEV, Plug In, EV, Fuel Cell, Bio fuel etc. thatimproves fuel economy. The development of electric vehiclehas been over a hundred years but failure to gain the publicacceptance in various stages due to various reasons whichexplained. While EV was never mass produced, Hybridelectric vehicle gains the momentum in recent years. Fordhas launched its second generation of HEV and GM alsoannounced the debut of the Volt in 2010. Comparing to theregular HEV, Plug in is the new trend in hybrid autodevelopment due to extend travel range in electrical modeand a possibility of a zero emission as long as travel distanceis less than charging threshold. However, more recently, anelectrification trend in automotive industry has been evolvedand will revolutionize the industry. With the correct policyand government help and advancement of electric vehicletechnology, the prospect of Electric Vehicle will be brightand the focus point of future development.
电动汽车中英文文献
China Hybrid Electric Vehicle Development With the depletion of oil resources, increase awareness of environmental protection, hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles will become the first decades of the new century, the development of mainstream cars and automobile industry become the consensus of all of the industry. The Chinese government also has the National High Technology Research and Development Program (863 Program) specifically listed, including hybrid vehicles, including electric cars of major projects. At present, China's independent innovation of new energy vehicles in the process, adhere to the government support to core technology, key components and system integration focusing on the principles established in hybrid electric vehicles, pure electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles as a "three vertical " To vehicle control systems, motor drive systems, power battery / fuel cell for the "three horizontal" distribution of R & D, through close links between production cooperation, China's independent innovation of hybrid cars has made significant progress. With completely independent intellectual property rights form the power system technology platform, established a hybrid electric vehicle technology development. Is the core of hybrid vehicles batteries (including battery management system) technology. In addition, also include engine technology, motor control, vehicle control technology, engine and electrical interface between the power conversion and is also the key. From the current situation, China has established a hybrid electric vehicle power system through Cooperative R & D technology platforms and systems, made a series of breakthroughs for vehicle development has laid a solid foundation. As of January 31, 2009, Technology in hybrid vehicles, China Intellectual Property Office to receive and open for the 1116 patent applications in China. In 1116 patent applications, invention 782 (authority for the 107), utility model for the 334. Mastered the entire vehicle key development, the formation of a capability to develop various types of electric vehicles. Hybrid cars in China in systems integration, reliability, fuel economy and other aspects of the marked progress in achieving fuel economy of different technical solutions can be 10% -40%. Meanwhile, the hybrid vehicle automotive enterprises and industrial R & D investment significantly enhanced, accelerating the pace of industrialization. Currently, domestic automakers have hybrid vehicles as the next major competitive products in the strategic high priority, FAW, Dongfeng, SAIC Motor, Changan, Chery, BYD, etc. have put a lot of manpower, material resources, Hybrid prototyping has been completed, and some models have achieved low-volume market. FAW Group Development Goal: By 2012, the Group plans to build an annual capacity of 11,000 hybrid cars, hybrid bus production base of 1000. FAW Group since 1999 and a new energy vehicles for theoretical research and development work, and the development of a red car performance hybrid sample. "15" period, the FAW Group is committed to the national "863" major project in the "red card in series hybrid electric vehicle research and development" mission, officially began the research and development of new energy vehicles. Beginning in 2006, FAW B70 in the Besturn, based on the technology for hybrid-based research, the original longitudinal into transverse engine assembly engine assembly, using a transverse engine and dual-motor hybrid technology. At the same time, FAW also pay close attention to the engine, mechanicaland electrical integration, transmission, vehicle control networks, vehicle control systems development, the current FAW hybrid electric car has achieved 42% fuel saving effect, reached the international advanced level. Jiefang CA6100HEV Hybrid Electric Bus FAW "Liberation brand CA6100HEV Hybrid Electric Bus" project is a national "863" electric vehicle major projects funded project, with pure electric drive, the engine alone drives (and charge), the joint drive motor starts the engine, and sliding regenerative braking 5 kinds of basic operation. The power hybrid electric bus and economy to the leading level, 38% fuel economy than traditional buses, emissions reduced by 30%. Red Flag CA7180AE hybrid cars Red Flag hybrid cars CA7180AE according to the national "863 Plan" is the first in complete with industrial prospects of the car, it is built on the basis of red car with good performance and operational smoothness. Series which is a hybrid sedan, the luxury car ,0-100km acceleration time of 14s, fuel-effic ient than traditional cars by about 50%, Euro Ⅲ emission standard. Besturn B70 hybrid cars Besturn B70 Hybrid cars using petrol - electric hybrid approach. Dual motor power system programs, mixed degree of 40/103, is all mixed (Full-Hybrid, also known as re-mixed) configurations. Besturn B70 Hybrid cars are petrol version costs two to three times Besturn models, mass production will be gradually reduced after the costs, even if this hybrid version Besturn market, the price certainly higher than the existing Besturn models, but high the price of petrol will not exceed 30% version of Besturn models. SAIC Development Goals: 2010 launch in the mixed hybrid cars, plug-in 2012, SAIC strong mix of cars and pure electric cars will be on the market. In the R & D on new energy vehicles, SAIC made clear to focus on hybrid, fuel cell for the direction, and speed up the development of alternative products. Hybrid vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, alternative fuel vehicles as a new energy strategy SAIC three key. 2010 SAIC Roewe 750 hybrid cars in the mix will be put on the market, during the World Expo in Shanghai, SAIC will put 150 hybrid cars in the Expo Line on the River Run. 2012 Roewe 550 plug-in hybrid cars will be strong market, the current car's power system has been launched early development and progress. Apply the new hybrid bus moving on the 1st Apply the new hybrid bus moving on the 1st Academy of Engineering by the SAIC and Shanghai Jiaotong University and other units jointly developed with independent intellectual property rights. Existing cities in the Sunwin Bus Power platform, "the new dynamic application No. 1" uses a parallel hybrid electric vehicle drive program, so that hybrid electric vehicle operating conditions in the electric air-conditioning, steering, braking and other accessories still able to work without additional electric system, while use of super capacitors, to improve starting power, braking energy recovery efficiency, thereby enhancing vehicle dynamic performance, reduce fuel consumption. Car length 10m, width 2.5m, high-3.2m, can accommodate 76 people. Roewe 750 hybrid cars Roewe 750 hybrid cars in the mixed system with BSG (Belt drive start generating one machine), with "smart stop zero-emission" and "environmental protection and the power of both the" two prominent features of a top speed of 205 km / h, the maximum added driving range of up to 500 km. As for the industrialization of SAIC's first own-brand hybrid car, the Roewe 750 hybrid integrated hybrid fuel-efficient cars can achieve rates of around 20%. Dongfeng Motor GroupDevelopment Goals: Plans move into 33 billion in 10 years to develop a range of environmentally friendly hybrid vehicles, including cars. EQ7200HEV hybrid cars EQ7200HEV hybrid cars are "863" project of major projects and major strategic projects of Dongfeng Motor Corporation. The car is EQ7200-Ⅱ model (Fengshen Bluebird cars) is based on an electronically controlled automatic transmission with innovative electromechanical coupling in parallel programs, configure DC brushless motor and nickel-hydrogen batteries, plans to "10 5 "during the industrialization. Industrialization, the vehicle cost more than EQ7200 cars increase in costs ≤ 30%. EQ61100HEV Hybrid Electric Bus EQ61100HEV electric hybrid bus by Dongfeng Vehicle Company Limited Joint Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China Textile Co., Ltd. and Hunan sharp Electromechanical Technology Co., Ltd. jointly developed Shenzhou. EQ61100HEV hybrid electric bus with switched reluctance motor, Cummins ISBe1504 cylinder common rail electronic injection diesel engine, new chassis design of the system, electronically controlled automatic transmission and innovative electromechanical coupling parallel program. In the annual output reached 200, the vehicle cost more than the in crease in automobile engine equipped with 6CT ≤ 30%. China Changan Development Goals: the next three years, the formation of different grades, different purposes, carry a different system of mixed platforms, weak mix of scale, strong mixed industrial R & D capabilities, covering commercial, A grade, B grade, C grade products. 2014 will achieve sales of new energy vehicles 150 000 2020 sales of new energy vehicles for more than 500,000. "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" period, Chang-an increased investment in clean energy vehicles, a diversified energy technologies to carry out exploratory research. Environmental protection through energy-saving models continues to introduce new technology to lead the industry to upgrade and fully utilize and mobilize global resources, Chang'an in the middle hybrid cars, hybrid cars and other technological strength of the field are explored. Chang's first hybrid car long Anjie Xun HEV was successfully listed in June 2009; the first batch of 20 hybrid taxis Long An Zhixiang in January of this year officially put into operation in Chongqing. Chery Development Goals: after 2010, more than half of Chery's products carry different levels of hybrid systems. From 2003 to 2008, mainly mixed with moderate Chery hybrid cars and energy saving system development, and industrialization; Chery in Wuhu, a taxi has been carried out on probation, fuel consumption will be reduced by 10% to 30% to reach Europe Ⅳ Standard. Since 2004, Chery hybrid cars mainly for the development of strong and industrialization. Chery hybrid car fuel consumption target to reach 100 km 3 liters, to reach Europe and the United States emissions regulations. Chery A5BSG Chery A5BSG is a weak parallel hybrid electric car, using fuel engines, electric engines complementary mode, the two different power sources in the car while driving to work together or separately, through this combination to achieve the least fuel consumption and exhaust emissions, in order to achieve fuel efficiency and environmental protection purposes. Compared with the conventional car, the car in urban conditions can save 10% -15% of fuel and reduce carbon dioxide emissions by about 12%, while costs increased by only about 25% -30%. Chery A5ISG Chery A5 ISG hybrid power system consists of "1.3L gasoline engine + 5-speed manual transmission +10 kW motor +144 V Ni-MH battery," thecomposition of the battery system used by the Johnson Controls developed "plug-in" nickel metal hydride (Ni-MH), motor with permanent magnet synchronous motor and with the motor control system, inverter and DC / DC converters. The system enables the vehicle power to 1.6L displacement level and rate of 30% fuel savings and significantly reduce the emissions of Euro V standards. Cherry A3ISG Chery A3 ISG has 1.3L473F gasoline engine and equipped with 10KW motor. By gasoline engines and electric motors with torque overlay approach to dynamic mixed to provide the best vehicle power operating efficiency and energy saving environmental protection goals. Chery A3 ISG also has Stop_Restart the idling stop function such as flame start to start (BSG function), to reduce red light in the vehicle stopped or suspended when the fuel consumption and emissions expenses. FY 2BSG FY 2 BSG carry 1.5LSQR477F inline four-cylinder engine configuration BSG start / stop and so one electric motor, red light in the vehicle stopped the driver into the gap, it will automatically enter standby mode to turn off the engine, starting moments after the entry block automatically start the engine. FY 2 BSG vehicle average fuel consumption than the 1.5L petrol cars reduce about 5-10%, average fuel consumption can be reduced up to 15%. BYD Auto Development Goal: to electric cars as a transitional mode, the electric car as the ultimate goal, the development of new energy cars BYD. BYD follow the "independent research and development, independent production, independent brand" development path, and the "core technology, vertical integration" development strategy, as the transition to dual-mode electric vehicles, electric vehicles as the ultimate goal, the development of BYD new energy vehicles.国混合动力汽车发展随着石油资源的枯竭、人们环保意识的提高，混合动力汽车及电动汽车将成为新世纪前几十年汽车发展的主流，并成为我国汽车界所有业人士的共识。
电车发展英语作文
电车发展英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Development of Electric CarsIntroductionThe development of electric cars has been a topic of growing interest and importance in the automotive industry in recent years. As awareness of environmental issues and the need for sustainable transportation solutions has increased, electric cars have emerged as a promising alternative to traditional gasoline-powered vehicles. In this essay, we will explore the history and evolution of electric cars, the current state of the industry, and the potential future of electric vehicles.History of Electric CarsWhile electric cars may seem like a recent innovation, they actually have a long history that dates back to the early 19th century. The first electric vehicle was built in 1832 by Scottish inventor Robert Anderson, who created a crude electric carriage powered by non-rechargeable primary cells. Over the next century, electric cars continued to evolve, with improvements inbattery technology and electric motors leading to the development of more practical and efficient vehicles.One of the major milestones in the history of electric cars was the introduction of the General Motors EV1 in 1996. This electric car was one of the first mass-produced electric vehicles and generated significant interest and excitement among consumers. However, due to various factors, including limited range and high production costs, the EV1 was eventually discontinued in 1999.Current State of the IndustryIn recent years, there has been a resurgence of interest in electric cars, driven by advancements in technology, concerns about climate change, and government incentives to promote clean energy. Major automakers such as Tesla, Nissan, and BMW have all introduced electric vehicles to their lineups, with models that offer improved range, performance, and affordability.The popularity of electric cars has also been boosted by the development of a charging infrastructure, with more charging stations being installed in cities and along highways. This has alleviated concerns about "range anxiety" – the fear of running out of battery power while driving – and has made electric cars more practical and convenient for everyday use.Future of Electric VehiclesLooking ahead, the future of electric vehicles looks promising, with continued advancements in battery technology and the development of new models with longer ranges and faster charging times. Electric cars are also becoming more affordable, thanks to improvements in production processes and economies of scale.In addition to passenger cars, electric vehicles are also being used in other forms of transportation, such as buses, trucks, and even airplanes. This trend towards electrification is expected to have a significant impact on reducing emissions and improving air quality in urban areas, where transportation is a major source of pollution.ConclusionIn conclusion, the development of electric cars represents a significant shift in the automotive industry towards cleaner and more sustainable transportation solutions. While there are still challenges to overcome, such as the need for more widespread charging infrastructure and lower production costs, the future looks bright for electric vehicles. By embracing this technology and investing in its continued development, we can create amore sustainable and environmentally friendly future for generations to come.篇2The Development of Electric CarsWith the increasing concerns about environmental issues and the depletion of fossil fuels, electric cars have become a popular alternative to traditional gasoline-powered vehicles. The development of electric cars has advanced rapidly in recent years, with major car manufacturers investing heavily in research and development to produce more efficient and affordable electric vehicles.One of the key benefits of electric cars is their sustainability. By running on electricity instead of gasoline, electric cars produce zero emissions, reducing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. This is particularly important in urban areas where air quality is a major concern. In addition, electric cars are more energy-efficient than traditional vehicles, as electric motors are more efficient than internal combustion engines.The advancement of battery technology has also played a crucial role in the development of electric cars. Lithium-ion batteries, which are commonly used in electric cars, havebecome more affordable and have greater energy density, allowing electric cars to travel longer distances on a single charge. The development of fast-charging technology has also made it easier for electric car owners to recharge their vehicles quickly and conveniently.Furthermore, the increasing demand for electric cars has led to a more diverse range of electric vehicle options available to consumers. From compact city cars to luxury electric SUVs, there is now a wide variety of electric cars to choose from, catering to different needs and preferences. This has helped to popularize electric cars and increase their market share in the automotive industry.In terms of infrastructure, many countries are investing in building more charging stations to support the growing number of electric vehicles on the road. This has helped to alleviate range anxiety and make it more convenient for electric car owners to recharge their vehicles while on the go. Some countries are also offering incentives and subsidies to encourage more people to switch to electric cars, such as tax credits, rebates, and free parking for electric vehicles.Despite the many benefits of electric cars, there are still challenges that need to be addressed to further promote theiradoption. One of the main challenges is the limited range of electric cars compared to gasoline-powered vehicles, which can make long-distance travel more difficult. However, advancements in battery technology and the expansion of charging infrastructure are helping to address this issue.In conclusion, the development of electric cars has come a long way in recent years, with advancements in technology and infrastructure making electric vehicles more practical and accessible to consumers. As the demand for electric cars continues to grow, it is likely that we will see further innovations in the electric vehicle industry, leading to more sustainable and environmentally friendly transportation options for the future.篇3The Development of Electric VehiclesIn recent years, the development of electric vehicles (EVs) has gained significant momentum as the world seeks to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and combat climate change. Electric vehicles, powered by electricity instead of gasoline, have the potential to significantly reduce air pollution and dependence on fossil fuels. In this essay, we will explore the current state of electric vehicle development, the challenges and opportunitiesfacing the industry, and the potential impact of electric vehicles on the environment and society.The global electric vehicle market has been growing steadily in recent years, with major automakers investing heavily in research and development to bring EV technology to the mass market. Companies like Tesla, Nissan, and General Motors have launched successful electric vehicle models that have gained popularity among consumers. Governments around the world are also introducing policies and incentives to promote the adoption of electric vehicles, such as tax credits, rebates, and infrastructure investments. As a result, the number of electric vehicles on the road is expected to increase significantly in the coming years.One of the main challenges facing the electric vehicle industry is the high cost of EVs compared to traditional gasoline-powered vehicles. While the price of electric vehicles has been decreasing over time, they are still more expensive to purchase than gasoline cars. This cost barrier has been a major deterrent for many consumers, especially in developing countries where EV infrastructure is still limited. In addition, the range of electric vehicles is a concern for some consumers, asthey may be worried about running out of battery power on long journeys.Despite these challenges, there are significant opportunities for the electric vehicle industry to grow and thrive in the coming years. Advances in battery technology are making electric vehicles more efficient and affordable, with longer driving ranges and faster charging times. Companies are also investing in the development of electric trucks, buses, and even airplanes, which could further reduce emissions and create new opportunities for sustainable transportation. Governments and businesses are also working together to build EV charging infrastructure and develop renewable energy sources to power electric vehicles, further reducing their environmental impact.The impact of electric vehicles on the environment and society could be transformational. By transitioning from gasoline-powered vehicles to electric vehicles, we can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution, leading to cleaner air and improved public health. Electric vehicles also have the potential to create new jobs in the clean energy sector and stimulate economic growth. The widespread adoption of electric vehicles could also reduce our dependenceon imported oil and increase energy security for countries around the world.In conclusion, the development of electric vehicles represents a significant opportunity to create a more sustainable and environmentally friendly transportation system. While there are challenges to overcome, the electric vehicle industry is poised for rapid growth in the coming years. By investing in research and development, building EV infrastructure, and promoting policies that support electric vehicles, we can accelerate the transition to a cleaner, more sustainable future. The development of electric vehicles is not just a technological achievement, but a crucial step towards a more sustainable and prosperous society for future generations.。
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Electric Vehicle Development: The Past, Present & FutureLixin SituHong Kong Automotive Parts and Accessory System R&D Centre 78 Tat Chee Ave. Kowloon Tong, Hong KongE-Mail: lixinsitu@apas.hkAbstract - A vehicle is consider Green when it more environmentally friendly than the traditional petroleum combustion engine, in which includes any nontraditional vehicle like, HEV, Plug In, EV, Fuel Cell, Bio fuel etc. that improves fuel economy. The development of electric vehicle has been over a hundred years but failure to gain the public acceptance in various stages due to various reasons which explained. While EV was never mass produced, Hybrid electric vehicle gains the momentum in recent years. Ford has launched its second generation of HEV and GM also announced the debut of the Volt in 2010. Comparing to the regular HEV, Plug in is the new trend in hybrid auto development due to extend travel range in electrical mode and a possibility of a zero emission as long as travel distanceis less than charging threshold. However, more recently, an electrification trend in automotive industry has been evolved and will revolutionize the industry. With the correct policy and government help and advancement of electric vehicle technology, the prospect of Electric Vehicle will be bright and the focus point of future development.Keywords – electric vehicle, hybrid, plug in, green, historyI.I NTRODUCTIONAs associated with energy independence and environmental issue, alternative fuel vehicle, especially Electric and Hybrid electric vehicle has become part of the government policy all over the world. The united State mandates a stricter fuel economy standard. China issued a new energy vehicle policy to accelerate & subsidize the deployment of electric this year and set a goal of 500k for 2011. Hong Kong also set a clear vision for EV application in the near future.As for the auto industry, a silent green resolution is undergo significant transformation after gasoline price rose significantly to exceed US$2 level and market demands for such vehicle. The industry introduced more fuel efficient HEVs and less polluted vehicles to the market. As Oil price surged rapidly during the last few years, the phenomenon has pushed pure electric vehicle development regaining traction among automakers andgovernments.Fig. 1 HEV Market Share [1] The consumer market has brought significant gain in alternative fuel vehicle as well as HEV and electric vehicles. A HEV study (Fig. 1) conducted by Polk & Company indicated an upward trend of market share of HEV sales in United State and Western Europe. An even bigger share of HEV and EV were predicted when they combined. In fact, selection of HEV models from OEMs have grown from two (I nsight & Prius) in 2000 to more than twenties as today. Sales of the HEV are in the fast track along with more than 300,000 HEV sold in 2007[2]. Further known commitments of HEV and electric vehicle from OEM will improve the HEV production even more. Adding plug-in and electric vehicle to the line up will strengthen and accelerate the current electrification trend. Chevy Volt, the first plug-in hybrid, and a bunch of planned electric vehicles saluted for end consumer in the North America will lead to a round of new energy vehicle in the market.II.H ISTORY OF E LECTRIC V EHICLE D EVELOPMENT The development of electric vehicle has a long history. Since the invention of electric motor, electric vehicle has been around for 150 years. From simple non-chargeable to modern state of art control system, the development of Electric vehicle can be classified into three stages: Early years, Midterm and Present as described in Fig 2[3].Fig 2: Electric vehicle time lineA.Early development stageElectric vehicle was considered among the earliest automobile and well ahead of combustion engine. I t dominated the vehicle registration with 3:1 comparing to gasoline vehicles in the late 1920s to 1930s and held most of the land vehicle performance record in early 1900s. It was a major transportation tool and widely used in the society for local transportation improved from horse carriages.Until 1930, electric vehicle leadership was overtaken by gasoline vehicle development and was never able toreclaim the status for following reasons:Early daysMid term current daysGM EV1 120mile Honda EV@100mileFord Ranger EV@ 75mileToyota Rav4 EV@100mileDigital Reference: K210509135Digital Reference: K210509135Maturity of Gasoline vehicle and can be mass produced at a reasonable cost. With the mass production of Model T & manufacture process revolution, vehicles became suddenly available to general public and proceed as a way to improve life; Gasoline vehicle took over as the leader and surpass electric vehicle both in performance and cost. I nfrastructure improvement and demand of inter-city travel required a longer travel distance that was never able to exploit by electric vehicle before. Lacking of charge infrastructure development, reliable electricity transmission and limited travel distance, electric vehicle no longer suited for consumer demand and lost the edge to regular gasoline vehicle. Limited or no electrical infrastructure support forced the resignation and abundance of earlier electric vehicle.Widely discovery of gasoline in the sate and ready availability of cheap fuel also contributed the spread of gasoline vehicle. Petrol in the 1930s provided a direct cheap source of energy for vehicle transportation. It could be carried around by container which enabled and extended the mobility of owning a vehicle.B. Midterm development (1930s-1980s)Electric vehicle production and development came to a halt as personal transportation after combustion engine took over in 1935. Political sensitivity with OPEC created a necessity of energy independence during the 1960s and 1970s. U.S Government and environmentalist reintroduced tougher fuel efficient standard for the industry and ignited a board interest in electric vehicle in the period. Energy crisis in early 70s driven the US postal service placed a large order of 350 EV test fleet. It is the highest node of midterm development.However, partly due to limited performance, other governmental priorities, lack of board infrastructure support and range of corporation participation, the development quiet down quickly during this period. C. Modern DevelopmentModern EV development was dominated by EV1 who produced by GM for fleet application. Following a program funded by Department of Energy, Ford developed EV Ranger pick up truck, Toyota provided Rav4 EV and Honda had an EV available as well during late 1990s and early 2000s.Table 1: Recent EV listModel Maker MaxDistance EV1 GM ~100 miles Ranger Ford 75 miles Rav4 Toyota ~100 miles Car Honda ~100 milesUnfortunately, this short surge of EV availability did notrealized into commercial production because of a complicated issue of politics, economic, education andtechnology that includes vehicle production cost andsafety concerns. EV1, Ranger, Rav4 and Honda EV were intended for fleet test only, almost all the vehicles has been discontinued, destroyed and recycled. Only a handful of electric vehicles were survived under the hands of EV enthusiasts.D. Modern HEV developmentHowever, in 1999 and early 2000s, a new type of electric vehicle emerged from pure electric vehicle. Honda introduced the first HEV, Honda nsight, to the US Market that brought another milestone in auto industry. With brisk market acceptance and success of the Prius, HEV technology shows it maturity and potential. Ford introduced the first American hybrid electric vehicle, Escape SUV HEV, during the ‘Manhattan on a Tank’ event and registered 600 miles/tank in congestive city traffic that opened a new era of competition in US among HEVs.By year of 2008, the HEV sales were more than 2.5% [5] for total sales volume. I n deep, the next generation of HEV from Toyota, Honda and Ford has introduced into 2009 with further refinement along updated technology. Fuel efficiency has improved as well.Table 3. Major HEV offering [6]Ford Escape, Marina & Fusion HondaCivic, New InsightChrysler Aspen Mazda Tribute Nissan Altima GM Malibu, VUE, Aura, Yukon, Denali,TahoeToyotaPrius, Camry, HighlanderLexusRX400h, GS450h, LS600hL Toyota is the clear leader in the HEV arena base on volume and range of models with it “synergy drivesystem”[7]. Honda and Ford are right behind with their offering in full hybrids. GM offers its “two mode”[8] technology in hybrid passenger cars and trucks as well.E. Future Development As gasoline price rise rapidly, combined with environmental concern, the society renews the call for social responsibility. Electric Vehicle and other AFV suddenly becomes popular again.Fig 4: Oil Price index[9]With announcement of the Chevy Volt [10] plug-in concept couple years ago and pure electric vehicle from Nissan, a new round of EV development has resurrected into OEM’s cycle plan in the up coming years. The fruit of this EV trend will be seen in the next three years. Comparing to previous electric vehicle development, there are a few factors that will ensure this initiation be successful in the future:Vehicle operators are the direct target customers of developing EV. Market driven approach always creates competitive & attractive products at reasonable cost and performance.Early technology and environmental adopter will the initial leaders and users. They are willing to support and has the capability to influence the success. Also various education programs and EV initiatives transform general understanding of fuel efficient vehicles and their benefits. Warm acceptance of electric vehicle is high in the coming years.Cooperation in charge station and infrastructure development has gained attention at different level. Various business models are being explored. The industry and government are confident that final plan will reach prior to the mass launch of electric vehicle. Energy storage technology improvement makes lithium battery application became safe in vehicle. Sophistication of system management upgrades and improves electric vehicle to a comparable level of combustion engine. Lastly, proper government policy provides a development foundation for the industry. Special tax incentives and subsidy will offset consumer burden for purchasing electric vehicle. I t is a confident vote for the product when government is willing to provide financial & strategic support.III.C ONCLUSIONLike many emerging technology, electric vehicle development and application have been around for a long time, but until recently, the technology has not really taken off. Even though HEV started as a good alternative to gasoline vehicle and well publicized by the media, but it only represented as the intermediate step or near term solution.Government regulation and environmental prospect, in particular will drive the adoption of transportation electrification. Electric vehicle will be the final goal. In fact, as OEM introduce more EV model to the end consumer by 2012, the presents of electric vehicle will be widely seen and recognized.Along with new electric vehicle development on the way, it will also introduce tremendous opportunity in associated technology especially in Power electronics. We shall utilize this opportunity and contribute to the green trend.IV.R EFERENCES[1]/ news/new-study-hybrid-cars rise especially-europe-25267.html[2]The US Department of Energy Analysis[3]Electric Cars @ & [4]Data comes from the US Department ofEnergy @/afdc/data[5]/afdc from US Department ofEnergy[6]Names and models are trademarks of respect automobilemanufactures.[7]Trademark of Toyota Motor Company[8][8] Trademark of General Motor[9]Oil index @ Digital Reference: K210509135。