2011年职称英语理工类阅读理解新增文章篇目
2011年理工类职称英语教材新增短文
2011年理工类职称英语教材新增文章阅读理解新增文章（共6篇）目录：第二篇(C级)：World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some Predict第六篇(C级)：Weaving with Light第三十四篇(B级)：Batteries Built by Viruses第三十八篇(B级)：Longer Lives for Wild Elephants第四十五篇(A级)：Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like Others第四十六篇(A级)：Marvelous Metamaterials第二篇World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some PredictIn a finding that may speed efforts to conserve oil，scientists in Kuwait predict that world conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014.This prediction is almost a decade earlier than some other predictions. Their study is in ACS’Energy&Fuels1.Ibrahim Nashawi and colleagues point out that rapid growth in global oil consumption has sparked a growing interest in predicting "peak oil". "Peak oil" is the point where oil production reaches a maximum and then declines. Scientists have developed several models to forecast this point，and some put the date at 2020 or later. One of the most famous forecast models is called the Hubbert model2.It assumes that global oil production will follow a bell shaped curve3.A related concept is that4 of "Peak Oil." The term "Peak Oil" indicates the moment in which world wide production will peak，afterwards to start on irreversible decline.The Hubbert model accurately predicted that oil production would peak in the United States in 1970.The model has since gained in popularity and has been used to forecast oil production worldwide.However，recent studies show that the model is insufficient to account for5 more complex oil production cycles of some countries. Those cycles can be heavily influenced by technology changes，politics，and other factors，the scientists say.The new study describes development of a new version of the Hubbert model that provides a more realistic and accurate oil production forecast. Using the new model，the scientists evaluated the oil production trends of 47 major oil-producing countries，which supply most of the world’s conventional crude oil6.They estimated that worldwide conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014，years earlier than anticipated. The scientists also showed that the world’s oil reserves7are being reduced at a rate of 2.1 percent a year. The new model could help inform energy-related decisions and public policy debate，they suggest.词汇：conserve v.保护，保存 irreversible adj.不可逆的，不可改变的crude oil原油spark v.闪耀;激发;鼓舞 insufficient 不充分的，不足的curve n.曲线注释：1.ACS’Energy&Fuels：ACS是American Chemical Society(美国化学学会)的缩写。
2011年职称英语理工类考试教材新增文章汇总
2011年职称英语理工类考试教材新增文章汇总A级完型填空新增文章教材第十五篇文章Young Adults Who Exercise Get Higher IQ ScoresYoung adults who are fit have a higher IQ and are more likely to go on to university，reveals a major new study carried out at the Sahlgrenska Academy and Sahlgrenska University Hospital．The results were recently published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)．The study involved l.2 million Swedish men doing military service who were born between l950 and l976．The research group analysed the results of both physical and IQ tests the youngsters took fight after they started serving the army．The study shows a clear link between good physical fitness and better results for the IQ test．The strongest links are for logical thinking and verbal comprehension．But it is only fitness that plays a role in the results for the IQ test，and not strength．“Being fitmeans that you also have good heart and lung capacity and that your brain gets plenty of oxygen，”says Michael Nilsson，professor at the S ahlgrenska Academy and chief physician at the Sahlgrenska University Hospital．“This may be one of the reasons why we can see a clear link with fitness，but not with muscular strength．We are also seeing that there are growth factors that are important．”By analysing data for twins，the researchers have been able to determine that it is primarily environmental factors and not genes that explain the link between fitness and a higher IQ．“We have also shown that those youngsters who improve their physical fitness between ages of l5 and l8 increase their cognitive performance," says Mafia Aberg，researcher at the Sahlgrenska Academy and physician at Aby health centre．“This being the case6，physical during is a subject that has anresearcher Michael Chaiton，a research associate at the Ontario Tobacco Research Unit of the University of Toronto．“Although cigarettes may appear to have self-medicating effects or to improve mood，in the long term we found that teens who started to smoke reported higher depressive symptoms.”As part of the study，some 662 high school teenagers completed up to 20 questionnaires about their use of cigarettes to affect mood．Secondary schools were selected to provide a mix of French and English participants，urban and rural schools，and schools located in high, moderate and low socioeconomic neighbourhoods．Participants were divided into three groups: never smokers；smokers who did not use cigarettes to self-medicate，improve mood or physical state；smokers who used cigarettes to self-medicate．Depressivesymptoms were measured using a scale that asked how felt too fired to do things：had trouble going to sleep or staying asleep；felt unhappy，sad，or depressed；felt hopeless about the future；felt vexed，antsy or tense；and worried too much about things．"Smokers who used cigarettes as mood improvers had higher risks of elevated depressive symptoms than teens who had never smoked," says co-researcher Jennifer 0’Loughlin，a professor at the University of Montreal Department of Social and Preventive Medicine．"0ur study found that teen smokers who reported emotional benefits from smoking are at higher risk of developing depressive symptoms."The association between depression and smoking exists principally among teens that usecigarettes to feel better．"It’s important to emphasize that depressive symptom scores were higher among teenagerswho reported emotional benefits from smoking after they began to smoke," says Dr．Chaiton．C级完型填空新增文章教材第三篇文章What Is the Coolest Gas in the Universe?What is the coldest air temperature ever recorded on the Earth? Where was this low temperature recorded? The coldest recorded temperature on Earth was -91℃which occurred in Antarctica in 1983．We encounter an interesting situation when we discuss temperatures in space. Temperatures in Earth orbit actually range from about +120℃ to -120℃．The temperature depends upon whether you are in direct sunlight or shade．Obviously, -l20℃is colder than our body can safely endure．Thank NASA science for well-designed space suits that protect astronauts from these temperature extremes．The space temperatures just discussed affect only Our area of the solar system．Obviously，it is hotter closer to theSun and colder as we travel away from the Sun．Astronomers estimate temperatures at Pluto are about -210℃．How cold is the lowest estimated temperature in the entire universe? Again，it depends upon your location．We are taught it is supposedly impossible to have a temperature below absolute zero，which is-273℃，at which atoms do not move．Two scientists，whose names are Cornell and Wieman，have successfully cooled down a gas temperature barely above absolute zero．They won a Nobel Prize in Physics in 2001 for their work—not a discovery，in this case．Why is the two scientists' work so important to science?In the l920s，Satyendra Nath Bose was studying an interesting theory about particles we now call photons．Bose had trouble convincing other scientists to believe so he contacted Albert Einstein．Einstein's calculations helped him theorize would behave as Bose thought——but only at very cold temperatures．Scientists have also discovered that ultra-cold atoms can help them make the world's atomic clocks even more accurate．These clocks are so accurate today they would only lose 0ne second every six million years! Such accuracy will help us travel in space because distance is velocity times time (d=v×t)．With the long distances involved in space travel to know time as accurately as possible to get accurate distance．A级阅读理解新增文章教材第四十六篇文章Marvelous MetamaterialsInvisibility cloaks would have remained impossible，forever locked in science fiction．had it not been for the development of metamaterials. In Greek, "meta" means beyond, and metamaterials car do things beyond what we see in the natural world—like shuffle light waves around an object，and then bring them back together．Ifscientists ever manage to build a full—fledged invisibility cloak，it will probably be made of metamaterials．"We are creating materials that don't exist in nature, and that have a physical phenomenon that doesn't exist in nature," says engineer Dentcho Genov. "That is the most exciting thing." Genov designs and builds metamaterials--such as those used in cloaking--at Louisiana Tech University in Ruston, Louisiana.An invisibility cloak will probably not be the first major accomplishment to come from the field of metamaterials．Other applications are just as excitin．In many labs，for example，scientists are working on building a hyperlens．A lens is a device——usually made of glass——that can change the direction of light waves．Lenses are used in microscopes and cameras to focus light，thus allowing a researcher to see small things or a photographer to capture image ofthings that are far away．A hyperlens，however，would be made of metamaterials．And since metamaterial s can do things with light that ordinary materials can't，the hyperlens would be a powerful t001．A hyperlens would allow researchers to see things at the smallest scale imaginable —as small as the wavelength of visible light．Genov points out that the science of metamaterials is driven by the imagination：If someone call think of an idea for a new behavior for fight，then the engineers can find a way to design a device using metamaterials．"We need people who can imagine," he says．Since 2006，many laboratories have been exploring other kinds of metamaterials that don't involve just visible light．In fact，scientists are finding that almost any kind of wave may respond to metamaterials．At the Polytechnic University of Valenciain Spain．Jose Sanchez-Dehesa is working with acoustics, or the science of sound．Just as an invisibility cloak shuffles waves of light，an "acoustic" cloak would shuffle waves of sound in a way that's not found in nature．In an orchestra hall, for example．an acoustic cloak could redirect the sound waves——so someone sitting behind a column would hear the same concert as the rest of the audience．without distortion．Sanchez-Dehesa，an engineer，recently showed that it's possible to build such an acoustic cloak，though he doubts we'11 see one any time soon．"In principle，it is possible," he says，but it might be impossible to make one, he adds．Other scientists are looking into ways to use larger metamaterials as shields around islands or oil rigs as protection from tsunamis．A tsunami is a giant．destructive wave．The metamaterial would redirect the tsunami around the rig or island．and the wavewould resume its ioumey on the other side without causing any harm．练习：1．What is true for metamaterials?They are nonexistent in nature．2．A hyperlens is a more powerful tool than a traditional lensas it can help scientists to see even the wavelengths of visible light．3．Scientists at the Polytechnic University of Valencia try to inventan acoustic cloak that can shuffle waves of sound．4．According to Sdnchez—Dehesa,it is possible to build an acoustic cloak in theory but far from．reality．5．What ways are some scientists looking into to protect the island and oil；rig from tsunamis? (Read the last paragraph．) Surround them with metamaterials as protective shields．A级阅读理解新增文章教材第四十五篇文章Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like Others Low—salt foods may be harder for some people to like than others，according to a study by a Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences food scientist．The research indicates that genetic factors influence some of the difference in the levels of salt we like to eat．Those conclusions are important because recent，well—publicized efforts to reduce the salt content in food have left many people struggling to accept fare that simply does not taste as good to them as it does to others，pointed out John Hayes，assistant professor of food science，who was lead investigator 0n the study．Diets high in salt Can increase the risk of high blood pressure and stroke．That is why public health experts and food companies are working together on ways to help consumers lower salt intake through foodsthat are enjoyable to eat．This study increases understanding of salt preference and consumption．The research involved 87 carefully screened participants who sampled salty foods such as soup and chips，on multiple occasions，spread out over weeks．Test subjects were 45：men and 42 women, reportedly healthy，ranging in age from 20 t0 40 years．The sample was composed of individuals who were not actively modifying their dietary intake and did not smoke cigarettes．They rated the intensity of taste on a commonly used scientific scale，ranging from barely detectable to strongest sensation of any kind．“Most of us like the taste of salt．However，some individuals eat more salt，both because they like the taste of saltiness more，and also because it is needed to block other unpleasant tastes in food,”said Hayes. “Supertasters, people whoexperience tastes more intensely, consume more salt than nontasters do. Snack foods have saltiness as their primary flavor, and at least for these foods, more is better, so the supertasters seem to like them more.”However, supertasters also need higher levels of salt to block unpleasant bitter tastes in foods such as cheese，Hayes noted．“For example，cheese is a wonderful blend of dairy flavors from fermented milk，but also bitter tastes from ripening that are blocked by salt，” he said．“A supertaster finds low-salt cheese unpleasant because the bitterness is too pronounced6．”Hayes cited research done more than 75 years ago by a chemist named Fox and a geneticist named Blakeslee，showing that individuals differ in their ability to taste certain chemicals．As a result，Hayes explained，we know that a wide range in taste acuity exists，and this variation is as normal as variations in eye and hair color．“Some people，called supertasters，describe bitter compounds as being extremely bitter，while others，called nontasters，find these same bitter compounds to be tasteless or only weakly bitter．”he said．“Response to bitter compounds is one of many ways to identify biological differences in food preference because supertastin7 is not limited to bitterness．(476)1．In paragraph 2，John Hayes points out that many people accept low—salt tasteless food reluctantly2．The fourth paragraph describes briefly how to select subjects and what to do in the research．3. The article argues that supertasters1ike snack foods as saltiness is their primary flavor．4. Which of the following applies to supertasters in terms of bitter taste?They prefer high—salt cheese．whichtastes less bitter．5. What message do the last two paragraphs carry?Taste acuity is genetically determined．A级阅读理解新增文章教材第三十四篇文章Batteries Built by VirusesWhat do chicken pox，the common cold, the flu，and AIDS have in common? They’real disease caused by viruses，tiny microorganisms that can pass from person to person．It's no wonder1 that when most people think about viruses, finding ways t0 steer clear of viruses is what's on people's minds．Not everyone runs from the tiny disease carders, though．In Cambridge, Massachusetts, scientists have discovered that some viruses can be helpful in an unusual way．They are putting viruses to work, teaching them to build some of the world's smallest rechargeable batteries．Viruses and batteries may seem like an unusual pair，but they're not so strange forengineer Angela Belcher，who first came up with the idea．At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, she and her collaborators bring together different areas of science in new ways．In the case of the virus-built batteries, the scientists combine what they know about biology, technology and production techniques．Belcher's team includes Paula Hammond，who helps put together the tiny batteries, and Yet-Ming Chiang， an expert on how to store energy in the form of a battery．“We’re working on things we traditionally don’t associate with nature．” says Hammond．Many batteries are already pretty small．You can hold A．C and D batteries in your hand．The coin—like batteries that power watches are often smaller than a penny．However。
大家论坛_2011年职称英语教材(理工类)阅读理解[原文+解析+译文]第1-5篇WORD
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大家论坛职称英语版块/forum-109-1.html2011年职称英语教材（理工类）阅读理解第1-5篇WORD第一篇Ford Abandons Electric Vehicles第二篇（新增）World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some Predict第三篇Citizen Scientists第四篇Motoring Technology第五篇Late-Night Drinking第六篇（新增）Weaving with Light第七篇Sugar Power for Cell Phones第八篇Eiffel Is an Eyeful第九篇Egypt Felled by Famine第十篇Young Female Chimps Outlearn Their Brothers第一篇Ford Abandons Electric VehiclesThe Ford motor company's1 abandonment of electric cars effectively signals the end of the road for the technology, analysts say.General Motors2 and Honda3 ceased production of battery-powered cars in 1999，to focus on fuel cell4 and hybrid electric gasoline engines5，which are more attractive to the consumer. Ford has now announced it will do the same.Three years ago，the company introduced the Think City two-seater car and a golf cart called the THINK, or Think Neighbor6. It hoped to sell 5,000 cars each year and 10,000 carts. But a lack of demand means only about 1,000 of the cars have been produced, and less than 1，700 carts have been sold so far in 2002."The bottom line is7 we don't believe that this is the future of environment transport for the mass market," Tim Holmes of Ford Europe said on Friday. "We feel we have given electric our best shot8. ”The Think City has a range of only about 53 miles and up to a six-hour battery recharge time. General Motors' EVI electric vehicle also had a limited range, of about 100 miles.The very expensive batteries also mean electric cars cost much more than petrol-powered alternatives. An electric Toyota9 RA V4 EV vehicle costs over $42,000 in the US, compared with just $17,000 for the petrol version. Toyota and Nissan10 are now the only major auto manufacturers to produce electric vehicles."There is a feeling that battery electric has been given its chance. Ford now has to move on with its hybrid program11, and that is what we will be judging them on, ”Roger Higman，a senior transport campaigner at UK Friends of the Earth, told the Environment News Service.Hybrid cars introduced by Toyota and Honda in the past few years have sold well. Hybrid engines offer greater mileage than petrol-only engines, and the batteries recharge themselves. Ford says it thinks such vehicles will help it meet planned new guidelines12 on vehicle emissions13 in the US. However, it is not yet clear exactly what those guidelines will permit. In June, General Motors and Daimler Chrysler14 won a court injunction, delaying by two years Californian legislationrequiring car-makers to offer 100,000 zero-emission and other low-emission vehicles in the state by 2003. Car manufacturers hope the legislation will be rewritten to allow for more low-emission, rather than zero-emission, vehicles.词汇：hybrid /'haibrid/ n.杂种，混合物；adj.杂种mileage /'mailids/ n.英里数，英里里程的；混合的injunction/iidsAgkJ^n/n.命令；指令注释：1. The Ford motor company：福特汽车公司。
2011年职称英语(理工类)阅读理解-问题及答案中文翻译
3．公民科学家（理C） ．公民科学家（ ） ①生态学家求助于非科学家因为他们需要他们 ②公民科学家被要求做什么？ 。 。
③在第2段“All that's needed to become one ...”句中，单词 。 “one”代表 ④那一项有关BudBurst计划不是正确的是____________。 ⑤BudBurst计划最终目的是什么____________。 问题 Technology（ 4. Motoring Technology（理C） 1) What are researchers interested in doing as the road accidents worldwide increase to a shocking rate? 2) According to the second paragraph, most road accidents happen 3) Which of the safety developments is NOT mentioned in the passage? 4) What is NOT the purpose of innovations that use satellite tracking and remote communications? 5) What is true of robotic drivers?
汽车技术（ 4. 汽车技术（理C） ①当世界道路交通事故发生率惊人之时，研究者旨在 ___________。 ②大多数道路交通事故发生是因为_____________。 ③文中提到的安全设施不包括_____________。 ④运用卫星跟踪和远程通讯技术进行创新的目标不包括 ____________________。 ⑤被编程的机器人______________。
2011年职称英语(理工类)阅读理解中英文背诵模板.doc
2011年职称英语（理工类）阅读理解中英文背诵模板2011年职称英语（理工类）阅读理解中英文背诵模板 (4)第一篇 Ford Abandons Electric Vehicles (4)第二篇（新增）World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some Predict (4)第三篇 Citizen Scientists (5)第四篇Motoring Technology (5)第五篇Late-Night Drinking (6)第六篇（新增）Weaving with Light (6)第七篇Sugar Power for Cell Phones (7)第八篇Eiffel Is an Eyeful (8)第九篇 Egypt Felled by Famine (8)第十篇Young Female Chimps Outlearn Their Brothers (9)第十一篇 The Net Cost of Making a Name for Yourself (9)第十二篇 Florida Hit by Cold Air Mass (10)第十三篇Invisibility Ring (10)第十四篇 Japanese Car Keeps Watch for Drunk Drivers (11)第十五篇Winged Robot Learns to Fly (11)第十六篇Japanese Drilling into Core of Earth (12)第十七篇 A Sunshade for the Planet (12)第十八篇Thirst for Oil (13)第十九篇 Prolonging Human Life (13)第二十篇Explorer of the Extreme Deep (14)第二十一篇Plant Gas (14)第二十二篇Snowflakes (15)第二十三篇Powering a City? It's a Breeze (15)第二十四篇 Underground Coal Fires -- a Looming Catastrophe (16)第二十五篇Eat to Live (16)第二十六篇Male and Female Pilots Cause Accidents Differently (17)第二十七篇Driven to Distraction (18)第二十八篇Sleep Lets Brain File Memories (18)第二十九篇Food Fright (19)第三十篇Digital Realm (19)*第三十一篇Hurricane Katrina (20)*第三十二篇 Mind-reading Machine (20)*第三十三篇 Experts Call for Local and Regional Control of Sites for Radioactive Waste (B级) (21)*第三十四篇（新增） Batteries Built by Viruses (21)*第三十五篇Putting Plants to work (22)*第三十六篇 Listening Device Provides Landslide Early Warning (23)*第三十七篇"Don't Drink Alone" Gets New Meaning (23)*第三十八篇（新增） Longer Lives for Wild Elephants（理B） (24)*第三十九篇Clone Farm (24)*第四十篇 Air Pollution Cloud Measured on Both Sides of Pacific (25)+第四十一篇Too Little for Global Warming (25)+第四十二篇Renewable Energy Sources (26)+第四十三篇Forecasting Methods (26)+第四十四篇Defending the Theory of Evolution Still Seems Needed (27)+第四十五篇（新增） Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like Others (28)+第四十六篇（新增）Marvelous Metamaterials (28)+第四十七篇 Listening to Birdsong (29)+第四十八篇"Hidden" Species May Be Surprisingly Common (29)+第四十九篇 U.S. Scientists Confirm Water on Mars (30)+第五十篇 Cell Phones Increase Traffic, Pedestrian Fatalities (30)2011年职称英语（理工类）阅读理解中英文背诵模板第一篇 Ford Abandons Electric Vehicles文章名称问题答案Ford Abandons Electric Vehicles 1. Ford Abandons Electric Vehicles（理C）1)What have the Ford motor company, General Motor’s and Honda doneconcerning electric cars?2)According to Tim Holmes of Ford Europe, battery-powered cars3)Which auto manufactures are still producing electric vehicles?4)According to the eighth paragraph, hybrid cars5)Which of the following is true about the hope of car manufacturersaccording to the last paragraph?1. Ford Abandons Electric Vehicles（理C）1)They have given up producing electric cars.2)Will not be the main transportation vehicles in the future.3)Toyota and Nissan.4)run more miles than petrol driven cars.5)The legislation will allow more low-emission to produced.福特放弃电动汽车1. 福特放弃电动汽车（理C）①针对电动汽车，通用汽车公司和本田汽车公司采取了_____________。
2011年职称英语完型填空新增文章译文---理工类
2011年职称英语完型填空新增文章译文---理工类运动的年轻人智商更高理A瑞典歌德堡大学健康科学研究院和该校校医院的一项最新研究表明，身体健康的年轻人智商更高，进入大学学习的可能性也更高。
研究结果发表在美国国家科学院学报上。
这项研究的取样样本是1950-1976年入伍的120万新兵。
这些新兵报到时接受了体能测试和智能测试，研究人员对这两类测试数据进行了分析。
研究表明，健康的体能和优秀的只能测试结果之间的联系很明显。
最突出的就是科学思维和语言理解能力与身体健康有关。
但是智商测试结果中只是健康在起作用，而与力量无关。
“身体健康是指，一个人心肺功能好，能将充分的氧气源源不断地输入给大脑，”瑞典歌德堡大学健康科学研究院教授和瑞典歌德堡大学健康科学研究院校医院首席内科医师Michael Nilsson如是说，“也许这就是为什么智商测试结果与健康之间存在明显联系，而与肌肉力量无关的原因之一。
我们还发现生长因子也很重要。
”通过研究双胞胎的数据，研究人员可以得出结论，智商差异来自后天的环境因素而不是先天的基因，身体健康，智商越高。
“我们还发现，在15-18岁之间加强身体锻炼的青少年往往认知能力也较强，”瑞典歌德堡大学健康科学研究院研究员，Aby健康中心医师Maria Aberg说，“倘若情况果然如此，那么体育应成为学校中重要的一门学科，而且如果我们想要学好数学和其他理论学科，体育课是非常有必要的。
”研究人员还将新兵服兵役入伍报到时的体格测试和智商测试的结果与他们后来生活中的社会经济地位进行了比较。
那些18岁时身体健康的人学历更高，很多都能胜任高要求的工作。
吸烟会加重青少年的抑郁情绪理B有些青少年可能会一口接一口地吸烟来消除抑郁，进行所谓的“自我治疗”。
然而加拿大Toronto和Montreal大学的科学家却发现，事实上，吸烟会加重某些青少年的抑郁情绪。
“这项研究是检验吸烟是否可以给青少年带来精神欢愉的几项研究之一，”首席研究员Michael Chaiton如是说，他是Toronto大学Ontario烟草研究组织的助理研究员，“尽管吸烟能在短时间能起到自我治疗的作用，能振奋精神，但根据青少年自我报告的情况，我们发现，从长远看，吸烟的青少年往往有更多的抑郁症状。
2011年综合类职称英语新增文章
2011年职称英语综合类类阅读理解新增文章篇目第八篇 The State of Marriage Today*第三十八篇Excessive Demands on Y oung People+第四十七篇Spoilt for Choice注：1、+表示A级文章；*表示B即文章；其他为C级文章；2、完形填空请参见第13页；3、2011年词汇部分与2010年教材相比未作任何变化。
第八篇The State of Marriage TodayIs there something seriously wrong with marriage today? During the past 50 years，the rate of divorce in the United States has exploded：almost 50％of marriages end in divorce now, and the evidence suggests it is going to get worse．If this trend continues．it will lead to the breakup of the family，according to a spokesperson for the National Family Association．Some futurists predict that in l 00 years．the average American will marry at least four times．and extramarital affairs will be even more common than they are now．But what are the reasons for this，and is the picture really so gloomy? The answer to the first question is really quite simple：marriage is no longer the necessity it once was．The institution of marriage has been based for years partly on economic need．Women used to be economically dependent on their husbands as they usually didn’t have jobs outside the home．But with the rising number of women in well—paying jobs，this is no longer the case，so they don’t feel that they need to stay in a failing marriage．In answer to the second question，the outlook may not be as pessimistic as it seems．While the rate of divorce has risen，the rate of couples marrying has never actually fallen very much，so marriage is still quite popular．In addition to this．many couples now cohabit and don’t bother to marry．These couples are effectively married，but they do not appear in either the marriage or divorce statistics．In fact．more than 50％Of first marriages survive．The statistics are deceptive because there is a higher number of divorces in second and third marriages than in first marriages．So is marriage really an outdated institution? The fact that most people still get married indicates that it isn’t．And it is also true that married couples have a healthier life than single people：they suffer less from stress and its consequences，such as heart problems，and married men generally consider themselves more contented than their single counterparts．Perhaps the key is to find out what makes a successful marriage and apply it to all of our relationships!词汇：Divorce n．离婚Evidence n．证据，迹象Futurist n．未来主义者Explode v．激增，迅速扩大Predict v．预言，预料，预报Extramarital adj．婚外的Gloomy adj．阴暗的；令人沮丧的Institution n．制度，习俗Outlook n．展望，前景Pessimistic adj．悲观的Cohabit v．同居Effectively ad．实际上Statistics n．统计，统计资料Deceptive adj．迷惑的，骗人的Outdated adj．旧式的，过时的Indicate v．表明，暗示Consequence n．结果，后果Contented adj．满足的，满意的Counterpart n．对应的人(或物)注释：National Family Association：美国国家家庭联合会练习：1．Which is true about the problem of marriage in the United States today?A) Divorce leads to the breakup of the family．B) Half of the married couples get divorced：C) American people marry more than four times．D) More and more people are getting divorced．2．What does “this is no longer the case” in paragraph two mean?A) It is not necessary to get married any more．B) Women do not need a husband any longer．C) Women are not economically dependant any more．D) Many wives do well-paying jobs outside home now．3．Why may the outlook of marriage not be as gloomy as it appears?A) Many people still like to get married．B) The rate of divorce has actually decreased．C) Over 50％of the marriages continue to exist．D) The statistics of divorce is not quite true。
2011年职称英语理工类C级完型填空新增文章解读
2011年职称英语理工类 C 级完型填空新增文章教材第三篇文章What Is the Coolest Gas in the Universe?What is the coldest air temperature ever recorded on the Earth? Where was this low temperature recorded? The coldest recorded temperature on Earth was -91℃whichoccurred in Antarctica in 1983.We encounter an interesting situation when we discuss temperatures in space Temperatures in Earth orbit actually range from about +120℃ to -120℃. The temperature depends upon whether you are in direct sunlight or shade . Obviously, -l20℃is colder than our body can safely endure. Thank NASA science for well-designed space suits that protect astronauts from these temperature extremes.The space temperatures just discussed affect only Our areal of the solar system . Obviously , it is hotter closer to the Sun and colder as we travel away from the Sun. Astronomers estimate temperatures at Pluto are about -210℃. How cold is the lowest estimated temperature in the entire universe? Again , it depends upon your location . We are taught it is supposedly impossibleto have a temperature below absolute zero, which is-273℃, at which atoms do not move. Two scientists, whose names are Cornell and Wieman, have successfully cooled down a gas temperature barely above absolute zero . They won a Nobel Prize in Physics in 2001 for their work— not a discovery, in this case2.Why is the two scientists' work so important to science? In the l920s, Satyendra Nath Bose was studying an interesting theory about particles we now call photons. Bose had trouble convincing other scientists to believe so he contacted Albert Einstein . Einstein's calculations helped him theorize would behave as Bose thought—— but only at very cold temperatures. Scientists have also discovered that ultra-cold atoms can helpthem make the world's atomic clocks even more accurate. These clocks are so accurate today they would only lose3 0ne second every six million years! Such accuracy will help us travel in space because distance is velocity times time4 (d=v×t . With5 the long distances involved in space travel to know time as accurately as possible to get accurate distance.词汇:Antarctica n.南极洲Orbit n.轨道NASA 美国国家航空和航天管理局Astronomer n.天文学家Pluto n.冥王星Photon n.光子Theorize v.推理,使理论化Velocity n.速度注释:1. our area :我们的这个区域。
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2011年职称英语理工类阅读理解新增文章篇目第二篇World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some Predict第六篇Waving With Light*第三十四篇 Batteries Built by Viruses*第三十八篇Longer Lives for Wild Elephants+第四十五篇Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like Others+第四十六篇Marvelous Metamaterials注：1、+表示A级文章；*表示B即文章；其他为C级文章；2、2011年词汇部分与2010年教材相比未作任何变化。
第二篇World Crude Oil Production May Peaka Decade Earlier Than Some PredictIn a finding that may speed efforts to conserve oil, scientists in Kuwait predict that world conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014. This prediction is almost a decade earlier than some other predictions．Their study is in ACS’Energy ＆Fuels1．Ibrahim Nashawi and colleagues point out that rapid growth in global oil consumption has sparked a growing interest in predicting "peak oil"．"Peak oil "is the point where oil production reaches a maximum and then declines. Scientists have developed several models to forecast this point, and some put the date at 2020 or later. One of the most famous forecast models is called the Hubbert model2. It assumes that global oil production will follow a bell shaped curve3. A related concept is that4 of "Peak Oil." The term "Peal Oil" indicates the moment in which world wide production Will peak, afterwards to start on irreversible decline．The Hubbert model accurately predicted that oil production would peak in the United States in 1970. The model has since gained in popularity and has been used to forecast oil production worldwide．However, recent studies show that the model is insufficient to account for5more complex oil production cycles of some countries．Those cycles can be heavily influenced by technology changes, politics, and other factors, the scientists say. The new study describes development of a new version of the Hubbert model that provides a more realistic and accurate oil production forecast．Using the new model, the scientists evaluated the oil production trends of 47 major oil-producing countries, which supply most of the world’s conventional crude oil6． They estimated that worldwide conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014, years earlier than anticipated. The scientists also showed that the world's oil reserves7 are being reduced at a rate of 2.1 percent a year. The new model could help inform energy-related decisions and public policy debate, they suggest.词汇：Conserve v．保护，保存crude oil原油spark v．闪耀；激发；鼓舞curve n．曲线irreversible adj．不可逆的，不可改变的insufficient adj.充分的，不足的注释：1．ACS' Energy & Fuels：ACS是American Chemical Society(美国化学学会)的缩写。
该学会成立于l876年，现已成为世界最大的科技协会。
多年来，ACS一直致力于为全球化学研究机构、企业及个人提供高品质的文献资讯及服务。
ACS出版的期刊有34种，这些期刊在化学领域中是被引用次数最多的化学期刊，Energy＆Fuels即是其中一本。
2．the Hubbert model：赫伯特模型是美国地质学家M．King Hubbert于1956年创建的，这是一个随时间增长的模型，Hubbert将其引入油气田开发，经推导使其成为一个可以预测油气田累积产量、瞬时产量、年产量和可采储量等多项开发指标的多功能预测模型。
3．a bell shaped curve：钟形曲线4．that of peak oil：that指代concept。
5．account for：说明，解释6．conventional crude oil：常规原油7．oil reserves：石油储量。
通常使用复数形式reserves。
练习：1．Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word "sparked" appearing in paragraph 2?A．flashedB．stimulatedC．changedD．ended2．The term "a bell shaped curve" appearing in paragraph 2 indicates that global oil production willA．take the shape of a flat curve．B．keep growing．C．keep declining．D．start to decline after global oil production peaks．3．Which of the following is NOT true of the Hubbert model?A．It successfully predicted that oil production peaked in the U．S．in l 970．B．It has been used to predict oil production in many countries．C．It is insufficient to explain oil production cycles in some countries．D．It provides a very realistic and accurate oil production．4．What is the major achievement of the new study mentioned in the last paragraph? A．It predicts global oil production will peak in 2014．B．It predicts oil production will decline in 47 countries．C．It confirms further the effectiveness of the Hubbert model．D．It discovers a new trend of Worldwide oil production．5．Who develop the new version of the Hubbert model?A．American scientists．B．Kuwaiti scientists．C．British scientists．D．Scientists of 47 major oil-producing countries．答案与题解：1．B spark一词做及物动词使用时有"发动"、"激发"的意思，在此意为stimulated，即"引发"，这个句子的意思是：全球石油消费的快速增长已引发了对"石油峰值"预测的兴趣。
2．D此句接下来的句子中所提到的a related concept即是与a bell shaped curve相关的概念，也就是说，接下来的这个句子对a bell shaped curve做了解释，即世界石油生产达到最大峰值后将下降。
3．D 文章的第三段告诉我们，Hubbert预测模型精确地预测到美国石油生产于1970年将达到峰值。