2013医学博士英语真题及答案
2013年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题及详解【圣才出品】
2013年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题及详解试卷一（Paper One）Part I Listening Comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question aboutwhat is said. The question will be read only once. After you hear thequestion, read the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the bestanswer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Now let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. A cough.B. Diarrhea.C. A fever.D. Vomiting.【答案】B【解析】录音中女士说“He has a chesty cough all the time”，“His temperature is high”，“He just brings up (呕吐) bile (胆汁)”，由此可知，这个小男孩生病的症状有咳嗽，发烧和呕吐，并没有腹泻（diarrhea），故答案为B项。
医学考博英语试题及答案
医学考博英语试题及答案一、词汇与语法（共20分，每题1分）1. The new drug is reported to be effective in treating_______.A. hypertensionB. hypotensionC. hyperactivityD. hypoactivity答案：A2. The patient's condition has been stable since the _______ of the medication.A. administrationB. admissionC. communicationD. commutation答案：A3. The doctor advised the patient to avoid _______ foods.A. allergenicB. allergicC. allergenD. allergy答案：A4. The _______ of the surgery was successful, but thepatient's recovery was slow.A. executionB. implementationC. performanceD. operation答案：D5. The _______ of the disease is influenced by genetic factors.A. progressionB. regressionC. transmissionD. transition答案：A二、阅读理解（共30分，每篇5分）Passage 1Recent studies have shown that a balanced diet can significantly reduce the risk of heart disease. Experts recommend consuming a variety of fruits and vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats. It is also important to limit the intake of salt, sugar, and saturated fats.5. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The importance of a balanced dietB. The role of fruits and vegetables in heart healthC. The dangers of salt, sugar, and saturated fatsD. The benefits of lean proteins and healthy fats答案：A6. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT recommended for heart health?A. Consuming a variety of fruits and vegetablesB. Eating whole grainsC. Limiting the intake of salt and sugarD. Eating large amounts of saturated fats答案：DPassage 2The use of electronic health records (EHRs) has increased significantly in recent years. EHRs provide a comprehensive view of a patient's medical history, which can improve the quality of care. However, the implementation of EHRs also presents challenges, such as ensuring data privacy and security.7. What is the main advantage of EHRs mentioned in the passage?A. They provide a complete medical historyB. They improve patient-doctor communicationC. They reduce medical errorsD. They lower healthcare costs答案：A8. What challenge is associated with the use of EHRs?A. Ensuring data privacy and securityB. Training medical staff to use the systemC. Maintaining the hardware for the systemD. Complying with legal regulations答案：A三、完形填空（共20分，每题2分）In recent years, telemedicine has become increasingly popular as a means of providing medical care to patients in remoteareas. This approach allows doctors to consult with patients via video conference, 9. which can save both time and money. Telemedicine can also 10. provide access to specialized care that may not be available locally.9. A. therebyB. moreoverC. howeverD. otherwise答案：A10. A. potentiallyB. actuallyC. certainlyD. occasionally答案：A四、翻译（共30分，每题15分）将下列句子从英文翻译成中文。
重庆医科大学2013年博士研究生入学考试（英语）真题
重庆医科大学2013年博士研究生入学考试（英语）真题重庆医科大学2013年博士研究生入学考试（英语）真题Despite Denmark's manifest virtues, Danes never talk abouthow proud they are to be Danes. This would sound weird in Danish. When Danestalk to foreigners about Denmark, they always begin by commenting on itstininess, its unimportance, the difficulty of its language, the generalsmall-mindedness and self-indulgence of their countrymen and the high taxes. NoDane would look you in the eye and say, “Denmark is a great country.” You'resupposed to figure this out for yourself.It is the land of the silk safety net, where almost half thenational budget goes toward smoothing out life's inequalities, and there isplenty of money for schools, day care, retraining programmes, jobseminars—Danes love seminars: three days at a study centre hearing about wastemanagement is almost as good as a ski trip. It is a culture bombarded byEnglish, in advertising, pop music, the Internet, and despite all the Englishthat Danish absorbs—there is no Danish Academy to defend against it—olddialects persist in Jutland that can barely be understood by Copenhageners. Itis the land where, as the saying goes, “ Few have too much and fewer have toolittle,” and a foreigner is struck by the sweet egalitarianism that prevails,where the lowliest clerk gives you a level gaze, where Sir and Madame havedisappeared from common usage, even Mr. and Mrs. It's a nation of recyclers—about55% of Danish garbage gets made into something new—and no nuclear power plants.It's a nation of tireless planners. Trains run on time. Things operate well ingeneral.Such a nation of overachievers—a brochure from theMinistryof Business and Industry says, “Denmark is one of the world's cleanest and mostorganized countries, with virtually no pollution, crime, or poverty. Denmark isthe most corruption-f ree society in the Northern Hemisphere.” So, of course,one's heart lifts at any sighting of Danish sleaze: skinhead graffiti onbuildings (“Foreigners Out of Denmark!”), broken beer bottles in the gutters,drunken teenagers slumped in the park. Nonetheless, it is an orderly land. You drive through aDanish town, it comes to an end at a stone wall, and on the other side is afield of barley, a nice clean line: town here, country there. It is not anation of jaywalkers. People stand on the curb and wait for the red light tochange, even if it's 2 a.m. and there's not a car in sight. However, Danes don'tthink of themselves as a waiting-at-2-a.m.-for-the-green-light people—that'show they see Swedes and Germans. Danes see themselves as jazzy people,improvisers, more free spirited than Swedes, but the truth is (though oneshould not say it) that Danes are very much like Germans and Swedes.Orderliness is a main selling point. Denmark has few natural resources, limitedmanufacturing capability; its future in Europe will be as a broker, banker, anddistributor of goods. You send your goods by container ship to Copenhagen, andthese bright, young,English-speaking, utterly honest, highly disciplinedpeople will get your goods around to Scandinavia, the Baltic States, andRussia. Airports, seaports, highways, and rail lines are ultramodern andwell-maintained.The orderliness of the society doesn't mean that Danishlives are less messy or lonely than yours or mine, and no Dane would tell youso. You can hear plenty about bitter family feuds and the sorrows of alcoholismand about perfectly sensible people whowent off one day and killed themselves.An orderly society can not exempt its members from the hazards of life.But there is a sense of entitlement and security that Danesgrow up with. Certain things are yours by virtue of citizenship, and youshouldn't feel bad for taking what you're entitled to, you're as good as anyoneelse. The rules of the welfare system are clear to everyone, the benefits youget if you lose your job, the steps you take to get a new one; and theorderliness of the system makes it possible for the country to weather highunemployment and social unrest without a sense of crisis.16. The author thinks that Danes adopt a ________ attitudetowards their country.A. boastfu lB.modestC. deprecatingD. mysterious17. Which of the following is NOT a Danish characteristiccited in the passage?A. Fondness of foreign culture.B. Equality in society.C. Linguistic tolerance.D. Persistent planning.18. The author's reaction to the statement by the Ministryof Business and Industry is ________.A. disapprovingB. approvingC. noncommittalD. doubtful19. According to the passage, Danish orderliness ________.A. sets the people apart from Germans and SwedesB. spares Danes social troubles besetting other peoplesC. is considered economically essential to the countryD. prevents Danes from acknowledging existing troubles20. At the end of the passage the author states all thefollowing EXCEPT that ________.A. Danes are clearly informed of their social benefitsB. Danes take for granted what is given to themC. the open system helps to tide the country overD. orderliness has alleviated unemploymentCooperative competition. Competitivecooperation. Confused? Airline alliances have travellers scratching their headsover what's going on in the skies. Some folks view alliances as a blessing totravellers, offering seamless travel, reduced fares and enhanced frequent-flyerbenefits. Others see a。
医学博士英语试题及答案
医学博士英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is the most common cause of death in patients with heart failure?A. Heart attackB. Kidney failureC. Respiratory failureD. Sepsis答案：C2. The primary function of the liver is to:A. Produce bileB. Regulate blood sugar levelsC. Filter bloodD. Produce hormones答案：A3. In medical terminology, "icterus" refers to:A. JaundiceB. HematuriaC. DyspneaD. Edema答案：A4. The term "neuropathy" is most closely associated withwhich system of the body?A. Musculoskeletal systemB. Nervous systemC. Cardiovascular systemD. Respiratory system答案：B5. Which of the following is a risk factor for developing diabetes?A. High blood pressureB. Family history of diabetesC. Both A and BD. Neither A nor B答案：C6. The abbreviation "MRI" stands for:A. Magnetic Resonance ImagingB. Myocardial Reperfusion ImagingC. Metabolic Rate ImagingD. Mitochondrial Respiratory Index答案：A7. A patient with a diagnosis of "pneumonia" is most likely to exhibit which symptom?A. CoughB. DiarrheaC. RashD. Headache答案：A8. The "HIV" in medical terminology stands for:A. Human Immunodeficiency VirusB. Hepatitis Infection VirusC. Hemophiliac Infection VirusD. Hypertension Infection Virus答案：A9. Which of the following is a type of cancer that originates in the blood?A. LeukemiaB. MelanomaC. Lung cancerD. Breast cancer答案：A10. The "ICU" in a hospital setting refers to:A. Intensive Care UnitB. Inpatient Care UnitC. Imaging Control UnitD. Infection Control Unit答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The medical term for inflammation of the heart muscle is ________.答案：cardiomyopathy2. A(n) ________ is a medical professional who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the ear, nose, and throat.答案：otolaryngologist3. The process of removing waste products from the body is known as ________.答案：excretion4. A(n) ________ is a type of cancer that originates in the prostate gland.答案：prostate cancer5. The abbreviation "CT" stands for ________.答案：computed tomography6. A patient with a diagnosis of ________ is experiencing difficulty in breathing.答案：asthma7. The medical term for the surgical removal of the appendix is ________.答案：appendectomy8. A(n) ________ is a medical condition characterized by high blood pressure.答案：hypertension9. The abbreviation "MRI" stands for ________.答案：magnetic resonance imaging10. The term "diabetes" refers to a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood ________ levels.答案：glucose三、简答题（每题10分，共20分）1. Explain the difference between a "benign" tumor and a "malignant" tumor.答案：A benign tumor is a growth that does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. It is generally not life-threatening and can often be removed surgically. In contrast, a malignant tumor is cancerous, meaning it can invade and destroy surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems, posing a significant health risk.2. What is the role of the spleen in the human body?答案：The spleen is an important organ in the immune system, primarily responsible for filtering blood and removing damaged cells and bacteria. It also plays a role in the production of white blood cells and the storage of platelets and red blood cells. Additionally, the spleen helps in the recycling of iron from old red blood cells.四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）1. Discuss the importance of a balanced diet in maintaining good health.答案：A balanced diet is crucial for maintaining good health as it provides the body with the necessary nutrients, vitamins, and minerals required for optimal functioning. Ithelps in maintaining a healthy weight, supports the immune system, promotes proper growth and development, and reduces the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and certain types of cancer. A balanced diet typically includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats, while。
2013英语考博真题
四川大学2013年博士研究生入学考试英语试题I.Reading Comprehension (30%; one mark each):Direction: Read the following six passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C or D, Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneOver the past several decades, the U.S., Canada, and Europe have received a great deal of media and even research attention over unusual phenomena and unsolved mysteries. These include UFOs as well as sightings and encounters with "nonhuman creatures" such as Bigfoot and the Loch Ness monster. Only recently has Latin America begun to receive some attention as well. Although the mysteries of the Aztec, Mayan, and Inca civilizations have been known for centuries, now the public is also becoming aware of unusual, paranormal phenomena in countries such as Peru.The Nazca "lines" of Peru Were discovered in the 1930s. These lines are deeply carved into a flat, stony plain, and form about 300 intricate pictures of animals such as birds, a monkey, and a lizard. Seen at ground level, the designs area jumbled senseless mess. The images are so large that they can only be viewed at a height of 1,000 feet- meaning from an aircraft Yet there were no aircraft in 300 B.C., when it is judged the designs were made. Nor were there then, or are there now, any nearby mountain ranges from which to view them. So how and why did the native people of Nazca create these marvelous designs? One answer appeared in 1969, when the German researcher, and writer Erich yon Daniken proposed that the lines were drawn by extraterrestrials as runways for their aircraft. The scientific community did not take long to scoffat and abandon yon Daniken's theory. Over the years several other theories have been put forth, but none has been accepted by the scientific community.Today there is a new and heightened interest in the Nazca lines. It is a direct result of the creation of the Internet. Currently there are over 60 sites dedicated to this mystery from Latin America's past, and even respected scientists have joined the discussion through e-mail and chat rooms.Will the Internet help explain these: unsolved mysteries? Perhaps it is a step in the right direction.1.Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?[A]Latin America has long received attention for unusual phenomena.[B]Public attention is now directed towards countries like Peru.[C]Public interest usually focuses on North America and Europe[D]Some ancient civilizations have unsolved mysteries.2.According to the passage, the Nasa lines were found[A]in mountains[B] in stones[C] on animals[D] on a plain3.We can infer from the passage that the higher the lines are seen, the the images they present.[A]smaller [B]larger [C] clearer[D]brighter4.There has been increasing interest in the Nazca lines mainly because of .[A]the participation of scientists[B]the emergence of the Internet[C]the birth of new theories[D]the interest in the Internet5.The author is about the role of the Internet in solving mysteries.[A]cautious[B]pessimistic[C] uncertain[D]optimisticPassage TwoSocial circumstances in Early Modem England mostly served to repress women's voices. Patriarchal culture and institutions constructed them as chaste, silent, obedient, and subordinate. At the beginning of17th century, the ideology of patriarchy, political absolutism, and gender hierarchy were reaffirmed powerfully by King James in The. Trew Law of Free Monarchic and the Basilikon Doron; by that ideology the absolute power of God the supreme patriarch was seen to be imaged in the absolute monarch of the state and in the husband and father of a family. Accordingly, a woman's subjection, first to her father and then to her husband, imaged the subjection of English people to their monarch, and of all Christians to God. Also, the period saw an outpouring of repressive or overtly misogynist sermons, tracts, and plays, detailing women's physical and mental defects, spiritual evils, rebelliousness, shrewishness, and natural inferiority to men.Yet some social and cultural conditions served to empower women. During the Elizabethan era (1558-1603) the culture was dominated by a powerful Queen, who provided an impressive female example though she left scant cultural space for other women Elizabethan women writers began to produce original texts but were occupied chiefly with translation. In the 17th century, however, various circumstances enabled women to write original texts in some numbers. For one thing, some counterweight to patriarchy was provided by female communities -- mothers and daughters, extended kinship networks, close female friends, the separate court of Queen Anne (King James's Consort) and her often oppositional masques and political activities. For another, most of these women had a reasonably good education (modem, languages, history, literature, religion, music, occasionally Latin) and some apparently found in romances and histories more expansive terms for imagining women's lives. Also, representation of vigorous and rebellious female characters in literature and especially on the stage no doubt helped to undermine any monolithic social construct of women's nature and role.Most important, perhaps, was the radical potential inherent in the Protestant insistence on every Christian's immediate relationship with God and primary responsibility to follow his or her individual conscience. There is plenty of support in St Paul's epistles and elsewhere in the Bible for patriarchy and a wife’s subjection to her husband, but some texts (notably Galatians 3:28) inscribe a very different politics, promoting women's spiritual equality: "There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither bond nor free, there is neither male nor female: for ye are all one in Jesus Christ." Such texts encouraged some women to claim the support of God the supreme patriarch against the various earthly patriarchs who claimed to stand toward them in his Stead.There is also the gap or slippage between ideology and common experience. English women throughout the 17th century exercised a good deal of actual power: as managers of estates in their husbands' absences at court or on military and diplomatic missions; as members of guilds; as wives and mothers who sometimes dominated their men by sheer force of personality or outright defiance. Their power reached its apex during the English Civil War and Interregnum (1640-60) as the execution of the King and the attendant disruption of social hierarchies led many women-to seize new roles —as preachers, as prophetesses, as deputies for exiled royalist husbands, as writers of religious and political tracts.6.What is the best title for this passage?[A]Women's Position in the 17th Century.[B]Women's Subjection to Patriarchy.[C]Social Circumstances in the 17th Century.[D]Women's Objection in the 17th Century.7.What did the Queen Elizabeth do-for the women in culture?[A]She set an impressive female example to follow.[B]She dominated the culture.[C]She did little.[D]She allowed Women to translate something.8.Which of the following is Not mentioned as a reason to enable women to original texts?[A]Female communities provided some counterweight to patriarchy.[B]Queen Anne's political activities.[C]Most women had a good education.[D]Queen Elizabeth's political activities.9.What did the religion do for the women?[A]It did nothing.[B]It too asked women to be obedient except some texts.[C]It supported women.[D]It appealed to the God.10.What does the word "apex" mean in the last paragraph?[A]the lowest point[B] the end [C] ultimate[D] summitPassage ThreeI am afraid to sleep. I have been afraid to sleep for the last few weeks. I am so tired that, finally, I do sleep, but only for a few minutes. It is not a bad dream that wakes me; it is the reality I took with me into sleep. I try to think of something else.Immediately the woman in the marketplace comes into my mind.I was on my way to dinner last night when I saw her. She was selling skirts. She moved with the same ease and loveliness I often saw in the women of Laos. Her long black hair was as shiny as the black silk of the skirts she was selling. In her hair, she wore three silk ribbons, blue, green, and white. They reminded me of my childhood and how my girlfriends and I used to spend hours braiding ribbons into our hair.I don't know the word for "ribbons", so I put my hand to my own hair and, with three fingers against my head; I looked at her ribbons and said "Beautiful." She lowered her eyes and said nothing. I wasn't sure if she understood me (I don't speak Laotian very well).I looked back down at the skirts. They had designs in them: squares and triangles and circles of pink and green silk. They were very pretty. I decided to buy one of those skirts, and I began to bargain with her over the price. It is the custom to bargain in Asia. In Laos bargaining is done in soft voices and easy moves with the sort of quiet peacefulness.She smiled, more with her eyes than with her lips. She was pleased by the few words I was able to say in her language, although they were mostly numbers, and she saw that I understood something about the soft playfulness of bargaining. We shook our heads in disagreement over the price; then, immediately, we made another offer and then another shake of the head. She was so pleased that unexpectedly, she accepted the last offer I made. But it was too soon. The price was too low. She was being too generous and wouldn't make enough money. I moved quickly and picked up two more skirts and paid for all three at the price set; that way I was able to pay her three times as much before she had a chance to lower the price for the larger purchase. She smiled openly then, and, for the first time in months, my spirit lire& I almost felt happy.The feeling stayed with me while she wrapped the skirts in a newspaper and handed them to me. When I left though, the feeling left, too. It was as though it stayed behind in marketplace. I left tears in my throat. I wanted to cry. I didn't, of course.I have learned to defend myself against what is hard; without knowing it, I have also learned to defend myself against what is soft and what should be easy.I get up, light a candle and want to look at the skirts. They are still in the newspaper that the woman Wrapped them in. I remove the paper, and raise the skirts up to look at them again before I pack them. Something falls to floor. I reach down and feel something cool in my hand. I move close to the candlelight to see what I have. There are five long silk ribbons in my hand, all different colors. The woman in the marketplace! She has given these ribbons to me!There is no defense against a generous spirit, and this time I cry, and very hard, as if I could make up for all the months that I didn't cry.11.Which of the following in NOT correct?[A]The writer was not used to bargaining.[B]People in Asia always bargain when buying things.[C]Bargaining in Laos was quiet and peaceful.[D]The writer was ready to bargain with the woman.12. The writer assumed that the woman accepted the last offer mainly because woman .[A]thought that the last offer was reasonable[B]thought she could still make much money[C]was glad that the writer knew their way of bargaining[D]was fired of bargaining with the writer any more13.Why did the writer finally decide to buy three skirts?[A]The skirts were cheap and pretty.[B]She liked the patterns on the skirts.[C]She wanted to do Something as compensation.[D]She was fed up with further bargaining with the woman.14.When did the writer left the marketplace, she wanted to cry, but did not because .[A]she had learned to stay cool and unfeeling[B]she was afraid of crying in public[C]she had learned to face difficulties bravely[D]she had to show in public that she was strong15.Why did the writer cry eventually when she looked at the skirts again?[A]she suddenly felt very sad.[B]she liked the ribbons so much.[C]she was overcome by emotion.[D]She felt sorry for the woman.Passage FourWhen one looks back upon the fifteen hundred years that are the life span of the English language, he should be able to notice a number of significant truths. The history of our language has always been a history of constant change ---at times a slow, almost imperceptible change, at other times a violent collision between two languages. Our language has always been a living growing organism, it has never been static. Another significant truth that emerges from such a study is that language at all times has been the possession not of one class or group but of many. At one extreme it has been the property of the common, ignorant folk, who have used it in the daily business of their living, much as they have used their animals or the kitchen pots and pans. At the other extreme it has been the treasure of those who have respected it as an instrument and a sign of civilization, and who have struggled by writing it down to give it some permanence, order, dignity, and if possible，a little beauty.As we consider our changing language, we should note here two developments that are of special and immediate importance to us. One is that since the time of the Anglo-Saxons there has been an almost complete reversal of the different devices for showing the relationship of words in a sentence. Anglo-Saxon (old English) was a language of many inflections. Modem English has few .inflections. We must now depend largely on word order and function words to convey the meanings that the older language did by means of changes in the forms of words. Function words, you should understand, are words such as prepositions, conjunctions, and a few others that are used primarily to show relationships among other words. A few inflections, however, have survived. And when some word inflections come into conflict with word order, there may be trouble for the users of the language, as we shall see later when we turn our attention to such maters as WHO or WHOM and ME or I. The second fact we must consider is that as language itself changes, our attitudes toward language forms change also. The eighteenth century, for example, produced from various sources a tendency to fix the language into patterns not always set in and grew, until at the present time there is a strong tendency to restudy and re-evaluate language practices in terms of the ways in which people speak and write.16.In contrast to the earlier linguists, modern linguists tend to .[A]attempt to continue the standardization of the language[B]evaluate language practices in terms of current speech rather than standards or proper patterns[C]be more concerned about the improvement of the language than its analysis or history[D]be more aware of the roles of the language usage17.Choose the appropriate meaning for the word "inflection" used in paragraph 2:[A]changes in the forms of words.[B]changes in sentence structures.[C]changes in spelling roles.[D]words that have similar meanings.18.Which of the following statements is Not mentioned in the passage?[A]It is generally believed that the year 1500 can be set as the beginning of the modem English language.[B]Some other languages had great influence on the English language at some stages of its development.[C]The English language has been and still in a state of relatively constant change.[D]Many classes or groups have contributed to the development of the English language.19.The author of these paragraphs is probably a (an) .[A]historian[B] philosopher[C] anthropologist[D] linguist20.Which of the following can be best used as the title of the passage?[A]The history of the English language.[B]Our changing attitude towards the English language.[C]Our changing language.[D]Some characteristics of modem English.Passage FiveWe know very little about pain and what we don't know makes it hut all the more. Indeed, no form of illiteracy in the United States is so widespread or costly as ignorance about pain what it is, what causes it, how to deal with it without panic. Almost everyone can rattle off tile names of at least a dozen drugs that can deaden pain from every conceivable cause all the way from headaches to hemorrhoids.There is far less knowledge about the fact that about 90 percent of pain is self limiting, that it is not always an indication of poor health, and that, most frequently, it is the result of tension, stress, worry, idleness, boredom, frustration, suppressed rage, insufficient sleep, overeating, poorly balanced diet, smoking, excessive drinking, inadequate exercise, stale air, or any of the other abuses encountered by the human body in modem society.The most ignored fact of all about pain is that the best way to eliminate it is to eliminate the abuse. Instead, many people reach almost instinctively for the painkillers ---aspirins, barbiturates, codeines, tranquilizers, sleeping pills, and dozens of other analgesics or desensitizing drugs.Most doctors are profoundly troubled over the extent to which the medical profession today is taking on the trappings of a pain-killing industry. Their offices are overloaded with people who are morbidly but mistakenly convinced that something dreadful is about to happen to them. It is all too evident that the campaign to get people to run for a doctor at the first sign of pain has boomeranged. Physicians find it difficult to give adequate attention to patients genuinely in need of expert diagnosis and treatment because their time is soaked up by people who have nothing wrong with them except a temporary indisposition or a psychogenic ache.Patients tend to feel indignant, and insulted if the physician tells them he can find no organic cause for the pain. They tend to interpret the term "psychogenic" to mean that they are complaining of nonexistent symptoms. They need to be educated about the fact that many cases of pain have no underlying physical cause but are the result, as mentioned earlier, of tension, stress, or hostile factors in the general environment. Sometimes a pain may be a manifestation of "conversion hysteria", the name given by Jean Charcot to physical symptoms that have their origins in emotional disturbances.Obviously, it is folly for an individual to ignore symptoms that could be a warning of a potentiallyserious illness. Some people are so terrified of getting bad news from a doctor that they allow their malaise to worsen, sometimes past the point of no return. Total neglect is not the answer to hypochondria. They only answer has to be increased education about the way the human body works, so that more people will be able to steer an intelligent course between promiscuous pill popping and irresponsible disregard of genuine symptoms.Of all forms of pain, none is more important for the individual to understand than the "threshold" variety. Almost everyone has a telltale, ache that is triggered whenever tension or fatigue reaches a certain point, it can take the form of a migraine type headache or a squeezing pain deep in the abdomen or cramps or even pain in the joints. The individual who has learned how to make the correlation between such threshold pains. And their cause doesn't panic when they occur; he or she does something about relieving the stress and tension.If the pain persists despite the absence of apparent cause, the individual will telephone the doctor.21.What does the sentence "It is all too evident..." (Paragraph 4) mean?[A]It is obviously true that people should consult a doctor as soon as they feel pain.[B]It is useless to ask people to seek advice from doctors the minute they feel painful.[C]The suggestion that people go to see a doctor immediately if they feel pain has some bad effect.[D]The campaign against pain will be lost if people don't go to see a doctor when they feel pain.22.A hypochondria is someone who[A]ignores doctor's advice and warnings[B]is afraid of going to see doctors[C]always complain about having symptoms that don't actually exist[D]always telltales pain-killers23.It can be concluded from the passage that .[A]most cares of pain are caused by hysteria[B]if a pain isn't organic, it's very likely to be psychogenic[C]pain-killing industry won't be encouraged in the future[D]doctors seldom prescribe pain-killers to patients24.They author wrote this article to .[A]explain how pain-killers work[B]call for understanding between doctors and patients[C]illustrate the harm of taking too much pain-killers[D]teach the right attitude to pain25.What does the word "telltale" (Paragraph 7) mean?[A]not obvious[B]scary[C] not precise[D]gorgeousPassage SixAldous Huxley was a most unfortunate man. When he died in 1963 he must have expired in the confident belief that the event would be given wide coverage in the press the next day. After all, his career had not been without distinction. Where he made his big mistake was in dying on the same day that John F. Kennedy was assassinated. As a result Huxley got about three column inches at the bottom of page 27.In the same way the death of Victor Farris has gone widely unnoticed because he foolishly shuffled off this mortal coil at the same time as Mr. Konstantin Cherenkov. Now, as you all know, Victor Farris was the chap who invented the paper clip. The paper milk carton too. And paper clips and milk cartons will be in use long, after everyone has forgotten the name of the comrade who came between Andropov and whatever this new bloke is called.The same goes for the inventor of the supermarket trolley who died in Switzerland a few months ago. Fell off his trolley, so to speak. For all I know, he may be a household name in his own canton and they are putting up a statue of home wheeling his trolley, and are going to commemorate him on one of those ever-so-tasteful Swiss postage stamps we used to collect when we were younger and wiser, but I doubt ifhis name will be remembered outside the borders of his small country. Personally I forgot it within minutes of reading of his decease.Not that it matters. Somehow it is hard to imagine things like paper clips and supermarket trolleys having had a named inventor. It's like discovering that at a particular moment of history a particular person invented the spoon, or the chair, or socks. One assumes that these everyday objects just happened, or evolved through natural selection.It isn't necessarily so. I read only the other day that Richard II invented the handkerchief. Almost everything else was invented either by Leonardo da Vinci (scissors, bicycles, helicopters, and probably spoons, socks and the Rubik cube as well) or by Benjamin Franklin (lightning-conductor, rocking-chair, bifocals) or else by Joseph Stalin (television).It's quite possible that Leonardo or Benjamin Franklin or Stalin also invented the supermarket trolley. Certainly it has been invented more than once. Hardly was Herr Edelweiss (or whatever the Swiss chap was called) in his grave, than news came of the death of Sylvan N. Goodman at the age of 86. Sylvan also invented the supermarket trolley or, as the Los Angeles Times report calls it, the shopping cart.Be that as it may, Herr Edelweiss or Sylvan Goodman, or both, did a grand job and made supermarket shopping far less hellish than it would otherwise be. The next step will be to get the trolleys out of the shops and into the streets. You could put an engine in the front and call it a car. Or give it big wheels and a canopy and call it a pram. The possibilities are endless.26.It can be inferred from the passage that Herr Edelweiss[A]was remembered by the people all over world[B]made a lot of money from his invention[C]was not very famous[D]was a business partner of Sylvan Goodman27.The author writes this article in order to illustrate that .[A]the names of the people who invented the most useful things are usually forgotten[B]everyday objects are invented and evolve through natural selection[C]many everyday objects are invented more than once[D]many famous people have passed away without being noticed28.Who probably invented spoons?[A]Leonardo da Vinci.[B]Benjamin Franklin.[C]Victor Farris.[D]A person unknown.29.By stating that Leonardo da Vinci invented helicopters, the author means[A]he really did it[B]he is a military scientist[C]he painted in one of his masterpieces a helicopters[D]people turn to ascribe inventions to him but they are wrong.30.What can be inferred about Aldous Huxley?[A]His death Was not reported by the press.[B]He was a famous inventor.[C]He made a very, big mistake in his late years.[D]He died on the same day as John F. Kennedy.II.Vocabulary ( 10%: 0.5 mark each)31.the sight of the police officers, the men ran off.[A] In[B] At [C] on[D] With32.the wall, we decided that we should need three tins of paint.[A1 Making up[B] Doing up [C] Putting up[D] Sizing up33.the whole, early American city planning was excellent.[A] In[B] From [C] On[D]Above34.we are having these days![A] What a lovely weather[B] What lovely weathers[C] What lovely weather[D] What lovely a weather35. , a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.[A]Other things being equal [B]Were other things equal[C]To be equal to other things [D] Other things to be equal36. , he does not love her.[A] As he likes her very much[B] Though much he likes her[C] Much although he likes her[D] Much though he likes her37. A drunk man walked in, in appearance.[A] repulsive[B] reluctant[C] reproachful [D] reputed38. A good many houses knocked down by earthquake.[A] was [B] were [C] is [D] are39.A good teacher must know how to his ideas.[A] convey[B]display [C]c onsult[D]confront40.A large part of human activity, particularly in relation to the environment,is conditions or events.[A] in response to[B] in favor of [C]in contrast to[D] in excess of41.Due to personality , the two colleagues never got on well in work.[A] contradiction[B]conflict[C]confrontation[D]competition42. During the summer vacation, kids are often seen hanging in the streets.[A] about[B] on [C] over [D] out43.There were 150 at the international conference this summer.[A] spectators[B] viewers[C] participants [D]onlookers44.School started on a cold day in February.[A] severe[B] bitter [C] such[D] frozen45.In the face of unexpected difficulties, he demonstrated a talent for quick, action.[A] determining[B]defensive[C] demanding[D] decisive46.The team has been working overtime on the research project .[A] lately[B] just now-[C] late[D] long ago47.Because of the economic crisis, industrial output in the region remained .[A] motionless[B] inactive[C] stagnant[D]immobile48.The police had difficulty in the fans from rushing on to the stage to take photos with the singer.[A] limiting[B]restraining[C] confining[D]restricting49.Joan is in the dorm, putting the final to her speech.[A] details[B] remarks [C] comments[D] touches。
全国医学博士外语统一考试英语真题2013年
全国医学博士外语统一考试英语真题2013年(总分：100.00，做题时间：180分钟)一、Part 1 ：Listening comprehension（30%） (总题数：15，分数：15.00)A.A coughB.Diarrhea √C.A feverD.Vomiting解析：A.TuberculosisB.RhinitisryngitisD.Flu √解析：A.In his bag.B.By the lamp.C.In his house. √D.No idea about where he left it.解析：A.He’s nearly finished his work.B.He has to work for some more time. √C.He wants to leave now.D.He has trouble finishing his work.解析：A.A patientB.A doctorC.A teacherD.A student √解析：A.2.6B.3.5C.3.9D.136 √解析：A.He is the head of the hospital.B.He is in charge of Pediatrics.C.He went out looking for Dan.D.He went to Michigan on business. √解析：A.He has got a fever.B.He is a talented skier.C.He is very rich.D.He is a real ski enthusiast. √解析：A.To ask local people for help.B.To do as Romans do only when in Rome.C.Try to act like the people from that culture. √D.Stay with your country fellows.解析：A.She married because of loneliness.B.She married a millionaire.C.She married for money. √D.She married for love.解析：A.AspirantB.Courageous √C.CautiousD.Amiable解析：A.He was unhappy.B.He was feeling a bit unwell. √C.He went to see the doctor.D.The weather was nasty.解析：A.You may find many of them on the bookseller’ shelves.B.You can buy it from almost every bookstore.C.It’s a very popular magazine.√D.It doesn’t sell very well.解析：A.A general practitioner.B.A gynecologist. √C.An orthopedistD.A surgeon.解析：A.ChemotherapyB.RadiationC.Injections √D.Surgery解析：二、Section B (总题数：3，分数：15.00)A.It is a genetic disorder.B.It is a respiratory condition in pigs. √C.It is an illness from birds to humans.D.It is a gastric ailment.解析：A.Eating pork.B.Raising pigs. √C.Eating chicken.D.Breeding birds.解析：A.Running noseB.Inappetence √C.Pains all overD.Diarrhea解析：A.To stay from crowds. √B.To see the doctor immediately.C.To avoid medications.D.To go to the nearby clinic.解析：A.It is a debate.B.It is a TV program. √C.It is a consultation.D.It is a workshop.解析：A.About 10,000,000. √B.About 1,000,000.C.About 100,000.D.About 10,000.解析：A.A cocktail of vitamins.B.A cocktail of vitamins plus magnesium. √C.The combination of vitamins A, C and E.D.The combination of minerals.解析：A.The delicate structures of the inner ear. √B.The inner ear cells.C.The eardrums.D.The inner ear ossicles.解析：A.General Motors.B.The United Auto Workers.C.NIH √D.All of above.解析：A.An industrial trial in Spain.itary trials in Spain and Sweden.C.Industrial trials in Spain and Sweden. √D.A trial involving students at the University of Florida. 解析：A.The link between obesity and birth defects. √B.The link between obesity and diabetes.C.The risk of birth abnormalities.D.The harmful effects of obesity.解析：A.Neural tube defects.B.Heart problems.C.Cleft lip and palateD.Diabetes √解析：A.20 million.B.200 million.C.400 million. √D.40 million.解析：A.A weight-loss surgery. √B.A balanced diet.C.A change of life style.D.More exercise.解析：A.Why obesity can cause birth defects.B.How obesity may cause birth defects. √C.Why obesity can cause diabetes.D.How obesity may cause diabetes.解析：三、Part II Vocabulary (10%) (总题数：10，分数：5.00)16.Having a bird’s eye view from the helicopter, the vast pasture was __________ with beautiful houses.（分数：0.50）A.overlappedB.segregatedC.intersectedD.interspersed √解析：17.As usual, Singapore Airlines will reduce trans-pacific capacity in _________ seasons this year. （分数：0.50）A.sternB.slack √C.sumptuousD.glamorous解析：18.As to the living environment, bacteria’s needs vary, but most of them grow best in a slightly acid ___________.（分数：0.50）A.mechanismB.miniatureC.medium √D.means解析：19.Under an unstable economic environment, employers in the construction industry place great value on ___________ in hiring and laying off workers as their volumes of work wax and wane. （分数：0.50）A.flexibility √B.moralityC.capacityD.productivity解析：20.In a stark _________ of fortunes, the Philippines –once Asia’s second richest country –recently had to beg Vietnam to sell its rice for its hungry millions.（分数：0.50）A.denialB.reversal √C.intervalD.withdrawal解析：21.Web portal Sohu has gone a step further and called for netizens to join in an all-out boycott of __________ content.（分数：0.50）A.wholesomeB.contagiousC.vulgar √D.stagnant解析：22.Experts urge a reforesting of cleared areas, promotion of reduced-impact logging, and_____________ agriculture, to maintain the rain forest.（分数：0.50）A.sustainable √B.renewableC.revivableD.merchandisable解析：23.In the U.S., the Republican’s doctrines were slightly liberal, whereas the Democrats’ were hardly _____________.（分数：0.50）A.rationalB.radicalC.conservative √D.progressive解析：24.Officials from the Department of Agriculture confirmed that the __________ floods and drought this summer did not affect the country’s grain output.（分数：0.50）A.ripplingB.waningC.fluctuatingD.devastating √解析：25.It is believed that the Black Death, rampant in the Medieval Europe __________, killed 1/3 of its population.（分数：0.50）A.at large √B.at randomC.on endD.on average解析：四、Section B (总题数：10，分数：5.00)26.Christmas shoppers should be aware of the possible defects of the products sold at a discount. （分数：0.50）A.deficitsB.deviationsC.drawbacks √D.discrepancies解析：27.The goal of this training program is to raise children with a sense of responsibility and necessary courage to be willing to take on challenges in life.（分数：0.50）A.despiseB.evadeC.demandD.undertake √解析：28.After “9.11”, the Olympic Games severely taxed the security services of the host country. （分数：0.50）A.improvedB.burdened √C.inspectedD.tariffed解析：29.The clown’s performance was so funny that the audience, adults and children alike, were all thrown into convulsions.（分数：0.50）A.a fit of enthusiasmB.a scream of frightC.a burst of laughter √D.a cry of anguish解析：30.We raised a mortgage from Bank of China and were informed to pay it off by the end of this year.（分数：0.50）A.loan √B.paymentC.withdrawalD.retrieval解析：31.The advocates highly value the “sport spirit”, while the opponent devalue it, asserting that it’s a sheer hypocrisy and self-deception.（分数：0.50）A.fineB.suddenC.finiteD.absolute √解析：32.Whenever a rattlesnake is agitated, it begins to move its tail and make a rattling noise. （分数：0.50）A.irritated √B.tamedC.stampedD.probed解析：33.The detective had an unusual insight into criminal’s tricks and knew clearly how to track them.（分数：0.50）A.inductionB.perception √C.interpretationD.penetration解析：34.My little brother practices the speech repeatedly until his delivery and timing were perfect. （分数：0.50）A.presentation √B.gestureC.rhythmD.pronunciation解析：35.In recent weeks both housing and stock prices have started to retreat from their irrationally amazing highs.（分数：0.50）A.untimelyB.unexpectedlyC.unreasonably √D.unconventionally解析：五、Part III Cloze (10%) (总题数：1，分数：10.00)Video game players may get an unexpected benefit from blowing away bad guys—better vision. Playing “action” video games improves a visual ability __51__ tasks like reading and driving at night, a new study says. The ability, called contrast sensitivity function, allows people to discern even subtle changes __52__ gray against a uniformly colored backdrop. It’s also one of the first visual aptitudes to fade with age. __53__ a regular regimen of action video game training can provide long-lasting visual power, according to work led by Daphne Bavelier of the University of Rochester. Previous research shows that gaming improves other visual skills, such as the ability to track several objects at the same time and __54__ attention to a series of fast-moving events. Bavelier said, “A lot of different aspects of the visual system are being enhanced, __55__.” The new work suggests that playing video games could someday become part of vision-correction treatments, which currently rely mainly on surgery or corrective lenses. “__56__ you’ve had eye surgery or get corrective lenses, exposing yourself to these games should help the optical system to recover faster and better, you need to retrain the brain to make use of the better, crisper information that’s coming in __57__ your improved eyesight,” Bavelier said. Expert action gamers in the study played first-person shooters Unreal Tournament 2004 and Call of Duty 2. A group of experienced nonaction gamers played The Sims 2, a “life simulation” video game. The players of nonaction video games didn’t see the same vision __58__, the study says. Bavelier and others are now trying to figure out exactly why action games __59__ seem to sharpen visual skill. It may be that locating enemies and aiming accurately is a strenuous, strength-building workout for the eyes, she said. Another possible __60__ is that the unpredictable, fast-changing environment of the typical action game requires players to constantly monitor entire landscapes and analyze optical data quickly. （分数：10.00）A.crucial for √B.available inC.resulting fromD.ascribed to解析：A.in disguise ofB.in shades of √C.in search ofD.in place of解析：A.This is howB.That’s why√C.It is not thatD.There exists解析：A.paidB.paysC.payD.paying √解析：A.thoughB.not to sayC.not just one √D.as well解析：A.UntilB.WhileC.UnlessD.Once √解析：A.as opposed toB.in addition toC.as a result of √D.in spite of解析：A.benefits √B.defectsC.approachesD.risks解析：A.in caseB.in advanceC.in returnD.in particular √解析：A.effectB.reason √C.outcomeD.conclusion解析：六、Part IV Reading Comprehension (30%) (总题数：6，分数：30.00)Passage one There is plenty we don’t know about criminal behavior. Most crime goes unrepor ted so it is hard to pick out trends from the data, and even reliable sets of statistics can be difficult to compare. But here is one thing we do know: those with a biological predisposition to violent behavior who are brought up in abusive homes are very likely to become lifelong criminals.Antisocial and criminal behavior tends to run in families, but no one was sure whether this was due mostly to social-environmental factors or biological ones. It turns out both are important, but the effect is most dramatic when they act together. This has been illustrated in several studies over the past six years which found that male victims of child abuse are several times as likely to become criminals and abusers themselves if they were born with a less-active version of a gene for the enzyme monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), which breaks down neurotransmitters crucial to the regulation of aggression. Researchers recently made another key observation: kids with this “double whammy” of predisposition and an unfortunate upb ringing are likely to show signs of what’s to come at a very early age. The risk factors for long-term criminality –attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, low IQ, language difficulties –can be spotted in kindergarten. So given what we now know, should n’t we be doing everything to protect the children most at risk? No one is suggesting testing all boys to see which variant of the MAO-A gene they have, but what the science is telling us is that we should redouble efforts to tackle abusive upbringings, and even simple neglect. This will help any child, but especially those whose biology makes them vulnerable. Thankfully there is already considerable enthusiasm in both the US and the UK for converting the latest in behavioral science into parenting and social skills: both governments have schemes in place to improve parenting in families where children are at risk of receiving poor care. Some people are uncomfortable with the idea of early intervention because it implies our behavior becomes “set” as we grow up, compromising the idea of free will. That view is understandable, but it would be negligent to ignore what the studies are telling us. Indeed, the cost to society of failing to intervene －in terms of criminal damage, dealing with offenders and helping victims of crime －is bound to be greater than the cost of improving parenting. The value to the children is immeasurable. （分数：5.00）(1).Researchers have come to a consensus: to explain violent behavior ________. （分数：1.00）A.in terms of physical environmentB.form a biological perspective √C.based on the empirical dataD.in a statistical way解析：(2).When we say that antisocial and criminal behavior tends to run in families, as indicated by the recent findings, we can probably mean that ___________. （分数：1.00）A.a particular gene is passed on in familiesB.child abuse will lead to domestic violenceC.the male victims of child abuse will pass on the tendency √D.the violent predisposition is exclusively born of child abuse解析：(3).The recent observation implicated that to check the development of antisocial and criminal behavior ___________. （分数：1.00）A.boys are to be screened for the biological predispositionB.high-risk kids should be brought up in kindergartenC.it is important to spot the genes for the risk factorsD.active measures ought to be taken at an early age √解析：(4).To defend the argument against the unfavorable idea, the author makes it a point to consider ___________. （分数：1.00）A.the immeasurable value of the genetic research on behaviorB.the consequences of compromising democracyC.the huge cost of improving parenting skillsD.the greater cost of failing to intervene √解析：(5).Which of the following can be the best title for the passage? （分数：1.00）A.Parenting Strategies for KidsB.The Making of a Criminal √C.Parental EducationD.Abusive Parenting解析：Passage two After 25 years battling the mother of all viruses, have we finally got the measure of HIV? Three developments featured in this issue collectively give grounds for optimism that would have been scarcely believable a year ago in the wake of another failed vaccine and continuing problems supplying drugs to all who need them. Perhaps the most compelling hope lies in the apparent “cure” of a man wit h HIV who had also developed leukemia. Doctors treated his leukemia with a bone marrow transplant that also vanquished the virus. Now US Company Sangamo Biosciences is hoping to emulate the effect patients being cured with a single shot of gene therapy, instead of taking antiretroviral drugs for life. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is itself another reason for optimism. Researchers at the World Health Organization have calculated that HIV could be effectively eradicated in Africa and other hard-hit places using existing drugs. The trick is to test everyone often, and give those who test positive ART as soon as possible. Because the drugs rapidly reduce circulating levels of the virus to almost zero, it would stop people passing it on through sex. By blocking the cycle of infection in this way, the virus could be virtually eradicated by 2050. Bankrolling such a long-term program would cost serious money – initially around $3.5 billion a year in South Africa alone, ring to $85 billion in total. Huge as it sounds, however, it is peanuts compared with the estimated $1.9 trillion cost of the Iraq war, or the $700 billion spent in one go propping up the US banking sector. It also look small beer compared with the costs of carrying on as usual, which the WHO says can only lead to spiraling cases and costs. The final bit of good news is that the cost of ART could keep on falling. Last Friday, GlaxoSmithKline chairman Andrew Witty said that his company would offer all its medicines to the poorest countries for at least 25 per cent less than the typical price in rich countries. GSK has already been doing this for ART, but the hope is that the company may now offer it cheaper still and that other firms will follow their lead. No one doubt the devastation caused by AIDS. In 2007, 2 million people died and 2.7 million more contracted the virus. Those dismal numbers are not going to turn around soon –and they won’t turn around at all without huge effort and investment. But at least there is renewed belief that, given the time and money, we can finally start riddling the world of this most fearsome of viruses. （分数：5.00）(1).Which is the following can be most probably perceived beyond the first paragraph? （分数：1.00）A.The end of the world.B.A candle of hope. √C.A Nobel prize.D.A Quick Fix.解析：(2).According to the passage, the apparent “cure” of the HIV patient who had also developed leukemia would ___________. （分数：1.00）A.make a promising transition from antiretroviral medication to gene therapy √B.facilitate the development of effective vaccines for the infectionpel people to draw an analogy between AIDS and leukemiaD.would change the way we look at those with AIDS解析：(3).As another bit of good news, ___________. （分数：1.00）A.HIV will be virtually wiped out first in AfricaB.the cycle of HIV infection can be broken with ART √C.the circulating levels of HIV have been limited to almost zeroD.the existing HIV drugs will be enhanced to be more effective in 25 years解析：(4).The last reason for optimism is that ___________. （分数：1.00）ernments will invest more in improving ARTB.the cost of antiretroviral therapy is on the decline √C.everybody can afford antiretroviral therapy in the worldD.the financial support of ART is coming to be no problem解析：(5).The whole passage carries a tone of ___________. （分数：1.00）A.idealismB.activismC.criticismD.optimism √解析：Passage Three Archaeology can tell us plenty about how humans looked and the way they lived tens of thousands of years ago. But what about the deeper questions? Could early humans speak, were they capable of self-conscious reflection, did they believe in anything? Such questions might seem to be beyond the scope of science. Not so. Answering them is the focus of a burgeoning field that brings together archaeology and neuroscience. It aims to chart the development of human cognitive powers. This is not easy to do. A skull gives no indication of whether its owner was capable of speech, for example. The task then is to find proxies (替代物) for key traits and behaviors that have stayed intact over millennia. Perhaps the most intriguing aspect of this endeavor is teasing out the role of culture as a force in the evolution of our mental skills. For decades, development of the brain has been seen as exclusively biological. But increasingly, that is being challenged. Take what the Cambridge archaeologist Colin Renfrew calls “the sapient (智人的) paradox (矛盾)”. Evidence suggests that the human genome, and hence the brain, has changed little in the past 60,000 years. Yet it wasn’t until about 10,000 years ago that profound changes took place in human behavior: people settled in villages and built shrines. Renfrew’s paradox is why, if the hardware was in place, did it take so long for humans to start changing the world? His answer is that the software – the culture – took a long time to develop. In particular, the intervening time saw humans vest (赋予) meaning in objects and symbols. Those meanings were developed by social interaction over successive generations, passed on through teaching, and stored in the neuronal connections of children. Culture also changes biology by modifying natural selection, sometimes in surprising ways. How is it, for example, that a human gene for making essential vitamin C became blocked by junk DNA? One answer is that our ancestors started eating fruit, so the pressure to make vitamin C “relaxed” and the gene became unnecessary. By this reasoning, early humans then became addicted to fruit, and any gene that helped them to find it was selected for. Evidence suggests that the brain is so plastic that, like genes, it can be changed by relaxing selection pressure. Our understanding of human cognitive development is still fragmented and confused, however. We have lots of proposed causes and effects, and hypotheses to explain them. Yet the potential pay-off makes answers worth searching for. If we know where the human mind came from and what changed it, perhaps we can gauge where it is going. Finding those answers will take all the ingenuity the modern human mind can muster. （分数：5.00）(1).The questions presented in the first paragraph ___________. （分数：1.00）A.seem to have no answers whateverB.are intended to dig for ancient human minds √C.are not scientific enough to be answered hereD.are raised to explore the evolution of human appearance解析：(2).The scientists find the proxy to be ___________. （分数：1.00）A.the role of culture √B.the passage of timeC.the structure of a skullD.the biological makeup of the brain解析：(3).According to Renfrew’s paradox, the transition from 60,000 to 10,000 years ago suggests that ___________. （分数：1.00）A.human civilization came too lateB.the hardware retained biologically staticC.it took so long for the software to evolve √D.there existed an interaction between gene and environment解析：(4).From the example illustrating the relation between culture and biology, we might conclude that ___________. （分数：1.00）A.the mental development has not been exclusively biologicalB.the brain and culture have not developed at the same paceC.the theory of natural selection applies to human evolution √D.vitamin C contributes to the development of the brain解析：(5).Speaking of the human mind, the author would say that ___________. （分数：1.00）A.its cognitive development is extremely slowB.to know its past is to understand its future √C.its biological evolution is hard to predictD.as the brain develops, so as the mind解析：Passage Four Despite the numerous warnings about extreme weather, rising sea levels and mass extinctions, one message seems to have got lost in the debate about the impact of climate change.A warmer world won’t just be inconvenient. Huge swathes (片) of it, including most of Europe, the US and Australia as well as all of Africa and China will actually be uninhabitable--- too hot, dry or stormy to sustain a human population. This is no mirage. It could materialize if the world warms by an average of just 4°C, which some models predict could happen as soon as 2050. This is the world our children and grandchildren are going to have to live in. So what are we going to do about it? One option is to start planning to move the at-risk human population to parts of the world where it will still be cool and wet. It might seem like a drastic move, but this thought experiment is not about scaremongering (危言耸听). Every scenario is extrapolated from predictions of the latest climate models, and some say that 4°C may actually turn out to be a conservative estimate. Clearly this glacier-free, desertified world---with its human population packed into high-rise cities closer to the poles---would be a last resort. Aside from anything else, it is far from being the most practical option: any attempt at mass migration is likely to fuel wars, political power struggles and infighting. So what are the alternatives? The most obvious answer is to radically reduce carbon dioxide levels now, by fast-tracking green technologies and urgently implementing energy-efficient measures. But the changes aren’t coming nearly quickly enough and global emissions are still rising. As a result, many scientists are now turning to “Earth’s plan B”. PlanB involves making sure we have large scale geoengineeringtechnolo gies ready and waiting to either suck CO2 out of the atmosphere or deflect the sun’s heat. Most climate scientists were once firmly against fiddling with the Earth’s thermostat, fearing that it may make a bad situation even worse, or provide politicians with an excuse to sit on their hands and do nothing. Now they reluctantly acknowledge the sad truth that we haven’t managed to reorder the world fast enough to reduce CO2 emissions and that perhaps, given enough funding research and political muscle, we can indeed design, test and regulate geoengineering projects in time to avert the more horrifying consequences of climate change. Whatever we do, now is the time to act. The alternative is to plan for a hothouse world that none of us would recognize as home.（分数：5.00）(1).To begin with, the author is trying to remind us of ____________. （分数：1.00）A.the likelihood of climate change making life inconvenient √B.the warning against worsening climate changeC.the inevitable consequence of global warmingD.the misconception of a warmer world解析：(2).As the thought experiment shows, those at risk from global warming will ____________. （分数：1.00）A.live with the temperature raised by an average of 4°CB.have nowhere to go but live in the desertC.become victims as soon as 2050D.move closer to the poles √解析：(3).It is clear from the passage that a practical approach to global warming is _________. （分数：1.00）A.to reduce massively CO2 emissions √B.to take protective measures by 2025C.to prepare a blueprint for mass migrationsD.to launch habitual constructions closer to the poles解析：(4).Earth’s plan B is ambitious enough ___________. （分数：1.00）A.to stop climate scientists making a bad situation even worseB.to remove the sources of CO2 emissions altogetherC.to regulate geoengineering projects for efficiencyD.to manage the Earth’s thermostat√解析：(5).Which of the following statements are the supporters of “Earth’s plan B” for? （分数：1.00）A.It’s Time to Go GreenB.Energy-efficient measures must be taken √C.Mass migration to the poles is inevitableD.For the Planet’s Geoengineer or Catatrophe解析：Passage Five Brittany Donovan was born 13 years ago in Pennsylvania. Her biological father was sperm donor G738. Unbeknownst to Brittany’s m other, G738 carried a genetic defect known as fragile X-a mutation that all female children born from his sperm will inherit, and which causes mental impairment, behavioral problems and atypical social development. Last week, Brittany was given the green l ight to sue the sperm bank, Idant Laboratories of New York, under the state’s product liability laws. These laws were designed to allow consumers to seek compensation from companies whose products are defective and cause harm. Nobody expected them to be applied to donor sperm.Thousands of people in the US have purchased sperm from sperm banks on the promise that the donor’s history has been carefully scrutinized and his sample rigorously tested, only for some of them to discover that they have been sold a batch of bad seed. Some parents learn about genetic anomalies after their disabled child is born and they press the sperm bank for more information. Others realize it when they contact biological half-siblings who have the same disorder. So will Donovan vs Idant laboratories open the floodgates? It seems unlikely. New York’s product liability laws are highly unusual in that they consider donor sperm to be a product just like any other. Most other US states grant special status to blood products and body parts, including sperm. In these states, donor sperm is not considered a “product” in the usual sense, despite the fact that it is tested, processed, packaged, catalogued, marketed and sold. Similarly, European Union product liability law could not be used in this way. Even if this lawsuit is an isolated case, it still raises some difficult questions. First, to what lengths should sperm banks go to ensure they are supplying defect-free sperm? As we learn more and more about human genetics, there is growing list of tests that could be performed. Nobody would deny that donor sperm carrying the fragile X mutation should be screened out--- and there is a test that can do so ---but what about more subtle defects, such as language impairment or susceptibility to earl y Alzheimer’s? Donovan vs Idant Laboratories also serves as a reminder of the nature of the trade in human gametes. Sperm bank catalogues can give the impression that babies are as guaranteed as dishwashers. The Donovans are entitled to their day in court, but in allowing the product liability laws to be used in this way, the legal system is not doing much to dispel that notion. （分数：5.00）(1).Donovan sued Idant Laboratories for ______________. （分数：1.00）A.a cheat in boasting its biological productsB.donor sperm as a productC.problematic donor sperm √D.a breach of confidentiality解析：(2).It can be inferred from the passage that thousands of people in the US purchase sperm_____________. （分数：1.00）A.without knowing its potential dangers √B.regardless of repeated warningsC.for the reason of quality supplyD.for their desperate needs解析：(3).The question from the case is whether ___________. （分数：1.00）A.people are entitled to donor spermB.donated sperm should be just a product √C.Donovan is allowed to sue the sperm bankD.Donovan’s health problems have been clinically certified解析：(4).It seems that sperm banks are in no position to _______________. （分数：1.00）A.treat donor sperm as a productB.screen out the fragile X mutationC.manage their business as others do in NYD.guarantee sperm absolutely free of any defect √解析：(5).The statement Sperm bank catalogues can give the impression that babies are as guaranteed as dishwashers implies that _____________. （分数：1.00）A.Donovan will surely win the case in courtB.any product could have a defect in one way or another。
2013年医学考博完型填空真题
Part ⅢCloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Video game players may get an unexpected benefit from blowing away bad guys-better vision. Playing "action" video games improves a visual ability __51__ tasks like reading and driving at night, a new study says. The ability, called contrast sensitivity function, allows people to discern even subtle changes __52__ gray against a uniformly colored backdrop. It's also one of the first visual aptitudes to fade with age. __53__ a regular regimen of action video game training can provide long-lasting visual power, according to work led by Daphne Bavelier of the University of Rochester.Previous research shows that gaming improves other visual skills, such as the ability to track several objects at the same time and __54__ attention to a series of fast-moving events. Bavelier said, "A lot of different aspects of the visual system are being enhanced, __55__."The new work suggests that playing video games could someday become part of vision-correction treatments, which currently rely mainly on surgery or corrective lenses. "__56__ you've had eye surgery or get corrective lenses, exposing yourself to these games should help the optical system to recover faster and better, you need to retrain the brain to make use of the better, crisper information that's coming in __57__ your improved eyesight."Expert action gamers in the study played first-person shooters Unreal Tournament 2004 and Call of Duty 2. A group of experienced nonaction garners played The Sims 2, a "life simulation" video game. The players of nonaction video games didn't see the same vision __58__, the study says. Bavelier and others are now trying to figure out exactly why action games __59__ seem to sharpen visual skill. It may be that locating enemies and aiming accurately is a strenuous, strength-building workout for the eyes, she said. Another possible __60__ is that the unpredictable, fast-changing environment of the typical action game requires players to constantly monitor entire landscapes and analyze optical data quickly.51. A. crucial for B. available in C. resulting from D. ascribed to52. A. in disguise of B. in shades ofC. in search ofD. in place of53. A. This is how B. That's why C. It is not that D. There exists54. A. paid B. pays C. pay D. paying55. A. though B. not to say C. not just one D. as well56. A. Until B. While C. Unless D. Once57. A. as opposed to B. in addition toC. as a result ofD. in spite of58. A. benefits B. defects C. approaches D. risks59. A. in case B. in advance C. in return D. in particular60. A. effect B. reason C. outcome D. conclusion Keys：1-5 ABBDC 6-10 DCADB。
2013年北京大学考博英语真题试题及答案
2013年北京大学考博英语真题试题及答案PartOne:ListeningcomprehensionThereare3sectionsinthispart.InsectionAandByouwillheareverythingONCEONLY.Liste ncarefullyandthenchoosethecorrectanswerforeachquestion.MarkyourchoicesonyourA NSWERSHEET.SectionA:Conversations5Questions1to3arebasedonthefollowingconversation.Attheendoftheconversation,youwil lbegiven15secondstoanswerthequestions.1.WhichisNOTthepurposeofMr.Lewis’visit?A.Toseefriends.B.Togiveconcerts.C.Tovacation.D.Togiveprivatelessons.2.WhatkindofcellodidMr.Lewisusewhenhewaseight?A.Afull-sizedcello.B.Ahalf-sizedcello.C.Atwo-thirds-sizedcello.D.Itisnotmentioned.3.WhatistrueaboutMr.Lewis’cello?A.Healwaystakesitwithhim.B.Itwasmadebyhisuncle.C.Heborroweditfromhisuncle.D.Hegotaseatfreeforhiscello.Questions4to7arebasedonthefollowingconversation.Attheendoftheconversation,youwil lbegiven20secondstoanswerthequestions.4.Whatisthemainpurposeoftheresearch?A.Tomakepreparationsforanewpublication.B.Tolearnhowcouplesspendtheirweekends.C.Toknowhowhouseworkisshared.D.Toinvestigatewhatpeopledoattheweekend.5.WhatdoesthemandoonFridays?A.Hegoestoexerciseclasses.B.Hegoessailing.C.Hegoestothecinema.D.Hestaysathome.6.Onwhichdaydoesthecouplealwaysgoout?A.Friday.B.Saturday.C.Sunday.D.Anyweekday.7.Whichpersonaldetaildoesthemangive?A.Surname.B.Firstname.C.Address.D.Age.Questions8to10arebasedonthefollowingconversation.Attheendoftheconversation,youw illbegiven15secondstoanswerthequestions.8.WhatconclusioncanwedrawaboutMikebeforehewenttothecampingschool?A.Hewaseagertodothecourse.B.Hehaddoneoutdooractivities.C.Heenjoyedlifeintheopen.D.Hewasreluctantandtimid.9.MikeparticipatedinallthefollowingactivitiesEXCEPT______________.A.hikingB.canoeingC.swimmingD.camping10.WhichofthefollowingwordsismostappropriatetodescribeMikeafterthecampingschoo l?A.Independent.B.Strong.C.Determined.D.Persistent.SectionB:Talks5Questions11to13arebasedonthefollowingconversation.Attheendoftheconversation,you willbegiven15secondstoanswerthequestions.11.WhathappenedtoJanuary27th,1967?A.Threemenwereinjuredduringafire.B.Onemandiedduringthefireaccident.C.Afirestartedinsideaspaceship.D.Aspaceshipwaslaunched.12.Whathappenedin1981?A.Thespaceprogramwassuspended.B.Fivemenwereinjuredduringanaccident.C.Theaccidentoccurredbeforetherehearsal.D.Noaccidenthappenedthatyear.13.Whatdoesthetalksayaboutaccidents?D?BPiCs?XSA.Accidentsareunavoidable.B.Accidentscanbeavoided.C.Humanbeingsarealwayscareless.D.Thereshouldbemoreprecautions.Questions14to17arebasedonthefollowingconversation.Attheendoftheconversation,you willbegiven20secondstoanswerthequestions.14.BBC’sweatherforecastisa________program.A.seldomwatchedB.littleknownC.newD.popular15.WeatherobservationscomefromallthefollowingsourcesEXCEPT________.putersB.satellitesC.thegroundD.radar16.WhatdoesthetalksayaboutBBC’sforecasters?A.Theyreadfromscript.B.Theyareprofessional.C.Theyuseamapforpresentation.D.Theycareabouttheirclothes.17.WhatdoesthetalksayaboutBritishtelevisionviewers?A.Theyrememberwhattheysawonweatherforecasts.B.Theyliketalkingaboutweatherinsteadofwatching.C.Theypaymoreattentiontothestyleofthepresenters.D.Theywatchandrememberwhatisnecessary.Questions18to20arebasedonthefollowingconversation.Attheendoftheconversation,you willbegiven15secondstoanswerthequestions.18.WhichisNOTshowinganincreasethisyear?A.Numberoftourists.B.Holidaytravelers.C.Shopping.D.Diningandentertaining.19.Whatdoesthetalksayaboutthisyear’sbusinesstravelers?A.Therearefewerbusinesstravelers.B.Therearemorebusinesstravelers.C.Thenumberremainsthesameaslastyear’s.D.Itisnotmentionedinthetalk.20.Whichisthelargestsinglevisitorexpenditure?A.Hotelaccommodation.B.Meals.C.Shopping.D.Entertainment.SectionC:SpotDictation10Directions:Inthissectionyouaregoingtohearareportonthestronglinkbetweensleepandfata laccident.Somewordsaretakenoutandyouareexpectedtofillinthemissingwordsasyouliste n.ThereportwillbereadTWICEandyouwillhaveoneminutetocheckyourwork.Thenputyour answersonANSWERSHEET(2).Inadequaterestmeansaweaker(C1)___________system,layingthebodyopentoawhole(C 2)__________ofillnesses.Ontheaverageamanneedssevenhoursofsleepadayandawoman sevenanda(C3)____________hours.Sixhoursof(C4)_________sleepisbetterthantenho ursof(C5)__________andturning,however.Peoplewhosleeplessthansixhoursanightare( C6)________foranearlydeath.Somepeople(C7)___________thattheycangetbywithlittlesleepwhennecessary.Butexpe rtsthinkthesepeopleare(C8)________themselves.Betweensleep(C9)________andfatalaccidentsthereisanobvious(C10)_________.Peopl ewhoget(C11)________sleeporpoorqualitysleephaveahigherriskof(C12)________onth eroad.Theyaremorelikelytofallasleepatthe(C13)_________andkillpeopleorgetkilled.Pr ofessionaldriversand(C14)___________workersaremostlikelytotakethe(C15)_______ _.Theperformanceatworkalso(C16)__________becauseofsleepdeprivation.Thepressuresofworkdeprivepeopleofsleep.Tomakeitup,theytryto(C17)________catnap s.Butexpertsarealittle(C18)____________aboutthebenefitsofcatnapping.Theytellusthat thecatnapcanneverbea(C19)_________forpropersleep.Forvictimsof(C20)_________,c atnappinginthedayistheworstthingtheycanpossiblydo.PartTwo:StructureandWrittenExpression20Directions:Ineachquestiondecidewhichoffourchoicesgivenwillmostsuitablycompleteth esentenceifinsertedattheplacemarked.MarkyourchoicesontheANSWERSHEET.21.Thenuclearfamily__________aself-contained,self-satisfyingunitcomposedoffather, motherandchildren.A.referstoB.definesC.describesD.devotesto22.Somepollsshowthatroughlytwo-thirdsofthegeneralpublicbelievethatelderlyAmerica nsare________bysocialisolationandloneliness.A.reproachedB.favoredC.plaguedD.reprehended23.Inadditiontobetteringgroupandindividualperformance,cooperation________thequal ityofinterpersonalrelationship.A.ascendspelsC.enhancesD.prefers24.Inthepast50years,there________agreatincreaseintheamountofresearch_____ontheh umanbrain.A.was…didB.hasbeen…tobedoneC.was…doingD.hasbeen…done25.“Im usthaveeatensomethingwrong.Ifeellike_____.”“Wetoldyounottoeatatarestaurant.You’dbetter_______athomewheny ouarenotintheshape.”A.tothrowup…toeatB.throwingup…eatingC.tothrowup…eatD.throwingup…eat26.Parentshavetoshowdueconcernstotheirchildren’screat ivityandemotionaloutput;othe rwisewhattheythinkbeneficialtothekidsmightprobably_______theirenthusiasmandaspir ations.A.holdbackB.holdtoC.holddownD.holdover27.Accordingtopsychoanalysis,aperson’sattentionisattracted________bytheintensityof differentsignals________bytheircontext,significance,andinformationcontent.A.notlessthan…asB.as…justasC.somuch…asD.notsomuch…as28.TheymovedtoPortlandin1998andlivedinabighouse,_______tothesouth.A.thewindowsofwhichopenedB.thewindowsofitopenedC7U O:`naC.itswindowsopenedD.thewindowsofwhichopening29.Theladywhohas_______foranightinthedeadofthewinterlaterturnedouttobeadistantre lationofhis.A.puthimupB.puthimoutC.puthimonD.puthimincd30.Bystanders,_______,_________astheywalkedpastlinesofambulances.A.bloodyandcoveredwithdust,lookingdazedB.bloodiedandcoveredwithdust,lookeddazedC.bloodyandcoveredwithdust,lookeddazedD.bloodiedandcoveredwithdust,lookingdazed31.HongKongwasnotatargetforterrorattacks,theGovernmentinsistedyesterday,astheUS ________closedforanapparentsecurityreview.A.ConsulationB.ConstitutionC.ConsulateD.Consular32.AmericanfanshaveselectedYaoinavotefortheAll-Stargame______thelegendaryO’N eal,who______the“GreatWall”attheweekendastheRocketsbeattheLosAngelesLakers.-A.inheadof,ranonB.inheadof,ranintoC.aheadof,ranontoD.aheadof,raninto33.Professionalarchivistsandlibrarianshavetheresourcestoduplicatematerialsinotherfor matsandtheexpertisetoretrievematerialstrappedin_________computers.A.abstractB.obsoleteC.obstinateD.obese34.Shealwaysprintsimportantdocumentsandst oresabackupsetatherhouse.“Iactuallythin kthere’ssomethingaboutthe______ofpaperthatfeelsmorecomforting.”Shesaid.A.tangibilityB.tanglednessC.tangentD.tantalization35.“Theysaidwhatwealwaysknew,”saidanadministrationsource,___________.A.heaskednottobenamedB.whoaskednottobenamedC.whoaskednotbenamedD.whoaskednotnamed36.InGermany,theindustrialgiantsDaimlerChryslerandSiemensrecently_______theirun ionsintosigningcontractsthatlengthenworkhourswithoutincreasingpay.A.muscledB.movedC.mushedD.muted37.Hearguesthatthepolicyhasdonelittletoeasejoblessness,andhasleftthecountry_______ .A.energizedB.EnervatedC.NervedD.enacted38.Themorepeoplehearhisdementedrants,themoretheyseethatheisaterrorist_______.A.whoispureandsimpleB.beingpureandsimpleC.pureandsimpleD.aspureandsimple39.Thisexpansionofrightshasledtobothaparalysisofthepublicserviceandtoarapidandterri ble________inthecharacterofthepopulation.A.determinationB.deteriorationC.desolationD.desperationU [~~CVV40._______adecliningbirthrate,therewillbeanover-supplyof27,000primaryschoolplace sby2010,_______leaving35schoolsidle.sto B.Couplingwith,equivalenttoC.Coupledwith,equivalenttoD.Couplingwith,equalstoPartThree:ReadingComprehension10PassageOne TheHeroMymother’sparentscamefromHun gary,butmygrandfathercouldtracehisorigintoGerman yandalsohewaseducatedinGermany.Althoughhewasabletoholdaconversationinninelan guages,hewasmostcomfortableinGerman.Everymorning,beforegoingtohisoffice,heread theGermanlanguagenewspaper,whichwasAmericanownedandpublishedinNewYork.MygrandfatherwastheonlyoneinhisfamilytocometotheUnitedStateswithhiswifeandchil dren.HestillhadrelativeslivinginEurope.Whenthefirstworldwarbrokeout,helamentedthe factthatifmyuncle,hisonlysonhadtogo,itwouldbecousinfightingagainstcousin.Intheearl ydaysofthewar,mygrandmotherbeggedhimtostoptakingtheGermannewspaperandtotake anEnglishlanguagenewspaper,instead.Hescoffedattheidea,explainingthatthefactitwasin GermandidnotmakeitaGermannewspaper,butonlyanAmericannewspaper,printedinGer man.Butmygrandmotherinsisted,forfearthattheneighborsmayseehimreaditandthinkhew asGerman.So,hefinallygaveuptheGermannewspaper.Oneday,theinevitablehappenedandmyuncleMiltonreceivednoticetojointhearmy.Mygra ndparentswereveryupset,butmymother,hislittlesister,wasexcited.Nowshecouldboastab outhersoldierbrothergoingofftowar.Shewastenyearsoldatthetime,andmyuncle,realizing howhewasregardedbyhislittlesisterandherfriends,wentoutandboughtthemallservicepins ,whichmeantthattheyhadalovedoneintheservice.Allthelittlegirlsweredelighted.Whenth edaycameforhimtoleave,hiswholeregiment,intheiruniforms,lefttogetherfromthesametr ainstation.Therewasabandplayingandmymotherandherfriendscametoseehimoff.Eachon eworeherservicepinandwavedasmallAmericanflag,cheeringtheboys,astheyleft.Themomentcameandthesoldiers,allveryyoung,noneofwhomhadhadanytraining,butwho hadneverthelessallbeenissueduniforms,boardedthetrain.Thebandplayedandthecrowdch eered.Thetraingroanedasifitknewthedestinytowhichitwastakingitspassengers,butitsoon begantomove.Stillcheeringandwavingtheirflags,thebandstillplaying,thetrainslowlydep artedthestation.Ithadgoneaboutathousandyardswhenitsuddenlygroundtoahalt.Thebandstoppedplaying, thecrowdstoppedcheering.Everyonegazedinwonderasthetrainslowlybackedupandretur nedtothestation.Itseemedaneternityuntilthedoorsopenedandthemenstartedtofileout.So meoneshouted,“It’sthearmistice.Thewarisover.”Foramoment,nobodymoved,butthenth epeopleheardsomeonebarkordersatthesoldiers.Themenlinedupandformedintotwolines. Theywalkeddownthestepsand,withthebandplayingbehind,paradeddownthestreet,asretu rningheroes,tobewelcomedhomebytheassembledcrowd.Thenextdaymyunclereturnedtohisjob,andmygrandfatherresumedreadingtheGermannewspaper,whichhereaduntiltheda yhedied.41.Wherewasthenarrator’sfamilywhenthisstorytookplace?A.InGermany.B.InHungary.C.IntheUnitedStatesD.InNewYork.42.Hisgrandfather____________.A.couldnotspeakandreadEnglishwellenoughB.knewninelanguagesequallywellC.knewanumberoflanguages,butfeltmorekintoGermanD.lovedGermanbestbecauseitmadehimthinkofhome43.HisgrandmotherdidnotwantherhusbandtobuyandreadnewspapersA.Coupledwith,equalinGerman,because________.A.itwaswartimeandGermansweretheirenemyB.theneighborswouldmistakethemaspro-GermanC.itwaseasiertogetnewspapersinEnglishinAmericaD.nobodyelsereadnewspapersinGermanduringthewartime44.Thenarrator’smotherwantedherbrothertogotofightinthewar,because________.A.likeeverybodyelseatthewartime,shewasverypatrioticB.shehatedthewarandtheGermansverymuchC.allherfriendshadrelativesinwarandshewantedtobelikethemD.shelikedtohaveabrothershecouldthinkofasaheroPassageTwo WakingUpfromtheAmericanDreamssds Therehasbeenmuchtalkrecentlyaboutthephenomenonof“Wal-Martization”ofAmerica, whichreferstotheattemptofAmerica’sgiantWal-Martchainstorecompanytokeepitscostatrock-bottomlevels.Foryears,manyAmericancompanieshaveembracedWal-Mart-likestr atagemstocontrollaborcosts,suchashiringtemps(temporaryworkers)andpart-timers,fight ingunions,dismantlinginternalcareerladdersandoutsourcingtolowerpayingcontractorsat homeandabroad.Whilethesetactics havetheadmirableoutcomeofholdingdownconsumerprices,they’recos tlyinotherways.Morethanaquarterofthelaborforce,about34millionworkers,istrappedinlo w-wage,oftendead-endjobs.Manymiddle-incomeandhigh-skilledemployeesfacefewero pportunities,too,ascompaniesshiftworktosubcontractorsandtempsagenciesandmovewhi te-collarjobstoChinaandIndia.TheresulthasbeenanerosionofoneofAmerica’smostcherishedvalue:givingitspeoplethea bilitytomoveuptheeconomicladderovertheirlifetimes.Historically,mostAmericans,even low-skilledones,wereabletofindpoorlypaidjanitorialorfactoryjobs,thengraduallyclimbe dintothemiddleclassastheygainedexperienceandmovedupthewagecurve.Butthenumber ofworkersprogressingupwardbegantoslipin1970s.Upwardmobilitydiminishedevenmor einthe1980sasglobalizationandtechnologyslammedblue-collarwages.RestoringAmericanmobilityislessaquestionofknowingwhattodothanofmakingithappen. Expertshavedecriedschools’inadequacyforyears,butfixingthemisalong,arduousstruggle .Similarly,therehavebeenplentyofwarningsaboutdecliningcollegeaccess,butfindingfun dswasdifficulteveninerasoflargesurpluses.45.TheAmericandreaminthispassagemainlyrefersto____________.A.therearealwayspossibilitiesofferedtopeopletodevelopthemselvesinthesocietyB.AmericanscanalwaysmoveupthepayladderC.Americanyoungpeoplecanhaveaccesstocollege,eventheyarepoorD.thelaborforceisnottrappedinlow-wageanddead-endjobs46.Wal-Martstrategy,accordingtothispassage,is to___________.A.hiretempsandpart-timerstoreduceitscostB.outsourceitscontractstolowerpriceagenciesathomeandabroadC.holddownitsconsumerpricebycontrollingitslaborcostsD.dismantlethecareerladderandstoppeople’smobilityupward47.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTTRUE?A.Wal-Martizationhasbeensuccessfulinkeepingcostsatrock-bottomlevels.B.Upwardmobilityforlow-skilledworkershasbecomeimpossibleintheU.S.C.Morebusinessopportunitiesaregiventolow-costagenciesinChinaandIndia.D.AlthoughpeopleknowhowtorestoreAmericanmobility,it’sdifficulttochangethepresen tsituation.PassageThree SeniorsandtheCityTensofthousandsofretireesarepullingupstakesinsuburbanareasandfashioningtheirownretirementcommunitiesintheheartofthebustlingcity.Theyarelookingforwhatmo stolderpeoplewant:ahomewithnostairsandlowcrimerates.Andtheyarewillingtoexchange regularweeklygolftimeforrichculturalofferings,youngneighborsandplentyofgoodrestau rants.Spyinganopportunity,majorreal-estatedevelopershavebrokengroundonurbansitest heyintendedtomarkettosuburbanretirees.Theseseniorsarealreadychangingthefaceofbigc ities.Onedeveloper,FranMcCarthyasks:“Whoeverthoughtthatsuburbanflightwouldbero undtrip?”Thetrickleofolderfolksreturningtothecityhasgrownintoasteadystream.Whilesomecities, especiallythosewithfewculturalofferings,haveseenanexodusofseniors,urbanplannerssa yothershavebecomeretireesmagnets.Between1999and2000,thepopulationof64-to-75-year-oldsindowntownChicagorose17percent.Austin,NewOrleans,andLosAngeleshavese endouble-digitincreasesaswell.Theremaybehiddenhealthbenefitstocityliving.Astudyre vealsthatmovingfromsuburbstothecitycanwardoffthebyproductofaging---socialisolatio n.Inthenextsixyears,downtownsareexpectedtogrowevengrayer.Foraffluentretirees,cityl ifeisanincreasinglypopularoption.48.Retiredseniorsaremovingbackintothecitybecause____________.A.theyfindtherearetoomanycrimesinthesuburbsB.unliketheflatsinthecity,theircountryhousehavestairstoclimbC.theyarenolongerinterestedinplayinggolfD.inthecity,theyhavemoresocialandculturallifeagainstloneliness49.Fromthepassagewecaninferthat_________.A.thereal-estatedevelopershavebrokentheiroriginalcontractsofconstructionwithseniorr etireesB.alifeinthedowntowncityisexpensive,andmostofthoseretireeswhomovedbackintotheci tyareverywell-offC.withmoreolderpeoplelivinginthecity,thecitywillbecomegrayandlessbeautifulD.verysoontheAmericansuburbanareaswillfacetheirlowpopulationcrisis50.FranMcCarthy’squestionmeans:nobodyeverthoughtthat__________.A.peoplewhomovedoutofthecitydecadesagonowwouldmovebackB.suburbandwellerswhenmovingbackintothecitymusttakeroundtripC.suburbanflightyearsagowouldgoincirclesD.seniorpeople’smovingbackintothecitywouldtakeplaceallovertheUnitedStatesDirections:ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthenexplaininyourownEnglishtheexa ctmeaningofthenumberedandunderlinedparts.PutyouranswersonANSWERSHEET(2)1 5(51)Beingangryincreasestheriskofinjury,especiallyamongmen,newresearchsays.Theresearchersgathereddataonmorethan2,400accidentvictimsatthreeMissourihospitals. Theyinterviewedeachsubjecttodeterminethepatient’semotionalstatejustbeforetheinjury and24hoursearlier,gatheringdataonwhetherthepatientsfeltirritable,angryorhostile,andto whatdegree.Thentheycomparedtheresultswithacontrolgroupofuninjuredpeople.(52)Despitewidespreadbeliefin“roadrage,”angerdidnotcorrelatewithinjuriesfromtraffic accidents.(53)Notsurprisingly,angerwasstronglyassociatedwithinjuriesinflicteddeliberately.Buto therinjuries–thoseneitherintentionallyinflictednorfromfallsortrafficaccidents–alsoshow edstrongassociationswithanger.(54)Thecorrelationsweresignificantlyweakerforwomenthanformen,buttherewerenodiff erencesbyrace.Theauthorsacknowledgethattheirdatadependonself-reports,whicharenotalwaysreliable.(55)Whyangercorrelateswithinjuryisnotknown.“Icanspeculatethattheangermayhavepro mptedsomebehaviorthatledtotheinjury,ormayhavesimplydistractedtheperson,leadingin directlyt otheinjury,”saidthestudy’sleadauthor.PartFour:ClozeTest10Directions:ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthenfillineachnumberedblankwithO NEsuitablewordtocompletethepassage.PutyouranswersonANSWERSHEET(2).LastyearFrenchdriverskilled(56)_______than5,000peopleontheroadsforthefirsttimeind ecades.Creditgoeslargely(57)________the1,000automatedradarcamerasplantedonthen ation’shighwayssince2003,whichexpertsreckon(58)_______3,000liveslastyear.Succes s,ofcoursebreedssuccess:thegovernmentplanstoinstall500(59)______radardevicesthisy ear.Soitgoeswithsurveillancethesedays.Europeansusedtolookatthesecuritycameraspostedin Britishcities,subwaysandbuses(60)_______theseedsofanOrwellianworldthatwaslargel yunacceptableinContinentalEurope.Butlastyear’sLondonbombing,inwhichvideocamer as(61)________akeyroleinidentifyingtheperpetrators,havehelpedspuraseachange.Amo nth(62)_______theLondonattacks,halfofGermanssupportedEU-wideplanstorequireInt ernetprovidersandtelecomstostorealle-mail,Internetandphonedatafor“anti-terror”(63)_ _____.InaBritishpoll,73percentofrespondentssaidtheywere(64)_______togiveupsomec ivillibertytoimprove(65)________.PartFive:Proofreading10Directions:Inthefollowingpassage,therearealtogether10mistakes,ONEineachnumbered andunderlinedpart.Youmayhavetochangeaword,addaword,orjustdeleteaword.Ifyoucha ngeaword,crossitwithaslash(/)andwritethecorrectwordbesideit.Ifyouaddaword,writethe missingwordbetweenthewords(inbrackets)immediatelybeforeandafterit.Ifyoudeleteaw ord,crossitoutwithaslash(/).PutyouransweronANSWERSHEET(2).Examples:eg.1(66)Themeetingbegun2hoursago.CorrectionputontheANSWERSHEET(2):(66)begunbeganeg.2(67)Scarcelytheysettledthemselvesintheirseatsinthetheatrewhenthecurtainwentup.CorrectionputontheANSWERSHEET(2):(67)(Scarcely)had(they)eg.3(68)NeverwillInotdoitagain.CorrectionputontheANSWERSHEET(2):(68)not(66)Applicationfilesarepiledhighlythismonthincollegesacrossthecountry.(67)Admissio nsofficersareporingessaysandrecommendationletters,scouringtranscriptsandstandardiz edtestscores.(68)Butanythingismissingfrommanyapplications:aclassranking,onceamajorcomponent inadmissionsdecisions.Inthecat-and-mousemaneuveringoveradmissiontoprestigiouscollegesanduniversities,(6 9)thousandsofhighschoolshavesimplystoppedprovidingthatinformation,concludingitco uldharmthechancesoftheirverybetter,butnotbest,students.(70)Cannycollegeofficials,inturn,havefoundatacticalwaytoresponse.(71)Usingbroadda tathathighschoolsoftenprovide,likeadistributionofgradeaveragesforentireseniorclass,th eyessentiallyrecreateanapplicant’sclassrank.(72)Theprocesshasleftthemexasperating.(73)“Ifwe’relookingatyoursonordaughterandyouwantustoknowthattheyareamongthebe stintheirschool,witharankwedon’tnecessarilyknowthat,”saidJimBock,deanofadmission sandfinancialaidatSwarthmoreCollege.(74)Admissionsdirectorssaystrategycanbackfire.Whenhighschoolsdonotprovideenoughgeneralinformationtorecreatetheclassrankcalcul ation,(75)manyadmissionsdirectorssaytheyhavelittlechoiceandtodosomethingvirtually noonewantsthemtodo:givemoreweighttoscoresontheSATandotherstandardizedexams.PartSix:Writing15Directions:Writeashortcompositionofabout250to300wordsonthetopicgivenbelow.Writ eitneatlyonANSWERSHEET(2).Recently,anewspapercarriedanarticleentitled:“WeShouldNoLongerForceGongLiandZ hangYimoutoTakePartinNationalPolitics”.Thearticlearguedthatsomeartistsandfilmstar sareunwillingorunqualifiedtorepresentthepeopleinthePeople’sCongressorthePeople’sP oliticalConsultativeConference,andtheyshouldnotbeforcedtodoso.Whatdoyouthink?56.fewer57.to58.saved59.more60.as61.played62.after63.purposes64.ready/willing65.s ecurity北京大学2006年博士入学考试试题答案Listening0.5each)1-5BCAAD6-10BADCA11-15CBADA16-20BDCBＣC1:immune C11:insufficientC2:range C12:accidentsC3:quarter C13:wheelC4:uninterrupted C14:shiftC5:tossing C15:riskC6:destined C16:deterioratesC7:claim C17:snatchC8:fooling C18:skepticalC9:deprivation C19:substituteC10:correlation C20:insomniaStructureandwrittenexpression1pointeach)21-25accdd26-30adaab31-35cdbab36-40abcbcReading1pointeach)41-45ccbda46-50cbdbaParaphrasing:(3pointseach)51.Accordingtonewresearch,gettingangryaddstothechancesofgettingphysicallyhurt,par ticularlyformale.52.evenpeoplegen[size=5][/size]erallybelievehatpeopleeasilygetangrywhendrivingont heroad,butangerdidn’thavemuch/anythingto dowithinjuriesfromtrafficaccidents,/butnot manyinjuriesfromtrafficaccidentsaretheresultsofangerontheroad.53.Itisnotatallsurprisingthatangerisaveryimportantreasonforpeoplewhointentionallyhur tthemselves.54.Weseethisstronglinkbetweenangerandinjurymoreinmenthaninwomen,butdifferentra cesofpeopledidnotshowmuchvariation.55.Peopledonotknowyetwhyangerisassociatedwithinjury.Cloze:(1pointeach)56.Fewer57.To58.Saved59.More60.As61.Played62.After63.Purposes64.Ready65.SecurityProofreading:(1pointeach)66.Highly-high67.Pore-poreover68.Anything-something69.Better-good70.Response-respond71.Forentire-foranentire72.Exasperating-exasperatedbS 73.With-without74.Strategy-thestrategy75.And-butWriting:(15points)。