从形合意合角度看英汉句子翻译汇总
4 形合与意合及翻译(二)
那年冬天，祖母死了，父亲的差使也交卸了， 正是祸不单行的日子。 Misfortunes never come singly. In the winter of more than two years ago, grandma died and father lost his job.
屋子里总是散乱着碗碟，弥漫着煤烟，使人不 能安心做事。 The room was so cluttered up with dishes and bowls and filled with smoke that it was impossible to work steadily there.
形合/意合与翻译（二）
Enlightenment in translation
汉译英的过程就是从形合走向意合的过程； 从流散型走向聚集型的过程； 从语义型走向语法型的过程； 从话题句，流水句，连动句 走向主谓句的过程。
连动句(verbal expressions in series) 是指同一主语下几个动词连用成谓语,它是一种 复杂谓语,其复杂性体现在这些动词的关系中.连用 的动词之间,有并列关系,也有其他关系(包括条件, 方式,承接,因果,假设,目的等).
上海行路难,乘车难曾是一个突出的社会问题. In Shanghai people found great trouble in getting to their destinations on foot or by car and it became a top social problem.
我这时突然感到一种异样的感觉,觉得他满身 灰尘的身影,刹时高大了,而且愈走愈大,须仰视才见 . Suddenly I had a strange feeling. His dusty, retreating figure seemed larger at that instant. Indeed, the further he walked the larger he loomed, until I had to look up to him.
形合与意合在英汉语中的体现及对翻译的启示
形合与意合在英汉语中的体现及对翻译的启示近年来，随着对比语言学研究的不断深入和发展，许多学者在英汉两种语言的对比研究方面取得了大量富有启发性意义的成果。
例如：英语是综合-分析语，汉语是分析语；英语是语调语言，汉语是声调语言；英语句子繁复，汉语句子简短；英语重物称，多用被动，汉语重人称，多用主动；英语多静态，抽象；汉语多动态，具体等。
美国著名翻译家Eugene Nida早在Translating Meaning一书中就谈到，就汉语和英语而言，形合和意合的对比也许是语言学上最重要的一个区别，它甚至可能是两种语言间最根本的差异所在（Nida 1982：12）。
二、形合与意合的概念及特征形合（hypotaxis）和意合（parataxis）的概念首先在我国由王力先生在《中国语法理论》一书中提出，指语言的两种基本组织手段（王力，1984：310）。
刘宓庆对形合意合作了较完整准确的界定：“形合”（hypotaxis）指借助语言形式手段（包括词汇手段和形态手段）实现词语或句子的连接。
所谓“意合”（parataxis），指不借助语言形式手段而借助词语或句子的意义或逻辑联系实现它们之间的连接。
前者注重语句形式上的接应（cohesion），后者注重行文意义上的连贯（coherence）（刘宓庆，1992：18-19）。
1.英语形合的特点英语是典型的形合语言，它借助明显的形式标记，如曲折变化、介词、连词等，将词组、句子甚至段落连接起来，也可采用其他的语法手段表示话语内部的语义关系。
Eric Partridge认为，英语句子十句有九句按SV或SVO配列。
实际上，任何英语句子都可以完形为主谓提掣全句的基本程式（刘宓庆，1974：72）。
这说明了英语语言的高度形式化和严密逻辑性。
以上诸多形式手段使得英语内部的语义关系一目了然。
2.汉语意合的特点汉语的一个显著特征就是它的意合性。
所谓“意合”，指的是话语中词与词、句与句等语言单位的结合主要是凭借语意上的关联进行的，往往没有明显的外形标记，读者对语句的理解须借助自己的语感和一定的语境因素。
英汉句子比较与翻译
英汉句子重心的差异 汉语的习惯是叙事在前，表态在后。 英语的习惯是表态在前，叙事在后。
We believe that it is right and necessary that people with different political and social systems should live side by side—not just in a passive way but as active friends. 我们认为生活在不同政治社会制度下的各国人民 应该共处，不仅仅是消极共处，而是要积极地友 好相处，这是正确而必要的。
2）汉语无主句 用来表达观点、态度、要求、告诫、号召等 例句： 应该教育儿童说实话。 Children should be taught to speak the truth. 发现了错误，一定要改正。 Wrongs must be righted when they are discovered.
静态与动态
英语倾向于多用名词，因而叙述呈静态 (static)；汉语倾向于多用动词，因而叙述呈 动态(dynamic) 英语句子中，名词与介词占优势 英语句子的静态趋向主要体现在句法的名词化 He failed in this exam, so he felt disherateded. His failure in the exam made him disheartened.
The visit gives me the opportunity which I have long sought, to see for myself the achievements of the Chinese people. 这次访问使我有机会亲眼看一看中国人民取得的成 就，这是我向往已久的。 I am heartened by the assurance which your Government has repeatedly given that the arrangements for Hong Kong contained in the Agreement are not measures of expediency. 贵国政府一再表示，协议中有关香港的安排不是权 宜之计，这种保证使我感到鼓舞。
英汉翻译中的形合与意合及其应用
英汉翻译中的形合与意合及其应用一、英汉在连贯方式上的“形合”和“意合”连贯是句子依据合理的语义和逻辑关系，恰当地连为一体的语篇特征。
但在重意合的汉语中，这种特征往往隐含在上下文中，呈“隐性”。
这并不妨碍汉语读者对其阅读和理解，因为汉语是依靠语篇的语境意义来弥补其在逻辑和连贯方面的不足，而英文语篇中的逻辑和连贯关系则表现出“显性”的特征，即它的逻辑和连贯关系是通过外在的形式（词法和句法结构）来体现的。
因此，在翻译过程中，译者就应注意这种“隐性”和“显性”之间的转换。
例如：原文：我们过了江，进了车站。
我买了票，他忙着照看行李。
…这时我看见他的背影，我的泪很快地流下来了。
我赶紧拭干了泪，怕他看见，也怕别人看见。
译文：We crossed the Yangtze and arrived at the station, where I bought a ticket while he saw to my luggage...At the sight of his back tears started to my eyes, but I wiped them hastily so that neither he nor anyone else might see them.以上汉语原文似乎是由几个并立的流水句组成，在表面上看不出有什么连贯逻辑关系。
但细细分析，发现此段中文中隐含着逻辑连贯关系，在将其译为英文时，就应该把汉语中的这种逻辑连贯关系显现出来。
英文译文中分别用了关系副词、从属连词、并立连词等，在句法上较好地体现了汉语原文中隐含的逻辑连贯关系。
如果我们再根据英文译文，将其回译成汉语，这时我们就应该将英文中通过形合而表现出的“显性”化为汉语通过意合表现出的“隐性”。
具体来说，就是将英文中的where，while，but，so that 等略去不译。
例如：1) As the weather was getting better, we decided to go for an outing the next day.译文：天气变好了，我们决定第二天去远足。
2.英汉对比+形合与意合
连接词-介词
1. 简单介词：with,to,in,of,about,between,through 2. 合成介词：inside,onto,upon,within,without,throughout
3. 成语介词:
according to;along with, apart from, because of, in Biblioteka ront of,英汉语言对比
形合与意合
跑得了和尚，跑不了庙。 1. Even if the monk can run away, his temple cannot run with him. 打死我也不说。 2. Even if I were to be beaten to death, I will not tell.
意合（PARATAXIS）
汉语句法结构重意合，句中各成分的相互结合多依靠语义的 贯通，语境的映衬，少用连接词语。
1.语序
汉语的许多主从复句，虽然不用关联词，形式类似并列复句 ，但分句含义却有主有次。
2. 反复、排比、对偶、对照
他不来，我不去。 If he won’t come here, I’ll not go there. 种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。 As you sow, so will you reap. 吃苦在前，享乐在后。 Be the first to bear hardships and the last to enjoy comforts. 不怕慢，只怕站。 It’s better to move ahead slowly than just to mark time.
3.紧缩句
“紧”就是紧凑，是取消各分句之间的语音停顿，让它们紧紧地挨在一起 。 “缩”就是压缩，略去原来分句的一些词语，让它们简约一些。 不到黄河心不死。 Until all is over, ambition never dies.
英语形合与汉语意合对汉英翻译的启示——以《三国演义》为例共25页
66、节制使快乐增加并使享受加强。 ——德 谟克利 特 67、今天应做的事没有做，明天再早也 是耽误 了。——裴斯 泰洛齐 68、决定一个人的一生，以及整个命运 的，只 是一瞬 之间。 ——歌 德 69、懒人无法享受休息之乐。——拉布 克 70、浪费时间是一桩大罪过。——卢梭
1、不要轻言放弃，否则对不起自己。
2、要冒一次险!整个生命就是一场冒险。走得最远的人，常是愿意 去做，并愿意去冒险的人。“稳妥”之船，从未能从岸边走远。-戴尔．卡耐基。
梦 境
3、人生就像一杯没有加糖的咖啡，喝起来是苦涩的，回味起来却有 久久不会退去的余香。
英语形合与汉语意合对汉英翻译的启示— 4、守业的最好办法就是不断的发展。 5、当爱不能完美，我宁愿选择无悔，不管来生多么美丽，我不愿失 去今生对你的记忆，我不求天长地久的美景，我只要生生世世的轮 回里有你。 —以《三国演义》为例
英汉对比之形合与意合资料
汉语的意合手段:
• 1. 语序
• 汉语的许多主从复句，虽然不用关联词，形式类似并列复句，但分句 含义有主有次。从句若前置，一般有“因为”、“如果”、“虽 然” 、”即使”等含义。
• 抓住了主要矛盾，一切问题就可以迎刃而解。
• Once the principle contradiction is grasped, all problems can be readily solved.
汉语的形合手段比英语少得多：没有英语常用的那些关系代词、关系副 词、连接代词和连接副词； 介词数量少，大约只有30个(英286个)，而且大多是从动词“借”来的。 汉语没有词的形态变化，没有“it”和“there”这类替补词，代词也用 得较少， 词语之间的关系常常在不言之中，语法意义和逻辑联系常隐含在字里行 间。
• 而在译文中，汉语的叙事方法是按照事情发展的先后顺序，以短 句的形式依次交代清楚，句子之间没有过多的形式连接，主要的 语法意义多由动词来完成，充分体现汉语的意合特征。
汉语的意合法
汉语造句少用甚至不用形式连接手段， 注重隐性连贯（covert coherence） 注重逻辑事理顺序 注重功能、意义，以神统形
汉语的意合法
• Because he is not honest, I can’t trust him. （因为）他不老实，我不能信任他。 I can’t trust him, because he is not honest. 我不能信任他, 因为他不老实.
• 人不犯我，我不犯人。 We will not attack others unless we are attacked.
英语的形合法
• And he knew how ashamed he would have been if she had known his mother and the kind of place in which he was born, and the kind of people among whom he was born.
英汉句子比较与翻译
01
傅雷：东方人与西方人的思维方式有基本分歧，我人重综合，重归纳，重暗示，重含蓄；西方人则重分析，细微曲折，挖掘唯恐不尽，描写唯恐不周。
汉语学家王力：西洋语法是硬的，没有弹性；中国语法是软的，富有弹性。……所以中国语法以达意为主。 英国人写文章往往化零为整，而中国人写文章却往往化整为零。
1
2
3
5
这个问题必须予以处理。
6
This matter must be dealt with.
7
无被动助词
1
看似主动，但在主谓关系上却有被动含义，这种语言现象在汉语中大量存在。
2
例句：
3
那里讲什么语言？
4
What language is spoken there?
5
这个任务必须按时完成。
6
This task must be fulfilled in time.
There is nothing wrong with this computer.
这台电脑没有什么毛病。
2 –ible, -able 结尾的形容词作定语，与every, the only或形容词最高级连用来修饰一个名词时，也常需后置。 The doctors have tried every way possible. 大夫们已经试过各种可能的办法了。 They had the greatest difficulty imaginable getting there in time. 为了能及时赶到那儿，他们克服了极大的困难。 It is the only wild berry edible here in this area. 它是这个地区惟一能食用的野莓。
I worked very hard on this book.
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
锘?html>浠庡舰鍚堟剰鍚堣搴︾湅鑻辨眽鍙ュ瓙缈昏瘧缈昏瘧涓庡叾璇存槸涓€绉嶈瑷€娲诲姩锛屼笉濡傝鏄竴闂ㄨ壓鏈紝鍥犱负瀹冧笉鏄満姊扮殑杞崲鍜岀畝鍗曠殑鍙樻洿锛岃€屾槸鐢ㄤ竴绉嶈瑷€鎶婂彟涓€绉嶈瑷€鎵€琛ㄨ揪鐨勬€濇兂鍐呭銆佹劅鎯呫€侀鏍肩瓑蹇犲疄鍦伴噸鏂拌〃鐜板嚭鏉ャ€傝嫳璇綔鏂囨槸楂樿€冭嫳璇殑蹇呰€冮涔嬩竴锛?/span> 鍙互姣笉澶稿紶鍦拌锛?/span> 鑻辫浣滄枃鐨勬垚璐ョ洿鎺ュ奖鍝嶉珮鑰冪殑鎴愯触銆?/span> 鑰岃閲忎竴绡囨枃绔犺川閲忕殑楂樹綆锛?/span> 璇█鐨勭伒鍔ㄥ鍙樿捣鐫€鍏抽敭鐨勪綔鐢ㄣ€?/span> 鐢变簬鑻辨眽涓ょ璇█鐨勬枃鍖栧樊寮傦紝甯稿父涓嶈兘閫愬瓧瀵硅瘧锛?/span> 缈昏瘧鏃惰鏍规嵁鑻辨眽璇█鐨勭壒鐐硅绌堕€傚綋鐨勮壓鏈紝甯哥敤鐨勭炕璇戞妧宸ф湁锛?/span>1. 璇嶇殑澧炶ˉ銆傛眽璇噷鏃犱富璇殑鍙ュ瓙寰堝锛?/span> 鑰岃嫳璇竴鑸兘闇€瑕佹湁涓昏銆?/span> 鎵€浠ワ紝涓轰簡淇濊瘉鑻辫璇硶缁撴瀯鐨勫畬鏁达紝鏈夋椂鏍规嵁闇€瑕侀噰鐢ㄨ鍔ㄥ紡鎴?/span> “There be...”缁撴瀯銆?/span> 濡傦細(1) 涓嬪崍鍏偣寮€鏅氶キ銆?/span>Supper is served at 6 p.m.(2) 涓嶅彲鍚﹁涓浗宸插湪涓栫晫涓婂崰涓捐冻杞婚噸鐨勫湴浣嶃€?/span>There is no denying that China is playing an important part in the world.姝ゅ锛?/span> 杩樺父甯搁渶瑕佹牴鎹笂涓嬫枃鐨勬剰鎬濋€夋嫨閫傚綋鐨勮瘝鏉ヨˉ鍑轰富璇€?/span> 濡傦細(1) 鎺ュ埌浣犵殑鏉ヤ俊闈炲父楂樺叴銆?/span>I was very glad to have received your letter.(2) 涓€鍚埌閭ｄ釜鍧忔秷鎭紝濂瑰氨蹇嶄笉浣忓摥浜嗚捣鏉ャ€?/span>When she heard the bad news, she couldn’t help crying out.鍦ㄨ嫳璇噷锛?/span> 鍑¤鍒颁竴涓汉鐨勫櫒瀹樻椂锛?/span> 鎬昏鍦ㄥ墠闈㈠姞涓婄墿涓讳唬璇嶃€?/span> 濡傦細(1) 鍔ㄥ姩鑴戠瓔锛?/span> 浣犲氨浼氭兂鍑哄姙娉曠殑銆?/span>Use your head, then you will find a way.(2) 濂圭敤鎵嬭挋浣忚劯淇濇姢鐪肩潧銆?/span>She covered her face with her hand to protect her eyes.浠ヤ笂鍙ュ瓙涓墍澧炲姞鐨?/span> your, her, 浠庢眽璇殑瑙掑害鏉ョ湅鏄浣欑殑锛?/span> 鍙湪鑻辫涓笉鑳界己灏戙€?/span>2. 璇嶇被鐨勮浆鎹€傝瘝绫昏浆鎹㈡槸瀛︾敓姣旇緝闄岀敓鐨勪竴绉嶅啓浣滄柟娉曪紝浣嗘槸杩愮敤寰楀綋锛?/span> 鍙娇琛屾枃鐏靛姩澶氬彉锛?/span> 鏇寸鍚堣嫳璇範鎯€?/span> 涓€鑸槸姹夎鐨勫姩璇嶈浆鎹㈡垚鑻辫鐨勫悕璇嶃€?/span> 褰㈠璇嶃€?/span> 浠嬭瘝銆?/span> 濡傦細(1) 涓浗鎴愬姛鍦板彂灏勪簡绁炶垷涓冨彿寮曡捣浜嗗叏涓栫晫鐨勫叧娉ㄣ€?/span>China’s successful launching of Shenzhou Seven caused the world’s attention.(2) 鎴戜滑鎬€鐤戜粬鏄惁鑳藉畬鎴愪换鍔°€?/span>We are doubtful whether he can finish his task.(3) 鎴戜滑閮借禐鎴愪粬鐨勫缓璁€?/span>We are all in favor of his suggestion.鍙︿竴绉嶆儏鍐垫槸姹夎鐨勫悕璇嶈浆鎹㈡垚鑻辫鐨勫姩璇嶃€?/span> 濡傦細(1) 浠栫殑婕旇缁欐垜浠殑鍗拌薄寰堟繁銆?/span>His speech impressed us deeply.(2) 鍦扮悆鐨勫舰鐘跺儚涓€涓ぇ鐞冦€?/span>The earth is shaped like a big ball.3. 璇簭鐨勫彉鎹€備负浜嗗姞寮轰慨杈炴晥鏋滐紝鎴栦负浜嗘洿鍔犵‘鍒囧湴琛ㄨ揪鍘熸枃鍚箟锛?/span> 鎴戜滑甯稿父浣跨敤鍊掕鍙ワ紝鎴栬€呭己璋冨彞銆?/span> 濡傦細(1) 浠栨倓鎮勫湴璧颁簡銆?/span>He went away, quietly. 锛堟甯歌搴忥級Quietly, he went away. ( 鍓瘝鎻愬墠锛?/span> 寮鸿皟鍔ㄤ綔鐨勮交锛?/span> 鏇村姞褰㈣薄)(2) 鏂瘑鎬濆厛鐢熻繘鏉ヤ簡銆?/span>Mr. Smith came in. 锛堟甯歌搴忥級In came Mr. Smith. (浠嬭瘝鎻愬墠锛屽己璋冩潵鑰呯殑蹇冩儏杩垏)4. 璇€佺殑鍙樻崲銆傛眽璇腑鏈変簺鍙ュ瓙鐪嬩技涓诲姩鍙ワ紝浣嗚瘧鎴愯嫳璇椂甯哥敤琚姩寮忋€?/span> 濡傦細(1) 浜轰滑璁や负…… It is thought that...(2) 澶у鐭ラ亾…… It is well known that...(3) 鏈変汉璇?hellip;… It is said that...(4) 璇峰叏浣撳悓瀛﹀埌鎿嶅満闆嗕腑銆?/span>All the students are required to gather on the play-ground.璇风敤澶氱鏂瑰紡缈昏瘧涓嬪垪鍙ュ瓙锛?/span>1. 2008 骞村洓宸濆彂鐢熶簡涓€鍦哄湴闇囥€?/span>2. 浠栨病涓婂鏄洜涓轰粬鐥呬簡銆?/span>3. 姹ゅ鏄ぇ瀹跺叕璁ょ殑鐪熸鑻遍泟銆?/span>4. 鍒樿€佸笀鏄ㄥぉ缁欎簡鎴戜竴浜涗功銆?/span>5. 閭ｅ瀛愪笉鎯冲悆浠讳綍涓滆タ銆?/span>6. 鍙湁鍔姏瀛︿範浣犳墠浼氭垚鍔熴€?/span>7. 涓€鍚埌閭ｄ釜涓嶅垢鐨勬秷鎭ス灏卞摥浜嗚捣鏉ャ€?/span>8. 杩欒€佸笀涓嶄粎鏈夌煡璇嗚€屼笖鏈夌粡楠屻€?/span>9. 杩欐槸鎴戠湅杩囩殑鏈€濂界殑涓€閮ㄧ數褰便€?/span>10. Jack 鏄垜浠彮鏈€楂樼殑瀛︾敓銆傚弬鑰冪瓟妗?/span>1. 2008 骞村洓宸濆彂鐢熶簡涓€鍦哄湴闇囥€?/span>An earthquake happened in Sichuan in 2008.An earthquake shook Sichuan in 2008.There was an earthquake in Sichuan in 2008.Sichuan was shaken by an earthquake in 2008.2. 浠栨病涓婂鏄洜涓轰粬鐥呬簡銆?/span>The reason why he didn’t go to school was that hewas ill.He was ill so that he didn’t go to school.He didn’t go to school because of his illness.It was his illness that he didn’t go to school.3. 姹ゅ鏄ぇ瀹跺叕璁ょ殑鐪熸鑻遍泟銆?/span>There is no doubt that Tom is a real hero.Without doubt, Tom is a real hero.Anyone doesn’t doubt that Tom is a real hero.4. 鍒樿€佸笀鏄ㄥぉ缁欎簡鎴戜竴浜涗功銆?/span>Teacher Liu gave me some books yesterday.What teacher Liu gave me yesterday was some books.It was some books that teacher Liu gave me yester-day.5. 閭ｅ瀛愪笉鎯冲悆浠讳綍涓滆タ銆?/span>The child didn’t feel like eating anything.The child refused to eat anything.The child showed no interest in eating anything.6. 濡傛灉鍔姏瀛︿範浣犲氨浼氭垚鍔熴€?/span>You will succeed if you study hard.You won’t succeed unless you study hard.Without studying hard, you won’t succeed.It is your studying hard that will make you succeed.7.銆€銆€缈昏瘧涓庡叾璇存槸涓€绉嶈瑷€娲诲姩锛屼笉濡傝鏄竴闂ㄨ壓鏈紝鍥犱负瀹冧笉鏄満姊扮殑杞崲鍜岀畝鍗曠殑鍙樻洿锛岃€屾槸鐢ㄤ竴绉嶈瑷€鎶婂彟涓€绉嶈瑷€鎵€琛ㄨ揪鐨勬€濇兂鍐呭銆佹劅鎯呫€侀鏍肩瓑蹇犲疄鍦伴噸鏂拌〃鐜板嚭鏉ャ€傝嫳璇綔鏂囨槸楂樿€冭嫳璇殑蹇呰€冮涔嬩竴锛?/span> 鍙互姣笉澶稿紶鍦拌锛?/span> 鑻辫浣滄枃鐨勬垚璐ョ洿鎺ュ奖鍝嶉珮鑰冪殑鎴愯触銆?/span> 鑰岃閲忎竴绡囨枃绔犺川閲忕殑楂樹綆锛?/span> 璇█鐨勭伒鍔ㄥ鍙樿捣鐫€鍏抽敭鐨勪綔鐢ㄣ€?/span> 鐢变簬鑻辨眽涓ょ璇█鐨勬枃鍖栧樊寮傦紝甯稿父涓嶈兘閫愬瓧瀵硅瘧锛?/span> 缈昏瘧鏃惰鏍规嵁鑻辨眽璇█鐨勭壒鐐硅绌堕€傚綋鐨勮壓鏈紝甯哥敤鐨勭炕璇戞妧宸ф湁锛?/span>1. 璇嶇殑澧炶ˉ銆傛眽璇噷鏃犱富璇殑鍙ュ瓙寰堝锛?/span> 鑰岃嫳璇竴鑸兘闇€瑕佹湁涓昏銆?/span> 鎵€浠ワ紝涓轰簡淇濊瘉鑻辫璇硶缁撴瀯鐨勫畬鏁达紝鏈夋椂鏍规嵁闇€瑕侀噰鐢ㄨ鍔ㄥ紡鎴?/span> “There be...”缁撴瀯銆?/span> 濡傦細(1) 涓嬪崍鍏偣寮€鏅氶キ銆?/span>Supper is served at 6 p.m.(2) 涓嶅彲鍚﹁涓浗宸插湪涓栫晫涓婂崰涓捐冻杞婚噸鐨勫湴浣嶃€?/span>There is no denying that China is playing an important part in the world.姝ゅ锛?/span> 杩樺父甯搁渶瑕佹牴鎹笂涓嬫枃鐨勬剰鎬濋€夋嫨閫傚綋鐨勮瘝鏉ヨˉ鍑轰富璇€?/span> 濡傦細(1) 鎺ュ埌浣犵殑鏉ヤ俊闈炲父楂樺叴銆?/span>I was very glad to have received your letter.(2) 涓€鍚埌閭ｄ釜鍧忔秷鎭紝濂瑰氨蹇嶄笉浣忓摥浜嗚捣鏉ャ€?/span>When she heard the bad news, she couldn’t help crying out.鍦ㄨ嫳璇噷锛?/span> 鍑¤鍒颁竴涓汉鐨勫櫒瀹樻椂锛?/span> 鎬昏鍦ㄥ墠闈㈠姞涓婄墿涓讳唬璇嶃€?/span> 濡傦細(1) 鍔ㄥ姩鑴戠瓔锛?/span> 浣犲氨浼氭兂鍑哄姙娉曠殑銆?/span>Use your head, then you will find a way.(2) 濂圭敤鎵嬭挋浣忚劯淇濇姢鐪肩潧銆?/span>She covered her face with her hand to protect her eyes.浠ヤ笂鍙ュ瓙涓墍澧炲姞鐨?/span> your, her, 浠庢眽璇殑瑙掑害鏉ョ湅鏄浣欑殑锛?/span> 鍙湪鑻辫涓笉鑳界己灏戙€?/span>2. 璇嶇被鐨勮浆鎹€傝瘝绫昏浆鎹㈡槸瀛︾敓姣旇緝闄岀敓鐨勪竴绉嶅啓浣滄柟娉曪紝浣嗘槸杩愮敤寰楀綋锛?/span> 鍙娇琛屾枃鐏靛姩澶氬彉锛?/span> 鏇寸鍚堣嫳璇範鎯€?/span> 涓€鑸槸姹夎鐨勫姩璇嶈浆鎹㈡垚鑻辫鐨勫悕璇嶃€?/span> 褰㈠璇嶃€?/span> 浠嬭瘝銆?/span> 濡傦細(1) 涓浗鎴愬姛鍦板彂灏勪簡绁炶垷涓冨彿寮曡捣浜嗗叏涓栫晫鐨勫叧娉ㄣ€?/span>China’s successful launching of Shenzhou Seven caused the world’s attention.(2) 鎴戜滑鎬€鐤戜粬鏄惁鑳藉畬鎴愪换鍔°€?/span>We are doubtful whether he can finish his task.(3) 鎴戜滑閮借禐鎴愪粬鐨勫缓璁€?/span>We are all in favor of his suggestion.鍙︿竴绉嶆儏鍐垫槸姹夎鐨勫悕璇嶈浆鎹㈡垚鑻辫鐨勫姩璇嶃€?/span> 濡傦細(1) 浠栫殑婕旇缁欐垜浠殑鍗拌薄寰堟繁銆?/span>His speech impressed us deeply.(2) 鍦扮悆鐨勫舰鐘跺儚涓€涓ぇ鐞冦€?/span>The earth is shaped like a big ball.3. 璇簭鐨勫彉鎹€備负浜嗗姞寮轰慨杈炴晥鏋滐紝鎴栦负浜嗘洿鍔犵‘鍒囧湴琛ㄨ揪鍘熸枃鍚箟锛?/span> 鎴戜滑甯稿父浣跨敤鍊掕鍙ワ紝鎴栬€呭己璋冨彞銆?/span> 濡傦細(1) 浠栨倓鎮勫湴璧颁簡銆?/span>He went away, quietly. 锛堟甯歌搴忥級Quietly, he went away. ( 鍓瘝鎻愬墠锛?/span> 寮鸿皟鍔ㄤ綔鐨勮交锛?/span> 鏇村姞褰㈣薄)(2) 鏂瘑鎬濆厛鐢熻繘鏉ヤ簡銆?/span>Mr. Smith came in. 锛堟甯歌搴忥級In came Mr. Smith. (浠嬭瘝鎻愬墠锛屽己璋冩潵鑰呯殑蹇冩儏杩垏)4. 璇€佺殑鍙樻崲銆傛眽璇腑鏈変簺鍙ュ瓙鐪嬩技涓诲姩鍙ワ紝浣嗚瘧鎴愯嫳璇椂甯哥敤琚姩寮忋€?/span> 濡傦細(1) 浜轰滑璁や负…… It is thought that...(2) 澶у鐭ラ亾…… It is well known that...(3) 鏈変汉璇?hellip;… It is said that...(4) 璇峰叏浣撳悓瀛﹀埌鎿嶅満闆嗕腑銆?/span>All the students are required to gather on the play-ground.璇风敤澶氱鏂瑰紡缈昏瘧涓嬪垪鍙ュ瓙锛?/span>1. 2008 骞村洓宸濆彂鐢熶簡涓€鍦哄湴闇囥€?/span>2. 浠栨病涓婂鏄洜涓轰粬鐥呬簡銆?/span>3. 姹ゅ鏄ぇ瀹跺叕璁ょ殑鐪熸鑻遍泟銆?/span>4. 鍒樿€佸笀鏄ㄥぉ缁欎簡鎴戜竴浜涗功銆?/span>5. 閭ｅ瀛愪笉鎯冲悆浠讳綍涓滆タ銆?/span>6. 鍙湁鍔姏瀛︿範浣犳墠浼氭垚鍔熴€?/span>7. 涓€鍚埌閭ｄ釜涓嶅垢鐨勬秷鎭ス灏卞摥浜嗚捣鏉ャ€?/span>8. 杩欒€佸笀涓嶄粎鏈夌煡璇嗚€屼笖鏈夌粡楠屻€?/span>9. 杩欐槸鎴戠湅杩囩殑鏈€濂界殑涓€閮ㄧ數褰便€?/span>10. Jack 鏄垜浠彮鏈€楂樼殑瀛︾敓銆傚弬鑰冪瓟妗?/span>1. 2008 骞村洓宸濆彂鐢熶簡涓€鍦哄湴闇囥€?/span>An earthquake happened in Sichuan in 2008.An earthquake shook Sichuan in 2008.There was an earthquake in Sichuan in 2008.Sichuan was shaken by an earthquake in 2008.2. 浠栨病涓婂鏄洜涓轰粬鐥呬簡銆?/span>The reason why he didn’t go to school was that hewas ill.He was ill so that he didn’t go to school.He didn’t go to school because of his illness.It was his illness that he didn’t go to school.3. 姹ゅ鏄ぇ瀹跺叕璁ょ殑鐪熸鑻遍泟銆?/span>There is no doubt that Tom is a real hero.Without doubt, Tom is a real hero.Anyone doesn’t doubt that Tom is a real hero.4. 鍒樿€佸笀鏄ㄥぉ缁欎簡鎴戜竴浜涗功銆?/span>Teacher Liu gave me some books yesterday.What teacher Liu gave me yesterday was some books.It was some books that teacher Liu gave me yester-day.5. 閭ｅ瀛愪笉鎯冲悆浠讳綍涓滆タ銆?/span>The child didn’t feel like eating anything.The child refused to eat anything.The child showed no interest in eating anything.6. 濡傛灉鍔姏瀛︿範浣犲氨浼氭垚鍔熴€?/span>You will succeed if you study hard.You won’t succeed unless you study hard.Without studying hard, you won’t succeed.It is your studying hard that will make you succeed.7.。