To what extent is community help the best measure to address the challenges of an aging population
第六次课范文
Maintaining public libraries is a waste of money since computer technology is now replacing their functions. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 科技A电子革命（digital revolution），网络有大量电子书籍B随时随地阅览更方便unrestricted opening hours C节约时间和交通成本reduce travel expenses支持维持图书馆A 保持图书馆 B为来自社会各阶层人士（ from all walks of life）提供免费的知识（free access to knowledge）C 减少社会不公平（tackle social inequality）A 保持图书馆B 组织一些活动，譬如说book clubsC 让人们在一起（bring people together），增加社区的感觉（a sense of community）对比：因特网让人们减少面对面交流（face to face interaction）Digital revolution has made electronic books widely available and this means that people can save time and avoid travel expenses if they intend to read books. The opening hours of digital libraries are unrestricted, so people can gain access to knowledge easily. This benefit is obvious for those who live in rural areas or cannot visit libraries due to their busy lifestyle.On the other hand, maintaining public libraries makes it possible to tackle social inequality. Computers, electronic readers and other devices are unaffordable for many people from disadvantaged backgrounds. Libraries provide people from all walks of life with free access to knowledge, so they have equal opportunities to expand their horizons. They may be able to shake off poverty and compete on a level playing field. Public libraries can also bring people together and create a sense of community. For example, libraries can organise book clubs and other activities, which can provide visitors with opportunities to connect to each other. This can contribute to community cohesion. In contrast, people who read online may cut down on face-to-face interaction and this problem can have a negative impact on their interpersonal relationships.In conclusion, although it is convenient for people to read digital books, libraries give keen readers equal opportunities to study and socialize with each other. In other words, libraries are indispensable.On the other hand, maintaining libraries is important to the general public because libraries can help pass on knowledge to the younger generation. Libraries are the symbol of knowledge and parents who go to libraries regularly may serve as role。
2021年12月大学英语CET四级预测押题卷一和答案解析
2021年12月四级考试预测押题卷（一）Part I Writing(30minutes)Directions:For this part,you are allowed30minutes to write a letter to offer your suggestions to your cousin who sought your advice on how to make his resume distinctive.You should write at least120words but no more than 180words.Part II Listening Comprehension(25minutes)Section ADirections:In this section,you will hear three news reports.At the end of each conversation,you will hear four questions.Both the news report and the questions will be spoken only once.After you hear a question,you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B),C)and D).Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet1with a single line through the centre.Questions1and2are based on the news report you have just heard.1.A)Two.B)Three.C)Four.D)Five.2.A)He called the police after the accident.B)He broke his arm in the accident.C)He was caught taking drugs.D)He was arrested by the police.Questions3and4are based on the news report you have just heard.3.A)A cure to brain cancer.B)A new surgical instrument.C)A pen that can identify cancerous tissue.D)A new drug that can eliminate cancerous tissue.4.A)Finding the border between the cancerous and normal tissue.B)Identifying the accuracy rate of the new device.C)Improving their speed of removing a tumour.D)Using the new device in brain surgery.Questions5to7are based on the news report you have just heard.5.A)To collect scientific data on it.C)To take photos of the storm on it.B)To monitor the storm on it.D)To investigate its environment.6.A)It has lasted for nearly350years.B)It has lasted for more that350months.C)It seems to be getting smaller.D)It seems to be getting larger.7.A)What initially caused the storm.C)What is the impact of the storm.B)What is underneath the storm.D)What makes the storm last for so long.Section BDirections：In this section,you will hear two long conversations.At the end of each conversation,you will hear four questions.Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once.After you hear a question,you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B),C),and D).Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet1with a single line through the centre.Questions8to11are based on the conversation you have just heard.8.A)It’s for disabled adults.B)It’s in a sports centre.C)It’s rewarding and challenging.D)It’s compulsive in her community.9.A)The skills they need.B)The products they have.C)The market they target.D)The language they require.10.A)Diversify markets and sales strategies.B)Reduce costs and jobs.C)Learn from other companies.D)Listen to the opinions of experts.11.A)The salary and the workload.B)The office hour and the penalty system.C)The welfare and the holiday system.D)The ethical policy and the carbon footprint.Questions12to15are based on the conversation you have just heard.12.A)Double-decker buses.B)The traffic in London.C)Bus routes.D)Travels in Britain.13.A)It has no windows.B)People get onto it at the front.C)It has two carriages.D)It is open at the back.14.A)Uncomfortable.B)Noisy.C)Dangerous.D)Shabby.15.A)Bendy buses can help reduce the traffic jam.B)Bendy buses are more environmentally friendly.C)Bendy buses are convenient for people in wheelchairs.D)Bendy buses are more popular among tourists.Section CDirections:In this section,you will hear three passages.At the end of each passage,you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once.After you hear a question,you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B),C)and D).Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet1 with a single line through the centre.Questions16to18are based on the passage you have just heard.16.A)They had four toes.B)They were not as big as dogs.C)They lived in South America.D)They lived in thick forests.17.A)They had long legs and a long tail.B)They were smaller and had front eyes.C)They began to eat grass as well as fruit.D)They were bigger and had long legs.18.A)They evolved into donkeys in Asia and Africa.B)They used their long legs to run south to South Africa.C)They began to eat apples on the North American plains.D)They preferred grass to fruit and vegetables.Questions19to21are based on the passage you have just heard.19.A)Being rejected by friends and teachers.B)Staying away from his native land.C)Adapting to new study expectations.D)Keeping a balance between study and job.20.A)Talking with older brothers or sisters.C)Starting a conversation with close friends.B)Having a casual talk with a college student.D)Playing with friends on the same sports team.21.A)Follow traditions of with a college student.C)Respect the customs of different colleges.B)Take part in as many activities as possible.D)Take others’advice as reference only.Questions22to25are based on the passage you have just heard.22.A)They tend to harm wildlife.C)They are thrown away everywhere.B)They are hardly recyclable.D)They are made from useless materials.23.A)It is fatal.B)It is weird.C)It is very serious.D)It is complicated.24.A)The sea creatures that have taken in then are consumed by humans.B)The ocean’s ecology has been polluted and affected humans.C)Humans eat the seabirds that have swallowed plastic particles.D)Humans consume the fish that have eaten sea creatures with them.25.A)Its use has been drastically reduced.C)Most products use natural materials.B)It is still an indispensable material.D)The use of plastic items will be charged.PartⅢReading Comprehension(40minutes)Section ADirections:In this section,there is a passage with ten blanks.You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage.Read the passage through carefully before making your choices.Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter.Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet2with a single line through the centre.You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Questions26to35are based on the following passage.A third of the planet’s land is severely degraded and fertile soil is being lost at the rate of24bn tonnes a year, according to a new United Nations-backed study that calls for a shift away from destructively intensive agriculture, The alarming____26____,which is forecast to continue as demand for food and productive land increases,will ass to the risks of conflicts unless____27____actions are implemented,warns the institution behind the report.“As the ready supply of healthy and productive land dries up and the population grows,competition is ___28___for land within countries and globally,”said executive secretary of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification(UNCCD)at the launch of the Global Land Outlook.“To___29____the losses,the outlook suggests it is in all our interests to step back and rethink how we are managing the pressures and the competition.”The Global Land Outlook is____30____as the most comprehensive study of its type,mapping the interlinked impacts of urbanization,climate change,erosion and forest loss.But the biggest factor is the___31___of industrial farming.Heavy tilling,multiple harvests ans___32____use of agrochemicals have increased yields at the____33____of long-term sustainability.If the past20years,agricultural production has increased threefold and the amount of irrigated land has doubled,notes a paper in the outlook by the Joint Research Centre(JRC)of the European commission.Over time,however,this___34___fertility and can lead to abandonment of land and ___35___desertification.A)absorb I)limitedB)abundant J)minimizeC)billed K)occasionallyD)decline L)optimizesE)diminishes M)rateF)expansion N)remedialG)expense O)ultimatelyH)intensifyingSection BDirections:In this section,you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it.Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs.Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once.Each paragraph is marked with a letter.Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet2.Take Naps at Work.Apologize to No One[A]In the past two weeks I’ve taken three naps at work,a total of an hour or so of shut-eye while on the clock.And I have no shame or uncertainty about doing it.I couldn’t feel better about it,and my productivity reflects it,too.[B]Sleeping on the job is one of those workplace taboos-like leaving your desk for lunch or taking an afternoon walk-that we’re taught to look down on.If someone naps at2p.m.while the rest of us furiously write memos and respond to emails,surely it must mean they’re slacking off(偷懒).Or so the assumption goes.[C]Restfulness and recharging can take a back seat to the perception and appearance of productivity.It’s easier to stay on a virtual hamster(仓鼠)wheel of activity by immediately responding to every email than it is to measure aggregate productivity over a greater period of time.But a growing field of occupational and psychological research is building the case for restfulness in pursuit of greater productivity.[D]Companies are suffering from tremendous productivity problems because people are stressed out and not recovering from the workday,said Josh Bersin,Principal and Founder of Bersin by Deloitte.“They’re beginning to realize that this is their problem,and they can’t just say to people,‘Here’s a work-life balance course,go teach yourself how to manage your inbox,’”Mr.Bersin said.“It’s way more complicated than that.”[E]To be sure,the ability to nap at work is far from widespread,experts said.Few among us have the luxury of being able to step away for a half-hour snoozefest.But lunch hours and coffee breaks can be great times to duck out,and your increased productivity and alertness will be all the evidence you need to make your case to inquiring bosses.[F]In an ideal world,we’d all solve this problem by unplugging early and getting a good night’s sleep. Here’s our guide on how to do just that.But the next best thing is stealing away for a quick power nap when you’re dragging after lunch.[G]In a study published in Nature Neuroscience,researchers tested subjects on their perceptual performance four times throughout the day.Performance deteriorated with each test,but subjects who took a30-minute nap between tests stopped the deterioration in performance,and those who took a60-minute nap even reversed it.[H]“Naps had the same magnitude of benefits as full nights of sleep if they had a quality of nap.”said Sara Mednick,a co-author of the study and associate professor of psychology at the University of California,Riverside.[I]Dr.Mednick,a sleep researcher and the author of Take a Nap!Change Your Life,said daytime napping can have many of the benefits of overnight sleep,and different types of naps offer specific benefits.[J]For example,Dr.Mednick said a20-to60-minute nap might help with memorization and learning specific bits of information.It’s just long enough to enter stage-two sleep,or non-rapid eye movement(R.E.M.)sleep.[K]After60minutes,you start getting into R.E.M.sleep,most often associated with that deep,dreaming state we all enjoy at night R.E.M.sleep can improve creativity,perceptual processing and highly associativethinking,which allows you to make connections between disparate ideas,Dr.Mednick said.Beyond that,your best bet is a90-minute nap,which will give you a full sleep cycle.[L]Any nap,however,can help with alertness and perception and cut through the general fog that creeps in during the day,experts said.[M]So how did we even arrive at this point where aptitude is inextricably tied(紧密相连)to working long, concentrated hours?Blame technology,but think broader than smartphones and laptops;the real issue is that tech has enabled us to be available at all times.[N]“We went through a period where people were in denial and business leaders were ignoring it,”Mr. Bersin said.“They were assuming that if we give people more tools,more emails,more Slack,more chatter,and we’ll just assume they can figure out how to deal with it all.And I think they’ve woken up to the fact that this is a big problem,and it is affecting productivity,engagement,health,safety,wellness and all sorts of things.”[O]It isn’t just office workers who can benefit from an afternoon siesta(午睡).A2015study published in Current Biology looked at the at the sleeping habits of three hunter-gatherer preindustrial societies in Tanzania, Namibia and Bolivia.[P]“They’re active in the morning,then they get in the shade under the trees and have a sort of quiet time, but they’re not generally napping,”said Jerome Siegel,professor of psychiatry and biobehavioral sciences,and director of the U.C.L.A.Center for Sleep Research,a co-author of the study.“Then they do some work and go to sleep,and they sleep through the night.”[Q]Still,Mr.Siegel said,“the only genuine way to solve daytime sleepiness and fatigue starts the night before with a solid night’s sleep.”The real Holy Grail of restfulness is a regular sleep schedule with ideally seven or eight hours of sleep each night,which experts say is optimal.[R]“Daytime napping certainly does increase alertness,”Mr.Siegel said.“But it’s not as simple as going to the gas station and filling the tank.”[S]He also advises avoiding caffeine late in the day and waking around the same time every morning,even if you can’t get to sleep at the same time every night,This helps acclimate(使适应)your body to your regular wake-up time,regardless of how much sleep you got the night before.[T]So if you’ve made it this far and you’re interested in giving workday naps a try(or just starting to nod off),here’s a quick guide to the perfect nap;Find a quiet,unoccupied space where you won’t be disturbed.Try to make your area as dim as possible(or invest in a sleep mask you can keep in the office).Earplugs might help.too.Aim for around20minutes.Any longer than that and you’re likely to wake up with sleep inertia(睡眠惰性)，which will leave you even groggier(头脑昏沉的)than before.36.Participants’perceptual performance became better after sleeping one hour between tests in an article inNature Neuroscience.37.Jerome Siegel found that only by sleeping soundly through the previous night could people tackle theirweariness during the day.38.Our talent is closely bound to working with concentration for long periods of time because technologymakes us accessible24/7.39.Taking a nap at work is normally regarded as laziness that should be held in contempt and avoided inworkplace.40.Between20to60minutes,people can get into non-REM sleep which may improve memory and learningability according to Dr.Mednick.41.People can doze off at lunch and coffee breaks and defended themselves by saying their improvedproductivity and alertness when bosses investigated their whereabouts.42.The author’s tips on taking a perfect nap involve sleeping place,environment and duration.43.The author believes business leaders are aware that availability at any time due to technology has negativeeffects on every aspect of people’s life.44.The optimal length of a nap was an hour and a half so that people could go through a complete sleep cycle.45.Josh Bersin mentioned the cause of companies’big productivity problems and the solution which needsmore that just employees’efforts.Section CDirections:There are2passages in this section.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A),B),C)and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet2with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions46to50are based on the following passage.Every office worker hates meetings.But it’s a strange sort of hate,similar to the hatred of Londoners for the Northern Line,or New Yorkers for tourists who walk too slowly:the dislike is real,yet if the despised thing were to vanish,it’d be like surrendering a piece of your soul.When researchers probed into why people put up with the strain that meetings place on their time and sanity, they found something-those who resent and dread meetings the moat also defend them as a“necessary evil”, sometimes with great passion.True,research suggests that meetings take up vastly more of the average manager’s time than they used to.True,done badly,they’re associated with lower levels of innovation and employee wellbeing(幸福).But that’s just office life,right?It’s not supposed to be fun.That’s why they call it work.Underlying(引起)this attitude is an assumption that’s drummed into us not just as workers but as children, parents and romantic partners;that more communication is always a good thing.So suggestions abound for(大量存在)communicating better in meetings-for example,hold them standing up,so speakers will come to the point more quickly.But even when some companies consider abolishing meetings entirely,the principle that more communication is better isn’t questioned.If anything,it’s reinforced when such firms introduce“flat”management structures,with bosses always available to everyone,plus plenty of electronic distraction.In fact,constant connectivity is disastrous for both job satisfaction and the bottom line.And anyway,once you give it three seconds’thought,isn’t it cleat that more communication frequently isn’t a good thing?Often,the difference between a successful marriage and a second-rate one consists of leaving about three or four things a day unsaid.At work,it’s surely many more than four,though for a different reason;office communication comes at the cost of precisely the kind of focus that’s essential to good work.Yet we’re so accustomed to seeing talking as a source of solutions-for resolving conflicts or finding new ideas-that it’s hard to see when it is the problem.46.What does the author say about meetings?A)Londoners hate them as well as the Northern Line.B)They can help to keep workers’physical and spiritual health.C)Workers might be reluctant to give up them completely.D)New Yorkers dislike meetings more than Londoners.47.What did researchers find about people’s attitude towards meeting?A.Their attitude and behavior are paradoxical.B)People who hate meetings the most are senior insane.C)Those who like meetings might be considered insane.D)More meetings are regarded as a sign of less innovation.48.Why do people think that more communication is always a good thing?A)Because the concept is firmly believed by workers.B)Because everyone loves to communicate with others.C)Because the idea has been instilled into people’s mind.D)Because communication is vital for building relationships.49.What does the author think of the“flat”management structure?A)It forces bosses to frequently contact their employees.B)It helps to soften employees’bottom line of work.C)It is definitely a disaster to employees’job satisfaction.D)It strengthens people’s deeply-rooted notion of communication.50.What is the author’s argument about office communication?A)It is an effective way to solve office conflicts.B)It affects work efficiency in a negative way.C)It should come to a halt at intervals.D)It is useful for workers to find new ideas.Passage TwoQuestions51to55are based on the following passage.The Internet has enabled the spread of information at lightning speed.This information revolution has created tremendous business opportunities for online publishers,but not all of them maintain proper quality-control mechanisms to ensure that only good information is being shared.Instead,many publishers aim simply to make money by whatever means possible,with no regard for the implications for society at large.When selfish publishers set up shops online,the primary goal is to publish as much as possible,often at the cost of quality.In this respect,many publishers start numerous online journals focused on overlapping(重叠的)disciplines—to increase their total number of published papers—and hire young business managers who do not have any experience in either science or publishing.In some cases,online publishers even give up peer review, while still presenting themselves as scientific journals—deception designed to take advantage of scientists who simply want to share their research.If publishers structure their business to make more revenue,it often does harm to their products.When publishers start journals with overlapping domains,in combination with the pressure to publish more studies,this could promote the publication of marginal or even questionable articles.Moreover,publishers with multiple overlapping journals and journals with very narrow specialties(专业)increase the demands on the time and efforts of willing reviewers.With the fact that reviewers are generally not compensated for their time and effort,journal editors are often unable to find enough reviewers to keep up with the increased publication rate.To improve the situation and increase the trust in scientific community,the pressure to publish must be reduced.Funding and promotion decisions should not be based on the number of publications,but on the quality of those publications and a researcher’s long-term productivity and instructions.And that’s just the start.We need additional mechanisms,such as Beall’s list of predatory(掠夺的)publishers, to alert scientists to fake journals and fake articles.In addition,the price for online publication must be controlled and a mechanism must be put in place to honor and reward hard-working reviewers.51.What does the author think of online publishers?A)A small proportion of them can guarantee their publishing quality.B)They have lots of opportunities to renovate their business models.C)Many of them tend to try every means to make a buck.D)Social impact is their first priority when publishing books.52.It can be inferred from the second paragraph that______.A)peer review generally is a criterion to identify academic journalsB)researchers focus their research on the combination of disciplinesC)scientists care about their publications rather than researchD)young business managers are willing to face new challenges53.Why can’t publishers find enough reviewers to review papers?A)Reviewers are pressed for time when reviewing articles.B)Reviewers’gains can’t make up for what they have done.C)Publishers may compel reviewers to accept marginal articles.D)Publishers urge reviewers to increase publication rate rapidly.54.What is the author’s suggestion for online publication?A)More weight should be put on the quantity of publications.B)It is worthwhile to reward diligent reviewers for their effort.C)Fake journals should be reported to a regulatory organization.D)The price of online publication should be lowered greatly.55.What is the main idea of this passage?A)Online publishers should take measures to fight against fake scientific journals.B)Online publishers are pursuing their work efficiency at the cost of quality.C)Online publishers business models are quite likely to harm their publications.D)Online publishers are sacrificing the quality of research articles to make money.PartⅣTranslation(30minutes)Directions:For this part,you are allowed30minutes to translate a passage from Chinese intoEnglish.You should write your answer on Answer Sheet2.春节是中国的传统节日，相当于美国的圣诞节。
【实用文档】work plan
Module 15: WORK PLANOBJECTIVESAt the end of this session you should be able to:1. Describe the characteristics and purposes of various project planning and schedulingtechniques such as ‘work scheduling’ and ‘GANTT charting’;2. Determine the various tasks and the staff you need for your project and justify anyadditional staff (research assistants, supervisors) apart from the research team thatdeveloped the proposal, where you will recruit them, for how long a period you need them, and how you will train and supervise them.3. Prepare a work schedule, GANTT chart and staffing plan for the project proposal you aredeveloping.1. Introduction2. Work scheduling and planning techniquesI. INTRODUCTIONWhat is a work plan?A WORK PLAN is a schedule, chart or graph that summarises the different components of a research project and how they will be implemented in a coherent way within a specific time-span. It may include:•The tasks to be performed;•When and where the tasks will be performed; and•Who will perform the tasks and the time each person will spend on them.II. VARIOUS WORK SCHEDULING AND PLANNING TECHNIQUES1. The work scheduleA WORK SCHEDULE is a table that summarises the tasks to be performed in a research project, the duration of each activity and who is responsible for the different tasks.The version of a work schedule given on the following page includes:•The tasks to be performed;•The dates each task should begin and be completed;•Research team, research assistants and support staff (drivers, typists) assigned to the tasks•Person-days required by research team members, research assistants and support staff (The number of person-days equals the number of working days per person)Note:The period for field research for the course project should not exceed 6 months. Week 1 is the first week after completion of the present workshop.This work schedule was developed for a study of factors associated with maternal mortality in Mongo district, Zambia. The research team consisted of five persons (mainly district health team members). The study consisted of two main parts: (1) analysis of health facility-based maternal deaths; and (2) analysis of community-based maternal deaths.EXAMPLE OF A WORK SCHEDULE:Factors associated with maternal mortality, Mongo district, ZambiaYou will notice that each team member roughly spent 30 working days on the research, except the Senior Clinical Officer who was the Team Leader. He spent time to recruit research assistants and to visit district authorities to obtain their support for the study. Though he integrated these tasks with his normal clinical duties, he spent about 6 more working days than the other team members did. Five research assistants were recruited to assist with the interviewing. The number of working days required (20) were multiplied by five (for the research team as well as for the research assistants) to arrive at the number of person-days. Another 21 days (6+15) were spent on data analysis and report writing, whereas three days were reserved for feedback of findings and preliminary recommendations to all parties concerned, and two for drafting a plan of action to implement them.How to develop a work schedule•Review and revise, if necessary, the list of tasks you prepared for your Plan for Data Collection (Module 12). Add to the list other tasks you must complete not related to data collection (such as clearance of proposal; data analysis and report writing; and feedback to authorities and target group). Number all tasks.•Now review the staffing for the different tasks, taking into account your experience during the pre-test. Consider:— Who will carry out which tasks;—The amount of time needed per research unit (interview/observation/record) includingtravel time; and—The number of staff needed to complete each task in the planned period of time.Make revisions, if required. Complete the staffing for the tasks you have just added.•Consider whether the use of short-term consultants is necessary for certain tasks. Always consider using local consultants. If consultants are used, involve them in the planningstage of the project so you can incorporate any useful suggestions they may haveconcerning the design of the methodology.In reviewing your tentative staffing plan you should ask:•Are the types of personnel and levels of expertise you require likely to be available for the project? For example, is there a sufficient range of disciplines available including, where appropriate, personnel from outside the health field?•If special staff has to be recruited or reassigned from other ministries or agencies, what regulations or procedures will have to be followed?•Is the staffing plan realistic, taking into account the project budget that is likely to be available?•To what extent can community members, traditional healers, students or other nonprofessionals be involved in the study?•What training would the research assistants/data collectors require? How long would the training last? Who would do the training? How do you intend to supervise theassistants/data collectors? Review what you have tentatively planned in Module 12 and revise it, as necessary.Then fix the dates (in weeks) indicating the period in which each task will have to be carried out and calculate the number of working days per person required to complete each task.2. The GANTT ChartA GANTT chart is a planning tool that depicts graphically the order in which various tasks must be completed and the duration of each activity.The GANTT chart shown on the following page indicates:•the tasks to be performed;•who is responsible for each task; and•the time each task is expected to take.The length of each task is shown by a bar that extends over the number of days, weeks or months the task is expected to take.How can a work plan be used?A work plan can serve as:• A tool for planning the details of the project activities and drafting a budget.• A visual outline or illustration of the sequence of project operations. It can facilitate presentations and negotiations concerning the project with government authorities andother funding agencies.• A management tool for the Team Leader and members of the research team, showing what tasks and activities are planned, their timing, and when various staff members willbe involved in various tasks.• A tool for monitoring and evaluation, when the current status of the project is compared to what had been foreseen in the work plan.When should the work plan be prepared and when should it be revised?•The first draft of the work plan should be prepared when the project proposal is being developed, so the schedule can be discussed easily with the relevant authorities.• A more detailed work plan should be prepared after the pre-test in the study area.•There should be no hesitation in revising work plans as necessary, based on a reassessment of what can be realistically accomplished in the coming months.What factors should be kept in mind when preparing a work plan?•It should be simple, realistic, and easily understood by those directly involved.•It should cover the preparatory and the implementation phases of the project, as well as data analysis, reporting, dissemination and utilisation of results.•The activities covered should include training, technical or research tasks; administrative, secretarial and other support tasks.•The realities of local customs (local holidays, festivals) and working hours should be considered, when preparing the work plan.•Also seasonal changes and their effect on travel, work habits, and on the topic you are studying (such as incidence of disease or nutritional status), should be kept in mind asthe schedule is planned.Example of a GANTT Chart: Factors associated with maternal mortality, Mongo district, ZambiaComputer-assisted formulation of work plan:There are a number of computer software packages on the market that one can use to prepare and monitor the implementation of a work plan. Microsoft Project Manager, Excel, and Lotus are among the commonly used software packages.Budget preparationThe work plan is the starting point for developing your budget. Specify, for each activity in the work plan, what resources are required. Determine for each resource needed the unit cost and the total cost.(See Module 16.)GROUP WORK (3 hours)Prepare a work plan for inclusion in your proposal, following the steps below:1. Start with the development of a work schedule:o List all tasks to be carried out, completing and revising the list of tasks you prepared for your plan for data collection.o Consider who will carry out each task, the number of working days required per person to complete each task, the number of staff you will need to finish eachtask in a given period of time, and the period in which you plan to actually carryout each task.o Look at a calendar and note any public holidays or other important activities scheduled for the period (about 6 months) in which you plan to conduct thefieldwork.o Include your facilitator in stages of the fieldwork where you feel you would require assistance (e.g., during training of research assistants or during the initial periodof data collection in the field). If needed, schedule the use of a local consultant.o Do not forget to include support staff required (typists, drivers, for example).2. Consider whether the number of days each member of the research team plans to investin the fieldwork is adequate for the task and will be acceptable. ( It should most likely not exceed 30 working days.)3. Prepare a GANTT Chart to include in your proposal.4. Include two or three paragraphs on the staff required for your research and their tasks inyour work plan, including:o Composition of research team itself and the tasks of various members;o Reasons for recruiting research assistants/data collectors/supervisors, where you will recruit them, what their tasks will be, for how long you will need them, andhow you will train and supervise them;o The role of facilitators during the field work and when they will be needed; ando Whether any other consultants will be needed and, if so, what skills they should have and what their tasks would be.5. Copy your work schedule and GANTT chart on flipcharts or overhead sheets, for use inthe exercise below and in the plenary discussion.EXERCISE (Optional): Project work planReview the work plan that another group developed for their research proposal and provide constructive criticism.Trainer’s NotesModule 15: WORK PLANTiming and teaching methods½ hour Introduction and discussion3 hours Group work¼ hour Exercise (optional)1 hour Plenary4½ hours TOTAL TIMEIntroduction and discussion•Introduce and discuss the aims and uses of a work plan, encouraging participants who have experience in making work plans to contribute actively.•Pay special attention to the concept of person-days. It is important that everyone understands the concept as the groups need to calculate the number of person days for various tasks when making their work plans as well as preparing the budgets for theirresearch proposals.•The importance of having a detailed and realistic work plan that is at the same time flexible should be stressed.Group workAsk the participants to prepare work plans for their research proposals taking into account the plans for data collection that they already prepared (Module 12). Ask them to start by listing the tasks to be performed in the correct sequence. Then they should estimate the time involved for each task and assign the tasks to various staff members and consultants (if needed). Encourage each group to think seriously about what staffing pattern would be most cost-effective and efficient for its particular research project.Exercise: Project work plan (optional)Ask each group to look at the work plan developed by one of the other groups and provide constructive criticism.PlenaryAsk each group to present its work schedule, Gantt chart, and staffing plan followed by a short discussion.。
to what extent do you agree的回答
to what extent do you agree的回答题目：“To what extent do you agree that social media is a force for good in society?”IntroductionIn the modern era, social media has become an integral part of everyday life for millions of people around the world. It has undoubtedly transformed the way we communicate, connect, and share information. However, the impact of social media on society is a topic of ongoing debate. While some argue that social media is a force for good, others believe that its negative aspects outweigh the positives. This essay will explore the extent to which social media can be labeled as a force for good, taking into account its impact on communication, information dissemination, and social change.Body1. Communication:Social media platforms have revolutionized the way people communicate by providing instant and convenient means to connect with others globally. They have broken down barriers ofdistance and time, allowing individuals to stay connected with friends, family, and colleagues regardless of geographical boundaries. Online messaging, video calls, and sharing of pictures and videos have made communication more personal and intimate, strengthening relationships. Additionally, social media has facilitated the creation of online communities, support groups, and forums for people with shared interests or challenges, fostering a sense of belonging and support.2. Information dissemination:The advent of social media has democratized access to information, enabling people to stay updated with current events and engage in discussions on various topics easily. News can spread rapidly through social media channels, allowing individuals to be informed about local and global issues. Moreover, social media has given a voice to those who are marginalized or oppressed, providing a platform for activism and social justice movements. This has resulted in increased awareness and support for important causes such as environmental conservation, human rights, and equality.3. Social change:Social media has played a crucial role in driving social change andcollective action. It has empowered individuals to be active participants in societal issues by sharing their opinions, mobilizing support, and organizing campaigns. Movements like#BlackLivesMatter and #MeToo gained momentum through social media platforms, raising awareness about systemic injustices and demanding change. Social media has also provided a platform for marginalized communities to share their stories and challenge dominant narratives, thereby promoting inclusivity and diversity.4. Counterarguments:Despite the positive aspects of social media, it is important to acknowledge its negative repercussions. One significant concern is the impact on mental health. The constant exposure to carefully curated and often unrealistic representations of others' lives can lead to feelings of inadequacy, anxiety, and depression. Additionally, the spread of misinformation and fake news on social media platforms is a growing problem, undermining trust in traditional media sources and leading to the polarization of opinions. Furthermore, excessive use of social media can contribute to a sedentary lifestyle, leading to physical health issues.ConclusionIn conclusion, social media can be seen as a force for good in society, but its impact is nuanced. It has transformed communication, allowing for personal connections and the creation of online communities. Social media has also democratized access to information and empowered individuals to drive social change and raise awareness for important issues. However, it is crucial to acknowledge the negative effects such as mental health concerns and the spread of misinformation. Society must strive for a balanced and responsible use of social media, harnessing its potential for good while mitigating its drawbacks.。
英语话题对话设计
1.Jobs(1)To what extent do you agree (disagree)with the following opinion thata person who stays forever in one job will never be successful?(2) How to tackle pressure in job-seeking?(3) Is it possible for us to turn hobby into lifelong career?2.Family(1)What is your idea about DINK families?(2)What advice would you offer to minimize conflicts in multigenerational families?3.Happiness(1)What factors do you think may contribute to your having a happy life?(2)To what extent do you agree (or disagree)with the idea that happiness comes from having good relationships with your loved ones?4.Travel(1)Is it advisable to do research through the internet before traveling?(2)Which one would you choose, travel on your own or join a package tour organized by a travel agency?5.Environment——Comment on ways to live green.6.Animals——What solution would you offer to the wandering cats in the community?7.Holidays——What do you think of Chinese young men’s following and celebrating Western holidays?1.Jobs(1)To what extent do you agree (disagree)with the following opinion thata person who stays forever in one job will never be successful?(2) How to tackle pressure in job-seeking?(3) Is it possible for us to turn hobby into lifelong career?(1)A: I haven't seen you for long time. What are you doing these days?B:Oh,I’m frustrated with my job search. I want to find a suitable job, but you know, It is difficult to find suitable one.Would you like to go to the job market with me?B:I’d like to. But can you tell me what happens? Your job is decent, and the people around are all jealous of you.A:You know I have worked for this company for 3 years and there is no hope in any promotion.Thus,I want to change my job.B:Maybe your boss need more time to give you a promotion.A:Do you know the saying that “A rolling stone gathers no moss.”,which is to say a person who stays forever in one job will never be successful. B:I don’t agree with you.chairman Xi is the best example to show us that a person who stays forever inone job will be successful. At the beginning,he is just a small officer.He work hard and make great progress.He was promoted almost 50 times and become the chairman ofchina finally.A:However, not everyone staying in one job can be successful.Ma Yun is the richest person in china.He was an English teacher after graduation.He didn’t satisfy with his job and he left.Through his hard work,he finally build his empire of business.B:Ma Yun also stays in his job because he found his way to success and then persisted.A:All in all,whatever we do ,we should find our way to achieve our goals and persist it.B:OK ,let’s go to the talent market.A:let’s go.(2)A: I haven't seen you for long time. What are you doing these days?B:Oh,I’m frustrated with my job search. I want to find a suitable job, but you know, It is difficult to find suitable one.A: You look unhappy.B:I feel stressful during job-seeking. You know how competitive the job market is.A: Don't be nervous. You can talk to me.B:Ok. The work experience plays a significant role in hunting a job.But as a graduate,I nearly have no experience in working.A: First,can you tell me what field you are interested in?B: I want to be a teacher.A:Then, I think you should take a part-time job as a tutor to get work exp erience.B: However, I have never taught any one.A:You can watch some videos,which show you how to perform your less on.Besides,teach your students the methods that learn to study.B: I am afraid that I can't manage to do it.A:Self confidence is of great importance. You must be confident with the things you do.Confidence is the mother of success.B:What if I failed to apply a job?A:That's normal.It is the first time for you to do this.Nobody can succeed at first.B:Yes, maybe I set my goals too high.A:Come on! Don't be discouraged, you are excellent, and a lot of job opportunities for you, just to find one and make it your hobby.B:Thank you, I’ll try.B: If I have any question,can I turn to you help?A:Of course. I will always there with you.Sharing your feelings is a way to release your pressure.B: Thank you.(3)A: I haven't seen you for long time. What are you doing these days?B:O h,I’m frustrated with my job search. I want to find a suitable job, but you know, It is difficult to find suitable one.A:You want a well paid job?B:Not really, In my opinion, a good job is the one that I like and meet my hobby.A:Meet your hobby? But if your hobby turn into your job, you will crazy for it as before?B:T o tell the truth, I don’t know.A:I think making you job be your hobby is better than making your hobby be your job. Don't work as a means to earn a living, and you should regard work as a pleasure, so that you can work for investment, even crazy about it, then all the difficulties will be easily, because the work has become a kind of happiness and joy.B:You mean it is impossible for us to turn hobby into lifelong career? A:It’s hard to say. But you know the current forms of employment is not optimistic, It's hard to find a job and if you want a job meet your hobby, even harder.B:Yes, maybe I set my goals too high.A:Come on! Don't be discouraged, you are excellent, and a lot of job opportunities for you, just to find one and make it your hobby.B:T hank you, I’ll try.2.Family(1)What is your idea about DINK families?(2)What advice would you offer to minimize conflicts in multigenerational families?(1)A:What are you doing?B:I am reading the newspapers.There is a report about Dink family.A:What is Dink family.B:Dink family refers to families that double-income-no-kids families.A:Why?I think kids are very important in families.My parents always told me that Iam the resource of their happiness.Children are the hope of a family’s future.B:Maybe two-person families can have more time and room.The couple can play and have a satisfactory life.A:You know childbearing was a families top priority in ancient china.It is our tradition to have kids.B:But now childbearing is regarded as a personal choice by many young people.A:If they changed their mind,they may have missed their most fertile chil dbearing years.B:We can use the advanced medical techniques.We should respect their choice.A:If Dink family keeps on rise ,the labor force is not enough for the devel opment of the society.Thus,our society cannot function well.B:Yes,it's a big problem.We must improve the level of science and techn ology to solve the problem.A:This is a good ways to respect their personal choice and solve the prob lems caused by the Dink family.(2)A:hey **, you don’t look happy, what happened to you?B:I quarreled with my grandma just now.A:sorry to hear that, but I remember your grandma is very good to you. So for what you quarreled with her?B:yesterday, I bought a dress…A:oh ,I see, the yellow one, very fashionable and suit you very much. B:yes, I like it too, but my grandma don’t like, she said it looks like a clown or a beggar. I really can’t tolerate it.A:haha, In the eyes of the older generation, modern and fashion are incomprehensible to them.B:that what I feel sad about.A:come on, don’t be dispirited. You should often communicate with her and let her know everything have changed now. she think it is difficult to understand, that is because no one told her what is fashion now. B:you are right. It is my wrong. She love me very much, but I even don’tknow what she likes, l’ll talk with her more in the future.A:I’m happy to hear that. Come on, just to say sorry to her right now, she maybe even sad now. If you want to avoid or minilize the family conflicts,you should take some efficient measures. First,you should often communicate with other family members.Secondly,you should keep each privary,and respect each other.B:Ok, thank you to say so, bye~A:Bye.3.Happiness(1)What factors do you think may contribute to your having a happy life?(2)To what extent do you agree (or disagree)with the idea that happiness comes from having good relationships with your loved ones?A:What are you doing?B:I’m watching the survey conducted by cctv,which names “Are you happy?”A:This kind of survey makes me think about myself.B:Are you happy?A:Of course.B:What’s the man factor makes you feel happy?A:My family.I think happiness comes from having good relationships with my loved ones.I have a big family,including my parents,my brother, mysister and I.I can feel their love and care no matter where I st Mid-Autumn Day,I cannot go home.To my surprise,my family celebrate the festival with me via the internet.B:It is a really precious memory.A:Yes.How about you,you must have something to share.B:I feel happy too.As I grow up,I realize the importance of friends.I love to play with friends,and to talk with friend s.There is a saying goes that “A friend inneed is a friend indeed.”I had a fever last weekend,my friends take good care of me and bought me lots of delicious food.With their help,Igot better soon.I feel so lucky to have my friends.A:Yes.Family ,friendship and love make our human beings happy.B:It is because we show our love and care to each other that makes our life meaningful.4.Travel(1)Is it advisable to do research through the internet before traveling?(2)Which one would you choose, travel on your own or join a package tour organized by a travel agency?A:Hey **,what are you doing now?B: Y ou know I’ll go to HK next week.I’m doing research about the travel by internet.A:Really?why not use travel agents?it is very professional and you maysave much money by them.B:I would like travel on my own.beacause I can choose whenever and wherever by mayself.travel agents always restrain time of travelers.A:But travel agents also have lots of advantages,such as their expertise,experience, personal service nd up-to-date kwonledge of the latest deals.espacially,you can choose DIY tour,if you dislike the time limit.B:You are right. Nonetheless, I still need conduct my research.when travel agents provide great information.I have to consider which is the best for me.What’s more,Ialso can get cheap fares through booking by internet.A: How do you find the latest information?B:It’s not a problem.You know the internet is also a great and up-to-date resource.If you go to a site such as . You will find reviews on just about any hotel in the world.A:All right.you are so careful that you can travel on your own. Wish you have a good time.B:Thank you.you are very nice.5.Environment——Comment on ways to live green.A: Hey,can you help me collect the waste water?B: The water are used,you should drift through the pipesA:The water is used for washing clothes.It is not dirty. I think it can be us ed in toilet.B:There is enough water on earth,you can have clean as much as you wa nt.A:But that is not fresh water. The fresh water is precious,especially in th e urban zone.You know our living environment becomes worse and wors e for unlimited use of natural resources.We should save resources and p rotect our environment.B: Right.That is to say we should live a green life.Is there any other ways to live green?A: Of course.As for transportation,you can take the public bus or subway. B:Taking public transportation can not only save natural resources,but al so ease the traffic jam.A:Yes.Then you can put forward your own ideas about living green.B:I will turn off the lights before leaving classroom and cut off the electri city once after my phone full charged.A: That is a really good way.We can't survive without electricity.B: Saving electricity can help protect our environment.A:Yes.You are right.But how about helping me collect the waste water? B: Ok6.Animals——What solution would you offer to the wandering cats inthe community?A: Oh, this morning I found a wandering cat in my community, very cute, and made me want to have a cat too.B:But you know, no one to take care of these cats. Maybe someone have them before, Unfortunately, their master put them abandoned.A:Yes, there are always some irresponsible person.B:I think we can do something for these poor cats.A:good ideal! And I’ll give them food every day, that will be very meaningful.B:yes, but you know, we have no so enough time to provide food for them, and so did the money. We can feed one cat, but how the others? A: What you sa id very reasonable, but they need us, if we don’t help them, they will die.B:what I think is that we can call on others to join us. If so, we can take turns to look after these poor cats. And we can also establish the fund for the wandering cats.A: that sounds a great idea! And if more and more person pay attention to those poor kids, they will be live better.B: what’s more, we should remind the masters of the cats: Once they have them, don't abandon.A: Aha! you guys! We need to move fast! Let’s look fo r the poor kids I found this morning, maybe she is hungry.B:let’s go!7.Holidays——What do you think of Chinese young men’s following and celebrating Western holidays?A:H ey **,have you heard that students of a college in Xi’an are prohibited from Christmas?B: Unbelievable! why?A:It is said that the college is afraid of their student be westernized.B:what a comical farce! celebrate western festivals is a good way to know about western festivals culture. Above all, we can know the world and approached the world, and even share happiness with our friends.A:But it is worth thinking about. As time goes by, western festivals are popular with Chinese people, especially the young. They forget and ignore the traditional culture is sad. Besides, don't understand the western festivals religious and culture background so that spend money and time blindly is stupid.B:it is easy to see that we can know more about other countries' cultures and lean much knowledge through western festivals ,sometimes people have too much hard work to do , Western festivals provide more chance for them to get together and relax themselves, it just for fun, when it comes to afraid of be westernized, I think it is just kidding.A: what you said is reasonable, but our traditional festivals should beconcentrated and paid more attention to since every Chinese should remember and develop our cultures that have helped us stand strongly and proudly before the world. we can't lose our traditional festivals , It is very important for us understand the meaning and the importance of each traditional festival, The traditional festivals are the rod of us.B:yes, so we should pay more attention to our traditional festival, but it is not necessary to prohibited us from western festivals.A:I can’t agree more.。
五年级英语社区活动单选题30题
五年级英语社区活动单选题30题1. On Community Clean - up Day, we saw a man in uniform. He helps keep our community safe. What's his job?A. V olunteerB. CleanerC. Security guardD. Gardener答案解析：C。
在社区清洁日看到穿着制服保障社区安全的人，应该是保安（Security guard）。
A选项志愿者（V olunteer）可能会参与社区清洁等多种活动，但这里强调的是保障安全的工作；B选项清洁工（Cleaner）主要负责清洁工作；D选项园丁（Gardener）主要负责社区里的园艺工作。
2. In the community center, there is a person who often helps the old people with their shopping. She doesn't get paid for it. What is she?A. Shop assistantB. NurseC. V olunteerD. Teacher答案解析：C。
在社区中心经常无偿帮助老人购物的人是志愿者V olunteer）。
A选项售货员（Shop assistant）是在商店工作获取报酬的；B选项护士（Nurse）主要在医疗场所工作；D选项教师（Teacher）主要在学校从事教学工作。
3. We need someone to water the plants in the community garden. Who can do this job?A. Security guardB. GardenerC. DriverD. Cook答案解析：B。
给社区花园里的植物浇水的工作通常由园丁Gardener）来做。
A选项保安（Security guard）负责安全工作；C选项司机 Driver）负责开车；D选项厨师 Cook）负责做饭。
雅思大作文题目预测
1Advertising discourages people from being different individuals by making us all want to do the same and look the same. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2 Some people believe that parents have a great influence on children’s growth but influences from the outside play a more important role. Do you agree or disagree?3 In some countries, secondary schools aim to provide a general education across a range of subjects. In others, children focus on a narrow range of subjects relatedtoa particular career. Which doyou think is appropriate in today’sworld?4 Some people think that success in life comes from hard work and determination, while others think that there are more important factors such asmoney and appearance. Discuss both views and give your opinion.5 Some people think that using mobile phones and computers has a negative effect on youngpeople's readingandwritingskills. Towhat extent doyou agree or disagree?6 Towns and cities are attractive places. Some people suggest that the government should spend money putting in more works of art like paintings and statues to make them better to live in. To what extent do you agree or disagree?7 Some workingparents believe childcare centers can provide the best care for children, while others think family members like grandparents can do it better. Discuss both views and give your opinion.8 Many youngpeoplein theworkforcetoday changetheirjobs or careers everyfew years. What do you think are the reasons for this ？ Do the advantages of this outweigh the disadvantages ？9 The government has the duty to ensure that its citizens have a healthy diet, while others believe this is individuals' responsibility. Discuss both views and give your opinion.10 Some people say the government should give the health care the first priority, some others believe there are more important priorities to spend the taxpayers' money. Discuss both views and give your opinion.11 The increase in food production owes much to fertilizers and better machinery, but some people think that it has a negative impact on human health andthe community. Towhat extent doyou agree or disagree?12 Surveys show that people are livinglonger in many countries. But increasedlife expectancy has many implications for aging individuals and for society as a whole. What are the possible effects of longer living for individuals and society?13 Some people say that governments should focus on reducing environmental pollution and housing problems to help people prevent illness and disease. To what extent do you agree or disagree?14 News media are important in modern society. Why are they so important? Are their influences generally positive or negative?15Some people believe that the best way to build a happier society is to ensure that there are only small differences between the richest and poorest members. To what extent do you agree or disagree?16 Some people think reading stories in books is better than watching TV orplaying computer games for children. To what extent do you agree or disagree?17 Interviews form the basic selecting procedure for most large companies. However, some people think an interview is not a reliable means of choosing who to employ and there are some other better methods of selection. T o what extent do you agree or disagree?18 Nowadays, more and more jobs and task are done by machines which involve hard physical work. Do these effects of this trend outweigh the negativeeffects?19 In some countries, there is not enough recycling of waste materials (e.g.paper, glass, and cans). What are the reasons and solutions?20 The natural resources such as oil, forests and fresh water are being consumed at an alarming rate. What problems does it cause? How can we solvethese problems?21 Some people think that only the best students shouldbe rewarded. Others,however, think that it is more important to reward students who show improvements. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.22 In some countries, the role of a mother differs in some ways from the role of a father. Why do you think these differences exist? How might parental rolesdevelop in the future?23 Some people believe that youngpeople whocommit serious crimes should be punished in the same way as adults. To what extent do you agree or disagree?24 Many people nowadays don’tfeel safe either when they are at homeorgo out. What are the reasons? What can we do to solve this problem?25 More and more people want to study at university, so competition in university places is increasing. Why do more and more people want to study at university? Is it positive or negative?1 The best way for the government to solve traffic congestion is to providefree public transport 24 hours a day and 7 days a week. To what extent do youagree or disagree ？2 Some think that printed books are not necessary in the digital era becauseall writing can be stored electronically. Others think printed books still play an important role. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.3 In many countries today, both men and women need to work full time. Therefore, some people think men and women should share household tasks equally (eg. cleaning and looking after children). To what extent do you agree or disagree?4 In most countries ，prison is an effective solution for the problem of crime.Some people think it is a more effective solution to provide a better education. T o what extent do you agree or disagree ？5 Some people say that arts subject such as paintingor drawingshouldnot bemade compulsory for high school students. To what extent do you agree or disagree?6Nowadays, most peoplelearn academic studies at university, but others thinkwe should encourage them to learn vocational skills more, do you agree ordisagree?7Somepeoplebelievethat computers andtheinternet carry moreweight thantraditional education in children’s study. Some others believe that traditional schooling and teachers are still essential and more effective. Discuss both viewpoints and give your own opinion.8 Nowadays, most countries improve the standardof livingthrough economic development. But some social values are lost as a result. Do you think the advantages of the phenomenon outweigh the disadvantages?9 Children’s education is expensive. In some countries, the government pays some or all of the costs. Do the advantages outweigh its disadvantages?10 The international community must act immediately to ensure that all countries reduce their consumption of fossil fuels, such as gas and oil. To what extent do you agree or disagree?11 Some people believe the purpose of education is to prepare people to be useful members for society. Others say that the purpose of education is to achievepersonal ambitions. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.12 Employers shouldgiveits staff at least four weeks of holidays a year tomake employees do better in their jobs. To what extent do you agree or disagree?13 Some people think adults should learn practical skills by themselves, while others think they should learn from teachers in the classroom. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.14 With the increasing demand for energy sources of oil and gas, people shouldlook for sources of oil andgas in remote anduntouchednatural places. Dothe advantages outweigh disadvantages of damaging such areas ？15 In recent years, many museums and historical sites are mainly visited bytourists and not local people. Why is the case? What can be done to attract localpeople?16 People can live and work anywhere they want to choose because of improved communication technology and transport.Do the advantages of this development outweigh disadvantages?17 Many countries believe that international tourism has harmful effects. Why do they think so? What can be done to change their views?18 Nowadays, there are many television advertisements aimed at children. What are the effects of these advertisements on children? Should TV advertisements be controlled?19 Somepeoplethink it is moreimportant toplant moretrees in theopenareain towns and cities than provide more housing. To what extent do you agree or disagree?20 In some countries aroundthe worldmen andwomen are havingbabies latein life. What are the reasons? What are the effects on society and the family?21 Some people think young people are not suitable for important positionsin the government ，while other people think it is a goodidea for youngpeople totake on these positions. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.22 As well as makingmoney, businesses shouldalsohavesocial responsibilities.Do you agree or disagree?23 It has been suggestedthat all youngadults shouldberequiredtoundertakea period of unpaid work helping people in the community. Would the drawbacks be greater than benefits to the community and the young adults themselves?24 Scientists and tourists can travel to remote natural environments such asthe South Pole. Do you think the advantages outweigh its disadvantages?25 Most leaders anddirectors of organizations are older people. Some peoplethink it is better to have young people for these positions. To what extent do you agree or disagree?。
剑桥雅思9写作解析test2
剑桥雅思9写作解析test2⼩作⽂题⽬：The chart below shows the total number of minutes (in billions) of telephone calls in the UK, divided into three categories, from 1995- 2002. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.范⽂：The bar chart shows three types of telephone calls made in the UK between 1995 and 2002, according to how many minutes they lasted in total. Local fixed line calls lasted 72 billion minutes in 1995, rising gradually to 90 billion in 1998. The following year, the number peaked at 91 billion. Thereafter, it gradually declined to 73 billion in 2002. National and international fixed line calls lasted 37 billion minutes in 1995. The figure then rose slowly to 50 billion in 1999. There was a bigger increase in 2000 to 57 billion followed by smaller rises to 60 billion and 61 billion in 2001 and 2002 respectively. Mobile calls lasted 3 billion minutes in 1995, increasing to 10 billion in 1998. Thereafter, the increases were larger, to 15 billion in 1999, 27 billion in 2000 and 38 billion in 2001. In 2002 there was another rise to 44 billion.Overall, the number of minutes for local fixed line calls rose then fell and was always the highest. The number for national and international fixed line calls increased every year and was always the second highest, whilst the number for mobiles rose every year, especially after 1999, but was always the lowest.⼤作⽂题⽬：Some people believe that unpaid community service should be a compulsory part of high school programmes (for example working for a charity, improving the neighbourhood or teaching sports to younger children). To what extent do you agree or disagree?范⽂：参考译⽂1——⽆偿社区服务应该是强制性的In this essay, I shall explain why I think that it is a good idea for secondary school students to do compulsory community service.The main reason that I believe this is that it provides secondary school students with wider knowledge about, and experience of, their community and society in general. Some types of community service involve working with sick or disabled people, giving students the opportunity to help those who are less fortunate. Other kinds of community service give students the chance to work with children or work on projects to improve the community. All of these broaden horizons and demonstrate to students what their place in society is.Another key advantage of community service for secondary school students is that it can provide them with some work experience. This is particularly true in some sectors, such as health care, but I think that community service generally provides people with a work ethic which will obviously be helpful throughout their lives. The fact that the work is unpaid might inspire some studentsto continue with community service even when it is not a compulsory part of their secondary school curriculum.In addition, many community services suffer from a lack of volunteers, so using secondary school students in this way provides enough people to meet this shortfall. The supply of students is very likely to continue as older students leave school but new ones enter, so the provision of these community services is almost guaranteed.To conclude, I think having secondary school students do community service is an excellent idea.参考译⽂2——⽆偿社区服务不应该是强制性的In this essay, I shall explain why I think that unpaid community service should not be compulsory for high school students. For me, the most important reason why community service should not be compulsory for high school students is that they should be focusing on other things. I think it is much more important for high school students to study academic subjects –like maths, languages, science and computing –that will help them to get into higher education and then get better jobs when they enter the workforce. This is the primary purpose of schools. Compulsory community service would be a distraction from this.Of course, there are some students who would like to do community service and would find it useful in their future careers. They could do it during school hours if they wish. However, this does not mean that it should be compulsory for every student. In fact, making it compulsory could have negative effects if the students have to do work that they do not want to door do not see the use in doing. Students who want to do community service can also easily find ways to it outside school hours, e. g. in the evenings, at the weekends or during the school holidays.To conclude, I strongly disagree with the idea that unpaid community service should be compulsory for high school students, but I think that community service is a good thing for society and should be available to high school students who want to do it.。
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To what extent is community help the best measure to address the challenges of an aging population? Explain your answer.Community help is a good measure to address the challenges of an aging population. The community can play an active role in enhancing the well-being of the elderly by giving social and emotional support and providing healthcare and social services. The government provides subsidies to Voluntary Welfare Organisation for senior citizens. One such example is the Nursing Foundation for elderly. Some community organisationsalso offer free health checks and organize recreational activities for senior citizens to help them remain physically, mentally and socially active. Therefore, community help is a good measure to address the challenges of an aging population because it encourages more people to take care of one another and strengthens the social bond between Singaporeans. It fosters a closer relationship among people form the community such that the elderly are able to keep health, good emotion and social support.Government support is a good measure to address the challenges of an aging population. The Singapore government is aware that our population is aging and has introduced several schemes to address the issue. One of them is tax relief for people looking after the elderly in their family. Under this scheme, tax payers taking care of their parents or grandparents can pay less income tax. They can also pay less income tax when they contribute to their own or their parents’Central Provident Fund retirement accounts. Besides, buyers of public housing for the first time are given priority if they are buying a flat near their parents’ home. For people who are above 60 and are unable to care for themselves, the Tribunal for the Maintenance of Parents ensures that their children support them. All these schemes are in place to encourage people to take care of their families. Therefore, government support is a good measure to address the challenges of an aging population because it has in place policies to encourage people to take care of their parents and offer legal help so that the government is not saddled with the sole responsibility of caring the senior citizens.Family support is a good measure to address the challenges of an aging population. Family is the main source of emotional, social and financial support. The Senior Citizens’Week has been held annually since November 1979 to encourage the elderly to stay active in the family and community. It promotes a healthy attitude towards the elderly and creating a socially conducive environment. Grandparents’Day is also celebrated in November to bring families together and show their appreciation.Therefore, family support is a good measure to address the challenges of an aging population because the family is crucial as it is the first source of support that most people have. Family provides emotional, social and psychological help in terms of keeping the aged mentally and emotionally healthy. Individual responsibility is a good measure to address the challenges of an agingpopulation. Singaporeans themselves need to ensure that they age gracefully though early lifelong planning. One way is to encourage people to maintain a healthy lifestyle by controlling their diet and exercising regularly. Another way is to be financially prepared for old age. Singaporeans can attend talks and read relevant materials on financial planning. In this way, they are preparing for their retirement at very young age, making people independent and less reliant on others later on in life.Therefore, individual responsibility is a good measure to address the challenges of an aging population because only the individual is able to be fit, healthy and independent in times of crisis rather than depending on other people. Hence, there will be lesser burden to bear for the society.In conclusion, individual responsibility is the best measure to address the challenges of an aging population followed by family support, government support and community help. Individual responsibility is the best measure because even the help form government and community is not enough, the elderly can still lead independent lives. Government, family and community support cannot ensure every single person can take care of themselves at old age. Family support is the second best measure becauseit is the closest source an elderly can get. Strong and stable families bring about social stability and ernment support is the third best measure because it has in place many policies and strategies to aid people live decently in their old age. However, it is not as efficient and effective as family as it cannot directly give emotional support for the elderly. Community help is the least important because it does not have the resources the government has and therefore cannot help as many people.。