Definitions.
DEFINITIONS
In this prospectus,unless the context otherwise requires,the following words and expressions have the following meanings.‘‘Affiliate’’any other person,directly or indirectly,controlling or controlledby or under direct or indirect common control with such specifiedperson‘‘Application Form(s)’’WHITE application form(s)and YELLOW application form(s)orwhere the context so requires,any of them‘‘Articles of Association’’the articles of association of the Company,adopted onSeptember10,2007and as amended from time to time‘‘Board’’the board of directors of the Company‘‘Bosideng Advertising’’Changshu Bosideng Advertising Co.,Ltd.*(常熟市波司登廣告有限公司),a limited liability company incorporated in the PRC onSeptember12,1996,currently wholly owned by JiangsuBosideng.Bosideng Advertising is a member of our Group‘‘Bosideng BVI’’Bosideng International Fashion Limited(波司登國際服飾有限公司),a limited liability company incorporated in the BVI on July11,2006,currently wholly owned by the Company.BosidengBVI is a member of our Group‘‘Bosideng Corporation’’Bosideng Corporation Limited by Shares*(波司登股份有限公司),a company limited by shares incorporated in the PRC onJune30,1994,currently owned by Shanghai Bosideng HoldingsGroup(as to67.54%),Dezhou Kangxin Investment Co.,Ltd.(asto19.46%),Shandong Kangbo Industry Co.,Ltd.(as to7.50%),Jiangsu Kangbo Investment Co.,Ltd.(as to5.00%)and Mr.GaoDekang(as to0.50%).Bosideng Corporation is a companycontrolled by Mr.Gao Dekang‘‘Bosideng Design Center’’Shanghai Bosideng Fashion Design Development Center Co.,Ltd.*(上海波司登服裝設計開發中心有限公司),a limited liabilitycompany incorporated in the PRC on March23,2001,currentlywholly owned by Bosideng International Fashion.BosidengDesign Center is a member of our Group‘‘Bosideng Group’’Bosideng Corporation,its shareholders,subsidiary companiesand associated companies at the relevant time and,where thecontext so requires,(a)in respect of the period prior to thecompletion of the Reorganization,may include our predecessorentities,and(b)in respect of the period after the completion ofthe Reorganization,excludes members of the Group‘‘Bosideng Import and Export’’Changshu Bosideng Import and Export Co.,Ltd.*(常熟市波司登進出口有限公司),a limited liability company incorporated inPRC on April11,2002,currently wholly owned by JiangsuBosideng.Bosideng Import and Export is a member of ourGroup‘‘Bosideng International Fashion’’Shanghai Bosideng International Fashion Co.,Ltd.*(上海波司登國際服飾有限公司),a limited liability company incorporated inthe PRC on June23,2005,currently wholly owned by BosidengBVI.Bosideng International Fashion is a member of our Group ‘‘business day’’a day that is not a Saturday,Sunday or public holiday in HongKong‘‘BVI’’the British Virgin Islands‘‘Cayman Companies Law’’the Companies Law,Cap.22(Law3of1961,as consolidatedand revised)of the Cayman Islands‘‘CCASS’’the Central Clearing and Settlement System established andoperated by HKSCC‘‘CCASS Broker Participant’’a person admitted to participate in CCASS as a brokerparticipant‘‘CCASS Custodian Participant’’a person admitted to participate in CCASS as a custodianparticipant‘‘CCASS Investor Participant’’a person admitted to participate in CCASS as an investorparticipant who may be an individual or joint individuals or acorporation‘‘CCASS Participant’’a CCASS Broker Participant or a CCASS Custodian Participantor a CCASS Investor Participant‘‘Changshu Bingxu’’Changshu Bingxu Fashion Co.,Ltd.*(常熟冰旭服飾有限公司),alimited liability company incorporated in the PRC on October20,2005,currently owned by Shanghai Bosideng Holdings Group(as to80%)and Dezhou Kangxin Investment Co.,Ltd.(as to20%).Changshu Bingxu is a company controlled by Mr.GaoDekang‘‘China’’or‘‘PRC’’the People’s Republic of China,but for the purpose of thisprospectus and for geographical reference only and exceptwhere the context requires,references in this prospectus to‘‘China’’and the‘‘PRC’’do not apply to Taiwan,the MacauSpecial Administrative Region and Hong Kong‘‘CIIIC’’China Industrial Information Issuing Centre*(中國行業企業信息發佈中心)‘‘Companies Ordinance’’the Companies Ordinance(Chapter32of the Laws of HongKong)‘‘Company’’or‘‘our Company’’Bosideng International Holdings Limited(波司登國際控股有限公司),a company incorporated in the Cayman Islands on July10,2006with limited liability,currently owned by Kong BoInvestment(BVI)(as to85.74%),Kong Bo Development(BVI)(as to0.88%),Olympics Investment(as to12.23%)and GatherWealth Holdings Limited(as to1.15%)‘‘Controlling Shareholders’’Kong Bo Investment,Kong Bo Development,Mr.Gao Dekang,Ms.Mei Dong and Mr.Gao Xiaodong‘‘CSRC’’China Securities Regulatory Commission(中國證券監督管理委員會)‘‘Director(s)’’the director(s)of the Company‘‘ERP system’’the Enterprise Resource Planning system,an applicationsystem to achieve integration of business and technicalinformation with the aim of improving business processes,including both front office and back office functions‘‘Global Offering’’the Hong Kong Public Offering and the International Placing ‘‘Group’’or‘‘our Group’’our Company and its subsidiaries at the relevant time or,wherethe context so requires,in respect of the period before ourCompany became the holding company of its presentsubsidiaries,the present subsidiaries of our Company or thebusinesses operated by its present subsidiaries or(as the casemay be)their predecessors‘‘HKSCC’’Hong Kong Securities Clearing Company Limited‘‘HKSCC Nominees’’HKSCC Nominees Limited,a wholly-owned subsidiary ofHKSCC‘‘Hong Kong’’or‘‘HK’’the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the PRC‘‘Hong Kong Companies Ordinance’’the Hong Kong Companies Ordinance(Chapter32of the Laws of Hong Kong)‘‘Hong Kong dollars’’or‘‘HKdollars’’or‘‘HK$’’Hong Kong dollars,the lawful currency of Hong Kong‘‘Hong Kong Public Offering’’the offer of the Hong Kong Offer Shares for subscription by thepublic in Hong Kong‘‘Hong Kong Offer Shares’’the198,800,000new Shares(subject to adjustment)beingoffered by us for subscription pursuant to the Hong Kong PublicOffering‘‘Hong Kong Stock Exchange’’The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited‘‘Hong Kong Underwriters’’the several underwriters of the Hong Kong Public Offering listedin the section headed‘‘Underwriting—Hong KongUnderwriters’’‘‘Hong Kong Underwriting Agreement’’the underwriting agreement dated September25,2007relating to the Hong Kong Public Offering entered into among us,the Controlling Shareholders(other than Mr.Gao Xiaodong),the Hong Kong Underwriters and the Joint Global Coordinators‘‘HSBC Private Equity’’The HSBC Private Equity Fund3Limited‘‘Huang Qiaolian’’Ms.Huang Qiaolian,also known as Ms.Zhu Lin‘‘IFRS’’International Financial Reporting Standards‘‘International Placing’’the conditional placing of the International Placing Shares toinstitutional,professional and other investors‘‘International Placing Agreement’’the international placing agreement relating to the InternationalPlacing expected to be entered into among us,the SellingShareholder,the Controlling Shareholders(other than Mr.GaoXiaodong),the International Underwriters and the Joint GlobalCoordinators on or around October4,2007‘‘International Placing Shares’’the1,789,200,000Shares(subject to adjustment and the Over-allotment Option),of which1,671,200,000Shares are to beissued by us and118,000,000Shares are to be offered for Saleby the Selling Shareholder‘‘International Underwriters’’the several underwriters of the International Placing‘‘Investment Agreement’’the Investment Agreement entered into by the Company,Mr.Gao Dekang,Kong Bo Investment and Olympics Investmentdated July30,2006(as amended on September5,2006)‘‘Jiangsu Bosideng’’Jiangsu Bosideng Down Wear Limited*(江蘇波司登羽絨服裝有限公司),a limited liability company incorporated in the PRC onMarch30,2006,currently owned by Bosideng BVI(as to49%)and Bosideng International Fashion(as to51%).JiangsuBosideng is a member of our Group‘‘Jiangsu Xuezhongfei’’Jiangsu Xuezhongfei Apparels Manufacturing Co.,Ltd.*(江蘇雪中飛製衣有限公司),a limited liability company incorporated inPRC on September24,1997,currently wholly owned byBosideng Corporation.Jiangsu Xuezhongfei is a companycontrolled by Mr.Gao Dekang‘‘Jinan Jiahua’’Jinan Jiahua Shopping Square Group Co.,Ltd.by Share*(濟南嘉華購物廣場集團股份有限公司),a limited liability companyincorporated in the PRC on June4,1999,currently owned byShenzhen Jiahe Weiye Investment&Development Co.,Ltd.*(as to53.2%),Jiangsu Kangbo Investment Co.,Ltd.(as to18.3%),Dezhou Kangxin Industry Co.,Ltd.(as to16.7%),JinanHualian Store Group Company Limited by Shares*(as to3.8%),and Labour Union Committee of Jinan Hualian Store GroupCompany Limited by Shares*(as to8.0%)‘‘Joint Global Coordinators’’,‘‘Joint Bookrunners’’,‘‘Joint Sponsors’’or‘‘Joint Lead Managers’’Goldman Sachs(Asia)L.L.C.and Morgan Stanley Asia Limited (in alphabetical order)‘‘Kong Bo Development’’Kong Bo Development Limited(康博發展有限公司),a limitedliability company incorporated in the BVI on June28,2006wholly-owned by Ms.Mei Dong‘‘Kong Bo Investment’’Kong Bo Investment Limited(康博投資有限公司),a limitedliability company incorporated in the BVI on June28,2006,owned by Mr.Gao Dekang(as to95%)and by Mr.GaoXiaodong(as to5%)‘‘Latest Practicable Date’’September14,2007,being the latest practicable date prior tothe printing of this prospectus for the purpose of ascertainingcertain information contained in this prospectus‘‘Listing Date’’the date,expected to be on October11,2007,on which dealingsin the Shares first commence on the Hong Kong StockExchange‘‘Listing Rules’’the Rules Governing the Listing of Securities on The StockExchange of Hong Kong Limited(as amended from time to time)‘‘Memorandum of Association’’the memorandum of association of our Company‘‘Ministry of Commerce’’Ministry of Commerce of the PRC‘‘OEM’’original equipment manufacturing‘‘Offer Price’’the final Hong Kong dollar price per Share(exclusive ofbrokerage fee,Hong Kong Stock Exchange trading fee andSFC transaction levy)at which the Offer Shares are to besubscribed pursuant to the Hong Kong Public Offering‘‘Offer Shares’’the Hong Kong Offer Shares and the International PlacingShares together,where relevant,with any additional Sharesissued pursuant to the exercise of the Over-allotment Option ‘‘Olympics Investment’’Shanghai Olympics Investment Holdings Company Limited,aninvestment vehicle of HSBC Private Equity‘‘Over-allotment Option’’the option expected to be granted by us to the Joint GlobalCoordinators exercisable under the International PlacingAgreement pursuant to which we may be required by the JointGlobal Coordinators to issue up to an aggregate of280,500,000additional Shares,representing in aggregate approximately14.11%of the Offer Shares initially available under the GlobalOffering,at the Offer Price‘‘PBOC’’the People’s Bank of China(中國人民銀行),the central bank ofthe PRC‘‘PRC Government’’or‘‘State’’the central government of the PRC including all governmentalsubdivisions(including provincial,municipal and other regionalor local government entities)and instrumentalities thereof,or,where the context requires,any of them‘‘Parent Group’’Mr.Gao Dekang and his associates,other than members of theGroup(as defined for the sole purpose of the section headed‘‘Relationship with Controlling Shareholders and ConnectedTransactions’’)‘‘Performance Adjustment Option’’the call option granted by Kong Bo Investment to OlympicsInvestment,as further described in the section headed‘‘OurHistory and Structure—Performance Adjustment Optiongranted by Kong Bo Investment’’‘‘Price Determination Date’’the date,expected to be on or around October4,2007but nolater than October8,2007,on which the Offer Price is fixed forthe purposes of the Global Offering‘‘Put Option’’the put option granted by Kong Bo Investment to OlympicsInvestment,as further described in the section headed‘‘OurHistory and Structure—Put Option granted by Kong BoInvestment’’‘‘Qualified Institutional Buyers’’orqualified institutional buyers within the meaning of Rule144A ‘‘QIBs’’‘‘Regulation S’’Regulation S under the US Securities Act‘‘Renminbi’’or‘‘RMB’’the lawful currency for the time being of the PRC‘‘Reorganization’’the reorganization of the businesses comprising our Group,asdescribed in the section entitled‘‘Our History and Structure’’‘‘Repurchase Mandate’’the repurchase mandate granted to the Board pursuant to aShareholders’resolution as described in Appendix VIII‘‘Rule144A’’Rule144A under the US Securities Act‘‘Sale Shares’’the118,000,000Offer Shares initially being offered for sale bythe Selling Shareholder at the final Offer Price under theInternational Placing‘‘SAFE’’State Administration of Foreign Exchange of the PRC‘‘Securities and FuturesCommission’’or‘‘SFC’’the Securities and Futures Commission of Hong Kong‘‘Selling Shareholder’’Olympics Investment‘‘Series A Shares’’the Series A Voting Convertible Redeemable PreferenceShares of US$0.0001each in the capital of the Company‘‘Series B Shares’’the Series B Voting Convertible Preference Shares ofUS$0.0001each in the capital of the Company‘‘SFO’’the Securities and Futures Ordinance(Chapter571of the Lawsof Hong Kong)‘‘Shanghai Bingjie’’Shanghai Bingjie Fashion Co.,Ltd.*(上海冰洁服飾有限公司),alimited liability company incorporated in the PRC on April21,1999,currently owned by Bosideng BVI(as to49%)andBosideng International Fashion(as to51%).Shanghai Bingjie(previously known as‘‘Shanghai Bosideng Fashion Co.,Ltd.’’*(上海波司登服飾有限公司)or Shanghai Bosideng)is a memberof our Group‘‘Shandong Bosideng’’Shandong Bosideng Fashion Co.,Ltd.*(山東波司登服飾有限公司),a limited liability company incorporated in the PRC on May17,2006,currently owned by Bosideng BVI(as to49%)andBosideng International Fashion(as to51%).ShandongBosideng is a member of our Group‘‘Shanghai Bosideng Holdings Group’’Shanghai Bosideng Holdings Group Co.,Ltd.*(上海波司登控股集團有限公司)(previously known as Dezhou Dekang Investment Co.,Ltd.德州德康投資有限公司),a limited liability company incorporated in the PRC on April22,2004,currently owned by Mr.Gao Dekang(as to69.55%),Dezhou Kangxin Investment Co.,Ltd.(as to24.36%),and Jiangsu Kangbo Investment Co.,Ltd.(as to 6.09%).Shanghai Bosideng Holdings Group is a company controlled by Mr.Gao Dekang‘‘Shanghai Kangbo’’Shanghai Kangbo International Trading Co.,Ltd.*(上海康波國際貿易有限公司),a limited liability company incorporated in thePRC on November6,2000,currently owned by ShanghaiBingjie(as to90%)and Shanghai International BiddingCompany(as to10%).Shanghai Kangbo is a member of ourGroup‘‘Shanghai Kangbo Feida’’Shanghai Kangbo Feida Apparels Co.,Ltd.*(上海康博飛達服裝有限公司),a limited liability company incorporated in the PRC onMay26,2005,owned by Bosideng Corporation(as to55%)andShanghai Feida Down Apparel Clothing Factory*(as to45%).Shanghai Kangbo Feida is a company controlled by Mr.GaoDekang‘‘Shanghai Shuangyu’’Shanghai Shuangyu Fashion Co.,Ltd.*(上海雙羽服飾有限公司),a limited liability company incorporated in the PRC on June28,2006,currently owned by Bosideng BVI(as to25%)andBosideng International Fashion(as to75%).ShanghaiShuangyu is a member of our Group‘‘Share(s)’’ordinary share(s)with nominal value of US$0.00001each in theshare capital of our Company‘‘Shareholder(s)’’holder(s)of the Share(s)‘‘Shareholders’Agreement’’the Shareholders’Agreement entered into by the Company,Olympics Investment,Kong Bo Investment,Kong BoDevelopment,Mr.Gao Dekang,Ms,Mei Dong and Mr.GaoXiaodong dated July30,2006(as amended on September5,2006and September14,2007)‘‘Share Option Scheme’’the share option scheme conditionally adopted by the Companypursuant to a resolution passed by the Shareholders onSeptember10,2007,the principal terms of which aresummarized in the section headed‘‘Share Option Scheme’’inAppendix VIII to this prospectus‘‘Share Scheme’’the share scheme of the Company,the principal terms of whichare summarized in the section headed‘‘Share Scheme’’inAppendix VIII to this prospectus‘‘Stabilizing Manager’’Morgan Stanley Asia Limited‘‘Suzhou Shuncheng’’Suzhou Shuncheng Investment Management Co.,Ltd.*(蘇州順成投資管理有限公司),a limited liability company incorporated inthe PRC on February26,2001,currently owned by ShanghaiBosideng Holdings Group(as to95.74%)and Dezhou KangxinInvestment Co.,Ltd.(as to4.26%).Suzhou Shuncheng hasbeen a company controlled by Mr.Gao Dekang since February1,2005‘‘Underwriters’’the Hong Kong Underwriters and the International Underwriters ‘‘Underwriting Agreements’’the Hong Kong Underwriting Agreement and the InternationalPlacing Agreement‘‘Union Holdings’’China Union Holdings Ltd.*(深圳華聯控股股份有限公司),itsformer name being Shenzhen Huizhong Chemical FiberIndustrial Co.,Ltd.by Shares*(深圳市惠中化纖實業股份有限公司),a company limited by shares incorporated in PRC onNovember11,1993and listed on the Shenzhen StockExchange(000036).Union Holdings is a third partyindependent from the Group‘‘United States’’or‘‘US’’the United States of America,its territories,its possessions andall areas subject to its jurisdiction‘‘US$’’or‘‘US dollars’’United States dollars,the lawful currency of the United States ‘‘US Securities Act’’the US Securities Act of1933,as amended,and the rules andregulations promulgated thereunder‘‘we’’,‘‘us’’or‘‘our’’our Company or our Group(as the context may require)‘‘Zhejiang Sanhong’’Zhejiang Sanhong International Feather Co.,Ltd.*(浙江三弘國際羽毛有限公司),a limited liability company incorporated inPRC on March30,1994,currently wholly owned by Hong KongSanhong International Co.,Ltd.*.Zhejiang Sanhong is a thirdparty independent from the GroupThe terms‘‘associate’’,‘‘connected person’’,‘‘connected transaction’’,‘‘controlling shareholder’’,‘‘subsidiary’’and‘‘substantial shareholder’’shall have the meanings given to such terms in the Listing Rules,unless the context otherwise requires.*denotes English translation of the name of a Chinese company or entity,or vice versa,and is provided for identification purposes only。
comparative and superlative (definitions)
Superlative (极致)
• In the superlative you talk about one thing only and how it is the best, worst, etc. You do not compare two things.
“As…as”
• Another way to compare adjectives is to use the “as .. as” expression. When comparing with as .. as, the adjective does not change.
• She's twice as old as her sister. • He's not as stupid as he looks!
• 2-syllable adjectives ending in -y: change the y to -iest • happy - the happiest. • easy - the easiest
• Other 2-syllable adjectives and adjectives with 3 or more syllables: use the most with the unchanged adjective
Irregular (不规则的) adjectives:
• good - better – the best • bad – worse – the worst • far – farther (further) – the farthest (the furthest) • little (少) – less – the least
词汇学
（0057）《词汇学》复习大纲Chapter One Introduction1. Definitions (In the final exam, all definitions should be completed with at least examples.) exicology (p. 1)V ocabulary (p. 1)Morphology (p.1)Etymology (p. 2)Semantics (p. 2)Stylistics (p. 2)Phonetics (p.2)2. Some fundamental ideas (the five points in section 1.3.2)1) The vocabulary of any language never remains stable, but is constantly changing, growing and decaying, together with the development of human society.2) The word is the principal and basic unit of the language. The word is a structural and semantic entity within the language system. 3) The word is a two-facet unit possessing both form and content. 4) Structurally words are inseparable lexical units taking shape in a definite system of grammatical forms and syntactic characteristics, which distinguishes them both from morphemes and words groups.5) Two approaches of investigations lexicology. The synchronic approach is concerned with the vocabulary of a language as it exists are given time, for instance, at the present time. The Diachronic approach deals with the changes and the development of vocabulary in the course of time. The two approaches should be interconnected and interdependent.3. The Division of the History of English 1) The Old English (Anglo-Saxon) periodDuration: roughly from 450-1150The three characteristics of Old English (page 7-8)(1) pronunciation difference; (2) Teutonic vocabulary; (3) full of inflectional 2) The Middle English period Duration: 1150-1500 The three Characteristics of Middle English (page 8) (1) resemblance to Old English; (2) borrowing and loss in vocabulary; (3) less inflectional 3) The Modern English period (page 8) Early Modern English (1500-1700) Late Modern English (Since 1700)Chapter Two Sources of English V ocabulary1. The naive elements of English V ocabulary 1) The nine characteristics of the native element (pp. 10-11) a. all-national character b. great stability c. mono-syllabic words d. Great word-forming ability e. wide collocability f. plurality of meanings g. high frequency value h. stylistically neutral2. The foreign elements of English V ocabulary (pp. 11-26) 1) The three ways of the foreign elements entering into the English vocabulary (p. 12) a. through oral speech b. through written speech c. through invaders2) Classification of the foreign borrowings (or, the four types of foreign elements in English vocabulary) (pp. 12-13) a. aliens ; b. denizens; c. translation loan; d. semantic loan3) Some useful Latin phrases and abbreviations vice versa, per cent, per cap., persona non grata; a.m., p.m., i.e., e.g., c.f., viz.4) doublets, hybrids and international words in English (pp. 26-30)5) The three types of assimilated words: completely assimilated words, partly assimilated words and non-assimilated words. (pp. 32-33)Chapter Three Word-Building1. Definitions (In the final exam, all definitions should be completed with examples.): morpheme, free morpheme, bound morpheme, root, stem2. Ways of word-building (attentions should also be paid to the examples appearing the ways of word-building) 1) affixation (pp. 39-51) 2) conversion (pp.51-55) 3) compounding (pp.55-59) 4) backformation (pp. 59-60) 5) shortening (pp. 60-63) 6) blending (pp. 63-64) 7) imitation (p. 64)3. All the exercises of this chapter are possible sources for the final exam!Chapter Four Semantics1. definitions (In the final exam, all definitions should be completed with examples.):polysemy (p. 72), homonymy (p. 77), perfect homonym (p. 77), homograph (p. 78), homophone p. 78), synonym (p. 80), antonym (p. 86),2. important points1) the relation between a word and its meaning (p. 70)2) the relation between words and concepts (p. 70-71)3) the meaning of “nice” (p. 72)4) types of synonyms (pp. 83-84)5) the origin of synonyms (p. 84)6) the example words of antonym (pp. 86-88)7) ways of coining neologism (p. 91)8) the exercises of Chapter Four (pp. 94-100)Chapter Five Change of Meaning1. Definitions (In the final exam, all definitions should be completed with examples.):extension of meaning (p. 101), narrowing of meaning (p. 102), degradation of meaning (p. 104), metonymy (p. 114), synecdoche (p. 116), oxymoron (p. 119)2.All the exercises of this chapter are possible sources for the final exam!Chapter Six English Idioms1. Characteristics of English idioms (four points) (pp. 124-128) 2. Characteristics of phrasal verbs (three points) (pp. 133-134) 3. All the exercises of this chapter are possible sources for the final exam!Chapter Seven Varieties of English1. Definitions (In the final exam, all definitions should be completed with examples.): slang (p. 149), jargon (p. 149), 2. All the exercises of this chapter are possible sources for the final exam! Chapter Eight American English 1. Characteristics of American English (pp. 158-162) 2. Differences between British English and American English (pp. 162-164)3. All the exercises of this chapter are possible sources for the final exam!Chapter Nine Application and Comprehension 1. Attention should be paid to the example words given in this chapter2. All the exercises of this chapter are possible sources for the final exam!Chapter Ten English Lexicography1. Definitions (In the final exam, all definitions should be completed with examples.):monolingual dictionary (p. 185), bilingual dictionary (p. 185), encyclopedia (p. 186), encyclopedic dictionary (p. 186).。
学术英语习题答案text1-15+18
Reading: Text 11.Match the words with their definitions.1g 2a 3e 4b 5c 6d 7j 8f 9h 10i2. Complete the following expressions or sentences by using the target words listed below with the help of the Chinese in brackets. Change the form if necessary.1 symbolic 2distributed 3site 4complex 5identify6fairly 7straightforward 8capability 9target 10attempt11process 12parameter 13interpretation 14technical15range 16exploit 17networking 18involve19 instance 20specification 21accompany 22predictable 23profile3. Read the sentences in the box. Pay attention to the parts in bold.Now complete the paragraph by translating the Chinese in brackets. You may refer to the expressions and the sentence patterns listed above.ranging from（从……到）arise from some misunderstandings（来自于对……误解）leaves a lot of problems unsolved（留下很多问题没有得到解决）opens a path for（打开了通道）requires a different frame of mind（需要有新的思想）4.Translate the following sentences from Text 1 into Chinese.1) 有些人声称黑客是那些超越知识疆界而不造成危害的好人（或即使造成危害，但并非故意而为），而“骇客”才是真正的坏人。
economics definitions(经济学术语大全)
经济学的一些术语绝对优势（Absolute advantage）如果一个国家用一单位资源生产的某种产品比另一个国家多，那么，这个国家在这种产品的生产上与另一国相比就具有绝对优势。
逆向选择（Adverse choice）在此状况下，保险公司发现它们的客户中有太大的一部分来自高风险群体。
选择成本（Alternative cost）如果以最好的另一种方式使用的某种资源，它所能生产的价值就是选择成本，也可以称之为机会成本。
需求的弧弹性（Arc elasticity of demand）如果P1和Q1分别是价格和需求量的初始值，P2 和Q2 为第二组值，那么，弧弹性就等于-（Q1-Q2）（P1＋P2）/（P1-P2）（Q1＋Q2）非对称的信息（Asymmetric information）在某些市场中，每个参与者拥有的信息并不相同。
例如，在旧车市场上，有关旧车质量的信息，卖者通常要比潜在的买者知道得多。
平均成本（Average cost）平均成本是总成本除以产量。
也称为平均总成本。
平均固定成本( Average fixed cost）平均固定成本是总固定成本除以产量。
平均产品（Average product）平均产品是总产量除以投入品的数量。
平均可变成本（Average variable cost）平均可变成本是总可变成本除以产量。
投资的β(Beta）β度量的是与投资相联的不可分散的风险。
对于一种股票而言，它表示所有现行股票的收益发生变化时，一种股票的收益会如何敏感地变化。
债券收益(Bond yield）债券收益是债券所获得的利率。
收支平衡图（Break－even chart）收支平衡图表示一种产品所出售的总数量改变时总收益和总成本是如何变化的。
收支平衡点是为避免损失而必须卖出的最小数量。
预算线(Budget line）预算线表示消费者所能购买的商品X和商品Y的数量的全部组合。
它的斜率等于商品X的价格除以商品Y的价格再乘以一1。
IEC-61854架空线.隔离层的要求和检验
NORMEINTERNATIONALECEI IEC INTERNATIONALSTANDARD 61854Première éditionFirst edition1998-09Lignes aériennes –Exigences et essais applicables aux entretoisesOverhead lines –Requirements and tests for spacersCommission Electrotechnique InternationaleInternational Electrotechnical Commission Pour prix, voir catalogue en vigueurFor price, see current catalogue© IEC 1998 Droits de reproduction réservés Copyright - all rights reservedAucune partie de cette publication ne peut être reproduite niutilisée sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucunprocédé, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photo-copie et les microfilms, sans l'accord écrit de l'éditeur.No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher.International Electrotechnical Commission 3, rue de Varembé Geneva, SwitzerlandTelefax: +41 22 919 0300e-mail: inmail@iec.ch IEC web site http: //www.iec.chCODE PRIX PRICE CODE X– 2 –61854 © CEI:1998SOMMAIREPages AVANT-PROPOS (6)Articles1Domaine d'application (8)2Références normatives (8)3Définitions (12)4Exigences générales (12)4.1Conception (12)4.2Matériaux (14)4.2.1Généralités (14)4.2.2Matériaux non métalliques (14)4.3Masse, dimensions et tolérances (14)4.4Protection contre la corrosion (14)4.5Aspect et finition de fabrication (14)4.6Marquage (14)4.7Consignes d'installation (14)5Assurance de la qualité (16)6Classification des essais (16)6.1Essais de type (16)6.1.1Généralités (16)6.1.2Application (16)6.2Essais sur échantillon (16)6.2.1Généralités (16)6.2.2Application (16)6.2.3Echantillonnage et critères de réception (18)6.3Essais individuels de série (18)6.3.1Généralités (18)6.3.2Application et critères de réception (18)6.4Tableau des essais à effectuer (18)7Méthodes d'essai (22)7.1Contrôle visuel (22)7.2Vérification des dimensions, des matériaux et de la masse (22)7.3Essai de protection contre la corrosion (22)7.3.1Composants revêtus par galvanisation à chaud (autres queles fils d'acier galvanisés toronnés) (22)7.3.2Produits en fer protégés contre la corrosion par des méthodes autresque la galvanisation à chaud (24)7.3.3Fils d'acier galvanisé toronnés (24)7.3.4Corrosion causée par des composants non métalliques (24)7.4Essais non destructifs (24)61854 © IEC:1998– 3 –CONTENTSPage FOREWORD (7)Clause1Scope (9)2Normative references (9)3Definitions (13)4General requirements (13)4.1Design (13)4.2Materials (15)4.2.1General (15)4.2.2Non-metallic materials (15)4.3Mass, dimensions and tolerances (15)4.4Protection against corrosion (15)4.5Manufacturing appearance and finish (15)4.6Marking (15)4.7Installation instructions (15)5Quality assurance (17)6Classification of tests (17)6.1Type tests (17)6.1.1General (17)6.1.2Application (17)6.2Sample tests (17)6.2.1General (17)6.2.2Application (17)6.2.3Sampling and acceptance criteria (19)6.3Routine tests (19)6.3.1General (19)6.3.2Application and acceptance criteria (19)6.4Table of tests to be applied (19)7Test methods (23)7.1Visual examination (23)7.2Verification of dimensions, materials and mass (23)7.3Corrosion protection test (23)7.3.1Hot dip galvanized components (other than stranded galvanizedsteel wires) (23)7.3.2Ferrous components protected from corrosion by methods other thanhot dip galvanizing (25)7.3.3Stranded galvanized steel wires (25)7.3.4Corrosion caused by non-metallic components (25)7.4Non-destructive tests (25)– 4 –61854 © CEI:1998 Articles Pages7.5Essais mécaniques (26)7.5.1Essais de glissement des pinces (26)7.5.1.1Essai de glissement longitudinal (26)7.5.1.2Essai de glissement en torsion (28)7.5.2Essai de boulon fusible (28)7.5.3Essai de serrage des boulons de pince (30)7.5.4Essais de courant de court-circuit simulé et essais de compressionet de traction (30)7.5.4.1Essai de courant de court-circuit simulé (30)7.5.4.2Essai de compression et de traction (32)7.5.5Caractérisation des propriétés élastiques et d'amortissement (32)7.5.6Essais de flexibilité (38)7.5.7Essais de fatigue (38)7.5.7.1Généralités (38)7.5.7.2Oscillation de sous-portée (40)7.5.7.3Vibrations éoliennes (40)7.6Essais de caractérisation des élastomères (42)7.6.1Généralités (42)7.6.2Essais (42)7.6.3Essai de résistance à l'ozone (46)7.7Essais électriques (46)7.7.1Essais d'effet couronne et de tension de perturbations radioélectriques..467.7.2Essai de résistance électrique (46)7.8Vérification du comportement vibratoire du système faisceau/entretoise (48)Annexe A (normative) Informations techniques minimales à convenirentre acheteur et fournisseur (64)Annexe B (informative) Forces de compression dans l'essai de courantde court-circuit simulé (66)Annexe C (informative) Caractérisation des propriétés élastiques et d'amortissementMéthode de détermination de la rigidité et de l'amortissement (70)Annexe D (informative) Contrôle du comportement vibratoire du systèmefaisceau/entretoise (74)Bibliographie (80)Figures (50)Tableau 1 – Essais sur les entretoises (20)Tableau 2 – Essais sur les élastomères (44)61854 © IEC:1998– 5 –Clause Page7.5Mechanical tests (27)7.5.1Clamp slip tests (27)7.5.1.1Longitudinal slip test (27)7.5.1.2Torsional slip test (29)7.5.2Breakaway bolt test (29)7.5.3Clamp bolt tightening test (31)7.5.4Simulated short-circuit current test and compression and tension tests (31)7.5.4.1Simulated short-circuit current test (31)7.5.4.2Compression and tension test (33)7.5.5Characterisation of the elastic and damping properties (33)7.5.6Flexibility tests (39)7.5.7Fatigue tests (39)7.5.7.1General (39)7.5.7.2Subspan oscillation (41)7.5.7.3Aeolian vibration (41)7.6Tests to characterise elastomers (43)7.6.1General (43)7.6.2Tests (43)7.6.3Ozone resistance test (47)7.7Electrical tests (47)7.7.1Corona and radio interference voltage (RIV) tests (47)7.7.2Electrical resistance test (47)7.8Verification of vibration behaviour of the bundle-spacer system (49)Annex A (normative) Minimum technical details to be agreed betweenpurchaser and supplier (65)Annex B (informative) Compressive forces in the simulated short-circuit current test (67)Annex C (informative) Characterisation of the elastic and damping propertiesStiffness-Damping Method (71)Annex D (informative) Verification of vibration behaviour of the bundle/spacer system (75)Bibliography (81)Figures (51)Table 1 – Tests on spacers (21)Table 2 – Tests on elastomers (45)– 6 –61854 © CEI:1998 COMMISSION ÉLECTROTECHNIQUE INTERNATIONALE––––––––––LIGNES AÉRIENNES –EXIGENCES ET ESSAIS APPLICABLES AUX ENTRETOISESAVANT-PROPOS1)La CEI (Commission Electrotechnique Internationale) est une organisation mondiale de normalisation composéede l'ensemble des comités électrotechniques nationaux (Comités nationaux de la CEI). La CEI a pour objet de favoriser la coopération internationale pour toutes les questions de normalisation dans les domaines de l'électricité et de l'électronique. A cet effet, la CEI, entre autres activités, publie des Normes internationales.Leur élaboration est confiée à des comités d'études, aux travaux desquels tout Comité national intéressé par le sujet traité peut participer. Les organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non gouvernementales, en liaison avec la CEI, participent également aux travaux. La CEI collabore étroitement avec l'Organisation Internationale de Normalisation (ISO), selon des conditions fixées par accord entre les deux organisations.2)Les décisions ou accords officiels de la CEI concernant les questions techniques représentent, dans la mesuredu possible un accord international sur les sujets étudiés, étant donné que les Comités nationaux intéressés sont représentés dans chaque comité d’études.3)Les documents produits se présentent sous la forme de recommandations internationales. Ils sont publiéscomme normes, rapports techniques ou guides et agréés comme tels par les Comités nationaux.4)Dans le but d'encourager l'unification internationale, les Comités nationaux de la CEI s'engagent à appliquer defaçon transparente, dans toute la mesure possible, les Normes internationales de la CEI dans leurs normes nationales et régionales. Toute divergence entre la norme de la CEI et la norme nationale ou régionale correspondante doit être indiquée en termes clairs dans cette dernière.5)La CEI n’a fixé aucune procédure concernant le marquage comme indication d’approbation et sa responsabilitén’est pas engagée quand un matériel est déclaré conforme à l’une de ses normes.6) L’attention est attirée sur le fait que certains des éléments de la présente Norme internationale peuvent fairel’objet de droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. La CEI ne saurait être tenue pour responsable de ne pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et de ne pas avoir signalé leur existence.La Norme internationale CEI 61854 a été établie par le comité d'études 11 de la CEI: Lignes aériennes.Le texte de cette norme est issu des documents suivants:FDIS Rapport de vote11/141/FDIS11/143/RVDLe rapport de vote indiqué dans le tableau ci-dessus donne toute information sur le vote ayant abouti à l'approbation de cette norme.L’annexe A fait partie intégrante de cette norme.Les annexes B, C et D sont données uniquement à titre d’information.61854 © IEC:1998– 7 –INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION––––––––––OVERHEAD LINES –REQUIREMENTS AND TESTS FOR SPACERSFOREWORD1)The IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprisingall national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of the IEC is to promote international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and in addition to other activities, the IEC publishes International Standards. Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. The IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations.2)The formal decisions or agreements of the IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, aninternational consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all interested National Committees.3)The documents produced have the form of recommendations for international use and are published in the formof standards, technical reports or guides and they are accepted by the National Committees in that sense.4)In order to promote international unification, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC InternationalStandards transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional standards. Any divergence between the IEC Standard and the corresponding national or regional standard shall be clearly indicated in the latter.5)The IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for anyequipment declared to be in conformity with one of its standards.6) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subjectof patent rights. The IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. International Standard IEC 61854 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 11: Overhead lines.The text of this standard is based on the following documents:FDIS Report on voting11/141/FDIS11/143/RVDFull information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on voting indicated in the above table.Annex A forms an integral part of this standard.Annexes B, C and D are for information only.– 8 –61854 © CEI:1998LIGNES AÉRIENNES –EXIGENCES ET ESSAIS APPLICABLES AUX ENTRETOISES1 Domaine d'applicationLa présente Norme internationale s'applique aux entretoises destinées aux faisceaux de conducteurs de lignes aériennes. Elle recouvre les entretoises rigides, les entretoises flexibles et les entretoises amortissantes.Elle ne s'applique pas aux espaceurs, aux écarteurs à anneaux et aux entretoises de mise à la terre.NOTE – La présente norme est applicable aux pratiques de conception de lignes et aux entretoises les plus couramment utilisées au moment de sa rédaction. Il peut exister d'autres entretoises auxquelles les essais spécifiques décrits dans la présente norme ne s'appliquent pas.Dans de nombreux cas, les procédures d'essai et les valeurs d'essai sont convenues entre l'acheteur et le fournisseur et sont énoncées dans le contrat d'approvisionnement. L'acheteur est le mieux à même d'évaluer les conditions de service prévues, qu'il convient d'utiliser comme base à la définition de la sévérité des essais.La liste des informations techniques minimales à convenir entre acheteur et fournisseur est fournie en annexe A.2 Références normativesLes documents normatifs suivants contiennent des dispositions qui, par suite de la référence qui y est faite, constituent des dispositions valables pour la présente Norme internationale. Au moment de la publication, les éditions indiquées étaient en vigueur. Tout document normatif est sujet à révision et les parties prenantes aux accords fondés sur la présente Norme internationale sont invitées à rechercher la possibilité d'appliquer les éditions les plus récentes des documents normatifs indiqués ci-après. Les membres de la CEI et de l'ISO possèdent le registre des Normes internationales en vigueur.CEI 60050(466):1990, Vocabulaire Electrotechnique International (VEI) – Chapitre 466: Lignes aériennesCEI 61284:1997, Lignes aériennes – Exigences et essais pour le matériel d'équipementCEI 60888:1987, Fils en acier zingué pour conducteurs câblésISO 34-1:1994, Caoutchouc vulcanisé ou thermoplastique – Détermination de la résistance au déchirement – Partie 1: Eprouvettes pantalon, angulaire et croissantISO 34-2:1996, Caoutchouc vulcanisé ou thermoplastique – Détermination de la résistance au déchirement – Partie 2: Petites éprouvettes (éprouvettes de Delft)ISO 37:1994, Caoutchouc vulcanisé ou thermoplastique – Détermination des caractéristiques de contrainte-déformation en traction61854 © IEC:1998– 9 –OVERHEAD LINES –REQUIREMENTS AND TESTS FOR SPACERS1 ScopeThis International Standard applies to spacers for conductor bundles of overhead lines. It covers rigid spacers, flexible spacers and spacer dampers.It does not apply to interphase spacers, hoop spacers and bonding spacers.NOTE – This standard is written to cover the line design practices and spacers most commonly used at the time of writing. There may be other spacers available for which the specific tests reported in this standard may not be applicable.In many cases, test procedures and test values are left to agreement between purchaser and supplier and are stated in the procurement contract. The purchaser is best able to evaluate the intended service conditions, which should be the basis for establishing the test severity.In annex A, the minimum technical details to be agreed between purchaser and supplier are listed.2 Normative referencesThe following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this International Standard. At the time of publication of this standard, the editions indicated were valid. All normative documents are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently valid International Standards.IEC 60050(466):1990, International Electrotechnical vocabulary (IEV) – Chapter 466: Overhead linesIEC 61284:1997, Overhead lines – Requirements and tests for fittingsIEC 60888:1987, Zinc-coated steel wires for stranded conductorsISO 34-1:1994, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic – Determination of tear strength – Part 1: Trouser, angle and crescent test piecesISO 34-2:1996, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic – Determination of tear strength – Part 2: Small (Delft) test piecesISO 37:1994, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic – Determination of tensile stress-strain properties– 10 –61854 © CEI:1998 ISO 188:1982, Caoutchouc vulcanisé – Essais de résistance au vieillissement accéléré ou à la chaleurISO 812:1991, Caoutchouc vulcanisé – Détermination de la fragilité à basse températureISO 815:1991, Caoutchouc vulcanisé ou thermoplastique – Détermination de la déformation rémanente après compression aux températures ambiantes, élevées ou bassesISO 868:1985, Plastiques et ébonite – Détermination de la dureté par pénétration au moyen d'un duromètre (dureté Shore)ISO 1183:1987, Plastiques – Méthodes pour déterminer la masse volumique et la densitérelative des plastiques non alvéolairesISO 1431-1:1989, Caoutchouc vulcanisé ou thermoplastique – Résistance au craquelage par l'ozone – Partie 1: Essai sous allongement statiqueISO 1461,— Revêtements de galvanisation à chaud sur produits finis ferreux – Spécifications1) ISO 1817:1985, Caoutchouc vulcanisé – Détermination de l'action des liquidesISO 2781:1988, Caoutchouc vulcanisé – Détermination de la masse volumiqueISO 2859-1:1989, Règles d'échantillonnage pour les contrôles par attributs – Partie 1: Plans d'échantillonnage pour les contrôles lot par lot, indexés d'après le niveau de qualité acceptable (NQA)ISO 2859-2:1985, Règles d'échantillonnage pour les contrôles par attributs – Partie 2: Plans d'échantillonnage pour les contrôles de lots isolés, indexés d'après la qualité limite (QL)ISO 2921:1982, Caoutchouc vulcanisé – Détermination des caractéristiques à basse température – Méthode température-retrait (essai TR)ISO 3417:1991, Caoutchouc – Détermination des caractéristiques de vulcanisation à l'aide du rhéomètre à disque oscillantISO 3951:1989, Règles et tables d'échantillonnage pour les contrôles par mesures des pourcentages de non conformesISO 4649:1985, Caoutchouc – Détermination de la résistance à l'abrasion à l'aide d'un dispositif à tambour tournantISO 4662:1986, Caoutchouc – Détermination de la résilience de rebondissement des vulcanisats––––––––––1) A publierThis is a preview - click here to buy the full publication61854 © IEC:1998– 11 –ISO 188:1982, Rubber, vulcanized – Accelerated ageing or heat-resistance testsISO 812:1991, Rubber, vulcanized – Determination of low temperature brittlenessISO 815:1991, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic – Determination of compression set at ambient, elevated or low temperaturesISO 868:1985, Plastics and ebonite – Determination of indentation hardness by means of a durometer (Shore hardness)ISO 1183:1987, Plastics – Methods for determining the density and relative density of non-cellular plasticsISO 1431-1:1989, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic – Resistance to ozone cracking –Part 1: static strain testISO 1461, — Hot dip galvanized coatings on fabricated ferrous products – Specifications1)ISO 1817:1985, Rubber, vulcanized – Determination of the effect of liquidsISO 2781:1988, Rubber, vulcanized – Determination of densityISO 2859-1:1989, Sampling procedures for inspection by attributes – Part 1: Sampling plans indexed by acceptable quality level (AQL) for lot-by-lot inspectionISO 2859-2:1985, Sampling procedures for inspection by attributes – Part 2: Sampling plans indexed by limiting quality level (LQ) for isolated lot inspectionISO 2921:1982, Rubber, vulcanized – Determination of low temperature characteristics –Temperature-retraction procedure (TR test)ISO 3417:1991, Rubber – Measurement of vulcanization characteristics with the oscillating disc curemeterISO 3951:1989, Sampling procedures and charts for inspection by variables for percent nonconformingISO 4649:1985, Rubber – Determination of abrasion resistance using a rotating cylindrical drum deviceISO 4662:1986, Rubber – Determination of rebound resilience of vulcanizates–––––––––1) To be published.。
definitions翻译
definitions翻译Definitions翻译为“定义”，是指对某个词语、概念或事物的解释、说明或描述。
下面是一些关于“definitions”的中英文对照例句和用法：1. Definition of love:爱的定义：- Love is a deep affection or attachment towards someone or something.爱是对某人或某物的深深情感或依恋。
- The definition of love varies from person to person.爱的定义因人而异。
2. Legal definition of harassment:骚扰的法律定义：- Harassment is the act of persistently annoying or tormenting someone, often with the intention to intimidate or harm.骚扰是指持续不断地使某人烦恼或折磨，通常是出于恐吓或伤害的目的。
- The legal definition of harassment may vary in different jurisdictions.骚扰的法律定义在不同的司法管辖区可能会有所不同。
3. Official definition of a kilogram:千克的官方定义：- The official definition of a kilogram is the mass of the International Prototype of the Kilogram, a platinum-iridium cylinder kept at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures.千克的官方定义是国际计量局保存的铂铱制圆柱体——国际千克原器的质量。
飞机构造定义
飞机结构4. Definitions4. 定义A. The definitions of primary and secondary structures are as follows: A. 定义基本的和次级的结构依下列各项:WARNING: THE FAILURE OF PSE’S COULD RESULT IN THE CATASTROPHIC FAILURE OF THE AIRPLANE.警告: PSE （主要构件）的失效可以造成飞机灾难性的故障。
(1) Primary Structure: Structure which carries flight, ground, or pressure loads. Primary structure is classified into two categories: Principal Structural Elements (PSE) and Other Structure. Most of the primary structures on the airplane are Principal Structural Elements (PSE). PSEs are also known as Structural Significant Items (SSI). (1) 基本结构:承传受飞行, 地面, 或压力载荷的结构。
基本的结构又分为两类: 主要构件 (PSE) 和其他构件。
飞机上的大部分基本结构是主要构件(PSE). PSEs （主要构件）也是被作为结构的重要项目(SSI).(a) Principal Structural Elements (PSE): Primary structure which contribute significantly to carrying flight, ground, and pressurization loads, and whose failure could result in the catastrophic failure of the airplane.(1) 主要构件 (PSE):主要承受飞行, 地面, 和压力载荷的基本结构,这些构件的失效将造成飞机的灾难性故障。
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