英文文献翻译
英文文献整篇翻译
英文文献整篇翻译Title: The Impact of Climate Change on BiodiversityClimate change is a pressing issue that has significant impacts on biodiversity worldwide. Changes in temperature, precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events are altering ecosystems and threatening the survival of many species. The loss of biodiversity not only affects the natural world but also has implications for human societies.One of the major impacts of climate change onbiodiversity is the shifting of habitats. As temperatures rise, many species are forced to move to higher latitudesor elevations in search of suitable conditions. This can disrupt ecosystems and lead to the decline or extinction of species that are unable to adapt to the new conditions.In addition to habitat loss, climate change is also causing changes in the timing of biological events such as flowering, migration, and reproduction. These changes can disrupt the delicate balance of ecosystems and lead to mismatches between species that depend on each other for survival.Furthermore, climate change is exacerbating otherthreats to biodiversity such as habitat destruction, pollution, and overexploitation. The combination of these factors is putting immense pressure on many species and pushing them closer to extinction.It is essential that we take action to mitigate the impacts of climate change on biodiversity. This includes reducing greenhouse gas emissions, protecting and restoring habitats, and implementing conservation measures to safeguard vulnerable species. By addressing the root causes of climate change and protecting biodiversity, we canensure a sustainable future for both the natural world and human societies.气候变化对生物多样性的影响气候变化是一个紧迫的问题，对全球的生物多样性产生重大影响。
英文文献pdf翻译成中文
英文文献pdf翻译成中文
对于将英文文献PDF翻译成中文，有几种常见的方法可以实现。
首先，你可以使用在线翻译工具，如Google翻译或百度翻译，直接
上传PDF文件并选择需要翻译的语言。
这些工具可以快速将整个文
档翻译成中文，但需要注意的是，由于自动翻译的限制，可能会出
现一些翻译不准确或不通顺的情况，特别是对于专业术语或复杂句子。
其次，你也可以雇佣专业的翻译人员或翻译公司来完成这项任务。
他们可以提供更准确、流畅的翻译，尤其是对于专业领域的文献，这种方式会更可靠。
然而，这需要一定的成本和时间，因为翻
译人员需要逐字逐句地进行翻译，并且可能需要进行专业术语的翻
译和校对。
另外，如果你自己对英文和中文都比较熟悉，也可以考虑自行
翻译。
这种方式可以确保翻译的准确性和流畅性，但需要花费较多
的时间和精力。
无论采用哪种方式，翻译文献需要保证准确性和完整性，尤其
是对于学术文献或专业领域的文献。
希望这些信息能够帮助你找到合适的方法来将英文文献PDF翻译成中文。
英文文献用翻译
Adult【成年人】Aged【老年人】Aged, 80 and over【老年人, 80以上】Catheterization, Central Venous/*instrumentation/methods【*导管插入术, 中心静脉/*仪器/方法】Cost-Benefit Analysis【费用效益分析】Equipment Design【设备设计】Equipment Failure【设备失效】Equipment Safety【设备安全性】Female【女(雌)性】Humans【人类】Infusion Pumps, Implantable/adverse effects/*economics【*输注泵, 植入型/副作用/*经济学】Male【男(雄)性】Middle Aged【中年人】Neoplasms/*drug therapy/pathology【*肿瘤/*药物疗法/病理学】Probability【概率】Prospective Studies【前瞻性研究】Risk Assessment【危险性评估】Sensitivity and Specificity【敏感性与特异性】Treatment Outcome【治疗结果】Vascular Patency【血管未闭】Venous Thrombosis/prevention & control【静脉血栓形成】Adolescent【青少年】Adult【成年人】Aged【老年人】Aged, 80 andover【老年人, 80以上】AntineoplasticAgents/*administration& dosage【*抗肿瘤药】*Catheters,Indwelling/adverseeffects/economics【*导管, 留置/副作用/经济学】Female【女(雌)性】Humans【人类】*Infusion Pumps,Implantable/adverse。
英文文献全文翻译
英文文献全文翻译全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：LeGuin, Ursula K. (December 18, 2002). "Dancing at the Edge of the World: Thoughts on Words, Women, Places".《世界边缘的舞蹈：关于语言、女性和地方的思考》Introduction:In "Dancing at the Edge of the World," Ursula K. LeGuin explores the intersection of language, women, and places. She writes about the power of words, the role of women in society, and the importance of our connection to the places we inhabit. Through a series of essays, LeGuin invites readers to think critically about these topics and consider how they shape our understanding of the world.Chapter 1: LanguageConclusion:第二篇示例：IntroductionEnglish literature translation is an important field in the study of language and culture. The translation of English literature involves not only the linguistic translation of words or sentences but also the transfer of cultural meaning and emotional resonance. This article will discuss the challenges and techniques of translating English literature, as well as the importance of preserving the original author's voice and style in the translated text.Challenges in translating English literature第三篇示例：Title: The Importance of Translation of Full English TextsTranslation plays a crucial role in bringing different languages and cultures together. More specifically, translating full English texts into different languages allows for access to valuable information and insights that may otherwise be inaccessible to those who do not speak English. In this article, we will explore the importance of translating full English texts and the benefits it brings.第四篇示例：Abstract: This article discusses the importance of translating English literature and the challenges translators face when putting together a full-text translation. It highlights the skills and knowledge needed to accurately convey the meaning and tone of the original text while preserving its cultural and literary nuances. Through a detailed analysis of the translation process, this article emphasizes the crucial role translators play in bridging the gap between languages and making English literature accessible to a global audience.IntroductionEnglish literature is a rich and diverse field encompassing a wide range of genres, styles, and themes. From classic works by Shakespeare and Dickens to contemporary novels by authors like J.K. Rowling and Philip Pullman, English literature offers something for everyone. However, for non-English speakers, accessing and understanding these works can be a challenge. This is where translation comes in.Translation is the process of rendering a text from one language into another, while striving to preserve the original meaning, tone, and style of the original work. Translating afull-length English text requires a deep understanding of both languages, as well as a keen awareness of the cultural andhistorical context in which the work was written. Additionally, translators must possess strong writing skills in order to convey the beauty and complexity of the original text in a new language.Challenges of Full-text TranslationTranslating a full-length English text poses several challenges for translators. One of the most significant challenges is capturing the nuances and subtleties of the original work. English literature is known for its rich and layered language, with intricate wordplay, metaphors, and symbolism that can be difficult to convey in another language. Translators must carefully consider each word and phrase in order to accurately convey the author's intended meaning.Another challenge of full-text translation is maintaining the author's unique voice and style. Each writer has a distinct way of expressing themselves, and a good translator must be able to replicate this voice in the translated text. This requires a deep understanding of the author's writing style, as well as the ability to adapt it to the conventions of the target language.Additionally, translators must be mindful of the cultural and historical context of the original work. English literature is deeply rooted in the history and traditions of the English-speaking world, and translators must be aware of these influences in orderto accurately convey the author's intended message. This requires thorough research and a nuanced understanding of the social, political, and economic factors that shaped the work.Skills and Knowledge RequiredTo successfully translate a full-length English text, translators must possess a wide range of skills and knowledge. First and foremost, translators must be fluent in both the source language (English) and the target language. This includes a strong grasp of grammar, syntax, and vocabulary in both languages, as well as an understanding of the cultural and historical context of the works being translated.Translators must also have a keen eye for detail and a meticulous approach to their work. Every word, sentence, and paragraph must be carefully considered and translated with precision in order to accurately convey the meaning of the original text. This requires strong analytical skills and a deep understanding of the nuances and complexities of language.Furthermore, translators must possess strong writing skills in order to craft a compelling and engaging translation. Translating a full-length English text is not simply a matter of substituting one word for another; it requires creativity, imagination, and a deep appreciation for the beauty of language. Translators mustbe able to capture the rhythm, cadence, and tone of the original work in their translation, while also adapting it to the conventions of the target language.ConclusionIn conclusion, translating a full-length English text is a complex and challenging task that requires a high level of skill, knowledge, and creativity. Translators must possess a deep understanding of both the source and target languages, as well as the cultural and historical context of the work being translated. Through their careful and meticulous work, translators play a crucial role in making English literature accessible to a global audience, bridging the gap between languages and cultures. By preserving the beauty and complexity of the original text in their translations, translators enrich our understanding of literature and bring the works of English authors to readers around the world.。
pdf英文文献翻译
pdf英文文献翻译 PDF English Literature Translation With the advances in technology, the use of electronic documents has become increasingly popular. PDF, short for Portable Document Format, is one of the most widely used file formats for sharing and distributing electronic documents. For researchers and academicians, access to Englishliterature is critical as it contributes to the expansion of knowledge and encourages global collaboration. However, not all scholars are proficient in English, which creates a need for the translation of English literature, especially in the form of PDFs. In this document, we will explore the importance and challenges of translating English literature into PDF format, along with some best practices for effective translation. 1. Importance of PDF English Literature Translation Translation of English literature into PDF format enables scholars from non-English speaking backgrounds to access and understand research findings from across the globe. It promotes inclusivity and fosters collaboration among academics, thereby facilitating the advancement of knowledge in various fields. Additionally, translated PDF literature helps in disseminating research in conferences and seminars, extending the reach and impact of the work. 2. Challenges in PDF English Literature Translation Translating English literature into PDF format presents several challenges. Firstly, the accuracy of the translation is paramount to ensure the intended meaning is not lost. Translators must possess a strong command of boththe source and target languages to accurately capture the nuances and essence of the text. Additionally, the formatting and layout of the PDF document must be preserved during the translation process. Maintaining the structure ensures that the translated document remains visually appealing and user-friendly. 3. Best Practices for Effective PDF English Literature Translation To ensure successful translation of English literature into PDF format, adhering to these best practices is imperative: a. Engage professional translators with subject matter expertise: It is crucial to collaborate with professional translators who possess knowledge in the specific field of the English literature being translated. Their expertise ensures accurate rendering of technical terms and concepts. b. Use industry-standard translation tools: Employing computer-assisted translation (CAT) tools like SDL Trados or MemoQ enhances efficiency and consistency. These tools support translation memory, maintaining consistency across the translated documents. They also allow for easy management of terminology glossaries. c. Preserve the formatting and layout: Implementing a robust translation workflow that includes preserving the formatting and layout of the PDF document is essential. This can be achieved by using specialized software that preserves the structure and visual appeal of the original document. d. Proofread and edit thoroughly: After the initial translation, it is crucial to invest time in thorough proofreading and editing. This ensures the accuracy and quality of the translated PDF document. A fresh pair of eyes can detect any errors or inconsistencies that might have been overlooked during the translation process. e. Obtain feedback from target audience: Feedback from the target audience can provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of the translated PDF document. This feedback can help improve future translations and ensure theaudience's needs are met. In conclusion, the translation of English literature into PDF format plays a crucial role in enabling worldwide collaboration and knowledge exchange. By recognizing the importance of accuracy, formatting preservation, andutilizing professional translators and industry-standard tools, the effective translation of English literature can be achieved. Adopting best practices ensures that the translated PDF documents are of high quality, visually appealing, and accessible to scholars from non-English speaking backgrounds.。
英文文献原文及对应翻译
Adsorption char acter istics of copper , lead, zinc and cadmium ions by tourmaline(环境科学学报英文版) 电气石对铜、铅、锌、镉离子的吸附特性JIANG Kan1,*, SUN Tie-heng1,2 , SUN Li-na2, LI Hai-bo2(1. School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China. jiangkan522@; 2. Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of Shenyang University, Shenyang 110041, China)摘要：本文研究了电气石对Cu2+、Pb2+、Zn2+和Cd2+的吸附特性，建立了吸附平衡方程。
研究四种金属离子的吸附等温线以及朗缪尔方程。
结果表明电气石能有效地去除水溶液中的重金属且具有选择性：Pb2+> Cu2+> Cd2+> Zn2+。
电气石对金属离子吸附量随着介质中金属离子的初始浓度的增加而增加。
电气石也可以增加金属溶液的pH值；发现电气石对Cu2+、Pb2+、Zn2+和Cd2+的最大吸附量为78.86、154.08、67.25和66.67mg/g；温度在25-55℃对电气石的吸附量影响很小。
此外研究了Cu2+、Pb2+、Zn2+和Cd2+的竞争吸附。
同时观察到电气石对单一金属离子的吸附能力为Pb>Cu>Zn>Cd，在两种金属系统中抑制支配地位是Pb>Cu，Pb>Zn，Pb>Cd，Cu>Zn，Cu>Cd，和Cd>Zn。
关键字：吸附；重金属含量；朗缪尔等温线；电气石介绍重金属是来自不同行业排出的废水，如电镀，金属表面处理，纺织，蓄电池，矿山，陶瓷，玻璃。
英文文献及翻译
Geotextile reinforced by soft soil1. IntroductionGeotextile known, it has high tensile strength, durability, corrosion resistance, texture, flexibility, combined with good sand, to form reinforced composite foundation, effectively increase the shear strength , tensile properties, and enhance the integrity and continuity of soil. Strengthening mechanism for the early 60's in the 20th century, Henri Vidal on the use of triaxial tests found a small amount of fiber in the sand, the soil shear strength can improve the image of more than 4 times in recent years, China's rock Laboratory workers also proved in the reinforced sand can effectively improve the soil's bearing capacity, reduce the vertical ground settlement, effectively overcome the poor soil and continuity of overall poor performance. As with the above properties of reinforced soil and the characteristics of its low price, so the project has broad application prospects.2.1 Project OverviewThe proposed retaining wall using rubble retaining wall of gravity, the wall is 6 meters high, the bearing capacity of foundation soil required to 250kPa, while the basement geology from the top down as follows: ①clay to a thickness of 0.7 to 2 meters saturated, soft plastic; ② muddy soil, about 22 - 24 meters thick, saturated, mainly plastic flow, local soft plastic; ③ sand layer to a thickness of 5 to 10 meters, containing silty soil and organic matter, saturated, slightly wet; ④ gravel layer, the thickness of the uneven distribution points, about 0 to 2.2 meters, slightly dense; ⑤ weathered sandstone. Including clay and silty soil bearing capacity is 70kPa, obviously do foundation reinforcement.2.2 Enhanced Treatment of reinforced foundation cushion Reinforcement replacement method can be used for sand and gravel used forsoil treatment, but due to loose bedding, based on past experience, witha gravel mat to treat a large settlement of the foundation always exist, even the characteristics of poor, often resulting in cracks in the superstructure, differential settlement of the image, this works for6-meter-high rubble retaining walls, height and large, and because the walls are 3 meters high wall, if there is differential settlement of retaining walls, cracks, will result in more serious consequences and thus should be used on the cushion reinforcement through economic and technical analysis, decide on the sand and gravel stratum were reinforced hardening. Reinforcement treatment method: first the design elevation and the basement excavation to 200mm thick layer of gravel bedding, and then capped with a layer of geotextile, and then in the thick sand and gravel on the 200, after leveling with the yellow sand using roller compaction; second with loaded bags of sand and gravel laying of geotextile, the gap filled with slag, geotextile bags capped 100 thick gravel, roller compaction. Its on repeat laying geotextile → → compacted gravel, until the design thickness of the cushion, the bridge is 1 m thick cushion, a total of 4 layers of geotextile, two bags of sand.This method works fast, simple machine, investment, after years of use, that reinforce good effect, building and construction units are satisfied.3 ExperienceTo achieve the reinforced soil reinforcement effect, must be reinforced earth construction technology, construction strict quality control: 1, geotextile should increase the initial pre-stress, and its end should be a reliable anchor to play the tensile strength of geotextile, anchoring more firmly, more capacity to improve, the foundation of the stress distribution more uniform, geotextile side Ministry of fixed length by laying end to ensure the fold, the folded end wrapped sand to increase its bond strength to ensure that the use will not be pulled out duringthe period.Second, the construction process have a significant effect on the reinforcement effect, the construction should be as soon as possible so that geotextile in tension, tensile strength geotextile can be played only when the deformation, so do not allow construction of geotextile crease occurs, the earth Fabric tension leveling as much as possible. Geotextile in order to have enough by the early Dutch strain, according to the following procedure works: ① laying geotextile; ② leveled the tension at both ends; both ends of the folded package gravel and sand filling at both ends; ③ center fill sand; ④ 2 higher end of sand; ⑤ Finally, the center of sand filling. Click here to enable the construction method of forming corrugated geotextile being stretched as soon as possible, to play a role in the early loaded.Third, the construction of geotextile-reinforced cushion should the level of shop using geotextile geotextile and laying of gravel bags cushion the turn to play bag cushion integrated turn out good, flexural rigidity, and dispersion of good and peace bedding layer of the overall continuity of good advantages.4 ConclusionGeotextile reinforced by soft soil is an effective, economical, safe, reliable, simple method, but the literature describes only qualitative, experience more components, yet the lack of rigorous The theoretical formula, reliable test data to be adequate, these are yet to be theoretical workers and the general engineering and technical personnel continue to explore.土工织物加筋垫层加固软土地基1. 引言土工织物又称土工聚合物，它具有高抗拉强度，耐久性、耐腐蚀性，质地柔韧，能与砂土很好地结合，组合成加筋土复合地基，有效地提高土的抗剪强度、抗拉性能，增强土体的整体性和连续性。
八大英文文献翻译神器
你值得拥有的八大英文文献翻译神器不管是做科研还是写SCI论文，开始都需要阅读大量的文献，做课题至少查阅600篇，粗看300篇，细看100篇，研读50篇，在看到一叠叠论文后，由于语言问题，往往会觉得无从下手，下面分享几款常用的文献翻译神器。
1、谷歌浏览器翻译优点：页面简洁，使用方便，随开随用，多种语言随时切换，只要有网就能翻译。
缺点：功能比较单一，排版比较乱，界面不是很美观。
2、SCI Translate9.0目前有9.0普通版以及VIP版，VIP版内置Google 人工智能云翻译引擎，翻译精准度很强；没有广告。
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4、NetSpeakNetSpeak是一个提供免费线上单词、词组、语句翻译的工具，其特点是可以在线搜索和比较各种英文词汇、短句、语法、单词解释等内容，并且可以统计出这个用语的变化形态，还可以分析使用频率和情境，堪比谷歌翻译。
5、CNKI翻译CNKI翻译助手是一款专业的学术翻译工具，由“中国知网”开发制作，汇集了从CNKI系列数据库中挖掘的大量常用词汇、专业术语、成语俚语及双语例句等，形成海量中英在线词典和双语平行语料库。
6、LingoesLingoes是一款简明易用的词典与文本翻译软件，支持全球超过80多种语言的词典查询、全文翻译、屏幕取词、划词翻译、例句搜索、网络释义和真人语音朗读功能。
7、有道词典有道词典是个神器，尤其是查词、划词、取词的方面特别突出，词库中有所有专业用语的补充包，可以让你瞬间翻译出各种专业的英文单词，从复杂的有机化合物，到稀奇古怪的动物名，哪里不会点哪里。
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中等分辨率制备分离的
快速色谱技术
W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia
Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027
ReceiLied January 26, 1978
我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。
这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。
尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。
当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。
近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。
在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。
最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。
虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。
4
急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。
优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。
分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。
从这些数据中间，我们可以得出许多有趣的事实。
首先，我们发现最常使用的硅胶60的大小——70-230区间（63-200μm ）在标准条件下产生的分辨率在所有被研究的数据中是最低的。
第二，在我们使用的包装方法下，颗粒的大小小于40μm 并不能提高分辨率。
7
柱效能对洗脱率的变化是相当敏感的，并且最好是用相对较高的洗脱液流速。
在乙酸乙酯/石油醚的混合物中（30-60℃），吸附床上的溶剂的头应该以±./min 的速度落下，这样才能得到最佳的分辨率。
8
最后，从峰值的宽度可以看出，随着样本的减少，分辨率呈现出预期的增加。
样本的回收率≥95%。
这项技术所需要的设备包括一组色谱柱和阀门流量控制器（上图）。
该色谱柱是一个拥有一个18in.的扁平底部，配有一个聚四氟乙烯活塞以及一个24/40玻璃接头的玻璃管。
比起标
准的多孔圆底，没有多孔玻璃床支持的色谱柱
通常更受欢迎，因为它们显著地减少了死腔。
流量控制器阀是一个能精确调节洗脱率的简单可变的液体排放装置，由一个玻璃/聚四氟乙烯针阀（Ace Glass Co. No. 8193-04 或相同性能的替代物）和一个标准的24/40接头组成。
详细的实验过程将在会在实验部分陈述。
实验过程简单介绍如下：（1）溶剂应该能够提供良好的分离，并且能将所需成分提高到R f =（薄层色谱分析，E. Merck No. 5765）。
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（2）需要合适参数（见Table Ⅰ）的色谱柱，色谱柱中装有5-6in.的40-63μm 的干燥硅胶（ ）。
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（3）色谱柱内装满了溶剂，内部的压力能迅速将硅胶中所有的空气排空。
（4）加入样本，再用溶剂将色谱柱注满，在2 in./min 的流速下洗脱。
洗脱色谱柱所需成分的时间一般非常快（5-10min ），因此我们已经抛弃了自动馏分收
集器，取而代之的是放在架子上的40支20*150试管。
小的部分通常只在洗脱早期早期进行收集，较大部分会从色谱分析的早期一直收集到最后。
通过沿着7cm*薄层色谱板的长边以~5μL 为单位进行定点测量，之后再沿着侧板测量，可以方便的检测分离组件。
小样本或者高度保持的组件可能需要用到重定位。
Figure6显示了一个典型的分离。
在过去的一年里，我们已经尝试了数以百计的色谱柱。
在任何情况下，我们已经能够做到将完全分离ΔR f≥的混合物在15min内完全分离，许多情况ΔR f≈也是可以的。
在给定的色谱柱中使用的样本数量与它的横截面积成正比，Table Ⅰ能作为色谱柱选择的指南。
如果分辨率要求不高，样本量可以大幅度增加；我们使用一个50-mm的色谱柱来对重量大于10g、ΔR f≥的混合物进行纯化。
甚至在直径大的色谱柱中，分辨率也能维持在一个能接受的标准。
比如差向异构体的乙醇1和2的R f 分别为和，放入5%的乙酸乙酯/石油醚中。
1和2的混合物（ΔR f=）在直径为40-mm的色谱柱中能在7min内与65-mg混合部分（500mL 5%的乙酸乙酯 /石油醚）轻松的被分开。
如果被分离的组件在薄层色谱法中ΔR f小于，使用更长（例如，10in.）的硅胶色谱柱或者使用极性较小的溶剂能提高分辨率。
可以使用在薄层色谱法中R f=溶剂去移动所需成分，这样不会大幅度提高洗脱时间。
不论哪种情况，色谱柱应该只能轻轻地装满样品，并且应该将流速维持在2 in./min。
很明显，在乙酸乙酯/石油醚混合物中，低流速会造成分辨率降低。
总之，急骤层析为只需要中等分辨率的混合物制备分离提供了一个快速且便宜的常规方法。
甚至在需要高分辨率时，使用快速技术作为初步净化能简化高分辨率的分离，从而避免了昂贵的高效液相色谱柱的污染。
最后，我们想要强调这样一个事实，在这个方法中，使用40-63μm的硅胶和使用压力（而不是真空）驱使流率达./min对于成功分离是至关重要的。
实验部分
将色谱柱和流量控制器阀进行组装，组装方式如前所述。
硅胶材料选用40-63μm （400-230 mesh）硅胶60（E. Merck No. 9385）。
10溶剂在使用之前需要被蒸馏。
薄层色谱会在玻
璃支持的硅胶60板上进行（厚，F-254）（ No. 5765）。
急骤层析技术的一般过程。
首先应该找到一个低粘度溶剂系统（例如，乙酸乙酯/30-60℃石油醚）8，这个系统能分离混合物并且能移动所需成分，使得所需成分在薄层色谱分析上的R f为。
如果几种在薄层色谱分析上非常相近的化合物需要分开，调整溶剂，在R f=时使得中间点在所有混合物之间。
如果这些化合物是广泛分散的，将活动较小成分的R f调整到。
在选好合适的溶剂之后，需要挑选合适直径的色谱柱（在文中，Table Ⅰ），并将一个玻璃棉制成的小塞子放置在试管中，用于连接活塞和色谱柱的体部（上面图中的A）。
两个可伸缩的玻璃管（6和8 mm .）使得玻璃棉塞子的位置易于调整。
接下来，一个由50-100 mesh沙组成的 1/8 in.的光滑层覆盖在色谱柱的底部，将40-63μm的干硅胶倒入色谱柱单独的部分内，深度为.随着活塞打开，将色谱柱轻轻地垂直于桌面拔出，直至包裹凝胶。
之后将一个1/8 in.的沙层干凝胶床的平面顶部，夹紧色谱柱以便加压填充和包裹。
将之前选择的溶剂在从沙的上面小心的倒入并完全填充色谱柱。
流量控制器的调流调压阀（B）一直是打开的，流量控制器是紧密安装在色谱柱的顶部，并由强大的橡皮筋加固。
控制流量控制器的主要空气线阀是轻微打开的，一个手指必须严格地放置在泄放孔（C）。
硅胶的顶部必须持续保持湿润。
接下来用移液管将样品（在洗脱液中为20-25%的溶液）从吸附床的顶部加入，流控制器暂时地放在色谱柱的顶部，以便驱动所有的样品进入硅胶。
11通常用包裹色谱柱的溶剂来洗涤色谱柱。
色谱柱壁用几毫升新鲜洗涤液进行冲洗，冲洗之后的液体像之前一样被推入凝胶中，色谱柱内完全被填满了洗涤液以便不能扰乱吸附床。
流量控制器最终被固定在色谱柱上，调整色谱柱中溶剂的表面以 in./min的速度下滑。
颗粒直径在40-63μm时，对于大多数低粘度的溶剂这似乎是流速的最佳值。
所有的溶剂用完之前，部分一直在被收集（溶剂的量和分数的大小参考Table Ⅰ）。
最好保持色谱柱湿润，因为进一步的洗涤偶尔是有必要的。
纯化组件和之前描述一样。
如果严格遵守之前的介绍的操作流程，几乎不可能分离失败。
虽然我们一般为每次分离包装新鲜色谱柱，但是大规模分离的花费使得它有利于重用大直径色谱柱。
色谱柱的重复使用受第一次冲洗的影响（速率=2in./min），第一次冲洗首先用大约5in.的洗涤液（通常是乙酸乙酯或丙酮）中极性更大的成分冲洗，然后用5in.所需洗涤液冲洗。
如果洗提液相对非极性的（比如小于10%乙酸乙酯/石油醚），使用冲洗溶剂（比如小
于20-50%乙酸乙酯/石油醚）可能更明智，冲洗溶剂比起纯高极性成分极性稍微小一些。
参照和注释
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