morrison novel
运用创伤理论分析《最蓝的眼睛》中佩科拉的形象(英文版)
摘要美国黑人女作家托妮.莫里森（1931-2019）出生于俄亥俄州钢城洛里恩,她曾获普利策小说奖，赛珍珠奖，美国艺术文学学院奖。
她在1993年获得诺贝尔奖.《最蓝的眼睛》为她的第一部长篇小说。
以美国1941年前后黑人遭受到的精神奴役为背景，在黑人奴隶制度废除后，虽然黑人和白人在肉体上的社会地位看起来是平等的，但是因为奴隶制度而在美国留下了黑人的穷困潦倒以及发自美国白人心里的种族歧视，而一些黑人为了改善自己的物质生活，在不知不觉中抛弃了本民族的优秀传统。
她注重细节描写。
突出情感表达，将小说创作与民族解放使命联系起来引发人们深思。
托尼习惯把神话色彩和政治敏感结合起来，在《最蓝的眼睛》发表的时候，正是美国黑人权利运动风气云涌的时候。
《最蓝的眼睛》中的主人公佩科拉的一家便是这种精神奴役下所酿成的悲剧。
本文应用了创伤理论相关的心理学理论来分析小说《最蓝的眼睛》中的人物特点，从创伤理论的心理创伤，文化创伤，宗教创伤三个方面来分析佩科拉悲剧形成的原因，以及从创伤修复理论的内部因素和外部因素来分析佩科拉最终创伤修复失败的原因。
文章根据文中独特的叙述角度和文中特有的时间顺序和黑人种族的文化背景,运用创伤理论来分析文中重要人物佩科拉的形象，从心理创伤，文化创伤和宗教创伤三个方面来分析佩科拉命运造成的原因。
同时运用创伤理论中的创伤复原理论分析佩科拉在遭受创伤后的复原过程，通过内在原因和外在原因分析佩科拉是如何修复失败造成最终的悲剧形象。
从而得到启示，引发深思。
关键词：托尼.莫里森；创伤理论；命运；佩科拉；创伤修复AbstractToni Morrison (1931-2019) was born in lorrain, Ohio. She won the Pulitzer prize for fiction, the pearl buck prize and the American academy of arts and letters.She won the Nobel Prize in 1993.Around 1941 blacks in the United States suffered mental slavery as the background, the black after the abolition of slavery, though blacks and whites in the social status of the body appear to be equal, but because of slavery in the United States left a black and poor from the racial discrimination of white America'smind, and some of the black people to improve their material life, in imperceptible in abandoned the fine tradition of this nation.She attention to detail.It emphasizes the expression of emotion and connects the creation of novels with the mission of national liberation.Tony had a habit of combining mythology with political sensibilities, and the publication of The Bluest Eye coincided with the rise of the black rights movement in America.The family of Pecola, the protagonist of The Bluest Eye, is a tragedy caused by such spiritual slavery.This paper applied the theory of trauma associated psychological theory to analyze the characteristics of the characters in the novel the bluest eye, the psychological trauma from the trauma theory, culture, religion, trauma from three aspects to analyze the causes of the formation of Pecola’s tragedy, and from the Wound Healing Theory to analyze the internal factors and external factors Pecola eventually wound repair the cause of the failure.Based on the unique feminist narrative Angle, the special chronological sequence and the cultural background of black race, this paper analyzes the image of Pecola, an important figure in this paper, by using the theory of trauma, and analyzes the causes of Pecola’s fate from three aspects: psychological trauma, cultural trauma and religious trauma.At the same time, the theory of trauma recovery in the trauma theory is used to analyze Pecola’s post-traumatic recovery process, and the internal and external reasons are used to analyze how Pecola repaired the final tragic image caused by failure.Thus get enlightenment, cause ponder.Key words: Toni Morrison; Trauma theory; Fate; Pecola; Wound healing.Contents摘要 (1)Abstract (1)1 Introduction (3)1.1 Background to the Study (4)1.2 Purpose of the Study and Research Questions (4)1.3 Approach to the Study (5)1.4 Organization of the Thesis (5)2 Literature Review (6)2.1 Studies on Toni Morrison and The Bluest Eye (6)2.2 Studies on Trauma Theory at Home and Aboard (10)3 Causes of The Tragic Image of The Pecola From Traum Theory (16)3.1 Psychological Trauma on Pecola (16)3.2 Cultural Trauma on Pecola (17)3.3 Religious Trauma on Pecola (19)4 The Reasons of The Pecola's Failure in Would Healing (21)4.1 Internal Factors of Pecola's Failture in Would Healing (22)4.2 External Factors of Pecola's Failture in Would Healing (26)5 Conclusion (29)References (30)Acknowledgements .........................................................................错误!未定义书签。
美国黑人女小说家 托尼 莫森 Toni_Morrison
• Beloved was inspired by the true story
of a black American slave woman, Margaret Garner. She escaped with her husband Robert from a Kentucky plantation, and sought fringe in Ohio.
Awards
• 1988 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for Beloved •1989 MLA Commonwealth Award in Literature
•1993 Nobel Prize for Literature
•1993 Commander of the Arts and Letters, Paris •1994 Condorcet Medal, Paris •1994 Pearl Buck Award
Tar Baby
—— A novel about contentions and conflicts based on learned biases and prejudices. These biases exist on a race level, gender level, and a class level.
Beloved
Background
Characters and Plot
Writing features Themes
Background
• The story set in Cincinnati around the Reconstruction period. (战后恢复时期) • Beloved is a powerful book about the evil of slavery and the value of freedom. • The tragic story is told in a series of flashbacks. • Sethe, the protagonist, was once a slave in Kentucky before the Civil War.
beloved
Leo Tolstoy (1828-1910)
• a Russian novelist, short story writer, essayist, playwright and philosopher, who primarily wrote novels and short stories. • Tolstoy was a master of realistic fiction and is widely considered one of the greatest novelists of all time. • He is best known for two long novels, War and Peace (1869) and Anna Karenina (1877).
Masterpieces
• • • • • • • • • 《最蓝的眼睛》（The Bluest Eye, 1970) 《苏拉》（Sula，1973) 《所罗门之歌》（Song of Solomon，1977） 《柏油孩子》（Tar Baby，1981） 《宝贝儿》又称《宠儿》（Beloved，1987) 《爵士乐》（Jazz , 1992) 《天堂》（Paradise，1999) 《爱》（Love，2003) 《恩惠》（A Mercy，2008)
• Toni Morrison was the first black woman writer to hold a named chair at an Ivy League University. • She taught creative writing and also took part in the African-American studies, American studies and women‟s studies programs. • In 1993, Toni Morrison received the Nobel Prize in Literature for Beloved. She was the eighth woman and the first black woman to receive the Novel Prize in Literature. • Her best novels: The Bluest Eye Song of Solomon Beloved
toni morrison
托尼-莫里森像个魔术师一样，把不同的声音结合组织起来，构筑成不同的人物形象，而不是把自己的观点生硬地塞给读者。她要使读者在阅读过程中真正走进小说里，同她一起品味主人公生活的甘苦，内心世界的奥妙。那是一个黑人女孩在一个充满丑陋、歧视、欺凌的世界中，在来自另一个世界的“蓝色眼眸”的诱惑下，对美丽人生的梦幻。在她身上，你能够看到托尼-莫里森成熟塑造的“苏拉”(93年诺贝尔文学奖获奖作品《苏拉》的主人公)的影子。 莫里森的作品充满魔幻现实主义的神秘因素。《所罗门之歌》之歌中，派特拉平坦、没有肚脐眼的腹部；戴德一世的鬼魂；奶娃与神话小说中寻宝人经历相似的自我发现之旅；取材于黑奴传说的“飞回非洲的黑人”；《柏油娃儿》中来自非洲的“柏油夫人”这些超现实因素及黑人传说和神话，为莫里森的小说蒙上了一层神秘和魔幻色彩。莫里森的语言吸取了黑人口头文学的传统，看似简单却幽默，机智。那是经过精雕细琢之后又不留痕迹的文学语言。她的作品还随处可见色彩和音乐的意想，语言的美感更是得到了加强。 西方评论界普遍认为莫里森继承了拉尔夫·埃利森和詹姆斯·鲍德温的黑人文学传统，她不仅熟悉黑人民间传说、希腊神话和基督教《圣经》 ，而且也受益于西方古典文学的熏陶。在创作手法上，她那简洁明快的手笔具有海明威的风格，情节的神秘隐暗感又近似南方作家福克纳，当然还明显地受到拉美魔幻现实主义的影响。但莫里森更勇于探索和创新，摒弃以往白人惯用的那种描述黑人的语言。
编辑本段写作风格
自我追寻是莫里森小说的一个重要主题。正如非洲和美国在地理上分离的一样，非洲美国人的自也是断裂的。一方面，渴望加入美国主流社会；另一方面，又要保持自身的黑人文化传统。因此，总是在自我和异化之间痛苦地挣扎着。这里黑人自我异化主要由于自我与自身文化传统的断裂（主要表现在忘记过去，历史和母亲缺席等）和白人世界中主流文化对黑人文化渗透和颠覆造成的，而莫里森的小说旨在修复黑人文化，文化传播的断裂及持续性中黑人自我的异化。同时小说家本人也在警示他们：无论怎样都不要离开黑人社区。在莫里森看来离开黑人社区越远也就越危险。因为黑人的自追寻和实现从来不是孤立的，总是要和所处的黑人团体相联系的，离开了这个团体，个体就会孤立无依，并且可能会丧命，更谈不上追寻了。追寻不但不能离开黑人社区，而且还不能脱离过去-----历史。对莫里森而言，黑人的过去是黑人无法割断的纽带，过去是黑人文化精髓的宝库，只有回归过去才能找到黑人灵魂的寄托。这里“过去”，在莫里森的笔下，既包括非洲也包括旧南方，而旧南方也和非洲一样，是指黑人传统。莫里森小说中的人物或在争取自由的道路上过于疲惫，或是误以为他们已经获得了自由，或是面临着被白人文化所同化的生存困境，往往忘记过去，从而放弃自我追寻。
论托尼-莫里森小说叙事艺术——关于《最蓝的眼睛》、《宠儿》和《苏拉》的一种解读
苏州大学硕士学位论文论托尼?莫里森小说叙事艺术－－关于《最蓝的眼睛》、《宠儿》和《苏拉》的一种解读姓名：***申请学位级别：硕士专业：英语语言文学指导教师：***201105摘要托尼·莫里森（１９３１一）是２０世纪最为杰出的非裔美国女作家，因其卓越的创作才华于１９９３年获诺贝尔文学奖，是第一位也是唯一一位获此殊荣的美国黑人女性。
作为一名才华横溢的作家，莫里森是一位叙事艺术的大师。
在其创作的小说中，她总能成功地选择并运用最恰当的写作手法来服务小说的主题。
本论文选择莫里森的三部小说《最蓝的眼睛》、《宠儿》和《苏拉》来研究该作家如何运用不同的叙事技巧来深化小说的主题。
本论文分五章。
第一章简要介绍莫里森生平成就以及其三部作品，即《最蓝的眼睛》、《宠儿》和《苏拉》。
第二章主要分析莫里森在《最蓝的眼睛》中运用的多重叙述声音及人物故事对比等手法，说明小说家如何通过特定的叙事手法表明审美标准本应是多元的一少部分黑人内化白人标准是极其有害的。
第三章讨论莫里森在《宠儿》中运用的哥特式叙事以及内心独白等手法，说明小说如何运用这些手法揭示黑人在惨绝人寰的奴隶制下扭曲的心灵，并且指出只有当黑人相互袒露心灵才能治愈伤害。
第四章讨论小说《秀拉》中运用环形叙述和反讽等手法，说明小说家如何运用这些手法叙述一个叛逆的黑人女性成为黑人社区不可或缺的关键人物的故事。
最后一章为结论，对以上章节所讨论的写作手法进行总结，说明在莫里森自己的小说中总能通过将叙述手法与小说主题有机结合起来，使叙事艺术很好地服务于小说的主题。
关键词：托尼·莫罩森，《最蓝的眼睛》，《宠儿》，《苏拉》，叙事艺术。
叙事策略ＡｂｓｔｒａｃｔＴｏｎｉＭｏｒｒｉｓｏｎ（１９３１－）ｉｓｔｈｅｍｏｓｔｐｒｏｍｉｎｅｎｔａｎｄｓｕｃｃｅｓｓｆｕｌＡｆｒｉｃａｎＡｍｅｒｉｃａｎｗｏｍａｎｗｒｉｔｅｒｏｆｔｈｅ２０ｔｈｃｅｎｔｕｒｙ．ＳｈｅｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｄｔｈｅＮｏｂｅｌＰｒｉｚｅｆｏｒｌｉｔｅｒａｔｕｒｅｉｎ１９９３ｆｏｒｈｅｒｅｘｃｅｌｌｅｎｔａｃｈｉｅｖｅｍｅｎｔｓｉｎｗｒｉｔｉｎｇ，ａｎｄｈａｓｒｅｍａｉｎｅｄｔｈｅｆｉｒｓｔａｎｄｏｎｌｙＡｆｒｉｃａｎＡｍｅｒｉｃａｎｗｏｍａｎｔｏｗｉｎｔｈｉｓａｗａｒｄ．Ａｓａｇｉｆｔｅｄｗｆｉｔｅｒ’Ｍｏｒｒｉｓｏｎｉｓａｍａｓｔｅｒｗｉｔｈｔｈｅａｒｔｏｆｎａｒｒａｔｉｏｎ．Ｉｎｈｅｒｎｏｖｅｌｓ，ｓｈｅｕｎｆａｉｌｉｎｇｌｙｅｍｐｌｏｙｓｗｒｉｔｉｎｇｔｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅｓｔｈａｔｂｅｓｔｓｅｒｖｅｈｅｒｍｅｓｓａｇｅ．Ｉｎｔｈｉｓｔｈｅｓｉｓ，Ｉｔａｋｅａｌｏｏｋａｔｔｈｒｅｅｏｆｈｅｒｎｏｖｅｌｓ，ｎａｍｅｌｙ，ＴｈｅＢｌｕｅｓｔｅｙｅ，ＢｅｌｏｖｅｄａｎｄＳｕｌａ，ａｎｄｅｘａｍｉｎｅｔｈｅｗａｙｉｎｗｈｉｃｈＭｏｒｒｉｓｏｎＵＳｅＳｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｎａｒｒａｔｉｖｅｄｅｖｉｃｅｓｔｏｆａｃｉｌｉｔａｔｅｔｈｅｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆｈｅｒｔｈｅｍｅｓ．Ｔｈｉｓｔｈｅｓｉｓｉｓｄｉｖｉｄｅｄｉｎｔｏｆｉｖｅｃｈａｐｔｅｒｓ．ＣｈａｐｔｅｒＯｎｅｉｓｔｈｅｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ，ｗｈｉｃｈｉｎｃｌｕｄｅｓａｂｒｉｅｆｓｕｒｖｅｙｏｆＴｏｎｉＭｏｒｒｉｓｏｎ’Ｓｗｒｉｔｉｎｇｃａｒｅｅｒａｎｄｈｅｒｔｈｒｅｅｂｏｏｋｓ，ＴｈｅＢｌｕｅｓｔｅｙｅ，ＳｕｌａａｎｄＢｅｌｏｖｅｄ．ＣｈａｐｔｅｒＴｗｏａｎａｌｙｚｅｓｔｗｏｎａｒｒａｔｉｖｅｔｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅｓｕｓｅｄｉｎＴｈｅＢｌｕｅｓｔｅｙｅ．Ｔｈｅｙａｒｅｔｈｅｕｓｅｏｆｍｕｌｔｉｐｌｅｎａｒｒａｔｉｖｅｐｅｒｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｓａｎｄｔｈｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆｃｏｎｔｒａｓｔｉｎｇｌｉｆｅｓｔｏｒｉｅｓｉｎｔｈｅｎｏｖｅｌ．Ｂｙｅｍｐｌｏｙｉｎｇｔｈｅｓｅｔｗｏｎａｒｒａｔｉｖｅｔｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅｓ，Ｍｏｒｒｉｓｏｎｉｎｄｉｃａｔｅｓｔｈｅｓｔａｎｄａｒｄｏｆｂｅａｕｔｙｓｈｏｕｌｄｂｅｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｉｎｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｐｅｏｐｌｅ’Ｓｅｙｅｓ．Ｉｔｉｓｈａｒｍｆｕｌｆｏｒｂｌａｃｋｐｅｏｐｌｅｔｏｉｎｔｅｒｎａｌｉｚｅｗｈｉｔｅｂｅａｕｔｙａｓｔｈｅｏｎｌｙｓｔａｎｄａｒｄ．ＣｈａｐｔｅｒＴｈｒｅｅｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｅｓｔｈｅｔｗｏｎａｒｒａｔｉｖｅｔｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅｓｉｎＢｅｌｏｖｅｄ．ＢｙｅｍｐｌｏｙｉｎｇｔｈｅＧｏｔｈｉｃｍｏｄｅｏｆｎａｒｒａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｔｈｅｉｎｔｅｒｉｏｒｍｏｎｏｌｏｇｕｅ，Ｍｏｒｒｉｓｏｎｓｈｏｗｓｒｅａｄｅｒｓｔｈｅｄｉｓｔｏｒｔｅｄｐｅｒｓｏｎａｌｉｔｙａｎｄｔｒａｕｍａｔｉｚｅｄｈｅａｒｔｓｏｆｂｌａｃｋｐｅｏｐｌｅｂｒｏｕｇｈｔｂｙｓｌａｖｅｒｙ．ＡｎｄＭｏｒｒｉｓｏｎａｌｓｏｉｎｄｉｃａｔｅｓｔｈａｔｏｎｌｙｗｈｅｎｂｌａｃｋｐｅｏｐｌｅｏｐｅｎｔｈｅｉｒｈｅａｒｔｓｔｏｅａｃｈｏｔｈｅｒＣａｎｔｈｅｙｆｉｎｄｔｒｕｅｌｏｖｅａｎｄｈａｖｅｔｈｅｉｒｓｐｉｒｉｔ＂ｓａｖｅｄ．ＣｈａｐｔｅｒＦｏｕｒｇｉｖｅｓａｓｕｒｖｅｙｏｆｔｈｅｎａｒｒａｔｉｖｅｔｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅｓｅｘｐｌｏｉｔｅｄｉｎＳｕｌａ，ｗｈｉｃｈａｒｅｃｅｎｔｅｒｅｄａｒｏｕｎｄｔｈｅｕｓｅｏｆｃｉｒｃｕｌａｒｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅａｎｄｉｒｏｎｙ．Ｂｙｅｍｐｌｏｙｉｎｇｔｈｅｓｅｔｗｏｎａｒｒａｔｉｖｅｔｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅｓ，ＭｏｒｒｉｓｏｎｓｈｏｗｓＵＳｔｈａｔａｒｅｂｅｌｌｉｏｕｓｂｌａｃｋｗｏｍａｎｃａｎｂｅｓｕｐｐｏｒｔｉｖｅｔｏｈｅｒｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙａｔｔｈｅｍｏｓｔｉｍｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅｔｉｍｅｓ．Ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｉｒｏｎｙ，Ｍｏｒｒｉｓｏｎａｌｓｏｒｅｉｎｆｏｒｃｅｓｔｈｅｔｈｅｍｅｏｆｔｈｅｎｏｖｅｌ，ｗｈｉｃｈｉｓ：ａｐｐｅａｒａｎｃｅｓｃａｌｌｂｅｄｅｃｅｐｔｉｖｅ．ＴｈｅｌａｓｔｃｈａｐｔｅｒｉｓｔｈｅｃｏｎｃｌｕｓｉｏｎｉｎｗｈｉｃｈＩｃｏｎｔｅｎｄＭｏｒｒｉｓｏｎｉｓａｎａｒｒａｔｉｖｅａｒｔｉｓｔｗｈｏｓｅｎｏｖｅｌｓｓｔａｎｄｃｏｎｓｉｓｔｅｎｔｌｙａｓａｃｏｍｂｉｎａｔｉｏｎｏｆｎａｒｒａｔｉｖｅｔｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅｓａｎｄｔｈｅｍａｔｉｃｃｏｎｔｅｎｔｓ．ＡｎｄＩｂｅｌｉｅｖｅｔｈａｔｔｈｉｓｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｗｉｌｌｈｅｌｐｎｏｔｏｎｌｙｔｏｄｅｅｐｅｎｏｕｒｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇａｎｄａｐｐｒｅｃｉａｔｉｏｎｏｆＭｏｒｒｉｓｏｎ’Ｓｆｉｃｔｉｏｎ，ｂｕｔａｌｓｏｔｏｓｕｇｇｅｓｔａｎｅｗｗａｙｏｆｓｔｕｄｙｉｎｇｈｅｒｎｏｖｅｌｓ．Ｗｏｒｄｓ：ＴｏｌｌｉＭｏｒｒｉｓｏｎ，ＴｈｅＢｌｕｅｓｔｅｙｅ，Ｂｅｌｏｖｅｄ，Ｓｕｌａ，ａｒｔｏｆｎａｒｒａｔｉｏｎ，ｎａｒｒａｔｉｖｅＫｅｙｓｔｒａｔｉｇｉｅｓＡｃｋｎｏｗｌｅｄｇｅｍｅｎｔｓＩｔｉｓｉｍｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅｆｏｒｍｅｔｏｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｅｍｙｓｔｕｄｙａｓａｎＭＡｃａｎｄｉｄａｔｅａｔＳｏｏｃｈｏｗＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｗｉｔｈｏｕｔｔｈｅｈｅｌｐｏｆｍａｎｙｐｅｏｐｌｅ．ＷａｎｇＬａｂａｏ，ｉｓｔｈｅｍｏｓｔｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔＡｍｏｎｇｔｈｏｓｅｐｅｏｐｌｅ，ｍｙｓｕｐｅｒｖｉｓｏｒ，Ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｏｒｏｎｅ．Ｈｉｓｃｏｎｓｔａｎｔｅｎｃｏｕｒａｇｅｍｅｎｔｈａｓｎｏｕｒｉｓｈｅｄｍｅｉｎｍｙｓｔｕｄｙ．Ｈｉｓｉｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎａｎｄｅａｃｈｓｔａｇｅｏｆｔｈｅｗｒｉｔｉｎｇｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｈａｖｅｈｏｎｅｄｍｙｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｓｋｉｌｌｓ·Ａｓａｓｔｒｉｃｔｇｕｉｄａｎｃｅａｔｍｅｎｔｏｒａｎｄｄｅｖｏｔｅｄｓｃｈｏｌａｒ，ｈｅｈａｓｓｅｔａｇｏｏｄｅｘａｍｐｌｅｆｏｒｍｅａｎｄｔａｕｇｈｔｍｅｔｈｉｎｇｓｎｏｔｌｉｍｉｔｅｄｔｏｌｉｔｅｒａｔｕｒｅｏｎｌｙ．１ｗｉｓｈｔｏｅｘｔｅｎｄｍｙｓｉｎｃｅｒｅｔｈａｎｋｓｔｏｈｉｍｆｏｒａｌｌｔｈａｔｈｅｈａｓｄｏｎｅｆｏｒｍｅ．ＭｙｇｒａｔｉｔｕｄｅａｌｓｏｇｏｅｓｔＯＰｒｏｆｅｓｓｏｒＺｈｕＸｉｎｆｕ，ＰｒｏｆｅｓｓｏｒＸｕＱｉｎｇｇｅｎａｎｄＰｒｏｆｅｓｓｏｒｍｅｗｉｔｈａｃｌｅａｒａｎｄｓｙｓｔｅｍａｔｉｃＨｏｎｇＱｉｎｇｆｕｗｈｏｈａｖｅｈｅｌｐｅｄｂｙｅｑｕｉｐｐｉｎｇｉｔｉｓｔｏｓｔｕｄｙＥｎｇｌｉｓｈａｎｄＡｍｅｒｉｃａｎｌｉｔｅｒａｔｕｒｅ．ＰｒｅｃｉｏｕｓａｄｖｉｃｅｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇｏｆｗｈａｔｆｒｏｍＰｒｏｆｅｓｓｏｒＺｈｕＸｉｎｇｆｕｉｎｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒｈａｓｂｅｎｅｆｉｔｅｄｍｅｉｍｍｅａｓｕｒａｂｌｙ．ＡｎｄＩａｍｍｅｓｏｍｕｃｈｇｒａｔｅｆｕｌｔｏＰｒｏｆｅｓｓｏｒＳｏｎｇＹａｎｆａｎｇｗｈｏｓｅｔｈｏｕｇｈｔ－ｐｒｏｖｏｋｉｎｇｌｅｃｔｕｒｅｓｔａｕｇｈｔａｂｏｕｔｌｉｔｅｒａｒｙｔｈｅｏｒｙ．Ｔｈｅｗｒｉｔｉｎｇｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｗｏｕｌｄｂｅｍｏｒｅｃｈａｌｌｅｎｇｉｎｇｈａｄｉｔｎｏｔｂｅｅｎｆｏｒｔｈｅｕｎｆａｉｌｉｎｇｆｒｏｍｍｙｇｏｏｄｆｒｉｅｎｄｓ．ＡｎｄＩａｌｓｏｗｉｓｈｔｏｔｈａｎｋｍｙｆａｍｉｌｙｆｏｒｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇａｎｄｓｕｐｐｏｒｔｔｈｅｉｒｕｎｓｗｅｒｖｉｎｇｃｏｎｆｉｄｅｎｃｅｉｎｍｅａｎｄｕｎｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌｌｏｖｅ．ＣｈａｐｔｅｒＯｎｅＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＣｈｌｏｅＡｎｔｈｏｎｙＷｏｆｆｏｒｄ，ｌａｔｅｒｋｎｏｗｎａｓＴｏｎｉＭｏｒｒｉｓｏｎ，ｗａｓｂｏｒｎｉｎＬｏｒａｉｎ，Ｏｈｉｏ，ｏｎＦｅｂｒｕａｒｙ１８，１９３１．Ｓｈｅｗａｓｔｈｅｄａｕｇｈｔｅｒｏｆａｓｈｉｐｙａｒｄｗｅｌｄｅｒａｎｄａｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｕｓｗｏｍａｎｗｈｏｓａｎｇｉｎｔｈｅｃｈｕｒｃｈｃｈｏｋ．ＭｏｒｒｉｓｏｎｈａｄａｓｉｓｔｅｒＬｏｉｓａｎｄｔｗｏｙｏｕｎｇｅｒｂｒｏｔｈｅｒｓ，ＧｅｏｒｇｅａｎｄＲａｙｍｏｎｄ．ＨｅｒｐａｒｅｎｔｓｈａｄｍｏｖｅｄｔｏＯｈｉｏｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＳｏｕｔｈ，ｈｏｐｉｎｇｔｏｒａｉｓｅｔｈｅｉｒｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎｉｎａｌｌｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｆｒｉｅｎｄｌｉｅｒｔｏｂｌａｃｋｓ．ＤｅｓｐｉｔｅｔｈｅｍｏｖｅｔｏｔｈｅＮｏｒｔｈ，ｔｈｅＷｏｆｆｏｒｄｈｏｕｓｅｈｏｌｄｗａｓｓｔｅｅｐｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｏｒａｌｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎｓｏｆＳｏｕｔｈｅｒｎＡｆｒｉｃａｎＡｍｅｒｉｃａｎａｎｄｓｔｏｒｉｅｓｏｆＣｈｌｏｅＷｏｆｆｏｒｄ’Ｓｃｈｉｌｄｈｏｏｄｕｎｄｏｕｂｔｅｄｌｙｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｉｅｓ．Ｔｈｅｓｏｎｇｓｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅｄｈｅｒｌａｔｅｒｗｏｒｋ；ｉｎｄｅｅｄ，ＴｏｎｉＭｏｒｒｉｓｏｎ’ＳｏｅｕｖｒｅｄｒａｗｓｈｅａｖｉｌｙｕｐｏｎｔｈｅｏｒａｌａｒｔｆｏｒｍｓｏｆＡｆｒｉｃａｎＡｍｅｒｉｃａｎｓ．ＡｌｔｈｏｕｇｈＴｏｎｉＭｏｒｒｉｓｏｎ’Ｓｗｒｉｔｉｎｇｉｓｎｏｔａｕｔｏｂｉｏｇｒａｐｈｉｃａｌ，ｓｈｅｆｏｎｄｌｙａｌｌｕｄｅｓｔｏｈｅｒｐａｓｔ，”Ｍｙｂｅｇｉｎｎｉｎｇｓａｒｅａｌｗａｙｓｔｈｅｒｅ…Ｎｏｍａｔｔｅｒｗｈａｔ１ｗｒｉｔｅ，Ｉｂｅｇｉｎｔｈｅｒｅ…．Ｉｔ’Ｓｔｈｅｍａｔｒｉｘｆｏｒｍｅ…．Ｏｈｉｏａｌｓｏｏｆｆｅｒｓａｎｅｓｃａｐｅｆｒｏｍｓｔｅｒｅｏｔｙｐｅｄｂｌａｃｋｓｅｔｔｉｎｇｓ．Ｉｔｉｓｎｅｉｔｈｅｒｐｌａｎｔａｔｉｏｎｎｏｒｇｈｅｔｔｏ．＂（Ｗａｔｋｉｎｓ，１９９４：２０）ＴｏｎｉＭｏｒｒｉｓｏｎ’Ｓｗｒｉｔｉｎｇｗａｓａｌｓｏｇｒｅａｔｌｙｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅｄｂｙｈｅｒｆａｍｉｌｙ．ＨｅｒｇｒａｎｄｐａｒｅｎｔｓｈａｄｒｅｌｏｃａｔｅｄｔｏＯｈｉｏｄｕｒｉｎｇｔｈｅｎａｔｉｏｎａｌｍｏｖｅｍｅｎｔｏｆｂｌａｃｋｓｏｕｔｏｆｔｈｅＳｏｕｔｈｋｎｏｗｎａｓｔｈｅＧｒｅａｔＭｉｇｒａｔｉｏｎ．Ｈｅｒｍｏｔｈｅｒ’Ｓｐａｒｅｎｔｓ，ＡｒｅｄｅｌｉａａｎｄＪｏｈｎＳｏｌｏｍｏｎＷｉｌｌｉｓ，ａｆｔｅｒｌｅａｖｉｎｇｔｈｅｉｒｆａｒｍｉｎＡｌａｂａｍａ，ｍｏｖｅｄｔｏＫｅｎｔｕｃｋｙ，ａｎｄｔｈｅｎｔｏＯｈｉｏ．Ｔｈｅｙｐｌａｃｅｄｅｘｔｒｅｍｅｖａｌｕｅｉｎｔｈｅｅｄｕｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｉｒｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎａｎｄｔｈｅｍｓｅｌｖｅｓ．ＪｏｈｎＷｉｌｌｉｓｍｕｇｈｔｈｉｍｓｅｌｆｔｏｒｅａｄａｎｄｈｉｓｓｔｏｒｉｅｓｂｅｃａｍｅｉｎｓｐｉｒａｔｉｏｎｆｏｒＭｏｒｒｉｓｏｎ’Ｓ跖愕ｏｆＳｏｌｏｍａｎ（１９７７）．ＣｈｌｏｅＷｏｆｆｏｒｄｗａｓａｎｅｘｔｒｅｍｅｌｙｇｉｆｔｅｄｓｔｕｄｅｎｔ，ｌｅａｒｎｉｎｇｔｏｒｅａｄａｔａｌｌｅａｒｌｙａｇｅａｎｄｄｏｉｎｇｗｅｌｌａｔｈｅｒｓｔｕｄｉｅｓａｔａｎｉｎｔｅｇｒａｔｅｄｓｃｈ００１．Ｍｏｒｒｉｓｏｎ，ｗｈｏａｔｔｅｎｄｅｄＨａｗｔｈｏｒｎｅＥｌｅｍｅｎｔａｒｙＳｃｈｏｏｌ，ｗａｓｔｈｅｏｎｌｙＡｆｒｉｃａｎＡｍｅｒｉｃａｎｉｎｈｅｒ１ｓｔｇｒａｄｅｃｌａｓｓｒｏｏｍ．Ｓｈｅｗａｓａｌｓｏｔｈｅｏｎｌｙｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｗｈｏｂｅｇａｎｓｃｈｏｏｌｗｉｔｈｔｈｅａｂｉｌｉｔｙｔｏｒｅａｄ．ＢｅｃａｕｓｅｓｈｅｗａｓＳＯａｓｋｅｄｔｏｈｅｌｐｏｔｈｅｒｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓｌｅａｒｎｔｏｒｅａｄ．Ｓｈｅｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｔｌｙｗｏｒｋｅｄｓｋｉｌｌｅｄ，ｓｈｅｗａｓｏｆｔｅｎｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎｏｆｎｅｗｉｍｍｉｇｒａｎｔｓｔｏＡｍｅｒｉｃａ．１ＣｈｌｏｅＷｏｆｆｏｒｄ’Ｓｐａｒｅｎｔｓ’ｄｅｓｉｒｅｔＯｐｒｏｔｅｃｔｔｈｅｉｒｃｈｉｌｄｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｒａｃｉｓｔｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｏｆｔｈｅＳｏｕｔｈｓｕｃｃｅｅｄｅｄｉｎｍａｎｙｒｅｓｐｅｃｔｓ：ｒａｃｉａｌｐｒｅｊｕｄｉｃｅｗａｓｌｅｓｓｏｆａｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｉｎＬｏｒａｉｎ，Ｏｈｉｏ，ｔｈａｎｉｔｗｏｕｌｄｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｉｎｔｈｅＳｏｕｔｈ，ａｎｄＣｈｌｏｅＷｏｆｆｏｒｄｐｌａｙｅｄｗｉｔｈａｒａｃｉａｌｌｙｄｉｖｅｒｓｅｇｒｏｕｐｏｆｆｒｉｅｎｄｓｗｈｅｎｓｈｅｗａｓｙｏｕｎｇ．Ｉｎｅｖｉｔａｂｌｙ，ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ，ｓｈｅｂｅｇａｎｔｏｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅｒａｃｉａｌｄｉｓｃｒｉｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎａｓｓｈｅａｎｄｈｅｒｐｅｅｒｓｇｒｅｗｏｌｄｅｒ．Ｓｈｅｇｒａｄｕａｔｅｄｗｉｔｈｈｏｎｏｒｓｉｎ１９４９ａｎｄｗｅｎｔｔｏＨｏｗａｒｄＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｉｎＷａｓｈｉｎｇｔｏｎＤ．Ｃ．ＡｔＨｏｗａｒｄ，ｓｈｅｍａｊｏｒｅｄｉｎＥｎｇｌｉｓｈａｎｄｍｉｎｏｒｅｄｉｎｃｌａｓｓｉｃｓ，ａｎｄｗａｓａｃｔｉｖｅｌｙｉｎｖｏｌｖｅｄｉｎｔｈｅａｔｅｒａｒｔｓｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｔｈｅＨｏｗａｒｄＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙＰｌａｙｅｒｓ．ＳｈｅｇｒａｄｕａｔｅｄｆｒｏｍＨｏｗａｒｄｉｎ１９５３ｗｉｔｈａＢ．Ａ．ｉｎＥｎｇｌｉｓｈａｎｄａｎｅｗｎａｍｅ：ＴｏｎｉＷｏｆｆｏｒｄ（Ｔｏｎｉｂｅｉｎｇａｓｈｏｒｔｅｎｅｄｖｅｒｓｉｏｎｏｆｈｅｒｍｉｄｄｌｅｎａｍｅ）．ＳｈｅｗｅｎｔｏｎｔｏｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｈｅｒＭ．Ａ．ｉｎＥｎｇｌｉｓｈｆｒｏｍＣｏｒｎｅｌｌｉｎ１９５５．ＡｆｔｅｒｔｅａｃｈｉｎｇｆｏｒｓｏｍｅｔｉｍｅａｔＴｅｘａｓＳｏｕｔｈｅｒｎＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，ｓｈｅｒｅｔｕｒｎｅｄｔｏＨｏｗａｒｄＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙａｎｄｍｅｔＨａｒｏｌｄＭｏｒｒｉｓｏｎ．Ｔｈｅｙｍａｒｒｉｅｄ，ａｎｄｂｅｆｏｒｅｔｈｅｉｒｄｉｖｏｒｃｅｉｎ１９６４，ＴｏｎｉａｎｄＨａｒｏｌｄＭｏｒｒｉｓｏｎｈａｄｔｗｏｓｏｉｌｓ．Ｉｔｗａｓａｌｓｏｄｕｒｉｎｇｔｈｉｓｔｉｍｅｔｈａｔｓｈｅｗｒｏｔｅｔｈｅｓｈｏｒｔｓｔｏｒｙｔｈａｔｗｏｕｌｄｂｅｋ：ｏｍｅｔｈｅｂａｓｉｓｆｏｒｈｅｒｆｉｒｓｔｎｏｖｅｌ，ＴｈｅＢｌｕｅｓｔｅｙｅ．Ｉｎ１９６４，ｓｈｅｔｏｏｋａｊｏｂｉｎＳｙｒａｃｕｓｅ，ＮｅｗＹｏｒｋ，ａｓａｎａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｅｄｉｔｏｒａｔＲａｎｄｏｍＨｏｕｓｅ．Ｔｈｅｒｅｓｈｅｒａｉｓｅｄｈｅｒｓｏｎｓａｓａｓｉｎｇｌｅｍｏｍ，ａｎｄｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｅｄｔＯｗｒｉｔｅｆｉｃｔｉｏｎ．Ｉｎ１９６７，ｓｈｅｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｄａｐｒｏｍｏｔｉｏｎｔｏｓｅｎｉｏｒｅｄｉｔｏｒａｎｄｇｏｔａｍｕｃｈ－ｄｅｓｉｒｅｄｔｒａｎｓｆｅｒｔＯＮｅｗＹｏｒｋＣｉｔｙ．ＴｈｅＢｌｕｅｓｔＥｙｅｗａｓｐｕｂｌｉｓｈｅｄｉｎ１９７０．Ｔｈｅｓｔｏｒｙｏｆａｙｏｕｎｇｇｉｒｌｗｈｏｌｏｓｅｓｈｅｒｍｉｎｄ，ｔｈｅｎｏｖｅｌｗａｓｗｅｌｌｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｄｂｙｃｒｉｔｉｃｓｂｕｔｆａｉｌｅｄｃｏｍｍｅｒｃｉａｌｌｙ．Ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ１９７１ａｎｄ１９７２，ＭｏｒｒｉｓｏｎｗｏｒｋｅｄａｓａｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｏｒｏｆＥｎｇｌｉｓｈｆｏｒｔｈｅＳｔａｔｅＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｏｆＮｅｗＹｏｒｋａｔＰｕｒｃｈａｓｅｗｈｉｌｅｈｏｌｄｉｎｇｈｅｒｊｏｂａｔＲａｎｄｏｍＨｏｕｓｅａｎｄｗｏｒｋｉｎｇｏｎＳｕｌａ，ａｎｏｖｅｌａｂｏｕｔａｄｅｆｉａｎｔｗｏｍａｎａｎｄｈｅｒｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｗｉｔｈｏｔｈｅｒｂｌａｃｋｆｅｍａｌｅｓ．Ｓｕｌａｗａｓｐｕｂｌｉｓｈｅｄｉｎ１９７３．Ｔｈｅｙｅａｒｓ１９７６ａｎｄ１９７７ｓａｗＭｏｒｒｉｓｏｎｗｏｒｋｉｎｇａｓａｖｉｓｉｔｉｎｇｌｅｃｔｕｒｅｒａｔＹａｌｅａｎｄｗｏｒｋｉｎｇｏｎｈｅｒｎｅｘｔｎｏｖｅｌ，ＳｏｎｇｏｆＳｏｌｏｍｏｎ．Ｔｈｉｓｎｅｘｔｎｏｖｅｌｄｅａｌｔｍｏｒｅｆｕｌｌｙｗｉｔｈｂｌａｃｋｍａｌｅｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｓ．ＡｓｗｉｔｈＳｕｌａ，Ｍｏｒｒｉｓｏｎｗｒｏｔｅｔｈｅｎｏｖｅｌｗｈｉｌｅｈｏｌｄｉｎｇａｔｅａｃｈｉｎｇｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎ，ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｉｎｇｈｅｒｗｏｒｋａｓａｎｅｄｉｔｏｒｆｏｒＲａｎｄｏｍＨｏｕｓｅ，ａｎｄｒａｉｓｉｎｇｈｅｒｔｗｏｓｏｎｓ．ＳｏｎｇｏｆＳｏｌｏｍｏｎｗａｓｐｕｂｌｉｓｈｅｄｉｎ１９７７ａｎｄｅｎｊｏｙｅｄｂｏｔｈｃｏｍｍｅｒｃｉａｌａｎｄｃｒｉｔｉｃ，．ａｌ。
Beloved
Beloved is a 1987 novel by the American writer Toni Morrison. Set after the American Civil War (1861–1865), it is inspired by the story of an African-American slave.In the novel, Sethe is a slave who escapes slavery, running back to her home in Ohio. When Sethe was found by her master after 28 days, she tried to kill her children all to avoid their slavery life, but she succeeded only in killing her eldest daughter by running a saw along her neck. The girl’s tombstone reads only "Beloved".After they escaped from slavery,their home is haunted by a returned ghost, thus Sethe's youngest daughter Denver becomesmentally disordered, and her sons have run away .When Paul D arrives he fells in love with Sethe and he helps to forces out the spirit. Then the spirit appears as a young woman calling herself Beloved. She coms back for her mother, and runs out of ideas to destroys the new happy life of her mother. When Sethe tells Paul Dthe family history, Paul D lefts. And Sethe spoils Beloved out of guilt.In the novel's climax, youngest daughter Denver searches for help from the black community to exorcise Beloved. At the end Sethe is confused and has a "re-memory" of her master coming again, Beloved disappears. The novel ends with Denver becoming a working member of the community and Paul D returning to Sethe .。
美国文学 Toni Morrison
Awards： Morrison is an award-winning writer. •1977, The National Book Critics Circle Award for Song of Solomon •1988, The Pulitzer prize (普利策奖) •1993, The Nobel Prize for literature •2000, National Humanities Medal Award
Thanks
1970bluesteye最蓝的眼睛1973sula秀拉1977songsolomon所罗门之歌1981tarbaby柏油孩子1987beloved宠儿1992jazz爵士乐1998paradise乐园1993lovemercy恩惠otherworks
Toni Morrison (1931- )
英教一班 第六组： 李丹 王风茹 崔皓月 刘婷婷
Writing Features
1. Powerful fictional style 2. Provocative themes 3. Sophisticated(复杂的) narrative techniques 4. Poetic style
Comments
Toni Morrison is a major contemporary American writer. She is the foremost author of contemporary black women's renaissance which includes, among others, Alice Walker, Gloria Naylor, Maya Angelou, Toni Cade Bambara, and Gayle Jones. Her oeuvre has drawn the attention of her readers to the importance of reconstructing history and interpreting the past from a racial perspective. She has blazed a new trail for her fellow writers.
读书笔记3000字精选9篇
读书笔记3000字精选9篇英文回答：Reading is one of my favorite hobbies, and I always make sure to take notes while reading to help me remember important points and quotes. Here are 9 selected book notes that I have compiled:1. "To Kill a Mockingbird" by Harper Lee.This classic novel explores themes of racism and injustice in the American South. One of the most memorable quotes from the book is "You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view...until you climb into his skin and walk around in it."2. "1984" by George Orwell.This dystopian novel paints a bleak picture of atotalitarian society where freedom is nonexistent. One of the most chilling quotes from the book is "Big Brother is watching you," which serves as a warning about the dangers of surveillance and government control.3. "The Great Gatsby" by F. Scott Fitzgerald.This novel captures the glamour and excess of the Jazz Age in America. One of the most famous quotes from the book is "So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past," which reflects the idea of striving for a better future while being weighed down by the past.4. "Pride and Prejudice" by Jane Austen.This classic romance novel explores themes of love, class, and social expectations. One of the most iconiclines from the book is "It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife," which sets the tonefor the story.5. "The Catcher in the Rye" by J.D. Salinger.This coming-of-age novel follows the rebellious teenager Holden Caulfield as he navigates the challenges of growing up. One of the most memorable quotes from the book is "I'm quite illiterate, but I read a lot," which captures Holden's complex character and his struggles with phoniness in the adult world.6. "To the Lighthouse" by Virginia Woolf.This modernist novel explores themes of time, memory, and the complexities of human relationships. One of the most poignant quotes from the book is "What is the meaning of life? That was all—a simple question; one that tended to close in on one with years, the great revelation had never come. The great revelation perhaps never did come. Instead, there were little daily miracles, illuminations, matches struck unexpectedly in the dark."7. "Beloved" by Toni Morrison.This powerful novel tells the story of Sethe, a former slave haunted by the memories of her past. One of the most haunting quotes from the book is "Definitions belong to the definers, not the defined," which speaks to the idea of reclaiming one's own identity and narrative.8. "The Road" by Cormac McCarthy.This post-apocalyptic novel follows a father and son as they journey through a devastated landscape. One of the most heartbreaking quotes from the book is "You forget what you want to remember, and you remember what you want to forget," which reflects the characters' struggle to hold on to their humanity in a harsh and unforgiving world.9. "The Alchemist" by Paulo Coelho.This inspirational novel follows the journey of a young shepherd named Santiago as he seeks his personal legend. One of the most uplifting quotes from the book is "And, when you want something, all the universe conspires inhelping you to achieve it," which encourages readers to pursue their dreams with determination and faith.中文回答：读书是我最喜欢的爱好之一，我总是在阅读时做笔记，以帮助我记住重要的观点和引用。
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美国当代著名非裔女作家托尼·莫里森的短篇小说《宣叙》，通过白人特怀拉的叙述,讲述了残疾黑人玛吉
遭受种族和性别歧视的残酷事实，凸显了性别、种族和文化的问题。
独特的叙述者、不同的叙述声音、细
腻的描写手法是这篇小说的特色。
从女性主义批评的角度看,作品刻画了罗伯特重构黑人女性新形象的成长历程。
论题点滴：
1.拒绝删除的记忆幽灵——从托尼·莫里森的《宣叙》谈起
本文试从记忆角度阐明托尼·莫里森短篇小说<宣叙>描写的是自我对负面记忆的主观处理、记忆对友谊的
挑战以及友谊与记忆的合谋,指出该小说的更深主题是借记忆拒绝遗忘、反省自我。
2.试论托尼·莫里森《宣叙》中的不可靠叙述
美国当代著名非裔女作家托尼·莫里森的短篇小说<宣叙>通过白人特怀拉的叙述,讲述了残疾黑人玛吉遭受种族和性别歧视的残酷事实.本文着重分析特怀拉第一人称叙述的不可靠性,旨在揭示不可靠叙述的文本功
能及与小说主题传达。
3.从莫里森的《宣叙》看美国黑人的成长
在《宣叙》中，莫里森展现了当代美国黑人在处理本民族历史与现状问题上的矛盾、挣扎与成长。
此处通
过对主人公罗伯塔的挖掘，揭示了当代美国黑人在面对种族问题和找寻自我道路上所普遍经历的迷失-觉醒-成熟的成长过程，并从中探寻出作者理想中的平等友爱的新种族关系。
韦恩·布斯(Wayne C.Booth)的不可靠叙述是指当叙述者所说所做与作家观念(也就是隐含作者的旨意)
不一致。
本文以美国黑人女作家托尼·莫里森(Toni Morrison)的短篇小说《宣叙》(Recitatif)为例,从种族等角度看叙述者对…玛吉‟的不同的陈述,试图寻找隐含作者的价值观,从而体会不可靠叙述在叙事学理论中,隐含作者的形成是发展的。
布斯指出:“当叙述者所说所做与作家的观念(也就是隐含作者的旨意)
一致的时候,我称他为可靠的叙述者,如果不一致,则称之为不可靠的叙述者。
”布斯之后的主要叙述学理论大致遵从了布斯的定义。
杰拉尔德·普林斯在其《叙述学词典》中认为,不可靠叙述者是这样的叙述者:“他的行为和准则和隐含作者的行为准则不一致;他的价值观念(趣味,判断,是非感)偏离了隐含作者的价值观念;他的叙述的可信性被该叙述的各种特征所打破。
” 很多关于《宣叙》作品的文章都关注的是
种族主义和女性主义,有的评论家为了体现黑人女性的自我觉醒,还将…麦吉‟与成年后的…罗伯塔‟进行比较,认为罗伯塔更好的宣叙了自我价值,追求黑人女性在社会中的自我重构,而…麦吉‟作为一个被剥夺话语权的黑人女性出现,与罗伯塔形成鲜明的对比。
但是从文本自身看来,这一叙述不合符事实,首先,文本在阐述“麦吉”是黑是白并不清楚,在文本的结尾,罗伯塔最后也无法确定“麦吉”是不是黑人,应该说…麦吉‟更多的是一个象征,而不是一个种族的代码。
You think I don’t know what your life is like just because I ain’t living it? I know what ever colored woman in this country is doing.” “What’s that?” “Dying. Just like me. But the difference is they dying like a stump. Me, I’m going down like one of those redwoods. I sure did live in this world.” “Really? What have you got to show for it?” “Show?To Who? Girl, I got my mind. And what goes on in it. Which is to say, I got me.” “Lonely, ain’t it?” “Yes. But my lonely is mine. Now your lonely is somebody else’s. Made by somebody else and handed to you. Ain’t that something? A secondhand lonely
— Sula。