Black American Literature非裔美国人文学
非洲美国文学8、African American Literature
1. Why must we stick to our dreams? 2. What images does the poet employ to describe the life once we lose our dreams?
• Dreams • • • • Hold fast to dreams For if dreams die Life is a broken-winged bird That cannot fly.
1. If God is not the first move in our life, surely our dreams are the same. 2. Without dreams our life will be a broken bird and a barren field. I think without dream our life will be a grand ship drifting on the vast ocean, never knowing its destination.
[Grocery store, Harlem, 1940] Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C.; LC-USZC44737
A. Several factors laid the groundwork for the movement.
Main Works
• • • • • • • • • Poetry collections The Weary Blues, 1926 Fine Clothes to the Jew, 1927 The Dream Keeper and Other Poems, 1932 Shakespeare in Harlem, 1942 Novels and short story collections Not Without Laughter, 1930 Non-fiction books I Wonder as I Wander, 1956
非裔美国人白话英语简介
非裔美国人白话英语非裔美国人白话英语（African American Vernacular English，简写作AAVE），也常被称为美国黑人英语（African American English）；非正式的叫法还包括黑人英语（Black English）、黑人白话（Black Vernacular）、黑人英语白话（Black English Vernacular，简写作BEV）或者黑人白话英语（Black Vernacular English，简写作BVE），是美国英语中非裔美国人使用的一种语言变体（方言、民族语言及族群语言）。
非专业人士有时会称其为“Ebonics”（来自单词“ebony”和“phonics”的组合）、“jive”或是“jive-talk”。
其读音在某些方面类似于美国南部英语，但在使用者中也存在一些区域性口音差别。
部分克里奥尔语学家，如威廉·斯图尔特（William Stewart）、约翰·迪拉德（John Dillard）、约翰·瑞克佛德（John Rickford）认为，非裔美国人白话英语与世界上大部分地区黑人使用的克里奥尔语方言有很多相同特征，因此非裔美国人白话英语应当是克里奥尔语的一支，[1]而其他学者则坚持认为两者并没有太大联系。
[2][3][4][5][6]在语言形式各方面，其用法受到时代、状态、话题本身及环境的影响。
有众多文学作品使用该语言变体写作，特别是美国非裔文学。
概述非裔美国人白话英语同克里奥尔英语在语言形式上有部分类似之处。
而在发音、语法结构以及词汇上，则同西非语言有相同点。
[7]非裔美国人白话英语的许多特点存在于美国南部的诸多英语变体中。
尽管这些特点中多数属于地域性特征，但其中有部分用法，例如省略“is”，多见于黑人使用者，因此这些特点多源于黑人口语。
[8]早期的非裔美国人白话英语将来自非洲的部分词汇带入到标准美国英语中，包括“gumbo”[9]、“goober”[10]、“yam”以及“banjo”。
克劳德·麦凯《回到哈莱姆》中的跨国书写
克劳德•麦凯《回到哈莱姆》中的跨国书写舒进艳内容摘要：克劳德•麦凯的《回到哈莱姆》描摹了20世纪早期的黑人跨国体验。
学界主要阐释了作者个人的跨国经历与黑人国际主义思想对小说塑造主要人物的影响，而忽视了小说中副线主人公雷的国籍及其旅居哈莱姆的意义。
雷的跨国移民经历既再现了麦凯的复杂跨国情感与认同经历，又观照了哈莱姆作为流散非裔移居的理想家园与城市黑人社区所承载的空间意涵。
论文提出哈莱姆具有三个维度，作为移民唤起历史记忆的地理空间、建构跨国身份的政治空间及容纳差异的多元文化空间，并考察移民在跨国流动中历经的现代性体验，以此揭示他们通过改变既定身份与重新定义自我而竭力摆脱传统的民族、种族和阶级观念的束缚与身份认同的困惑，从而参与到美国城市的种族空间生产中。
关键词：克劳德•麦凯；《回到哈莱姆》；跨国书写基金项目：本文系国家社会科学重大项目“美国文学地理的文史考证与学科建构”（项目编号：16ZDA197）；天津市研究生科研创新项目“美国新现实主义小说的跨国空间研究”（项目编号：19YJSB039）的阶段性研究成果。
作者简介：舒进艳，南开大学外国语学院博士研究生、喀什大学外国语学院副教授，主要从事美国文学研究。
Title: Claude Mckay’s Transnational Writing in Home to HarlemAbstract: Claude McKay’s Home to Harlem depicts the black transnational experience of the early 20th century. Academics mainly studied the influence of McKay’s personal transnational experience and black internationalist thinking on his main character, but neglected the minor plot’s protagonist Ray and his nationality, and the significance of his sojourn in Harlem. Ray’s transnational migration experience not only embodies McKay’s complex transnational feeling and identity experience, but also reflects Harlem’s spatial significance as an ideal home for African diaspora and urban black community. The paper aims to examine Caribbean immigrants’ experience of modernity in Harlem which is interpreted as the geographic space for immigrants to evoke historical memories, the political space for constructing transnational identities and the multicultural space for accommodating differences. It is to prove that they manage to extricate themselves from the shackles of traditional concepts of nation, race and class and their confusion of identity by changing their established identity and redefining themselves, and thus participate in the production of racial space in American cities.60Foreign Language and Literature Research 2 (2021)外国语文研究2021年第2期Key words: Claude Mckay; Home to Harlem; transnational writingAuthor: Shu Jinyan is Ph. D. candidate at College of Foreign Languages, Nankai University (Tianjin, 300071, China), associate professor at School of Foreign Studies, Kashi University (Kashi 844000, China). Her major academic research interest includes American literature. E-mail: ******************1925年，阿伦•洛克在《新黑人》选集中将哈莱姆描述为一个国际化的文化之都，视其重要性堪比欧洲新兴民族国家的首都。
非洲美国文学8、African American Literature
B. African American literature and arts surged in the early 1900s.
In
the autumn of 1926, a group of young African American writers produced Fire!, a literary magazine.
The diverse literary expression of the Harlem Renaissance was demonstrated through Langston Hughes’s weaving of the rhythms of African American music into his poems of ghetto life, as in The Weary Blues (1926).
• 梦想 • • • • • • • • 紧随梦想 一旦梦想迷失 生命就如折翅小鸟 无法翱翔 紧随梦想 一旦梦想丢失 生命将是一片荒土 霜雪交加
• • • •
Hold fast to dreams For when dreams go Life is a barren field Frozen with snow.
With
Fire! a new generation of young writers and artists, including Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston, took ownership of the literary Renaissance.
As
more and more educated and socially conscious African Americans settled in New York’s neighborhood of Harlem, it developed into the political and cultural center of black America.
黑人文学American_Black_Literature-文档资料
1
Features
A special history Emancipation after the Civil War The Black is presented in a distorted
manner Gone with the Wind Take the biblical terms as a better medium A long process of evolution
7
The Division
The Vernacular/Oral Tradition The Literature of Slavery and
Freedom Literature of the Reconstruction to
the New Negro Renaissance Harlem Renaissance Realism, Naturalism, and
Modernism The Black Arts Movement Literature since 1970
8
Oral Tradition
songs and ballads and Work Songs spirituals (黑人圣歌) : sorrow of the singers＊
Africans, who were
transported across the
Atlantic as slaves; the slaves
were then sold or traded for
raw materials, which would
be transported back to
Europe to complete the
African American Literature
African American Literature
Background
• Black literature was once a neglected area of American literare. Blacks have made significant contribution to all aspects of American life. Besides, with the Civil Right Movement’s development in 1960s, more and more black writers put their concern to their identity, how to survive and keep their national characteristics in society which white people dominated. • Black literature constitute a major force changing the earlier American literary world of the white middle class. It has become an indispensable part of American literature now.
Literary Characteristics
• Morrison is successful because, on the one hand, she has shifted her focus onto a black readership. On the other hand, Morrison has been working selfconsciously in search of her own style. • She is not restricted by social realism. On the contrary, she not only applies black myths and legends in her stories, but also uses symbolic devices to reveal the racial problems in American society.
研究美国黑人文学的重要参考书——评吉尔亚德、沃迪的《美国黑人文学》
第三，对于作品的选取不拘一格，题材与体式多样化，全面展示了黑人文学的独特性。 在传统的文学史教材中，往往只“精选”所谓的名家名篇供学生阅读、分析，而《美国黑人文 学》选取的作家多达１５０余位、作品２３６篇，这还不包括作者在“延伸阅读（Ｆｕｒｔｈｅｒ Ｒｅａｄ—
ＵｎｉＶｅｒｓ毋ｏｆ
Ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ（Ｗｕｈａｎ ４３００７０，Ｃｈｉｎａ）．Ｈｅｒ
ｍａｉｎｌｙ‰ｕｓｅｓ
ｏｎ
Ｂｒｉｔｉｓｈ ａｎｄ
Ａｍｅｒｉｃ卸ｐｏｅｔ－
ｒｙ．Ｅｍａｉｌ：ｃ舾６７６＠ｓｉｎａ．ｃｏｍ
随着２０世纪５０、６０年代美国民权运动的高涨，美国黑人反对种族歧视、争取民族平等
的黑色权利运动也开展得如火如荼，而反映这一美国现实的美国黑人文学，也随之进入美国
ｃ口ｎ
Ａｍｅ砌ｎ厅“￡ｅｍ￡ｕ陀），是一部关于美国黑人文学的大学教材，可以说它是迄今为止有关美
国黑人文学最为全面和系统的一部教材。由吉尔亚德与沃迪合著的这部高校文科教材《美 国黑人文学》，囊括了美国历史上几乎所有知名与不知名的黑人作家的不同体裁作品，包括 小说、诗歌、戏剧、演讲、歌词等等，以及关于这些作家的介绍和名篇的选读章节。此书已经 成为美国高校黑人文学教学的“百科全书”，为进一步研究美国黑人文学提供了详实的背景
三个世纪，主题涉及１２种不同类型，但实际上贯穿始终关注的却是同一个内容：作为少数民
族的黑人在美国社会中的生活和地位。所以，美国黑人文学史其实就是一部关于美国黑人 争取民族自由与平等的政治史。 第四，“百科全书”式的附录。本书的三个附录尤其值得推崇，内容丰富、信息量大，便 于读者迅速查到相关信息。第一个附录“美国黑人文学年表”非常具有参考价值：凡是关于 黑人文学史或政治史上的“第一”，无论是人物还是政治、历史事件，读者都可以在这里找到 线索。第二个附录列出了本书的所有参考书目，详细介绍了教材中引用的所有作品的出处， 以方便读者追查进一步的信息。第三个附录是“索引”，简要注明了作品引用的页码，也能
美国黑人文学 Black literature
-The second phase
• began in the 1920s • led by Langston Hughes • re-evaluated their artistic talent • characters of more independence and rebel spirit
-Harlem Renaissance
- New Negro Cultural Movement • from 1920s to 1930s • advocate cultural heritage, break negative stereotype and campaign against racial discrimination • Native Son by Richard Wright
Contemporary Black literature
--an era of diversity
Thank you
Black Figures in American Literature
- Colonial Period - Early Development
- The Shenandoah Valley - The Uncle's Tom's Cabin
• George: courageous and prudent
Native Son
• Published in 1940 • Protagonist: Bigger Thomas • killed a young white woman • sentenced to death
Ectract
• "Maybe it ain't fair to kill, and I reckon I really didn't want to kill. But when I think of why all the killing was, I begin to feel what I wanted, what I am? They wouldn't let me live and I killed. What I killed for must've been good!" Bigger's voice was full of frenzied anguish. "It must have been good! When a man kills, it's for something? I didn't know I was really alive in this world until I felt things hard enough to kill for 'em"
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
The Negro Speaks of Rivers---Langston Hughes
I’ve known rivers: I’ve known rivers ancient as the world and older than the flow of human blood in human veins. My soul has grown deep like the rivers. I bathed in the Euphrates when dawns were young. I built my hut near the Congo and it lulled me to sleep. I looked upon the Nile and raised the pyramids above it. I heart the singing of Mississippi when Abe Lincoln went down to New Orleans, and I’ve seen its muddy bosom turn all golden in the sunset. I’ve known rivers: Ancient, dusky rivers.
has acquired the status of a major classic in American literature.
James Baldwin(1924---1986)
Go Tell It on the Mountain(1954)
---It is remarkable in both thematic and technical terms.
author about Black life made such an impact on the consciousness of the nation.
Ralph Ellison(1941---)
Invisible Man(1952) ---With the universality of its theme and its exquisite art, it
பைடு நூலகம்
My soul has grown deep like the rivers.
Richard Wright(1908---1960)
Uncle Tom’s Children: Four Novellas (1938) Native Son(1940) ---For the first time in American history a book by a Black
Black American Literature
Harriet Beecher Stowe(1811-1896)
Uncle
Tom’s Cabin
-----Mrs.Stowe’s object was to interpret to the world the New England life and character in that particular time of its history which may be called the seminal period, and her studies for this object have been taken---from real characters, real scenes, and real incidents.
Harlem Renaissance(1920s)
Jean Toomer(1894---1967) : Cane (1923) Langston Hughes(1902---1967):Black America’s poet
laureate The weary Blues(1926) The Ways of White Folks(1934) Simple Speaks His Mind(1950) The Best of Simple(1961) Simple’s Uncle Sam(1965) Montage of a Dream Deferred(1951)
Alex Haley
Roots(1976)
---The book may not be a great work of art but it marked a new level of self-awareness of the black people as a race.
Toni Morrison(1931---)