Chapter Two-Part I
Chapter Two
Negotiation skills test
• Case 1: As a seller You want to sell your yacht and you know that you would be very fortunate to get as much as £225, 000 for it. While you are considering placing the advertisement, a keen yachtsman approaches you and offers £250 000 in cash immediately for your boat. Do you: • A: Accept his offer without further ado? • B: Tell him to wait until the boat is advertised? • C: Haggle(讨价还价)?
Guidelines for Making Enquiries
1. Have a specific idea before the inquiry. 2. For the first time enquiry, give a brief introduction. 3. Be reasonable in the information requested and exact in each requirement. 4. The use of printed enquiry forms. 5. Be addressed to the company instead of an individual.
Chapter Two
Modules of Business Negotiation
Chapter 4 Part II handout
Chapter 4 Part II Handout备注：这是一份上课用讲义，请同学们打印后于本周上课时带上。
II. ExamplesPart I Animals Feel the Heat, Flee Their HabitatsExercise 1: Listen to the news report and get the main idea.What is the main theme of this news?A. People have been sweating out high temperature this summer.B. Animals flee their habitat because of the heat.C. The snake wrangler is not rattled by the drought.D. People take protective measures to keep snakes out.Exercise 2: listen to the news report again and fill the blanks with the exact words or phrases.Katie Couric:they have been sweating out in record heat this summer. But they’re not the only ones. From rattlesnakes to bears, 1_______,great and small, are fleeing theirnatural habitats while the mercury 2____. And, as Sandra Hughes reports, they’returning up in some pretty unlikely places.Bo Slyapich:this is what I find in people’s yards.Sandra Hughes: rattlesnakes----everywhere. More than Bo Slyapich has seen inhis 20-year career as a snake wrangler. The 3 ________ and extreme heat havecombined to drive the thirsty and venomous creatures to close for comfort---backdecks, play equipment –anywhere they can find shade. What are they lookingfor？Bo Slyapich: food. Just like you go to the supermarket to go shopping, they come to our homes to go shopping.Tom Mahan(homeowner): Not too far from those steps 4______, there was a four-foot rattlesnake.Sandra Hughes:homeowner Tom Mahan has found rattlesnake sipping from his pool. Now he’s taken 5__________.Tom Mahan: half-inch grid galvanized fencing around the three-acre perimeter here, which keeps99 percent of any types of snakes out.Sandra Hughes: deer and coyotes are coming down from the hills, too. This disoriented bear climbed up a utility pole in triple-digit heat.Paul Edelman: (the Santa Monica Mountains Conservancy) it is uncharted 6____________. It’s the equivalent of the stories you see with the big droughts in the AfricanSerengetti plains where the animals drop three feet, you know, three feet beforethey get the water hole.Sandra Hughes: in Utah, officials say the drought may have played a role in turning this black bear into a killer. It had to be euthanized after breaking into a family’s tent and7__________ a little boy. Wildlife sightings used to be reserved for trips to theZoo. But experts 8_____________ global warming will bring more extremedroughts, putting more animals in danger. High in the mountains the smallestmember of the rabbit family is disappearing. The pika dies when overheated. Dr. Terry Root (Standford University): 9 _________ that are on the tops of mountains, they don’thave any places else to go. So, where are they gonna go? They’re gonna goextinct.Sandra Hughes: 10______ the only one not rattled by the snake wrangler.Bo Slyapich: Ok. Give me a call back in so we can take care of ya.Sandra Hughes: Sandra Hughes. CBS News, west village, California.Part II Part B Grizzly Population Increasing at YellowstoneExercise: Listen to the news report and choose the best answer to the following questions.1. How many grizzlies were there on the land 200 years ago?A. 500B. 5,000C. 15,000D. 50,0002. Grizzlies have been protected as endangered species since _____.A.1957B.1975C.1970D.19653. How many grizzlies are there currently in and around Yellowstone?A. about 200B. about 1,500C. more than 500D. more than 1,0004. According to Pat Flowers, all the following states will offer hunting permits for grizzlies except____.A. WyomingB. MontanaC. OhioD. Idaho5. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the report?A. There're 3 states surrounding Yellowstone that will take over management of the bearsinside the park.B. An increasing number of people risk settling in the remote mountainous area, so encounterswith the bears occur more often.C. Though the law has prohibit ed people from hunting grizzlies for 30 years, some statesallow bear hunting nowadays to control their population.D. Whatever happens outside the national park, grizzles inside Yellowstone will not beaffected by any changes in policies.Part III Age Bank in ChinaExercise 1: Listen to the news report and get the main idea.What is the main theme of this news?A. The problems concerning old people in ChinaB. The hours the old people can make a deposit in Bank of ChinaC. The new way of caring for the elderly citizens in ChinaD. The public attitude toward the traditional family in ChinaExercise 2 Listen to the news report again and fill in the blanks with the exact words or phrases.Bob Schieffer: Reporting this week, on how American families are dealing with the needs of 1.__________ as our population ages. Well, tonight, we wanna show you whatthey're doing in China. A community there is come up with 2. __________ forhelping the elderly. Barry Petersen concludes 3. __________ "Caring for Mom &Dad".Barry Petersen: 88-year-old Song Rongxiu is very well taken care of. She lives with her daughter, her grandson and his family in Beijing. That's the way the elderly have 4.__________ been cared for in China. But modem times have created a lot of 5.__________for China's young people —often far from home, and that meansleaving the elderly behind. So here in the city of Chongqing, they had an idea:making a rather unique promise to get people to help their elderly neighbors. Theidea is 6. __________itself. Call it the "Age Bank." People rack up hours, notingthem in a log book. They give their time caring for senior citizens — hours theycan 7. __________in their golden years as the next generation takes care of them.This community leader came up with the idea. "There were a lot of retirees inthis neighborhood," he told us. "They weren't very busy and the very elderlyneeded help." It can be anything from running a quick errand to just stopping infor a daily chat. Wang Dingru is 92 years old.Barry Petersen: What do the helpers do to help you through the day? "They treat me like I'm their mother." She says, "cooking meals, buying groceries." 8. __________Mrs.Zhai, does this work with an eye on her future. "I've been 9.__________ time inthe bank," she says, "so one day people will help me." Like other countries,China has an aging population that is growing fast. To these elderly, the agebank has made volunteers feel like family, and kept Mrs. Wang so spry she canteach me the China two-step — and so happy because even10) ___________,thanks to the "age bank" she has the next best thing: people 10. __________.Barry Petersen, CBS News, Chongqing, China.。
七年级英语上册 unit2 Our Daily Life教案 牛津深圳版
Chapter 2 Our Daily LifePart One New words and warming upTeaching contents1. To learn by heart 18 new words in Chapter 2;2. To learn to describe people’s daily life and regular activities.Main pointsDescribe people’s daily lifeDifficult pointsTo remember the phrases about daily lifeTeaching aidsPPT and black boardTeaching proceduresStep 1: new wordslet stu. to read the new words(18) and the teacher should make some explanations when it’s necessary to help stu. learn the words by heart as soon as possible.To start with, let’s first go to page 85 to go over the vocabulary for this chapter. Read them aloud to the tape and try to learn them by heart.Words challege:Now we are going to challege one another. I’ll read some clues to you, try to te ll me which word it is as quickly as you can.a. A noun— wooden musical instrument with strings and a bow violinb. A noun—a teenager or young adult who is very good or quick at doing somethingwhizz-kidc. A verb— get, receive, succeed in doing something achieved. A noun— customer; someone who buys something or uses a service clientverb—talk about something discussf. A noun—a person who controls a business or part of it. managerg. A noun—the person (in a pany) who looks after the money and keeps the financial records accountanth: in the morning a.m.i: in the afternoon p.m.j: help sb. do sth. assistk: go to attendl: a pany businessStep 2: warming-up by looking at the picturesLook at the pictures and to know the phrases about daily life describing on the picturesThen ask the students what do they do every day, every week(use phrase)show PPT to students when they answer the questions（the phrases about daily life describing）Step 3: work in pairs to describing Ss’ daily lifelet’s Ss work in pairs to describe What kind of things do they do every day? What kind of things do they do once or twice a week? And what kind of things do they never do?write these patterns on the blackboard:I……every day.I……once or twice a week. I never ……(Encourage students to speak up their daily activities as many as possible.)e.g. A: What kind of things do you do every day?B: I clean my teeth, wash my face and hands, make a telephone to my parents, watch television, go to school, do my homework every day.A: What kind of things do you never do every day?B: I never play the piano, ride a bike, go to the supermarket, argue with other classmates, e to school late.A: What kind of things do you do once or twice a week?B: I eat fish, play tennis, play puter games, go to the concert, eat chocalates, take a bus onceor twice a week.Step 4: Homework1. Preview the Reading in Chapter 2;2. Learn the new words by heart.Part Two Reading (1)Teaching contents:1．How to describe our everyday activities and how often we do things.2．The daily life of a ‘whizz-kid’ studentMain pointsRead the text and abstract the important information from the textDifficult pointsChange the information into chartTeaching aidsmultimedia, tape-recorder, PPTTeaching produceduresStep 1: leading-inAsk the students when they usually get up in the morning, when they go to school and so on . Then lead in the topic of this chapter ‘ Our Daily Life’. And show them some pictures and let them do the ‘ask and answer’ activity.Which of these things do you do every day / do once or twice a week / never do?Step 2: pre-readingLet students talk about their daily life, and then pare with the life of Wendy (look at the picture). Step 3: while-readinga. Skim the text and use one sentence to abstract the main idea of the text.b. Scan the text and to get the main idea of each paragraph, finish this chartP1 Wendy describes her school. She finds some school work easy but boring.P2 At lunch-time she sometimes has lunch with a business client.P3 Wendy describes her morning routin and the background to her family puterbusiness.P4 Wendy’s driver takes her to school in her own car.P5 In the evenings she works on her puter games.P6 Wendy describes her after-school activities.c. Read the text again and find the facts. Turn to page 18 plete the list with information that Wendy gives us in her article. Write only notes (one to three words or figures) for each answer.1. What she writes puter games2. when she gets up 6 a.m.3. How she gets to school 7.30 a.m4. How she gets to school in her car5. What she does on the way makes phone calls6. Her usual grade at school A7.when she goes to puter Club Friday8.when she has dinner 7 p.m.9.Her work after dinner writing puter games10.when she goes to bed 11 p.m.Step 4: post-readingAsk the students to read the passage again and do the exercises on page 19 in the book.Step five: summary1.how to talk about our regular activities we do every day or every week / month2.what does Wendy do every day?Step 6: homeworkExercise book page 13-14Do a survey of “how often do you…” (see in PPT)Part Three Reading (2)Teaching contentsLanguage points in the textTeaching aims and demandsTo find out and analysis the usage of language points (phrases and words) Main points14 phrases and 4 words usagesDifficult pointsPut on/ wear/ have on the difference among them, assist, attend Teaching aidsPPT and black boardTeaching proceduresStep 1: warming-upListen to a song: Here I amStep 2: language points learninga.the top studentb.must bec.businessd.put on/wear/have one.have breakfast/lunch/dinnerf.discussg.in my own carh.make a phone calli.on the way toj.enjoy doing sthk.achievel.fail an examm.twice a weekn.attendo.have puter club meetingp.assist sb with sthq.continue to do sth/continue doing sthExpain them one by oneStep 3: HomeworkExercise book page 15;Preview the Language in Chapter 2.Part Four LanguageTeaching contents1. How to use verbs in the simple present tense to talk or write about things happening all the time or a number of times.2. How to use adverbs and adverbial phrases to say how often things happen.Teaching aidsmultimedia, tape-recorder, PPTTeaching produceduresStep 1: leading-inAsk the students what Wendy usually do in his daily life. Then lead in the language of this chapter ‘ the simple present tense’. Give them some sentences of the simple present tense, and ask them to find out the structure of the tense.Step2:1.help them find out the structure of the simple present tense肯定句：主语＋am/is/are＋其它成分.主语(除第三人称单数)＋动词原形＋其它成分.否定句：主语＋am/is/are not＋其它成分.主语(除第三人称单数)＋don’t＋动词原形＋其它成分.一般疑问句：Am/Is/Are+主语＋其它成分?Do +主语(除第三人称单数)＋动词原形＋其它成分?特殊疑问句：疑问词＋is/am/are +主语＋(其它成分)？疑问词＋do +主语＋动词原形＋(其它成分)？The consistent of simple past tensea. I like fish./he likes fish.I am a student.b. I don’t like swimming./they are not in the library.c. is it a tall tree?/ does the earth go around the sun?d. What time is it now?2. help them to find out the rules of verb changea. –sb. s, x, sh, ch, o –esc. constant songs+y -ies3. do some exercisesStep 3:1. read the sentenses in the book and find out the usage of the adverbs and adverbial phrases Find out the difference of the words:always --- usually --- often --- sometimes --- seldom --- never2. do some exercisesStep 4: consolidationDo exercises1.How to use verbs in the simple present tense to talk or write about things happening all thetime or a number of times.2.How to use adverbs and adverbial phrases to say how often things happen.Step 6: homeworkExercise book page 15-16Part Four Listening & SpeakingTeaching contents:Get the students to know some listening skill ( make notes).Get the students to know how to describe a daily life.How to describe our everyday activities and how often we do things.Teaching aidsmultimedia, tape-recorder, PPTTeaching producedures:Step one: Lead in and pre-listeningwhat does your father or mother do every day?Predicting: where, when, whatStep two: while-listening1.play the tape for the first time. Get the students to know the general idea of the listeningmaterial with writing anything.2.students listen for the second time and work out which person is talking. Then check theanswer.3.play the recording again and ask students to plete part B.Step 3: post-listening1.hand out the tapescript and find out the words they listen to.2.read the tapescript.Ask the students about the daily life of Wendy, let them use the Yes / No to answer the questions.1. Is Wendy still a student?2. Does Wendy drive herself to school?3. Does Wendy fail an exam?4. Can Wendy play the violin?5. Does Wendy have breakfast at 7:30 a.m.?6. Does Wendy like her school friends?Step 5: presentation1.Ask the students to pay attention to the teacher’s voices.When we ask a Yes/No question, we make our voices rise at the end. Also we make our voices rise to show politeness.2. ask them to do some practice.Step 6: speak-upWork in pairs to find out about your classmate’s habit s. Ask your partner the questions and write down the answers.Step 7: homeworkExercise book page 18-19Part Five WritingTeaching contentsHow to write about a person’s daily life.Teaching aidsmultimedia, PPTTeaching produceduresStep 1: leading-inRetell the story of Wendy using the simple present tense.Review what we learnt in chapter 2 and arouse students interest towards the topic.Step 2: discussionGive some key words and ask them how to write them into a correct sentence.1.play basketball, her friend, from 4.00 to 4.30 p.m., at school, once a weekShe plays basketball with her friend from 4.00 to 4.30 p.m. at school once a week.2.live nearby, always walk to school, go to school, 7.45 a.m., usually arrive, 8 a.m.She lives nearby and always walks to school. She goes to school at 7.45 a.m. and usually arrives at 8 a.m.Step 3: write a sentence correctlyExercise in the book on page 27.Step 4: writing a short story about a girl’s everyday life.Fangfang is my best friend. She lives a healthy life. S he gets up at six o’clock every morning…Step 5: summary1. how to write about our regular activities we do every day or every week / month2. what does Wendy do every day?Step 6: homeworkExercise in the student’s book page 27。
CHAPTER TWO
2.1.1 以-s结尾的疾病名称和游戏名称
疾病-arthritis（关节炎），bronchitis（支气管炎），
rickets（软骨病），
mumps（腮腺炎）， diabetes（糖尿病）-用作单数
Mumps is a kind of infectious disease. Arthritis is a disease causing pain and swelling in the joints of body. Phlebitis（静脉炎） is a swollen condition of the blood vessels.
The herd of cows and claves are moving toward the sheds by twos and threes.
2.2.4 a committee of 等+复数名词
如果主语是由a committee of/a panel of/a（the）board of+复数名词构成，动词通 常用单数。 A committee of five men and three women is to consider the matter. A panel of distinguished people has been chosen to judge this competition, It is meeting tomorrow.
2.5 Concord of Others
1. PRINCIPLES OF COCORD
Grammatical
Concord Notional Concord Principle of Proximity
1.1 GRAMATICAL CONCORD
写作 Chapter Two
---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------写作Chapter TwoPart II Building Good Sentence Chapter Two Essential Qualities of Sentences1/ 109Understanding Sentence Section 1 The Uses of SentencesSection 2 Some Basic Qualities of Sentences 1 Sentence Clarity2 Sentence Unity 3 Sentence Coherence4 Sentence Emphasis 5 Sentence Euphony 6 Sentence Strength---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Understanding SentenceThe Sentencethe first complete organic product of thinking the unit of style a group of words capable of expressing a complete thought3/ 109Understanding SentenceTypes of Sentences According to GrammarAs to Meaning▲ Declarative Sentence ▲ Interrogative Sentence ▲ Imperative Sentence ▲ Exclamatory Sentence---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Understanding SentenceAs to Form▲ Simple sentence ▲ Complex Sentence ▲ Compound Sentence According to Rhetoric As to the Arrangement of Se ntences ▼ Periodic Sentence ▼ Loose Sentence ▼ Balanced Sentence5/ 109Understanding SentenceAs to the Structure of Sentence▼ The Simplest Form▼ The Modified and Enlarged Form→Complex, Compound and Complex Forms ▼ Elliptical Structure▼ Pleonastic Structure→one o f the main elements is clearness repeated for special distinction---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Understanding SentenceJoys and sorrows, friends and enemies, abundance and poverty—these are the things that absorb human thoughts. → for the sake of increasing clarityA teacher’s duty it is to impart knowledge and educate students. → emphatic repetition7/ 109The Uses of SentencesSection 1 The Uses of Sentences Simple Sentence→only one clause→good for clearness and directnessCompound Sentence→two or more statements of equal importance→to show cont rast, inference, alternative---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ The Uses of SentencesComplex Sentence→one Principal clause with one or more Subordinate clauses→to show the relative importance, to mark the precise relation of one idea to other ideasCompound-Complex Sentence→two or more indep endent members, at least one of which contains a dependent clause→good for a show of eloquencePeriodic Sentence→no complete thought can be got until the end is reached→good for promoting suspense, unity of expression9/ 109The Uses of SentencesLoose Sentence→not delay its parts by suspense, complete sense can be secured before the end→good for informal ease, naturalnessBalanced Sentence→the parts are paired, made to balance over against each other→good for making the expression pointed, easily remembered---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Sentence ClaritySection 2 Some Basic Qualities of Sentences 1 Sentence Clarity the arrangement of words should be such that the meaning cannot be misundrstood→secured by correct diction, accurate punctuation (1) Correct Diction1) Position of Adverbs※ As near as possible to the words they modify ※ Sometimes before, sometimes after→ before the adjectives or adverbs (except the word “enough”) → after the intransitive verbs11/ 109Sentence Clarity2) Position of Modifiers in General As near as possible to word or words they modifyHe went to town, on horseback, driving a flock of sheep.He went to town, driving a flock of sheep, on horseback.---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Sentence Clarity3) Watching for Squinting Construction ◎ A sentence in which the adverb appears to modify two different elementsTell them tomorrow to begin the work.13/ 109Sentence Clarity◎ A squinting modifier is one that may refer to either the preceding or the following word. A modifier can modify only one grammatical element in sentence. It cannot serve two elements at once.The work that he hoped would satisfy him completely frustrated him.---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Sentence Clarity4) Use of Pronouns Should be placed where the antecedent can be easily identified.Pronoun Reference ErrorsA. Divided Reference →occurs when it is not clear to which of two nouns the pronoun is referringDivided reference: Before Ruth gave the dog its dinner, she washed it. Clear reference: Before Ruth gave the dog its dinner, she washed her pet.15/ 109Sentence ClarityB. Broad Reference →occurs when a pronoun refers to a verb or to an adjective or adverb clause Broad reference: If the Russians rejected communism, it would upset the balance of world power. Clear reference: If the Russians rejected communism, such an action would upset the balance of world power.---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Sentence ClarityC. Weak Reference →occurs when a pronoun refers to an implied, or understood antecedentWeak reference: Daily practice is necessary in ballet training; in fact, they are often as highly trained as athletes.Clear reference: Daily practice is necessary in ballet training; in fact, ballet performers are often as highly trained as athletes.17/ 109Sentence ClarityExercises for Pronoun Reference Rewrite these sentences, correcting them for faulty pronoun reference. (1) Mr. Smith told Mr. Brown that his chickens were in his garden. (Mr. Smith’s)(2) Rice is an important crop in China, and many of them have little else to eat. (the Chinese (people))(3) When we climbed up to the robin’s nest, it flew away. (the bird)---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Sentence Clarity(4) European dairy cattle can adjust themselves to a wide range of temperature, particularly if this changes gradually. (the adjustment, Or the temperature) (5) Before you give the baby its bottle, shake it well. (the bottle)(6) You had your choice of tooth powder or tooth paste, and you bought it without remembering that I don’t like to use it. (the tooth powder, Or the tooth paste) (7) A few pod diseases damage the beans if they are left to develop. (the diseases)19/ 109Sentence Clarity(8) If a dog should bite any man in that gang of ruffians, he would die. (the dog, Or the man)(9) Only at ninety-nine degrees did the vegetation begin to wilt, and this was not surprising. (the fact)(10) When I saw the advertisement for an electric train in that magazine, I bought it immediately. ( the train, Or the toy, Or the magazine) (11) If an upperclassman is displeased with something a freshman does, he is punished for it. (the former, Or the latter)---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Sentence Clarity(12) The farmers told his neighbor that his son had stolen his apples and that he ought to be spanked. (his neighbor’s son, the boy)(13) I had planned to become a lawyer, but I have lost my enthusiasm for it. (becoming one, Or the plan) (14) In Mongolia they don’t have many railroad lines. (the people there, Or there are not many …)(15) My roommate taught me how to water ski and scuba dive, and I have become very skilled at it. ( the sports)21/ 109Sentence Clarity5) Consistency A. Sentences consistent in person and numberThe most common faulty shifts in person → shifts from second to third from third to second person---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Sentence Clarity→because we can refer to people in general either in the third person or in the second personInconsistent: If a person works hard, you can accomplish a great deal. Revised: If you work hard, you can accomplish a great deal. Revised: If a person works hard, he (or he or she) can accomplish a great deal. Better: If people work hard, they can accomplish a great deal.23/ 109Sentence ClarityInconsistency in number→ between a pronoun and its antecedentInconsistent: If a student does not understand a problem, they should consult the instructor. Revised: If a student does not understand a problem, he (or he or she) should consult the instructor. Better: If students do not understand a problem, they should consult the instructor.---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Sentence ClarityB. Sentences consistent in tense and mood ◎ Unnecessary shifts from past to present or from present to past in sentences narrating a series of events are particularly confusing. ◎ Shifts in the mood of verbs occur most frequently in directions, because the writer moves between the imperative mood and the indicative mood.Inconsistent: Cook the mixture slowly, and you should stir it until the sugar is dissolved. ［shifts from imperative to indicative］Revised: Cook the mixture slowly, and stir it until the sugar is dissolved. ［consistently imperative］25/ 109Sentence ClarityC. Sentences consistent in subject and voiceA shift in voice may sometimes help focus the reader’s attention on a single subject.But most shifts in subject and voice not only are unneeded but also may create confusion or error. Inconsistent: As we looked out over the ocean, ships could be seen in the distance. ［Since the main clause does not name an actor, the reader cannot be sure who is looking.］ Revised: As we looked out over the ocean, we could see ships in the distance.---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Sentence ClarityExercises for Consistency 1. Revise the sentences below to make them consistent in person and number.(1) If a person has just moved to the city, you have trouble knowing where to go.If a person has just moved to the city, he (or she) has trouble knowing where to go.27/ 109Sentence Clarity(2) When a taxpayer does not file on time, they have to pay a penalty.When taxpayers do not file on time, they have to pay a penalty.Or When a taxpayer does not file on time, he (or she) has to pay a penalty. (3) Writers must know what they are writing about; otherwise one cannot write.Writers must know what they are writing about; otherwise they cannot write.---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Sentence Clarity(4) If a student misses too many classes, you may fail a course.If a student misses too many classes, he (or she) may fail a course. (5) One should not judge other people’s actions unless they know the circumstances. One should not judge other people’s actions unless one knows the circumstances. Or One should not judge other people’s actions unless he (or she) knows the circumstances.29/ 109Sentence Clarity2. Revise the sentences below to make them consistent in tense and mood. (1) Soon after he joined the union, Lester appears at a rally and makes a speech. Soon after he joined the union, Lester appeared at a rally and made a speech.(2) First sand down any paint that is peeling; then you should paint the bare wood with primer. First sand down any paint that is peeling; then paint the bare wood with primer. ［This should be an imperative sentence.］ Or First you should sand down any paint that is peeling; then you should paint the bare wood with primer.---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Sentence Clarity(3) Rachel is walking down the street, and suddenly she stops, as a shot rang out. Rachel is walking down the street, and suddenly she stops, as a shot rings out. ［This is a historical sentence; it expresses vividness.］ Or Rachel was walking down the street, and suddenly she stopped, as a shot rang out.31/ 109Sentence Clarity(4) Rudeness occurs when people did not see themselves as others saw them.Rudeness occurred when people did not see themselves as others saw them.Or Rudeness occurs when people do not see themselves as others see them. (5) To buy a tape deck, find out what features you need and you should decide what you want to pay. To buy a tape deck, find out what features you need, and decide what you want to pay. ［The phrase you should is crossed out.］---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Sentence Clarity3. Make the sentences below consistent in subject and voice. (1) Some arrowheads were dug up, and they found some pottery that was almost undamaged. They dug up some arrowheads, and found some pottery that was almost undamaged.33/ 109Sentence Clarity(2) They started the game after some practice drills were run.They started the game after they ran some practice drills. ［better］ Or The game was started after some practice drills were run. ［OK］---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Sentence Clarity(3) The tornado ripped off the roof, and it was deposited in a nearby lot. The roof was ripped off by the tornado, and it was deposited in a nearby lot. (4) The debate was begun by the senator when he introduced the new bill. The senator began the debate when he introduced the new bill.35/ 109Sentence Clarity(5) If you learn how to take good notes in class, much extra work will be avoided. If you learn how to take good notes in class, you will avoid much extra work.---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Sentence Clarity4. Identify each faulty shift in the following paragraph as inconsistent in person, number, tense, mood, subject, voice, or form of quotation. Revise the faulty sentences to eliminate the shifts.37/ 109Sentence ClarityWe One is always urged to conserve energy, and we try to do that. However, saving energy requires making sacrifices. My children like baths, not showers, so how can I tell them that they must keep clean and then insist, “ they should not use the bath? ” They won’t stay You must not use the bath? clean. I don’t mind a cool house, but it has to be kept we have to keep warm when you have the flu. Everyone enjoys a fire in he fails (or they fail the fireplace, but they fail) to realize how much heat from the furnace was released up the chimney. is Nonetheless, we have to learn to live with inconveniences or be introduced to real hardship later on.---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Sentence Clarity6) Completeness A. Avoid omitting inconsistent constituents from compound constructions Acceptable Omission My car has been driven 80,000 miles; his (has been driven) only 20’000 (miles). Some people heat by oil, some (heat) by gas, others (heat) by electricity.When the words omitted are common39/ 109Sentence ClarityUnacceptable Omission My car has been driven 80,000 miles; their cars have been driven only 20,000 (miles).When the parts omitted or to be omitted differ in grammar or idiomI am firm; you are stubborn; he is pigheaded. The students were invited and were happy to go---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Sentence ClarityB. Avoid incomplete and illogical comparisons state the relation between the compared items fully enough to ensure clarity; Complete and logical comparisoncompare only items that can sensibly be compared;must include all and only the items being compared.41/ 109Sentence ClarityTo ensure clarity, state a comparison fully. Unclear: Boston is nearer to New York than Washington. Clear: Boston is nearer to New York than Washington is. Clear: Boston is nearer to New York than it is to Washington.---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Sentence ClarityTo ensure logic, compare items that can be reasonably compared.Illogical: The cost of a typewriter is greater than a calculator. ［The writer compares the cost of something with a calculator.］Revised: The cost of a typewriter is greater than the cost of (or that of) a calculator.43/ 109Sentence ClarityC. Avoid careless omission of articles, prepositions, or other needed words. Incomplete: Regular payroll deductions are a type painless savings. You hardly notice missing amounts, and after period of years the contributions can add a large total. Revised: Regular payroll deductions are a type of painless savings. You hardly notice the missing amounts, and after a period of years the contributions can add up to a large total.---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Sentence ClarityIncomplete: She observed many people who had been invited were missing. ［At the first reading, many people appears to be the object of observed rather than the subject of the entire subordinate clause.］Revised: She observed that many people who had been invited were missing.45/ 109Sentence ClarityExercises for Completeness Revise the sentences below so that they are complete, logical, and clear. Some have more than one possible answer. (1) Both of them not only believe energy conservation but (also) work for energy conservation. (2) The legal question raised by the prosecution was relevant and was considered by the judge. ［The first was is a link verb, whereas the second was is an auxiliary, and should not be left out.］---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Sentence Clarity(3) Football interested Ralph more than his friends did.Or Football interested Ralph more than it interested his friends.(4) His tip was larger than that of any other customer I ever waited on. (5) With an altitude of 6,288 feet, New Hampshire’s Mount Washington is higher than any other mountain in New England. (6) The dog is only a puppy; the cats are both ten years old.47/ 109Sentence Clarity(7) My chemistry text is more interesting to me than any other social science text is.(8) He feared darkness and feared the drop in temperature would trap the climbers on the mountain. ［The first fear means 害怕; the second fear means 担心, so the second should not be omitted.］ (9) Inventors usually have an interest and a talent for solving practical problems.---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Sentence Clarity(2) Proper Punctuation 1) Placing of Period At the end of every Declarative Sentence and every Imperative Sentence 2) Insertion of Comma and Semicolon Comma: valuable in guiding the reader to a correct and immediate understanding of the sentence structured and the subject matter.Semicolon: help the clearness of a sentence49/ 109Sentence Clarity3) Use of Interrogation PointUsed after every sentence or expression asking a direct questionUsed to point off distinct part of a question。
Chapter 2 - Diction
Chapter Two: DictionLevels of English1.Formal Wordsa.Can be called: ‗learned words‘, ‗literary words‘ or ‗big words‘.ually used by people of special professions or fields, on specialoccasions or for special purpose.c.Appear in formal writing and Speaking.d.Generally contain three or more than three syllables.e.Give impression of education.f.Often stem from Greek or Latinmon Wordsa.Frequently used by ordinary people for ordinary purposesb.From the core of the English vocabularyc.Often used in everyday conversation and in informal writing like personalletters, diaries and stories3.Colloquial Worda.Mainly used in informal or familiar conversationsually short words of one or two syllablesc.Mostly of Saxon origin4.Slang worda.Highly informal– limited or specific contextual usage.b.May be vivid and interesting.c.Can make the writer or speaker sound offensive or funnyThe Meaning of Words1.Two aspects: denotative and connotative.a.Denotative meaning: what it literally means, as defined by thedictionary.b.Connotation meaning: the feeling or ideal suggested by it.2.Word OriginWords of Anglo-Saxon origin are generally more informal than those of Latin, Greek or French origin.3.SynonymIt is difficult to find two words that are exactly the same in meaning and use.They may have different: stylistic levels, degrees of emphasis, emotions, intones, or collocation.4.NB:Do not take the Chinese equivalent of an English word as its exact meaning. It is impossible to understand the meaning of an English word from its Chineseequivalent.5.Understandinga.To understand the meaning of an English word; find out how it is definedin a dictionary with explanations and contextual/practical usage.b.You do not know a work unless you can explain: what it means, theemotions it gives, when to use it and why you would use it.General & Specific Words1.General words:a.Words referring to groups or classes not to individual things2.Specific Wordsa.Words referring to individual persons, objects or events.b.Specific words help to make writing clear, exact, vivid, and striking:they are more informative and expressive than general words.ageing specific words should go along with providing details – Creatingeffective and impressive writing.b.The more detail the betterc.Mix emotions, feelings, visual observations and other senses together tocreate a full picture of your meaningIdioms1.Idioms:a. A fixed group of words with a special meaning which is different from themeaning of the word that form it.b.Frequently used in speech and writing.c.They help to make one‘s language sound natural and idiomatic.d.NB: idioms should be ‗peppered‘ – do not use them too muche.NB: Idioms are fashionable – do not use old or out of fashion idioms.age:a.Most idioms are informal or colloquial in style and can be used inconversation; but a few are slang and should be used with care.b.Many idioms have become clichés and are no longer fresh or interestingand should be used sparingly.Figures of Speech1.Simile:a. A comparison between two distinctly different things and the comparisonis indicated by the word as or like.b.Example: ‗He sleeps like a pig‘2.Metaphor :a.The use of a word which originally denotes one thing to refer to anotherwith a similar quality. It is also a comparison, but the comparison isimplied, not express with the word as or like.b.Example: ‗He is an Ox‘3.Personification:a.Treating a thing or an idea as if were human or had human qualities.b.In poetry personification is very common.c.Example: ‗The wind whispered to me…‘4.Metonymy:a.Substituting the name of one thing for that of another with which it isclosely associated.b.Example: ‗The White House –American Government‘5.Synecdoche:a.When a part is substituted for the whole or the whole is substituted for apart.b.Example: ‗Mexico Vs. Kazakhstan‘ [a football match: two teams]6.Euphemism:a.It is the substitution of a mild or vague expression for a harsh orunpleasant one.b.Speaking of something in a allusive mannerc.Example: ‗We watched a DVD together‘ [a Boyfriend & Girlfriend in abedroom]7.Irony:a.It is the use of words which are clearly opposite to what is meant, inorder to achieve a special effect.b.Example: ‗you are the best parents in the world‘ [during an argument]8.Overstatement and understatement:a.In overstatement the diction exaggerates the subject.b.Example: ‗this bag weighs a ton!‘c.In understatement the diction plays down the magnitude or value of thesubject.d.Example: ‗this bag weighs nothing!‘9.Transferred epithet:a. A transferred epithet is one that is shifted from the noun it logicallymodifies to a word associated with that noun.b.Example: ‗Brave Achilles‘, ‗Grey-Eyed Athena10.Oxymoron:a.In oxymoron apparently contradictory terms are combined to produce aspecial effect.b.Example: ‗The friendly Shark ‘11.Alliteration:a.It refers to the appearance of the same initial consonant sound in two ormore words.b.Example: ‗amazing maize maze‘Dictionariesing dictionariesa. A foreign learner of English needs to keep a good dictionary handy whenhe reads or writing, it will help him a great deal in learning and usingwords.b.Look it up in a dictionary when in doubt about spelling, division, andpronunciation of a word.c.To one learning to write, the most useful information a dictionary containsis the definitions, together with examples or illustrations and usage labelsand note.d.Words that are not labeled in a dictionary are supposed to belong to thegeneral vocabulary, and therefore they can be used for ordinary purposes.e.NB: Do not rely on your phone translators, they cannot understandcontextual usage!Questions1.Read the following passage carefully and then answer the questions:Language is our facility to talk to each other. The word ‗talk‘ is used not merely to avoid a rather more technical and high-sounding word like ‗communicate‘; talk is more precise and more relevant to the special nature of human language than ‗communicate‘.In the first place, all creatures –cats, sparrows , and bees —can be said to communicate with each other to some extent. They can attract each other‘s attention, warn of danger, woo their mates, and direct the way to food. We are still learning just how well animals can communicate with each other, but there can be no doubt that animal communicate is wholly rudimentary as compared with the complex and subtle control of language possessed by even the least intelligent or least educated of us.It is therefo re appropriate to say that language involves ‗talk‘ to emphasize that language is a peculiarly human activity.Questions:a.Is the style of the passage formal or informal?b.From what type of book is this passage taken? What do you think is thepurpose of the book?c.Is the book written for scientists or for ordinary readers?d.Are there slang expressions in the passage? Are there formal words in it?Give examples2.Look at the following word which are formal words which are informal words?3. In each sentence, choose the more precise of the two in italics, and explain your reasons.a. A few listeners were disinterested / uninterested and dozed off.b.Though she has grown up, her behavior is often childlike / childish.c.I am quite jealous / envious of your opportunity to study at such a famousuniversity.d.Her clothes, though made of cheap / inexpensive material, are quite elegant.e.This homely / ugly old man is a well-known musician.f.I am sorry to refuse / decline your invitation.g.He was surprised / stunned to find that his little sister had become a pretty,slim / skinny young woman.h.My uncle become fat / stout as he grew older.i.this servile man was especially modest / humble when he was talking with hissuperiors.j.I asked every / each boy in the group the same question, and interestingly, everyone / each gave me a different answer.k.The enemy troops were driven back when they attempted / tried to cross the border.l.They all felt sympathy/ pity for the victims of the disaster and made donations.m.Empress Dowager Cixi was famous / notorious for her cruelty.n.Is that old / elderly woman / lady sitting on the bench your mother?o.4.The following words are rather general in meaning. Think of a word that is morespecific. the figure of the speech of the following sentences:a.As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country.明喻b.We are lucky, what you said makes me feel real good.反语c.I spent sleepless nights on my project.转类修饰语d.The world is a stage.暗喻e.The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free.头韵法f.Her rich relatives rained birthday presents on her only son.暗喻g.Wrong ideals may harm a man just like diseases明喻h.Some words may be defaced by careless usage.Transferred Epithet 移位修饰i.The leaves are trembling in the cold wind.拟人j.The storm was so angry that it wanted to destroy everything in its way.拟人k.Many people bowed before Force, but eventually Force would surrender to Reason.拟人l.Selfless people are like cows, which eat straw but produce milk.明喻m.―W hat do you think of the roast duck?‖ ―Not bad.‖委婉语n.His friends praised his daughter‘s performances to the skies.夸张o.His writing is clear and clean. 头韵法p.His unfriendly tongue surprised her. 移位修饰q.There is fertile soil for popular music in China today.暗喻r.I felt as a bird must feel when it has flown across the ocean and comes upona creature that knows its nest.明喻s.He is so fascinating to me, even the fish smell on his hand was kind of perfume.暗喻t.She is a social butterfly .暗喻u.Nobody disputes the need to answer nature‘s most basic call, but some wonder who should foot the bill for an adequate supply of public toilets.v.I should said that, reticence was not your strong point.。
2023年高考英语I卷阅读B篇和C篇解析讲义-2024届高三英语一轮复习
2023BWhen John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around hishouse, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to cleanup the messes people were making.当约翰·托德还是个孩子的时候，他喜欢探索房子周围的树林，观察大自然是如何解决问题的。
例如，小溪在流经植物和微小生物生活的岩石后，往往会变得清澈。
当他长大后，约翰开始寻思这个过程是否可以用来清理人们制造的废物。
After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria (细菌)? Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals? With theright combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine.在大学里学习了农业、医学和渔业之后，约翰又开始观察大自然并提出问题。
chapter Two 2
在智能输入法状态下，你几乎不会拼错单词，因 为：如果你摁入的字母序列与手机内置词库的正确 单词拼写顺序不一致的话，手机会给你提示，或者 根本就没有合适的单词供你选择。因此，我们必须 掌握正确的拼写，相应地，需要随时随地查词典— —电子词典就是最好的搭档。我就是被智能输入法 “强迫”练熟了不少容易混淆的拼写。例如 “大使” 和“大使馆”读音、意义类似，我曾经想当然以为 拼写就是最后几个字母后缀有点差别，某次我要表 达“大使馆”时摁入“ambassy”，手机提示不能识 别，查电子词典才发现“大使”是“ambassador”， “大使馆”却是“embassy”！请你拿出手机试一遍， 就能感受到“电子老师”是多么的严格要求了。在 “手机＋电子词典”的反复写作训练下，我慢慢练 熟了诸如“temperature”、“restaurant”、 “guarantee”、“fortunate”、“pronunciation”、 “cockcroach”等从前经常出错的拼写。
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英文歌曲欣赏
来自爱尔兰的杰出男孩组合Westlife（西城男孩），以其扎实 的唱功著称当今欧美流行乐坛，他们与爱尔兰偶像始祖 Boyzone可谓是欧洲偶像音乐界的两大传奇。Westlife的传奇 是从爱尔兰北部的Sligo开始，当时Shane、Mark和几个志同 道合的朋友组成了一个专辑演唱Backstreet Boys歌曲的团体 IOU，在一场音乐表演中Mark因缘际会地结识了Kian，并邀 请他加入IOU，使得IOU成为6人编制的组合。透过当地经纪公 司的安排IOU开始在家乡的流行重镇The Point演唱，而且还 自资录制了一首曲名为Together Girl Forver的单曲寄给 Boyzone超级经纪人Louise Walsh。1998年Louise安排IOU 在Backstreet Boys都柏林的演唱会上担任暖场团体，而 Boyzone的Ronan也到场欣赏他们的演出。然而由于 Boyzone的经纪事务太过繁杂，Louise并没有签下IOU的打 算，但是他们杰出的表现让Louise十分不舍，于是便将IOU介 绍给Ronan认识，并希望他能为团员们上些艺人养成课程。 在和IOU团员们进行一番恳谈后，Ronan毅然决定与Louise 共同担任他们的经纪人。接着Louise在柏林举行的试演会上 挖掘了表演学校毕业的Brian以及原是Leeds United球队的 Nicky，与IOU核心人物Shane、Mark和Kian组成了Westlife。