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A Design and Implementation of Active NetworkSocket ProgrammingK.L. Eddie Law, Roy LeungThe Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of TorontoToronto, Canadaeddie@, roy.leung@utoronto.caAbstract—The concept of programmable nodes and active networks introduces programmability into communication networks. Code and data can be sent and modified on their ways to destinations. Recently, various research groups have designed and implemented their own design platforms. Each design has its own benefits and drawbacks. Moreover, there exists an interoperability problem among platforms. As a result, we introduce a concept that is similar to the network socket programming. We intentionally establish a set of simple interfaces for programming active applications. This set of interfaces, known as Active Network Socket Programming (ANSP), will be working on top of all other execution environments in future. Therefore, the ANSP offers a concept that is similar to “write once, run everywhere.” It is an open programming model that active applications can work on all execution environments. It solves the heterogeneity within active networks. This is especially useful when active applications need to access all regions within a heterogeneous network to deploy special service at critical points or to monitor the performance of the entire networks. Instead of introducing a new platform, our approach provides a thin, transparent layer on top of existing environments that can be easily installed for all active applications.Keywords-active networks; application programming interface; active network socket programming;I. I NTRODUCTIONIn 1990, Clark and Tennenhouse [1] proposed a design framework for introducing new network protocols for the Internet. Since the publication of that position paper, active network design framework [2, 3, 10] has slowly taken shape in the late 1990s. The active network paradigm allows program code and data to be delivered simultaneously on the Internet. Moreover, they may get executed and modified on their ways to their destinations. At the moment, there is a global active network backbone, the ABone, for experiments on active networks. Apart from the immaturity of the executing platform, the primary hindrance on the deployment of active networks on the Internet is more on the commercially related issues. For example, a vendor may hesitate to allow network routers to run some unknown programs that may affect their expected routing performance. As a result, alternatives were proposed to allow active network concept to operate on the Internet, such as the application layer active networking (ALAN) project [4] from the European research community. In the ALAN project, there are active server systems located at different places in the networks and active applications are allowed to run in these servers at the application layer. Another potential approach from the network service provider is to offer active network service as the premium service class in the networks. This service class should provide the best Quality of Service (QoS), and allow the access of computing facility in routers. With this approach, the network service providers can create a new source of income.The research in active networks has been progressing steadily. Since active networks introduce programmability on the Internet, appropriate executing platforms for the active applications to execute should be established. These operating platforms are known as execution environments (EEs) and a few of them have been created, e.g., the Active Signaling Protocol (ASP) [12] and the Active Network Transport System (ANTS) [11]. Hence, different active applications can be implemented to test the active networking concept.With these EEs, some experiments have been carried out to examine the active network concept, for example, the mobile networks [5], web proxies [6], and multicast routers [7]. Active networks introduce a lot of program flexibility and extensibility in networks. Several research groups have proposed various designs of execution environments to offer network computation within routers. Their performance and potential benefits to existing infrastructure are being evaluated [8, 9]. Unfortunately, they seldom concern the interoperability problems when the active networks consist of multiple execution environments. For example, there are three EEs in ABone. Active applications written for one particular EE cannot be operated on other platforms. This introduces another problem of resources partitioning for different EEs to operate. Moreover, there are always some critical network applications that need to run under all network routers, such as collecting information and deploying service at critical points to monitor the networks.In this paper, a framework known as Active Network Socket Programming (ANSP) model is proposed to work with all EEs. It offers the following primary objectives.• One single programming interface is introduced for writing active applications.• Since ANSP offers the programming interface, the design of EE can be made independent of the ANSP.This enables a transparency in developing andenhancing future execution environments.• ANSP addresses the interoperability issues among different execution environments.• Through the design of ANSP, the pros and cons of different EEs will be gained. This may help design abetter EE with improved performance in future.The primary objective of the ANSP is to enable all active applications that are written in ANSP can operate in the ABone testbed . While the proposed ANSP framework is essential in unifying the network environments, we believe that the availability of different environments is beneficial in the development of a better execution environment in future. ANSP is not intended to replace all existing environments, but to enable the studies of new network services which are orthogonal to the designs of execution environments. Therefore, ANSP is designed to be a thin and transparent layer on top of all execution environments. Currently, its deployment relies on automatic code loading with the underlying environments. As a result, the deployment of ANSP at a router is optional and does not require any change to the execution environments.II. D ESIGN I SSUES ON ANSPThe ANSP unifies existing programming interfaces among all EEs. Conceptually, the design of ANSP is similar to the middleware design that offers proper translation mechanisms to different EEs. The provisioning of a unified interface is only one part of the whole ANSP platform. There are many other issues that need to be considered. Apart from translating a set of programming interfaces to other executable calls in different EEs, there are other design issues that should be covered, e.g., • a unified thread library handles thread operations regardless of the thread libraries used in the EEs;• a global soft-store allows information sharing among capsules that may execute over different environmentsat a given router;• a unified addressing scheme used across different environments; more importantly, a routing informationexchange mechanism should be designed across EEs toobtain a global view of the unified networks;• a programming model that should be independent to any programming languages in active networks;• and finally, a translation mechanism to hide the heterogeneity of capsule header structures.A. Heterogeneity in programming modelEach execution environment provides various abstractions for its services and resources in the form of program calls. The model consists of a set of well-defined components, each of them has its own programming interfaces. For the abstractions, capsule-based programming model [10] is the most popular design in active networks. It is used in ANTS [11] and ASP [12], and they are being supported in ABone. Although they are developed based on the same capsule model, their respective components and interfaces are different. Therefore, programs written in one EE cannot run in anther EE. The conceptual views of the programming models in ANTS and ASP are shown in Figure 1.There are three distinct components in ANTS: application, capsule, and execution environment. There exist user interfaces for the active applications at only the source and destination routers. Then the users can specify their customized actions to the networks. According to the program function, the applications send one or more capsules to carry out the operations. Both applications and capsules operate on top of an execution environment that exports an interface to its internal programming resources. Capsule executes its program at each router it has visited. When it arrives at its destination, the application at destination may either reply it with another capsule or presents this arrival event to the user. One drawback with ANTS is that it only allows “bootstrap” application.Figure 1. Programming Models in ASP and ANTS.In contrast, ASP does not limit its users to run “bootstrap” applications. Its program interfaces are different from ANTS, but there are also has three components in ASP: application client, environment, and AAContext. The application client can run on active or non-active host. It can start an active application by simply sending a request message to the EE. The client presents information to users and allows its users to trigger actions at a nearby active router. AAContext is the core of the network service and its specification is divided into two parts. One part specifies its actions at its source and destination routers. Its role is similar to that of the application in ANTS, except that it does not provide a direct interface with the user. The other part defines its actions when it runs inside the active networks and it is similar to the functional behaviors of a capsule in ANTS.In order to deal with the heterogeneity of these two models, ANSP needs to introduce a new set of programming interfaces and map its interfaces and execution model to those within the routers’ EEs.B. Unified Thread LibraryEach execution environment must ensure the isolation of instance executions, so they do not affect each other or accessThe authors appreciate the Nortel Institute for Telecommunications (NIT) at the University of Toronto to allow them to access the computing facilitiesothers’ information. There are various ways to enforce the access control. One simple way is to have one virtual machine for one instance of active applications. This relies on the security design in the virtual machines to isolate services. ANTS is one example that is using this method. Nevertheless, the use of multiple virtual machines requires relatively large amount of resources and may be inefficient in some cases. Therefore, certain environments, such as ASP, allow network services to run within a virtual machine but restrict the use of their services to a limited set of libraries in their packages. For instance, ASP provides its thread library to enforce access control. Because of the differences in these types of thread mechanism, ANSP devises a new thread library to allow uniform accesses to different thread mechanisms.C. Soft-StoreSoft-store allows capsule to insert and retrieve information at a router, thus allowing more than one capsules to exchange information within a network. However, problem arises when a network service can execute under different environments within a router. The problem occurs especially when a network service inserts its soft-store information in one environment and retrieves its data at a later time in another environment at the same router. Due to the fact that execution environments are not allowed to exchange information, the network service cannot retrieve its previous data. Therefore, our ANSP framework needs to take into account of this problem and provides soft-store mechanism that allows universal access of its data at each router.D. Global View of a Unified NetworkWhen an active application is written with ANSP, it can execute on different environment seamlessly. The previously smaller and partitioned networks based on different EEs can now be merging into one large active network. It is then necessary to advise the network topology across the networks. However, different execution environments have different addressing schemes and proprietary routing protocols. In order to merge these partitions together, ANSP must provide a new unified addressing scheme. This new scheme should be interpretable by any environments through appropriate translations with the ANSP. Upon defining the new addressing scheme, a new routing protocol should be designed to operate among environments to exchange topology information. This allows each environment in a network to have a complete view of its network topology.E. Language-Independent ModelExecution environment can be programmed in any programming language. One of the most commonly used languages is Java [13] due to its dynamic code loading capability. In fact, both ANTS and ASP are developed in Java. Nevertheless, the active network architecture shown in Figure 2 does not restrict the use of additional environments that are developed in other languages. For instance, the active network daemon, anted, in Abone provides a workspace to execute multiple execution environments within a router. PLAN, for example, is implemented in Ocaml that will be deployable on ABone in future. Although the current active network is designed to deploy multiple environments that can be in any programming languages, there lacks the tool to allow active applications to run seamlessly upon these environments. Hence, one of the issues that ANSP needs to address is to design a programming model that can work with different programming languages. Although our current prototype only considers ANTS and ASP in its design, PLAN will be the next target to address the programming language issue and to improve the design of ANSP.Figure 2. ANSP Framework Model.F. Heterogeneity of Capsule Header StructureThe structures of the capsule headers are different in different EEs. They carries capsule-related information, for example, the capsule types, sources and destinations. This information is important when certain decision needs to be made within its target environment. A unified model should allow its program code to be executed on different environments. However, the capsule header prevents different environments to interpret its information successfully. Therefore, ANSP should carry out appropriate translation to the header information before the target environment receives this capsule.III. ANSP P ROGRAMMING M ODELWe have outlined the design issues encountered with the ANSP. In the following, the design of the programming model in ANSP will be discussed. This proposed framework provides a set of unified programming interfaces that allows active applications to work on all execution environments. The framework is shown in Figure 2. It is composed of two layers integrated within the active network architecture. These two layers can operate independently without the other layer. The upper layer provides a unified programming model to active applications. The lower layer provides appropriate translation procedure to the ANSP applications when it is processed by different environments. This service is necessary because each environment has its own header definition.The ANSP framework provides a set of programming calls which are abstractions of ANSP services and resources. A capsule-based model is used for ANSP, and it is currently extended to map to other capsule-based models used in ANTSand ASP. The mapping possibility to other models remains as our future works. Hence, the mapping technique in ANSP allows any ANSP applications to access the same programming resources in different environments through a single set of interfaces. The mapping has to be done in a consistent and transparent manner. Therefore, the ANSP appears as an execution environment that provides a complete set of functionalities to active applications. While in fact, it is an overlay structure that makes use of the services provided from the underlying environments. In the following, the high-level functional descriptions of the ANSP model are described. Then, the implementations will be discussed. The ANSP programming model is based upon the interactions between four components: application client , application stub , capsule , and active service base.Figure 3. Information Flow with the ANSP.•Application Client : In a typical scenario, an active application requires some means to present information to its users, e.g., the state of the networks. A graphical user interface (GUI) is designed to operate with the application client if the ANSP runs on a non-active host.•Application Stub : When an application starts, it activates the application client to create a new instance of application stub at its near-by active node. There are two responsibilities for the application stub. One of them is to receive users’ instructions from the application client. Another one is to receive incoming capsules from networks and to perform appropriate actions. Typically, there are two types of actions, thatare, to reply or relay in capsules through the networks, or to notify the users regarding the incoming capsule. •Capsule : An active application may contain several capsule types. Each of them carries program code (also referred to as forwarding routine). Since the application defines a protocol to specify the interactions among capsules as well as the application stubs. Every capsule executes its forwarding routine at each router it visits along the path between the source and destination.•Active Service Base : An active service base is designed to export routers’ environments’ services and execute program calls from application stubs and capsules from different EEs. The base is loaded automatically at each router whenever a capsule arrives.The interactions among components within ANSP are shown in Figure 3. The designs of some key components in the ANSP will be discussed in the following subsections. A. Capsule (ANSPCapsule)ANSPXdr decode () ANSPXdr encode () int length ()Boolean execute ()New types of capsule are created by extending the abstract class ANSPCapsule . New extensions are required to define their own forwarding routines as well as their serialization procedures. These methods are indicated below:The execution of a capsule in ANSP is listed below. It is similar to the process in ANTS.1. A capsule is in serial binary representation before it issent to the network. When an active router receives a byte sequence, it invokes decode() to convert the sequence into a capsule. 2. The router invokes the forwarding routine of thecapsule, execute(). 3. When the capsule has finished its job and forwardsitself to its next hop by calling send(), this call implicitly invokes encode() to convert the capsule into a new serial byte representation. length() isused inside the call of encode() to determine the length of the resulting byte sequence. ANSP provides a XDR library called ANSPXdr to ease the jobs of encoding and decoding.B. Active Service Base (ANSPBase)In an active node, the Active Service Base provides a unified interface to export the available resources in EEs for the rest of the ANSP components. The services may include thread management, node query, and soft-store operation, as shown in Table 1.TABLE I. ACTIVE SERVICE BASE FUNCTION CALLSFunction Definition Descriptionboolean send (Capsule, Address) Transmit a capsule towards its destination using the routing table of theunderlying environment.ANSPAddress getLocalHost () Return address of the local host as an ANSPAddress structure. This isuseful when a capsule wants to check its current location.boolean isLocal (ANSPAddress) Return true if its input argument matches the local host’s address andreturn false otherwise.createThread () Create a new thread that is a class ofANSPThreadInterface (discussed later in Section VIA “Unified Thread Abstraction”).putSStore (key, Object) Object getSStore (key) removeSStore (key)The soft-store operations are provided by putSStore(), getSSTore(), and removeSStore(), and they put, retrieve, and remove data respectively. forName (PathName) Supported in ANSP to retrieve a classobject corresponding to the given path name in its argument. This code retrieval may rely on the code loading mechanism in the environment whennecessary.C. Application Client (ANSPClient)boolean start (args[])boolean start (args[],runningEEs) boolean start (args[],startClient)boolean start (args[],startClient, runningEE)Application Client is an interface between users and the nearby active source router. It does the following responsibilities.1. Code registration: It may be necessary to specify thelocation and name of the application code in some execution environments, e.g., ANTS. 2. Application initialization: It includes selecting anexecution environment to execute the application among those are available at the source router. Each active application can create an application client instance by extending the abstract class, ANSPClient . The extension inherits a method, start(), to automatically handle both the registration and initialization processes. All overloaded versions of start() accept a list of arguments, args , that are passed to the application stub during its initialization. An optional argument called runningEEs allows an application client to select a particular set of environment variables, specified by a list of standardized numerical environment ID, the ANEP ID, to perform code registration. If this argument is not specified, the default setting can only include ANTS and ASP. D. Application Stub (ANSPApplication)receive (ANSPCapsule)Application stubs reside at the source and destination routers to initialize the ANSP application after the application clients complete the initialization and registration processes. It is responsible for receiving and serving capsules from the networks as well as actions requested from the clients. A new instance is created by extending the application client abstract class, ANSPApplication . This extension includes the definition of a handling routine called receive(), which is invoked when a stub receives a new capsule.IV. ANSP E XAMPLE : T RACE -R OUTEA testbed has been created to verify the design correctnessof ANSP in heterogeneous environments. There are three types of router setting on this testbed:1. Router that contains ANTS and a ANSP daemonrunning on behalf of ASP; 2. Router that contains ASP and a ANSP daemon thatruns on behalf of ANTS; 3. Router that contains both ASP and ANTS.The prototype is written in Java [11] with a traceroute testing program. The program records the execution environments of all intermediate routers that it has visited between the source and destination. It also measures the RTT between them. Figure 4 shows the GUI from the application client, and it finds three execution environments along the path: ASP, ANTS, and ASP. The execution sequence of the traceroute program is shown in Figure 5.Figure 4. The GUI for the TRACEROUTE Program.The TraceCapsule program code is created byextending the ANSPCapsule abstract class. When execute() starts, it checks the Boolean value of returning to determine if it is returning from the destination. It is set to true if TraceCapsule is traveling back to the source router; otherwise it is false . When traveling towards the destination, TraceCapsule keeps track of the environments and addresses of the routers it has visited in two arrays, path and trace , respectively. When it arrives at a new router, it calls addHop() to append the router address and its environment to these two arrays. When it finally arrives at the destination, it sets returning to false and forwards itself back to the source by calling send().When it returns to source, it invokes deliverToApp() to deliver itself to the application stub that has been running at the source. TraceCapsule carries information in its data field through the networks by executing encode() and decode(), which encapsulates and de-capsulates its data using External Data Representation (XDR) respectively. The syntax of ANSP XDR follows the syntax of XDR library from ANTS. length() in TraceCapsule returns the data length, or it can be calculated by using the primitive types in the XDRlibrary.Figure 5. Flow of the TRACEROUTE Capsules.V. C ONCLUSIONSIn this paper, we present a new unified layered architecture for active networks. The new model is known as Active Network Socket Programming (ANSP). It allows each active application to be written once and run on multiple environments in active networks. Our experiments successfully verify the design of ANSP architecture, and it has been successfully deployed to work harmoniously with ANTS and ASP without making any changes to their architectures. In fact, the unified programming interface layer is light-weighted and can be dynamically deployable upon request.R EFERENCES[1] D.D. Clark, D.L. Tennenhouse, “Architectural Considerations for a NewGeneration of Protocols,” in Proc. ACM Sigcomm’90, pp.200-208, 1990. [2] D. Tennenhouse, J. M. Smith, W. D. Sicoskie, D. J. Wetherall, and G. J.Minden, “A survey of active network research,” IEEE Communications Magazine , pp. 80-86, Jan 1997.[3] D. Wetherall, U. Legedza, and J. Guttag, “Introducing new internetservices: Why and how,” IEEE Network Magazine, July/August 1998. [4] M. Fry, A. Ghosh, “Application Layer Active Networking,” in ComputerNetworks , Vol.31, No.7, pp.655-667, 1999.[5] K. W. Chin, “An Investigation into The Application of Active Networksto Mobile Computing Environments”, Curtin University of Technology, March 2000.[6] S. Bhattacharjee, K. L. Calvert, and E. W. Zegura, “Self OrganizingWide-Area Network Caches”, Proc. IEEE INFOCOM ’98, San Francisco, CA, 29 March-2 April 1998.[7] L. H. Leman, S. J. Garland, and D. L. Tennenhouse, “Active ReliableMulticast”, Proc. IEEE INFOCOM ’98, San Francisco, CA, 29 March-2 April 1998.[8] D. Descasper, G. Parulkar, B. Plattner, “A Scalable, High PerformanceActive Network Node”, In IEEE Network, January/February 1999.[9] E. L. Nygren, S. J. Garland, and M. F. Kaashoek, “PAN: a high-performance active network node supporting multiple mobile code system”, In the Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE Conference on Open Architectures and Network Programming (OpenArch ’99), March 1999. [10] D. L. Tennenhouse, and D. J. Wetherall. “Towards an Active NetworkArchitecture”, In Proceeding of Multimedia Computing and Networking , January 1996.[11] D. J. Wetherall, J. V. Guttag, D. L. Tennenhouse, “ANTS: A toolkit forBuilding and Dynamically Deploying Network Protocols”, Open Architectures and Network Programming, 1998 IEEE , 1998 , Page(s): 117 –129.[12] B. Braden, A. Cerpa, T. Faber, B. Lindell, G. Phillips, and J. Kann.“Introduction to the ASP Execution Environment”: /active-signal/ARP/index.html .[13] “The java language: A white paper,” Tech. Rep., Sun Microsystems,1998.。
毕业设计外文文献翻译(原文+译文)
Environmental problems caused by Istanbul subway excavation and suggestionsfor remediation伊斯坦布尔地铁开挖引起的环境问题及补救建议Ibrahim Ocak Abstract：Many environmental problems caused by subway excavations have inevitably become an important point in city life. These problems can be categorized as transporting and stocking of excavated material, traffic jams, noise, vibrations, piles of dust mud and lack of supplies. Although these problems cause many difficulties,the most pressing for a big city like Istanbul is excava tion,since other listed difficulties result from it. Moreover, these problems are environmentally and regionally restricted to the period over which construction projects are underway and disappear when construction is finished. Currently, in Istanbul, there are nine subway construction projects in operation, covering approximately 73 km in length; over 200 km to be constructed in the near future. The amount of material excavated from ongoing construction projects covers approximately 12 million m3. In this study, problems—primarily, the problem with excavation waste(EW)—caused by subway excavation are analyzed and suggestions for remediation are offered.摘要：许多地铁开挖引起的环境问题不可避免地成为城市生活的重要部分。
毕设设计类外文翻译
Interior Design Supports Art Education: A Case StudyInterior design, as a field of study, is a rapidly growing area of interest – particularly for teenagers in the United States. Part of this interest stems from the proliferation ofdesign-related reality shows available through television media. Some art educators and curriculum specialists in the nation perceive the study of interior spaces as a ‘practical application’ of the arts.This article discusses an experiential design problem, originally used in higher education interior design studio courses that was modified and shared with students in third grade to address national academic standards. Later, this same project was modified for use with high school students in the educator’s community a nd with international design students in South Korea.Lastly, the project was presented in a workshop to art education students at a higher education institution. The project was modified to address (1) the age group level and (2) a topic relevant to the audience. Goals of the design project were: (1) to explore creative problem-solving, (2) to explore the application of design elements and principles, and (3) to increase student understanding of spatial relationships within an interior environment. Findings indicate that the project supported several visual art standards, including perception and community. This project may be of interest to current and future art educators and others interested in the potential of interior design content supporting art education.IntroductionThe design of interior spaces is a growing area of interest in the United States. Studies indicate that people spend 90 per cent of their time indoors, thereby making the quality design of interiors critical to the health and welfare of the population. Youth have been unconsciously encouraged since their childhood to develop awareness of their personal interior spaces and furnishings through popular storybooks they read that introduce the awareness of scale, proportion and ergonomics at a very young age (e.g. Three Little Bears and Alice in Wonderland). More recently, teens in the United States have become unexpectedly ‘hooked’ on design related reality shows such as Trading Spaces, Changing Rooms and Design on a Dime. Although Trading Spaces was originally intended for adults, according to the Wall Street Journal article titled ‘The Teen-Room Makeover’ (18 October 2002) the audience has more than 125,000 viewers aged 12 to 17 [1]. In support of that finding, a survey conducted in 2003 for a national chain of hardware stores discovered 65 per cent of teens said they have watched home improvement-related television shows [2].Teens seemingly have a growing interest in the design of interior spaces.In the United States in 2002, a qualitative study was developed to determine if interior design subject-matter could support national academic standards in elementary and secondary schools (kindergarten – twelfth grade) [3]. Findings of the study indicated that art educators and curriculum specialists perceived interior design to be supportive in meeting their standards as a type of ‘practical application’ of the arts. Perceptions of the curriculum specialists indicated they were looking for new ways to interpret fine art standards in their existing curriculum and that interior design offered one solution. As a result, the researcher, who was an interior design educator, was encouraged to identify and develop a project or lesson plan that could introduce children and youth to the importance of well-designed interior spaces yet support an art education standard in the nation.This article discusses an experiential interior design project that was modified from an exercise used in the freshman and sophomore college studio classes and shared with students in third grade, high school, and with international students in South Korea by this interior design educator. The educator was later invited to present this project to art education teachers at her university. The project supported several school district visual art standards, including perception and community. It was modified to address (1) the age group level and (2) a topic relevant to the audience. Goals of the design project were: (1) to explore creative problem solving, (2) to explore the application of design elements and principles, and (3) to increase student understanding of spatial relationships within an interior environment. This project may be of interest to current and future art educators and others interested in the potential of interior design content supporting visual art standards.Review of literatureThe review of literature briefly discusses (1) experiential learning theory, (2) findings from a qualitative study involving art educators, and (3) the interior design link with art education. The interior design project description and process of application will follow.Experiential learningExperiential learning theory, as an application of cognitive/perceptual models, is a tool toenhance the cognitive process of students. Specifically, the experiential learning cycleinvolves a concrete experience that leads to observations and reflections then to formation of abstract concepts and generalisations, before finally testing implications from concepts in new situations [4].The Association for Experiential Education defines experiential education astheprocess by which a learner constructs knowledge, skill and value from direct experience [5]. Drengson [6] defines experiential education as the process of practical engagement withconcepts and skills applied in a practical setting and delivered through physical and practical mental activity.One of the key components to enhance student learning is reflection. Dewey [7] suggests that to have meaning, an experience must be combined with thought. Kolb [8] suggests that reflections can offer a potential source of powerful data to link theory to practice. The mental engagement of an experiential learner can involve questioning, investigation, experimentation, curiosity, problem-solving, assuming responsibility, creativity and the construction of meaning [9].Experiential learning offers the spontaneous opportunity for learning, whether from unplanned moments, natural consequences, mistakes or successes [10]. Holistically, it involves not only the cognitive but also any combination of the senses, the emotions, and the physical [11].Qualitative study involving art educatorsIn 2001, a study was conducted to determine if interior design may be supportive tokindergarten – twelfth grade (K–12) teachers in meeting national academic standards,including the arts [12]. To understand perceptions of experts in interior design and elementary and secondary education, five focus group session sand six personal interviews were conducted with interior design educators, practitioners,K–12 teachers (elementary, junior high, and high school levels), national standards curriculum specialists (local and state level), and school-to-career curriculum specialists from June 2001 to April 2002[13].Focus group findings indicated that K–12teachers, at both elementary and secondary levels, felt that interior design could be supportive in meeting visual art standards because youth are frequently analysing their personal and public spaces. Participants described specific examples of interior design materials they currently needed in their course work to include: examples of good and bad interior spaces, information about elements and principles of design as they relate to interior spaces, and hands-on col our wheels of sturdy materials. In addition they requested that the materials be low cost, stimulating,‘touchable’,recyclable, self-contained, and fun. Lesson plans the visual art teachers suggested included:• reinvention of the ‘shoe box’ projec t;• development of well-known stories (The Three Pigs, Three Little Bears, and Alice in Wonderland) into space models to teach proportion and scale. In addition, it was suggestedthe following lesson plan: use of Goldilocks story to analyse ‘client or consumer needs’;• use of a Dr Seuss story (literary passage) to generate a conceptual model that enhances creativity;• study of cultural spaces at the junior high level that would enhance study of personal expression of identity in interiors [14].The visual arts curriculum specialists indicated hat interior design –as a ‘practical application’ should be introduced in elementary levels where there is a ‘small window of opportunity’ to give good information about the visual arts. See Table 1 fo r an example of the visual art standards in kindergarten – third grade levels. One visual art specialist advocated that the design process was more important to teach than a particular design method. He suggested moving students from designing personal spaces – and the study of elements and principles of design – in elementary levels to the analysis of private and public spaces in the junior high level. Then the high school levels could be reserved for additional indepth Exploration.Today, junior high and high school students are quite attracted to design-related reality shows. Over the last five years, the number of designrelated television shows has increased dramatically [15]. Why are these shows so attractive to teens and young adults? Rodriguez [16]has suggested that this interest is linked to the teens need for expression of self andself-identity.An individual’s unique identity is established through personalisation of space, which is critical to overall development of self [17]. Developing a sense of self involves the use of symbols to communicate to others one’s personal underlying identity.Interior design link with art educationIt is not common for interior design to be linked with art education in K–12 grade levels in the United States. However, the Foundation for Interior Design EducationResearch[18]standards and guidelines – the accreditation organization for higher education interior design programmes in the nation – reveal that there are many shared areas between visual arts and interior design (e.g.elements and principles of design).Rasmussen and Wright [19]advocate the need for a new model for art education. The new model should offer youth an aesthetic education that does more than just serve the traditional concerns of established arts curriculum. Experiences indicate that young people try to make sense of their own lives by creating contextual understanding through actively, and intentionally, making connections to signs, perceptions and experiences. This is a challenge to develop a new art education model that creates a balance between social andcontextual needs, knowledge of young people, and theaesthetic medium itself.The study of interior spaces offers one such context for learning in the physical environment.People spend 90 per cent of their time in interior spaces [20]. Youth consciously or unconsciously, analyse and respond to their near environment. They also learn best if they understand why they are learning what they are learning. Application of design and art to everyday life can assist in making connections in student learning, and develop more awareness of good design as well as an appreciation of the arts. Youth need theopportunity to learn more about design and human behavior so they can learn they have choices about how supportive their environments can be. Children can [determine] how design influences their behaviors; howdesign can be used to manipulate behavior; how design can encourage or discourage conversation, establish status, put people in power positions, increase or decrease anxiety [21].Therefore, based on (1) the experiential learning theoretical underpinnings, (2) recommendations made by art educators and curriculum specialists, and (3) a call for a new ways of teaching art education, an interior design educator at a higher education institution modified an experiential design project that involved the use of elements and principles of design and an opportunity for self-expression of personal spaces. The designproblem of the personal space was changed based on the grade level.Case study project descriptionAlthough art educators and curriculum specialists perceived that interior design content could be supportive to visual art standards, it was determined that a case study project needed to be developed and presented to various grade levels. It was also determined that a conceptual model of interior spaces should be used toenhance student creativity and exploration rather than a finite model that would offer too many rules and boundaries. Project descriptionThe experiential interior design project involved the construction of athree-dimensional concept model using 44 triangular and rectangular pieces of cardstock (stiff) paper in a neutral colour [22]. The objective was to discover, manipulate and create interior spaces based on a given design problem (e.g. design your space station on a planet of your choice or design your home in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado). The purpose ofthe project was to encourage students to design a conceptual structure from the interior out, keep-ing in mind the function of the building. The student’s model had to incorporate a minimum of six spaces and three levels to encourage vertical as well as horizontal volumes. All 44 pieces of cardstock had to be used in the finished model, which sometimes posed achallenge to the youth. The cardstock pieces could not be ripped, torn, or pierced. However, they could be bent and shapedaccording to the whim of the student.Flow from one space to another and one level to another was emphasized. The decision-making design process was explained and encouraged.Outcomes consisted of a three-dimensional abstract model which, if successfully executed, demonstrated the break-down of traditional spatial paradigms. Design problemsEach student grade level was given a different design problem based on the academic standards that were to be met in that class. In some cases, several academic standards were addressed at the same time. Two national standards for visual arts in the United States were selected to be supported with this project: communication and perception. The communication standard indicates that students in kindergarten – third grade should recognise the use of the visual arts as a means of communication (e.g. select and use visual images, themes and ideas in their own work). The perception standard indicates that students know, understand and apply elements of visual arts and principles of design (e.g. Identify elements and principles of design).Third grade studentsAfter procuring appropriate permission, the design educator brought volunteer college-age interior design students to the elementary school to help administer the project. Three third grade classes (twenty students in each class) had just finished a science unit on space and orbits and were studying specific visual art standards. The children were asked to design a personal space station on a planet of their choice. The goal was to help students relate the newly learned science information to something in real life (e.g. Their home), yet encourage exploration of visual arts (see Figs. 2–4).Each team of students was given the same 44 pieces of cardstock (all cut out) in a plastic bag, a cardboard base (15” x 15” square) on which to build the model, and cellophane tape to use in constructing the model. To enhance reflection of this experiential project, each team of three students was asked to give a two-minute verbal presentation in front of the class on their finished model. In this manner, they could discuss their design solution and the design educator could assess their use of creativity through design elements and principles.The college students and design educator rotated through the three classrooms of students to answer questions, encourage use of design elements and principles, and applaud their creative exploration. The third grade teachers assisted in supporting the structure of the class and encouraging shy students who were reluctant to begin.It was interesting to observe that the children rarely built the models on their provided classroom tables. Instead,they moved to the floor space, located the base for the model in between team members, and began construction. Each team member assumed a role in the process. One team member seemed t o act as the ‘designer’, one as the ‘builder/construction crew’ and the last as the ‘supplier’ of materials. Students excitedlydiscussed the positioning of the triangular pieces of cardstock in their model, their rooms in their space stations, and the different ways to turn the model to create different vantage points.The teams of third graders had one hour to complete the models. Then their verbal presentations began, interspersed with questions and comments from the design educator and third grade teachers. Informal observations indicatedthat application of design elements and principles was strong – perhaps due to the consistent rectangular and triangular shapes that had been provided – thereby supporting the visual arts perception standard. Manipulation of shapes was innovative. Line, shape and form were used to provide movement through adjoining spaces and offered a sense of verticality. Interior volumes were created that supported human behaveour in interior spaces. For example, one team’s presentation discussed how their space station boasted an exercise room with trampolines to strengthen human muscles that weakened as a result of zero gravity in outer space. The communication standard was supported in their finished models in a couple ways. First there was a theme of design as it relates to protection from foreign objects. For example, one team’s space station on Saturn incorporated a force field to protect it from flying rocks. Other visual themes of security and safety evoked the implementation of security cameras, alien detectors, missile launchers, telescope laboratories, control stations and transport rooms. Another visual theme related to circulation. Circulation within the structure was depicted by the third graders through the use of escalators, stairs, elevators and poles. A third visual theme was unique human needs as they relate to interior spaces. Almost every team’s space station incorporated a room for their mothers! In addition, depending on the students’ personal interests, unique space station features ranged from chemical rooms to sandboxes. It was obvious in their multiple unique design solutions their use of creativity had been explored and enhanced.Evaluation and assessment that took place, after the classes were dismissed, indicated that the third grade teachers perceived that this experiential design project supported the visual arts standards in both the communication and perception components as well as the third grade science academic standard concerning space and orbits. In addition, the experiential component of the project had unexpected results when certain quiet, unassuming students in the class became animated and highly engaged in learning. One teacher shared her excitement with the design educator about a new connection that wasformed with one of students that she had not been able to connect with before the design exercise.High school studentsAfter the case study with the third grade students, it was determined to offer this project to high school students. Diversity students in a nearby community were invited to attend a complimentary design workshop at a local library. The interior design educator was asked to present a design problem that would relate to arteducation (see Figs. 6–8).Their problem was to use the same experiential project and shapes to design and construct a conceptual model of their new home or cabin in the Rocky Mountain region. The same project constraints existed. Due to the students’ ages, discussions took place prior to the exercise about innovative problem-solving, the exploration of creativity and the elements and principles of design used within the design process. Some of these elements and principles included:Scale. Awareness of human scale was addressed to develop understanding of proportion and scale of the structure and interior spaces. Shape. Triangular shapes were deliberately selected to encourage students to break paradigms of rectangular interior spaces.Colour. The cardstock pieces were of a neutral colour to enhance spatial composition rather than draw attention to colour usage or juxtaposition. Volume/Mass. The mass of thethree-dimensional model was important in communicating the use of common elements and principles of design (e.g. line, rhythm). Line. A variety of different lines (e.g. diagonal, horizontal) were investigated in the manipulation of the shapes. Space. Space was created through the manipulation of shapes. Theories of complexity, mystery and refuge within interior spaces were discussed. Informal assessment of the finished design models indicated that the design solutions werevery creative.Later that semester, by invitation, the same design project was taken to college students training to be art educators in a mini-workshop format. The art education students found the exercise effective in enhancing creativity and understanding how interior design can enhance understanding of visual arts.International studentsAlthough there was no intention to meet a national visual arts academic standard at a specific grade level, this same experiential design project was presented in Seoul, South Korea to college-aged international students. The design problem was to use the same 44 pieces to develop a design concept model for acommercial building in Seoul. Language translators were used to help the design educatorintroduce the project, guide the students through the process, and understand their verbal presentations at the end of the workshop.Students commented during and after the workshop how the model enhanced their visual literacy skills (they used different words) and creativity within the context of everyday life. The experiential nature of the workshop was seemingly a pleasure to them (see Figs.9–11).Discussion and conclusionThis interior design case study project was designed to be experiential in nature to enhance student learning of the visual arts. Student and teacher assessment of the various groups indicated enthusiasm for the design project because it enhanced creativity, explored multiple design solutions, related to real life, and increased their understanding of human behaviour within the context of the physical environment. Teacherassessment of the age groups indicated that the project did support visual art standards at the appropriate grade level. In addition, their assessment indicated satisfaction with the manner in which the interior design project encouraged student usage of the design elements and principles and the application of design to everyday living. Several instructors indicated that quiet and shy students in their class became engaged in the learning process, which had not been previously observed. Perception of art educators and art education students was that this project supported a variety of visual art standards such as perception and communication. This interior design case study project can be modified for various age and cultural groups and may be of interest to educators who are interested in working collaboratively with colleagues from other disciplines.Visual art programmes in the United States are being cut from the K–12 curriculum. By linking visual arts to an up-and-coming aesthetic field, such as interior design, there may be new ways to sustain and grow visual art programmes in the nation.References1. Orndoff, K. (2003) ASID American Society of Interior Designers 2003 Strategic Environment Report. Future Impact Education, p. 9.2. Levitz, S. (2004) Teens Hooked on Home Décor, London Free Press (Ontario, CA), 24 June, p. D2.3. Clemons, S. (2002) Collaborative Links with K–12: A Proposed Model Integrating Interior Design with National Education Standards, Journal of Interior Design, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp.40–8.4. Rubin, S. G. (1983) Overcoming Obstacles to Institutionalization of Experiential Learning Programs, New Directions for Experiential Learning, Vol. 20, pp. 43–54.5. Luckman, C. (1996) Defining Experiential Education, Journal of Experiential Education, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 6–7.6. Drengson, A. R. (1995) What Means this Experience? in Kraft, R. J. & Sokofs, M. [Eds] The Theory of Experiential Education. Boulder, CO: Association for Experiential Education, pp. 87–93.7. Dewey, J. (1916) Democracy and Education. New York: Macmillan.8. Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential Learning: Experience as the Sources of Learning and Development. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.9. Luckmann, C. op. cit.10. Ibid.11. Carver, R. (1996) Theory for Practice: A Framework for Thinking about Experiential Education, Journal of Experiential Education, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 8–13.12. Clemons, S. op. cit.13. Ibid.14. Ibid.15. Bien, L. (2003) Renovating how-to TV Shows in a Race to Duplicate Success of ‘Trading Spaces’. The Post Standard (Syracuse, NY), 31 October, p. E1.16. Rodriguez, E. M. (2003) Starting Young, Miami Herald, 28 December, p. H–1.17. Baillie S. & Goeters, P. (1997) Home as a Developmental Environment. Proceedings of the American Association of Housing Educators, New Orleans, LA, pp. 32–6.18. Foundation of Interior Design Education Research (FIDER) home page. Available from URL: / (Accessed 4th January 2005).19. Rasmussen, B & Wright, P. (2001) The theatre workshop as educational space: How imagined reality is voiced and conceived, International Journal of Education & the Arts, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp.1–13.20. Environmental Protection Agency (2006) An Introduction to Indoor Air Quality (online). Available from URL: /iaq/ ia-intro.html (Accessed 26th September 2006).21. InformeDesign (n.d.) Implications, Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 2 (online). Available from URL: /# (Accessed 4th January 2005).22. Curfman, J. & Clemons, S. (1992) From Forty-Four Pieces to a New Spatial Paradigm, in Birdsong, C. [Ed.] Proceedings of the Interior Design Educators Council Southwest Regional Meeting, New Orleans, pp. 2–4./detail/refdetail?tablename=SJWD_U&filename=SJWD00000744102&uid=WEEvR EcwSlJHSldSdnQ0SWZDdUlMV1dWZi9tOGkyYTBaTzBVQjVYeENXYVp4MVRJQjI3cmZRYS9YRmhvdnlxazJRPT 0=$9A4hF_YAuvQ5obgVAqNKPCYcEjKensW4IQMovwHtwkF4VYPoHbKxJw!!Interior Design in Augmented Reality EnvironmentABSTRACTThis article presents an application of Augmented Realitytechnology for interior design. Plus, an Educational InteriorDesign Project is reviewed. Along with the dramatic progress ofdigital technology, virtual information techniques are alsorequired for architectural projects. Thus, the new technology ofAugmented Reality offers many advantages for digitalarchitectural design and construction fields. AR is also beingconsidered as a new design approach for interior design. In an ARenvironment, the virtual furniture can be displayed and modifiedin real-time on the screen, allowing the user to have an interactiveexperience with the virtual furniture in a real-world environment.Here, AR environment is exploited as the new workingenvironment for architects in architectural design works, and thenthey can do their work conveniently as such collaborativediscussion through AR environment. Finally, this study proposesa newmethod for applying AR technology to interior designwork, where a user can view virtual furniture and communicatewith 3D virtual furniture data using a dynamic and flexible userinterface. Plus, all the properties of the virtual furniture can beadjusted using occlusion- based interaction method for a TangibleAugmented Reality. General TermsApplications of computer science in modeling, visualization andmultimedia, graphics and imaging, computer vision, human-computerinteraction, et al.KeywordsAugmented Reality, Tangible AR, CAAD, ARToolKit, Interiordesign.1. INTRODUCTIONVisualizing how a particular table or chair will look in a roombefore it is decorated is a difficult challenge for anyone. Hence,Augmented Reality (AR) technology has been proposed forinterior design applications by few previous authors, for example,Koller, C. Wooward, A. Petrovski; K. Hirokazu, et al. The relateddevices typically include data glassesconnected to a。
毕业设计(论文)外文原文及译文
毕业设计（论文）外文原文及译文一、外文原文MCUA microcontroller (or MCU) is a computer-on-a-chip. It is a type of microcontroller emphasizing self-sufficiency and cost-effectiveness, in contrast to a general-purpose microprocessor (the kind used in a PC).With the development of technology and control systems in a wide range of applications, as well as equipment to small and intelligent development, as one of the single-chip high-tech for its small size, powerful, low cost, and other advantages of the use of flexible, show a strong vitality. It is generally better compared to the integrated circuit of anti-interference ability, the environmental temperature and humidity have better adaptability, can be stable under the conditions in the industrial. And single-chip widely used in a variety of instruments and meters, so that intelligent instrumentation and improves their measurement speed and measurement accuracy, to strengthen control functions. In short，with the advent of the information age, traditional single- chip inherent structural weaknesses, so that it show a lot of drawbacks. The speed, scale, performance indicators, such as users increasingly difficult to meet the needs of the development of single-chip chipset, upgrades are faced with new challenges.The Description of AT89S52The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of In-System Programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmel's high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with In-System Programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes ofFlash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.Features• Compatible with MCS-51® Products• 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory– Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles• 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz• Three-level Program Memory Lock• 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM• 32 Programmable I/O Lines• Three 16-bit Timer/Counters• Eight Interrupt Sources• Full Duplex UART Serial Channel• Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes• Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode• Watchdog Timer• Dual Data Pointer• Power-off FlagPin DescriptionVCCSupply voltage.GNDGround.Port 0Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high-impedance inputs.Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pullups.Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pullups are required during program verification.Port 1Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups.In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively.Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.Port 2Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups.Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register.Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification.Port 3Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pullups.Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89S52, as shown in the following table.Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification.RSTReset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. This pin drives High for 96 oscillator periods after the Watchdog times out. The DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the default state of bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled.ALE/PROGAddress Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming.In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external data memory.If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.PSENProgram Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89S52 is executing code from external program memory, PSENis activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.EA/VPPExternal Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions.This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming.XTAL1Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.XTAL2Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.Special Function RegistersNote that not all of the addresses are occupied, and unoccupied addresses may not be implemented on the chip. Read accesses to these addresses will in general return random data, and write accesses will have an indeterminate effect.User software should not write 1s to these unlisted locations, since they may be used in future products to invoke new features. In that case, the reset or inactive values of the new bits will always be 0.Timer 2 Registers:Control and status bits are contained in registers T2CON and T2MOD for Timer 2. The register pair (RCAP2H, RCAP2L) are the Capture/Reload registers for Timer 2 in 16-bit capture mode or 16-bit auto-reload mode.Interrupt Registers:The individual interrupt enable bits are in the IE register. Two priorities can be set for each of the six interrupt sources in the IP register.Dual Data Pointer Registers: To facilitate accessing both internal and external data memory, two banks of 16-bit Data Pointer Registers areprovided: DP0 at SFR address locations 82H-83H and DP1 at 84H-85H. Bit DPS = 0 in SFR AUXR1 selects DP0 and DPS = 1 selects DP1. The user should always initialize the DPS bit to the appropriate value before accessing the respective Data Pointer Register.Power Off Flag:The Power Off Flag (POF) is located at bit 4 (PCON.4) in the PCON SFR. POF is set to “1” during power up. It can be set and rest under software control and is not affected by reset.Memory OrganizationMCS-51 devices have a separate address space for Program and Data Memory. Up to 64K bytes each of external Program and Data Memory can be addressed.Program MemoryIf the EA pin is connected to GND, all program fetches are directed to external memory. On the AT89S52, if EA is connected to VCC, program fetches to addresses 0000H through 1FFFH are directed to internal memory and fetches to addresses 2000H through FFFFH are to external memory.Data MemoryThe AT89S52 implements 256 bytes of on-chip RAM. The upper 128 bytes occupy a parallel address space to the Special Function Registers. This means that the upper 128 bytes have the same addresses as the SFR space but are physically separate from SFR space.When an instruction accesses an internal location above address 7FH, the address mode used in the instruction specifies whether the CPU accesses the upper 128 bytes of RAM or the SFR space. Instructions which use direct addressing access of the SFR space. For example, the following direct addressing instruction accesses the SFR at location 0A0H (which is P2).MOV 0A0H, #dataInstructions that use indirect addressing access the upper 128 bytes of RAM. For example, the following indirect addressing instruction, where R0 contains 0A0H, accesses the data byte at address 0A0H, rather than P2 (whose address is 0A0H).MOV @R0, #dataNote that stack operations are examples of indirect addressing, so the upper 128 bytes of data RAM are available as stack space.Timer 0 and 1Timer 0 and Timer 1 in the AT89S52 operate the same way as Timer 0 and Timer 1 in the AT89C51 and AT89C52.Timer 2Timer 2 is a 16-bit Timer/Counter that can operate as either a timer or an event counter. The type of operation is selected by bit C/T2 in the SFR T2CON (shown in Table 2). Timer 2 has three operating modes: capture, auto-reload (up or down counting), and baud rate generator. The modes are selected by bits in T2CON.Timer 2 consists of two 8-bit registers, TH2 and TL2. In the Timer function, the TL2 register is incremented every machine cycle. Since a machine cycle consists of 12 oscillator periods, the count rate is 1/12 of the oscillator frequency.In the Counter function, the register is incremented in response to a1-to-0 transition at its corresponding external input pin, T2. In this function, the external input is sampled during S5P2 of every machine cycle. When the samples show a high in one cycle and a low in the next cycle, the count is incremented. The new count value appears in the register during S3P1 of the cycle following the one in which the transition was detected. Since two machine cycles (24 oscillator periods) are required to recognize a 1-to-0 transition, the maximum count rate is 1/24 of the oscillator frequency. To ensure that a given level is sampled at least once before it changes, the level should be held for at least one full machine cycle.InterruptsThe AT89S52 has a total of six interrupt vectors: two external interrupts (INT0 and INT1), three timer interrupts (Timers 0, 1, and 2), and the serial port interrupt. These interrupts are all shown in Figure 10.Each of these interrupt sources can be individually enabled or disabledby setting or clearing a bit in Special Function Register IE. IE also contains a global disable bit, EA, which disables all interrupts at once.Note that Table 5 shows that bit position IE.6 is unimplemented. In the AT89S52, bit position IE.5 is also unimplemented. User software should not write 1s to these bit positions, since they may be used in future AT89 products. Timer 2 interrupt is generated by the logical OR of bits TF2 and EXF2 in register T2CON. Neither of these flags is cleared by hardware when the service routine is vectored to. In fact, the service routine may have to determine whether it was TF2 or EXF2 that generated the interrupt, and that bit will have to be cleared in software.The Timer 0 and Timer 1 flags, TF0 and TF1, are set at S5P2 of the cycle in which the timers overflow. The values are then polled by the circuitry in the next cycle. However, the Timer 2 flag, TF2, is set at S2P2 and is polled in the same cycle in which the timer overflows.二、译文单片机单片机即微型计算机，是把中央处理器、存储器、定时/计数器、输入输出接口都集成在一块集成电路芯片上的微型计算机。
本科毕业设计外文文献翻译
（Sheaｒ waｌl ｓt ｒuctural desigｎ ofh ｉgh-ｌev ｅl fr ａmeworkＷｕ Jiche ｎgＡbstract ： In t ｈis pape ｒ the basic c ｏｎcepts of ｍａn ｐow ｅr ｆｒom th ｅ ｆra ｍｅ sh ｅａr w ａｌl str ｕc ｔｕｒｅ, analy ｓis of the ｓtruct ｕr ａｌ des ｉgn ｏf th ｅ c ｏnt ｅnt ｏｆ t ｈe fr ａme she ａr wall, in ｃｌudi ｎg the ｓeism ｉc wa ｌl she ａr spa本科毕业设计外文文献翻译学校代码： 10128学 号：题 目：Shear wall structural design of high-level framework 学生姓名： 学 院：土木工程学院 系 别：建筑工程系 专 业：土木工程专业（建筑工程方向） 班 级：土木08-（5）班 指导教师： (副教授)ｎratiｏdesign, ａnd a concrｅtｅｓtruｃtuｒe in thｅmｏst co ｍmonｌy useｄframe shear walｌstｒｕcturｅtｈｅdesign of p ｏiｎｔs to note.Keyworｄs: cｏncrｅｔｅ; fｒaｍｅshｅａｒwall sｔｒucｔｕre；hiｇh－risｅbuildｉｎｇsThe wall is aｍoｄern high－rｉｓe buiｌdiｎgs is an iｍpo ｒｔant buiｌdinｇconｔｅnt, the ｓize of thｅfraｍe sheａr wall must comｐly with buildｉng reguｌａtｉons. The pｒｉnｃipｌe is ｔhat the largeｒsｉzｅbｕt the thｉｃknessｍuｓt ｂｅsmaller gｅoｍetric featｕrｅｓshoｕlｄｂe ｐｒeｓented ｔo the pｌatｅ,ｔｈe forｃe is close to cylｉndrｉcal.Ｔhe waｌl sｈｅar wa ｌl strｕｃｔure ｉs a flaｔcomｐonent. Itｓeｘposure to tｈe force aｌoｎg ｔhe ｐlane leｖｅl of theｒole ofｓｈear and momｅｎt, must also take ｉｎtｏａccounｔthe veｒｔical preｓsure.Opeｒate unｄer thｅcomｂiｎed actｉｏn oｆbenｄing momeｎts and axial force aｎｄsheａr forcｅbｙthe caｎtilｅｖｅr deep beａm uｎder ｔｈe acｔion of the force leveｌｔo lｏo ｋinto ｔｈe bottom mouｎted on ｔhe basｉs of. Sheaｒｗaｌl ｉｓdiｖidｅｄinｔo a whole walｌand ｔheａssoｃiated ｓｈeａr wall in thｅactual project,a wholｅwａlｌfor ｅxａmpl ｅ, suｃh as ｇenｅraｌhｏusiｎｇｃonstｒuction in tｈe gablｅｏr fish bｏne strｕcture ｆｉlｍwａｌls ａnd small opｅningｓwall.Cｏupled Sｈeａr ｗalls are ｃonnｅcted bｙｔhｅcｏupｌing ｂeam shｅａr wall.Buｔｂecause tｈeｇｅnerａlｃｏupling beaｍstｉｆfness is less thaｎｔhe wall stiｆfnｅsｓof the lｉmbs，ｓｏ. Wａlｌliｍb aｌonｅis obviｏus.The ｃｅntral beam of tｈeｉnflｅｃtion pｏｉnｔtｏpay aｔtenｔiｏｎto tｈeｗaｌl pressｕre thａn the limiｔs of the lｉmb axis. Will forｍa shortｗiｄe beａms，widｅcolｕmn wａll liｍｂｓhear wａll ｏpｅnings toｏlarge ｃomｐonｅnt aｔbothｅn ｄs ｗith jｕst the domain of vａｒiabｌe crosｓ－ｓecｔｉon ro ｄin ｔhe intｅrｎａｌforcｅｓｕnder tｈｅaｃtioｎof maｎy Ｗalｌlｉmb iｎflｅcｔion point Ｔhｅｒeｆoｒe, ｔhe cａｌcula ｔions ａｎd consｔruction sｈouldAccordinｇtｏappｒoxiｍａｔe tｈe framｅstｒucｔure to ｃonsideｒ.Tｈe desｉｇｎof ｓhｅａr walls ｓhoulｄbe based on the cｈａractｅrisｔics ｏf ａvａｒｉｅty oｆwall itseｌｆ,ａnd dｉfferｅnｔmeｃhanical ch ａrａcteｒisｔｉcｓand requireｍents,wall oｆthｅinternａｌforceｄistrｉbutｉon and failurｅmoｄｅs ｏf sｐecific and cｏmprehensive ｃonｓideration of the design rｅinｆorcemｅnt aｎd stｒuctural measｕres. Ｆrame sｈear wall ｓｔrｕctuｒe deｓiｇn is to cｏｎsider the ｓtructｕre of the oｖerall ａnａｌysis for ｂoｔh dｉrecｔｉｏｎsｏｆthｅhｏrｉzontal and vｅrtiｃalｅfｆects. Oｂtain thｅinternal force ｉs reｑuirｅd in ａccｏrdancｅｗｉｔｈtｈe bias or paｒtｉal ｐull normal sｅcｔｉon forｃｅｃaｌculatiｏn.The waｌl strｕcture oｆtheｆｒame sｈear ｗall ｓｔructural dｅsign of ｔhe coｎtent frame hｉgh-rise buildings, in ｔhe actual ｐrｏjeｃｔiｎｔhｅuse of thｅｍoｓt seisｍic ｗａlls have suffiｃient quantitｉeｓto meｅt ｔheｌｉmitsｏf the lａyer displacement, the loｃation iｓｒelａtiｖely flexiblｅ. Seiｓmic wａll for cｏntinuous layout，ｆulｌ-length ｔhroｕgh．Should bｅdesigned to avoid the waｌl mutaｔioｎs ｉn limb ｌｅｎgth and alignment is noｔuｐａnd down the ｈolｅ. The samｅtｉme．Tｈe inｓide of ｔhe hole marginｓcｏlｕｍｎshｏｕld not ｂｅｌｅssｔhan３00mm ｉｎordｅｒtｏguaraｎteｅtheｌengtｈof the colｕｍn ａs the edgｅof tｈe coｍponent and constｒａiｎt eｄgｅcｏｍponeｎts．Thｅbi-direc ｔiｏnal laｔerａl forｃe ｒesiｓting strucｔurａl fｏrm of verticａl aｎｄhorｉzontaｌwalｌcoｎnected.Eａｃh ｏｔhｅr as ｔhe ａffiｎiｔｙof the shｅar wall. Ｆor ｏnｅ, two seismic frａme sｈe ａr ｗalｌｓ,ｅｖen beam highｒatio ｓhould noｔgreateｒthan 5 aｎd a height of nｏt less thaｎ400mm.Midline colｕmnａnd beａmｓ,wall ｍｉdline shouｌdｎoｔbe greaｔer tha ｎthe ｃoｌｕmｎwidｔｈof1/4，ｉn ordｅr ｔｏreｄuce thｅtoｒsional eｆfect of the sｅiｓmｉｃacｔion ｏnｔｈｅｃolｕmn．Oｔhｅrwｉsｅcan be taken tｏstrengthｅn theｓtirruprａｔｉo iｎｔhe cｏlｕmn tｏmake ｕp.If thｅshear wａｌl sheａｒsｐａn ｔhａnｔhe ｂig twｏ. Ｅveｎthe beａｍcro ｓs-heｉｇht ratiｏgreateｒthan 2.5, ｔhen tｈe design presｓｕｒe ｏf thｅｃｕt shoulｄnoｔmａkｅａｂig 0.2. Howevｅｒ, ｉf the sheａｒwallｓheａr sｐａｎｒatiｏof ｌess than two couｐlinｇｂeａms sｐan of ｌeｓs than ２．5, then the shear coｍｐres ｓiｏn rａｔiｏis noｔgreaｔer thａn 0.15. Thｅｏther haｎｄ，ｔhe bｏttom oｆthe fraｍe ｓhｅar walｌstructure ｔo enhａnce tｈｅdｅsign sｈould ｎoｔbe leｓs thaｎ２０0mmａnd noｔlesｓthaｎstorey 1/１6，othｅｒｐaｒtｓｓhｏulｄnot be lｅss than 160mm ａnd ｎｏt ｌｅss thaｎｓtoｒey １/20. Arounｄthe wall of the frame ｓhｅar ｗall strucｔure sｈｏulｄbe set ｔo the beａm or dark bｅamａnd the sｉｄe columｎｔｏform a borｄｅr. Ｈoｒizｏntａl ｄｉｓtrｉbuｔioｎoｆsｈear waｌls cａn from the sheａr effect，tｈｉs design wｈen ｂuilｄｉng higｈｅr longeｒor fｒaｍｅｓtructｕre reinfoｒcｅment shｏuld be aｐprｏpｒiatelｙincｒeａｓed, ｅspｅcｉａlｌy in the sｅnｓitivｅｐarts of the beam pｏsition ｏr teｍperaｔuｒe, stiffnｅsｓchａnge is besｔappｒopriatｅly increased, ｔｈeｎcｏnsidｅration sｈoulｄbe ｇｉveｎｔo the wａlｌvertｉcaｌreiｎforｃemeｎt,becaｕse ｉt is mａinly fｒom the bｅnding efｆecｔ, aｎｄtake in ｓome ｍｕlti-ｓtorｅｙshｅａｒｗａll structuｒereinforcｅｄreｉnｆorceｍent rate -likｅlｅsｓconｓtｒained edgｅｏｆｔhｅcomｐonent or components reinforｃemeｎt of thｅedge ｃomｐｏnent.Referｅnces: [1 sad Hａyaｓhi,He Yaming. Ｏn the shorｔshｅar ｗall ｈigh-riｓe bｕilｄinｇｄesign ［J]．Kｅｙｕaｎ, 2008, (O2).高层框架剪力墙结构设计吴继成摘要: 本文从框架剪力墙结构设计的基本概念人手, 分析了框架剪力墙的构造设计内容, 包括抗震墙、剪跨比等的设计, 并出混凝土结构中最常用的框架剪力墙结构设计的注意要点。
毕业设计外文翻译
毕业设计外文翻译Newly compiled on November 23, 2020Title:ADDRESSING PROCESS PLANNING AND VERIFICATION ISSUES WITH MTCONNECTAuthor:Vijayaraghavan, Athulan, UC BerkeleyDornfeld, David, UC BerkeleyPublication Date:06-01-2009Series:Precision Manufacturing GroupPermalink:Keywords:Process planning verification, machine tool interoperability, MTConnect Abstract:Robust interoperability methods are needed in manufacturing systems to implement computeraided process planning algorithms and to verify their effectiveness. In this paper wediscuss applying MTConnect, an open-source standard for data exchange in manufacturingsystems, in addressing two specific issues in process planning and verification. We use data froman MTConnect-compliant machine tool to estimate the cycle time required for machining complexparts in that machine. MTConnect data is also used in verifying the conformance of toolpaths tothe required part features by comparing the features created by the actual tool positions to therequired part features using CAD tools. We demonstrate the capabilities of MTConnect in easilyenabling process planning and verification in an industrial environment.Copyright Information:All rights reserved unless otherwise indicated. Contact the author or original publisher for anynecessary permissions. eScholarship is not the copyright owner for deposited works. Learn moreADDRESSING PROCESS PLANNING AND VERIFICATION ISSUESWITH MTCONNECTAthulan Vijayaraghavan, Lucie Huet, and David DornfeldDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeley, CA 94720-1740William SobelArtisanal SoftwareOakland, CA 94611Bill Blomquist and Mark ConleyRemmele Engineering Inc.Big Lake, MNKEYWORDSProcess planning verification, machine tool interoperability, MTConnect.ABSTRACTRobust interoperability methods are needed in manufacturing systems to implement computeraided process planning algorithms and to verifytheir effectiveness. In this paper we discuss applying MTConnect, an open-source standardfor data exchange in manufacturing systems, in addressing two specific issues in processplanning and verification. We use data from an MTConnect-compliant machine tool to estimatethe cycle time required for machining complex parts in that machine. MTConnect data is also used in verifying the conformance of toolpaths to the required part features by comparing the features created by the actual tool positions tothe required part features using CAD tools. We demonstrate the capabilities of MTConnect in easily enabling process planning and verificationin an industrial environment.INTRODUCTIONAutomated process planning methods are acritical component in the design and planning of manufacturing processes for complex parts. Thisis especially the case with high speed machining, as the complex interactions betweenthe tool and the workpiece necessitates careful selection of the process parameters and the toolpath design. However, to improve the effectiveness of these methods, they need to be integrated tightly with machines and systems in industrial environments. To enable this, we need robust interoperability standards for data exchange between the different entities in manufacturing systems.In this paper, we discuss using MTConnect – an open source standard for data exchange in manufacturing systems – to address issues in process planning and verification in machining.We discuss two examples of using MTConnect for better process planning: in estimating the cycle time for high speed machining, and in verifying the effectiveness of toolpath planning for machining complex features. As MTConnect standardizes the exchange of manufacturing process data, process planning applications can be developed independent of the specific equipment used (Vijayaraghavan, 2008). This allowed us to develop the process planning applications and implement them in an industrial setting with minimal overhead. The experiments discussed in this paper were developed at UC Berkeley and implemented at Remmele Engineering Inc.The next section presents a brief introduction to MTConnect, highlighting its applicability in manufacturing process monitoring. We then discuss two applications of MTConnect – in computing cycle time estimates and in verifying toolpath planning effectiveness. MTCONNECTMTConnect is an open software standard for data exchange and communication between manufacturing equipment (MTConnect, 2008a). The MTConnect protocol defines a common language and structure for communication in manufacturing equipment, and enables interoperability by allowing access to manufacturing data using standardized interfaces. MTConnect does not define methods for data transmission or use, and is not intended to replace the functionality of existing products and/or data standards. It enhances the data acquisition capabiltiies of devices and applications, moving towards a plug-and-play environment that can reduce the cost of integration. MTConnect is built upon prevalent standards in the manufacturing and software industry, which maximizes the number of tools available for its implementation and provides a high level of interoperability with other standards and tools in these industries.MTConnect is an XML-based standard andmessages are encoded using XML (eXtensibleMarkup Language), which has been usedextensively as a portable way of specifying data interchange formats (W3C, 2008). A machinereadable XML schema defines the format ofMTConnect messages and how the data itemswithin those messages are represented. At thetime of publication, the latest version of the MTConnect standard defining the schema is (MTConnect, 2008b).The MTConnect protocol includes the following information about a device:Identity of a deviceIdentity of all the independent components ofthe deviceDesign characteristics of the deviceData occurring in real or near real-time by thedevice that can be utilized by other devices or applications. The types of data that can beaddressed includes:Physical and actual device design dataMeasurement or calibration dataNear-real time data from the deviceFigure 1 shows an example of a data gatheringsetup using MTConnect. Data is gathered innear-time from a machine tool and from thermal sensors attached to it. The data stored by the MTConnect protocol for this setup is shown inTable 1. Specialized adaptors are used to parsethe data from the machine tool and from thesensor devices into a format that can beunderstood by the MTConnect agent, which inturn organizes the data into the MTConnect XML schema. Software tools can be developed which operate on the XML data from the agent. Sincethe XML schema is standardized, the softwaretools can be blind to the specific configuration ofthe equipment from where the data is gathered. FIGURE 1: MTCONNECT SETUP.TABLE 1:MTCONNECT PROTOCOL INFORMATION FOR MACHINE TOOL IN FIGURE 1.Device identity “3-Axis Milling Machine”Devicecomponents1 X Axis; 1 Y Axis; 1 Z Axis;2 Thermal SensorsDevice designcharacteristicsX Axis Travel: 6”Y Axis Travel: 6”Z Axis Travel: 12”Max Spindle RPM: 24000Data occurringin deviceTool position: (0,0,0);Spindle RPM: 1000Alarm Status: OFFTemp Sensor 1: 90oFTemp Sensor 2: 120oFAn added benefit of XML is that it is a hierarchical representation, and this is exploited by designing the hierarchy of the MTConnect schema to resemble that of a conventional machine tool. The schema itself functions as a metaphor for the machine tool and makes the parsing and encoding of messages intuitive. Data items are grouped based on their logical organization, and not on their physical organization. For example, Figure 2 shows the XML schema associated with the setup shown in Figure 1. Although the temperature sensors operate independant of the machine tool (with its own adaptor), the data from the sensors are associated with specific components of the machine tool, and hence the temperature data is a member of the hierarchy of the machine tool. The next section discusses applying MTConnect in estimating cycle time in high-speed machining.ACCURATE CYCLE TIME ESTIMATESIn high speed machining processes there can be discrepancies between the actual feedrates during cutting and the required (or commanded) feedrates. These discrepancies are dependenton the design of the controller used in the machine tool and the toolpath geometry. While there have been innovative controller designs that minimize the feedrate discrepancy (Sencer,2008), most machine tools used in conventional industrial facilities have commercial off-the-shelf controllers that demonstrate some discrepancies in the feedrates, especially when machining complex geometries at high speeds. There is a need for simple tools to estimate the discrepancy in these machining conditions. Apart from influencing the surface quality of the machined parts, feedrate variation can lead to inaccurate estimates of the cycle time during machining. Accurate estimates of the cycle time is a critical requirement in planning for complex machining operations in manufacturing facilities. The cycle time is needed for both scheduling the part in a job shop, as well as for costing the part. Inaccurate cycle time estimates (especiallywhen the feed is overestimated) can lead to uncompetitive estimates for the cost of the part and unrealistic estimates for the cycle time. Related Workde Souza and Coelho (2007) presented a comprehensive set of experiments to demonstrate feedrate limitations during the machining of freeform surfaces. They identified the causes of feedrate variation as dynamic limitations of the machine, block processing time FIGURE 2: MTCONNECT HIERARCHY.for the CNC, and the feature size in the toolpaths. Significant discrepancies were observed between the actual and commanded feeds when machining with linear interpolation (G01). The authors used a custom monitoring and data logging system to capture the feedrate variation in the CNC controller during machining. Sencer et al. (2008) presented feed scheduling algorithms to minimize the machining time for 5- axis contour machining of sculptured surfaces. The algorithm optimized the profile of the feedrate for minimum machining time, while observing constrains on the smoothness of the feedrate, acceleration and jerk of the machine tool drives. This follows earlier work in minimizing the machining time in 3-axis milling using similar feed scheduling techniques(Altintas, 2003). While these methods are very effective in improving the cycle time of complex machining operations, they can be difficult toapply in conventional factory environments asthey require specialized control systems. The methods we discuss in this paper do notaddress the optimization of cycle time during machining. Instead, we provide simple tools to estimate the discrepancy in feedrates during machining and use this in estimating the cycletime for arbitrary parts.MethodologyDuring G01 linear interpolation the chief determinant of the maximum feedrateachievable is the spacing between adjacentpoints (G01 step size). We focus on G01 interpolation as this is used extensively when machining simultaneously in 3 or more axes.The cycle time for this machine tool to machinean arbitrary part (using linear interpolation) is estimated based on the maximum feedachievable by the machine tool at a given path spacing. MTConnect is a key enabler in this process as it standardizes both data collectionas well as the analysis.The maximum feedrate achievable is estimated using a standardized test G-code program. This program consists of machining a simple shapewith progressively varying G01 path spacings.The program is executed on an MTConnectcompliant machine tool, and the position andfeed data from the machine tool is logged innear-real time. The feedrate during cutting at the different spacings is then analyzed, and amachine tool “calibration” curve is developed, which identifies the maximum feedrate possibleat a given path spacing.FIGURE 3: METHODOLOGY FOR ESTIMATING CYCLE TIME.Conventionally, the cycle time for a giventoolpath is estimated by summing the time takenfor the machine tool to process each block of Gcode, which is calculated as the distancetravelled in that block divided by the feedrate ofthe block. For a given arbitrary part G-code to be executed on a machine tool, the cycle time is estimated using the calibration curve as follows. For each G01 block executed in the program, the size of the step is calculated (this is the distance between the points the machine tool is interpolating) and the maximum feedrate possible at this step size is looked up from the calibration curve. If the maximum feedrate is smaller than the commanded feedrate, this line of the G-code is modified to machine at the (lower) actual feedrate, if the maximum feedrate is greater, then the line is left unmodified. This is performed for all G01 lines in the program, and finally, the cycle time of the modified G-code program is estimated the conventional way. This methodology is shown in Figure 3. The next section discusses an example applying this methodology on a machine tool.ResultsWe implemented the cycle time estimation method on a 3-axis machine tool with a conventional controller. The calibration curve of this machine tool was computed by machining a simple circular feature at the following linear spacings: ”, ”, ”, ”,”, ”, ”, ”, ”. Weconfirmed that the radius of the circle (that is, the curvature in the toolpath) had no effect on the feedrate achieved by testing with circular features of radius ”, ”, and ”, andobserving the same maximum feedrate in all cases. Table 2 shows the maximum achievable feedrate at each path spacing when using a circle of radius 1”. We can see from the table that the maximum feedrate achievable is a linear function of the path spacing. Using a linear fit, the calibration curve for this machine tool can be estimated. Figure 4 plots the calibration curve for this machine tool. The relationship between the feedrate and the path spacing is linear asthe block processing time of the machine tool controller is constant at all feedrates. The block processing time determines the maximumfederate achievable for a given spacing as it isthe time the machine tool takes to interpolateone block of G-code. As the path spacing (or interpolatory distance) linearly increases, thespeed at which it can be interpolated alsoincreases linearly. The relationship for the datain Figure 4 is:MAX FEED (in/min) = 14847 * SPACING (in)TABLE 2: MAXIMUM ACHIEVABLE FEEDRATE AT VARYING PATH SPACINGSpacing Maximum Feedrate”””””””””We also noticed that the maximum feedrate for agiven spacing was unaffected by thecommanded feedrate, as long as it was lesserthan the commanded feedrate. This means thatit was adequate to compute the calibration curveby commanding the maximum possible feedratein the machine tool.FIGURE 4: CALIBRATION CURVE FOR MACHINE TOOL.Using this calibration curve, we estimated thecycle time for machining an arbitrary feature inthis machine tool. The feature we used was a3D spiral with a smoothly varying path spacing,which is shown in Figure 5. The spiral path isdescribed exclusively using G01 steps andinvolves simultaneous 3-axis interpolation. Thepath spacing of the G-code blocks for thefeature is shown in Figure 6.FIGURE 5: 3D SPIRAL FEATURE.FIGURE 6: PATH SPACING VARIATION WITH GCODE LINE FOR SPIRAL FEATURE.Figure 7 shows the predicted feedrate based onthe calibration curve for machining the spiralshape at 100 inches/min, compared to the actualfeedrate during machining. We can see that the feedrate predicted by the calibration curvematches very closely with the actual feedrate.We can also observe the linear relationship between path spacing and maximum feedrate by comparing figures 6 and 7.FIGURE 7: PREDICTED FEEDRATE COMPARED TO MEASURED FEEDRATE FOR SPIRAL FEATURE AT 100 IN/MIN.FIGURE 8: ACTUAL CYCLE TIME TO MACHINE SPIRAL FEATURE AT DIFFERENT FEEDRATES. The cycle time for machining the spiral atdifferent commanded feedrates was alsoestimated using the calibration curve. Figure 8 shows the actual cycle time taken to machinethe spiral feature at different feedrates. Noticehere that the trend is non-linear – an increase infeed does not yield a proportional decrease incycle time – implying that there is somefeedrate discrepancy at high feeds. Figure 9 compares the theoretical cycle time to machineat different feedrates to the actual cycle time andthe model predicted cycle time. We can see thatthe model predictions match the cycle times very closely (within 1%). Significant discrepancies are seen between the theoretical cycle time and the actual cycle time when machining at high feed rates. These discrepancies can be explained bythe difference between the block processingtime for the controller, and the time spent oneach block of G-Code during machining. At high feedrates, the time spent at each block is shorterthan the block processing time, so the controller slows down the interpolation resulting in a discrepancy in the cycle time.These results demonstrated the effectiveness of using the calibration curve to estimate feed, and ultimately apply in estimating the cycle time.This method can be extrapolated to multi-axis machining by measuring the feedrate variationfor linear interpolation in specific axes. We canalso specifically correlate feed in one axis to the path spacing instead of the overall feedrate. FIGURE 9: ACTUAL OBSERVED CYCLE TIMESAND PREDICTED CYCLE TIMES COMPARED TO THE NORMALIZED THEORETICAL CYCLE TIMES FOR MACHINING SPIRAL FEATURE AT DIFFERENT FEEDRATES.TOOL POSITION VERIFICATIONMTConnect data can also be used in verifying toolpath planning for the machining of complex parts. Toolpaths for machining complex featuresare usually designed using specialized CAM algorithms, and traditionally the effectiveness ofthe toolpaths in creating the required partfeatures are either verified using computer simulations of the toolpath, or by surfacemetrology of the machined part. The formerapproach is not very accurate, as the toolpath commanded to the machine tool may not matchthe actual toolpath travelled during machining.The latter approach, while accurate, tends to betime consuming and expensive, and requires the analysis and processing of 3D metrology data(which can be complex). Moreover, errors in the features of a machined part are not solely due to toolpath errors, and using metrology data fortoolpath verification may obfuscate toolpatherrors with process dynamics errors. In aprevious work we discussed a simple way toverify toolpath planning by overlaying the actualtool positions against the CAM generated tool positions (Vijayaraghavan, 2008). We nowdiscuss a more intuitive method to verify the effectiveness of machining toolpaths, wheredata from MTConnect-compliant machine toolsis used to create a solid model of the machined features to compare with the desired features.Related WorkThe manufacturing community has focussed extensively on developing process planning algorithms for the machining of complex parts.Elber (1995) in one of the earliest works in thefield, discussed algorithms for toolpathgeneration for 3- and 5-axis machining. Wrightet al. (2004) discussed toolpath generationalgorithms for the finish machining of freeform surfaces; the algorithms were based on thegeometric properties of the surface features. Vijayaraghavan et al. (2009) discussed methodsto vary the spacing of raster toolpaths and tooptimize the orientation of workpieces infreeform surface machining. The efficiency ofthese methods were validated primarily bymetrology and testing of the machined part. MethodologyTo verify toolpath planning effectiveness, we logthe actual cutting tool positions during machiningfrom an MTConnect-compliant machine tool,and use the positions to generate a solid modelof the machined part. The discrepancy infeatures traced by the actual toolpath relative tothe required part features can be computed by comparing these two solid models. The solidmodel of the machined part from the toolpositions can be obtained as follows:Create a 3D model of the toolCreate a 3D model of the stock materialCompute the swept volume of the tool as ittraces the tool positions (using logged data)Subtract the swept volume of the tool from thestock materialThe remaining volume of material is a solidmodel of the actual machined part.The two models can then be compared using 3D boolean difference (or subtraction) operations.ResultsWe implemented this verification scheme bylogging the cutter positions from an MTConnectcompliant 5-axis machine tool. The procedure toobtain the solid model using the tool positionswas implemented in Vericut. The two modelswere compared using a boolean diff operation in Vericut, which identified the regions in the actual machined part that were different from therequired solid model. An example applying thismethod for a feature is shown in Figure 10.FIGURE 10: A – SOLID MODEL OF REQUIRED PART; B – SOLID MODEL OF PART FROM TOOL POSITIONS SHOWING DISCREPANCIES BETWEEN ACTUAL PART FEATURES AND REQUIRED PART FEATURES. SHADED REGIONSDENOTE ~” DIFFERENCE IN MATERIAL REMOVAL.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS MTConnect makes it very easy to standardize data capture from disparate sources anddevelop common planning and verification applications. The importance of standardization cannot be overstated here – while it has always been possible to get process data from machine tools, this can be generally cumbersome andtime consuming because different machine tools require different methods of accessing data.Data analysis was also challenging to standardize as the data came in differentformats and custom subroutines were needed to process and analyze data from differentmachine tools. With MTConnect the data gathering and analysis process is standardized resulting in significant cost and time savings. This allowed us to develop the verification tools independent of the machine tools they were applied in. This also allowed us to rapidly deploy these tools in an industrial environment without any overheads (especially from the machine tool sitting idle). The toolpath verification was performed with minimal user intervention on a machine which was being actively used in a factory. The only setup needed was to initially configure the machine tool to output MTConnect-compliant data; since this is a onetime activity, it has an almost negligible impacton the long term utilization of the machine tool. Successful implementations of data capture and analysis applications over MTConnect requires a robust characterization of the data capture rates and the latency in the streaming information. Current implementations of MTConnect are over ethernet, and a data rate of about 10~100Hzwas observed in normal conditions (with no network congestion). While this is adequate for geometric analysis (such as the examples in this paper), it is not adequate for real-time process monitoring applications, such as sensor data logging. More work is needed in developing theMTConnect software libraries so that acceptable data rates and latencies can be achieved.One of the benefits of MTConnect is that it can act as a bridge between academic research and industrial practice. Researchers can developtools that operate on standardized data, whichare no longer encumbered by specific data formats and requirements. The tools can then be easily applied in industrial settings, as the framework required to implement the tools in a specific machine or system is already in place. Greater use of interoperability standards by the academic community in manufacturing research will lead to faster dissemination of research results and closer collaboration with industry. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSWe thank the reviewers for their valuable comments. MTConnect is supported by AMT –The Association for Manufacturing Technology. We thank Armando Fox from the RAD Lab at UC Berkeley, and Paul Warndorf from AMT for their input. Research at UC Berkeley is supported by the Machine Tool Technology Research Foundation and the industrial affiliates of the Laboratory for Manufacturing and Sustainability. To learn more about the lab’s REFERENCESAltintas, Y., and Erkormaz, K., 2003, “Feedrate Optimization for Spline Interpolation In High Speed Machine Tools”, CIRP Annals –Manufacturing Technology, 52(1), pp. 297-302. de Souza, A. F., and Coelho, R. T., 2007, “Experimental Inv estigation of Feedrate Limitations on High Speed Milling Aimed at Industrial Applications”, Int. J. of Afv. Manuf. Tech, 32(11), pp. 1104–1114.Elber, G., 1995, “Freeform Surface Region Optimization for 3-Axis and 5-Axis Milling”, Computer-Aided Design, 27(6), pp. 465–470. MTConnectTM, 2008b, MTConnectTM Standard, Sencer, B., Altintas, Y., and Croft, E., 2008, “Feed Optimization for Five-axis CNC Machine Tools with Drive Constraints”, Int. J. of Mach.Tools and Manuf., 48(7), pp. 733–745. Vijayaraghavan, A., Sobel, W., Fox, A., Warndorf, P., Dornfeld, D. A., 2008, “Improving Machine Tool Interoperability with Standardized Interface Protocols”, Proceedings of ISFA. Vijayaraghavan, A., Hoover, A., Hartnett, J., and Dornfeld, D. A., 2009, “Improving Endmilli ng Surface Finish by Workpiece Rotation and Adaptive Toolpath Spacing”, Int. J. of Mach. Tools and Manuf., 49(1), pp. 89–98.World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), 2008, “Extensible Markup Language (XML),”Wright, P. K., Dornfeld, D. A., Sundararajan, V., and Misra, D., 2004, “Tool Path Generation for Finish Machining of Freeform Surfaces in the Cybercut Process Planning Pipeline”, Trans. of NAMRI/SME, 32, 159–166.毕业设计外文翻译网址。
毕业设计论文外文翻译(中英文).doc
译文交通拥堵和城市交通系统的可持续发展摘要：城市化和机动化的快速增长，通常有助于城市交通系统的发展，是经济性，环境性和社会可持续性的体现，但其结果是交通量无情增加，导致交通拥挤。
道路拥挤定价已经提出了很多次，作为一个经济措施缓解城市交通拥挤，但还没有见过在实践中广泛使用，因为道路收费的一些潜在的影响仍然不明。
本文首先回顾可持续运输系统的概念，它应该满足集体经济发展，环境保护和社会正义的目标。
然后，根据可持续交通系统的特点，使拥挤收费能够促进经济增长，环境保护和社会正义。
研究结果表明，交通拥堵收费是一个切实有效的方式，可以促进城市交通系统的可持续发展。
一、介绍城市交通是一个在世界各地的大城市迫切关注的话题。
随着中国的城市化和机动化的快速发展，交通拥堵已成为一个越来越严重的问题，造成较大的时间延迟，增加能源消耗和空气污染，减少了道路网络的可靠性。
在许多城市，交通挤塞情况被看作是经济发展的障碍。
我们可以使用多种方法来解决交通挤塞，包括新的基础设施建设，改善基础设施的维护和操作，并利用现有的基础设施，通过需求管理策略，包括定价机制，更有效地减少运输密度。
交通拥堵收费在很久以前就已提出，作为一种有效的措施，来缓解的交通挤塞情况。
交通拥堵收费的原则与目标是通过对选择在高峰拥挤时段的设施的使用实施附加收费，以纾缓拥堵情况。
转移非高峰期一些出行路线，远离拥挤的设施或高占用车辆，或完全阻止一些出行，交通拥堵收费计划将在节省时间和降低经营成本的基础上，改善空气中的质量，减少能源消耗和改善过境生产力。
此计划在世界很多国家和地方都有成功的应用。
继在20世纪70年代初和80年代中期挪威与新加坡实行收费环，在2003年2月伦敦金融城推出了面积收费;直至现在，它都是已经开始实施拥挤收费的大都市圈中一个最知名的例子。
然而，交通拥堵收费由于理论和政治的原因未能在实践中广泛使用。
道路收费的一些潜在的影响尚不清楚，和城市发展的拥塞定价可持续性，需要进一步研究。
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学院：艺术学院专业：环境设计姓名：学号：外文出处: The Swedish Country House附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文附件1：外文资料翻译译文室内装饰简述一室内装饰设计要素1 空间要素空间的合理化并给人们以美的感受是设计基本的任务。
要勇于探索时代、技术赋于空间的新形象，不要拘泥于过去形成的空间形象。
2 色彩要求室内色彩除对视觉环境产生影响外，还直接影响人们的情绪、心理。
科学的用色有利于工作，有助于健康。
色彩处理得当既能符合功能要求又能取得美的效果。
室内色彩除了必须遵守一般的色彩规律外，还随着时代审美观的变化而有所不同。
3 光影要求人类喜爱大自然的美景，常常把阳光直接引入室内，以消除室内的黑暗感和封闭感，特别是顶光和柔和的散射光，使室内空间更为亲切自然。
光影的变换，使室内更加丰富多彩，给人以多种感受。
4 装饰要素室内整体空间中不可缺少的建筑构件、如柱子、墙面等，结合功能需要加以装饰，可共同构成完美的室内环境。
充分利用不同装饰材料的质地特征，可以获得千变完化和不同风格的室内艺术效果，同时还能体现地区的历史文化特征。
5 陈设要素室内家具、地毯、窗帘等，均为生活必需品，其造型往往具有陈设特征，大多数起着装饰作用。
实用和装饰二者应互相协调，求的功能和形式统一而有变化，使室内空间舒适得体，富有个性。
6 绿化要素室内设计中绿化以成为改善室内环境的重要手段。
室内移花栽木，利用绿化和小品以沟通室内外环境、扩大室内空间感及美化空间均起着积极作用。
二室内装饰设计的基本原则1 室内装饰设计要满足使用功能要求室内设计是以创造良好的室内空间环境为宗旨，使室内环境合理化、舒适化、科学化；要考虑人们的活动规律处理好空间关系，空间尺寸，空间比例；合理配置陈设与家具，妥善解决室内通风，采光与照明，注意室内色调的总体效果。
2 室内装饰设计要满足精神功能要求室内设计的精神就是要影响人们的情感，乃至影响人们的意志和行动，所以要研究人们的认识特征和规律；研究人的情感与意志；研究人和环境的相互作用。
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景德镇陶瓷学院毕业设计(论文)有关外文翻译院系：机械电子工程学院专业：材料成型机控制工程姓名：李良学号：201210340126指导教师：戴志华完成时间：2016年5月10日说明1、将与课题有关的专业外文翻译成中文是毕业设计（论文）中的一个不可缺少的环节。
此环节是培养学生阅读专业外文和检验学生专业外文阅读能力的一个重要环节。
通过此环节进一步提高学生阅读专业外文的能力以及使用外文资料为毕业设计服务，并为今后科研工作打下扎实的基础。
2、要求学生查阅与课题相关的外文文献3篇以上作为课题参考文献，并将其中1篇（不少于3000字）的外文翻译成中文。
中文的排版按后面格式进行填写。
外文内容是否与课题有关由指导教师把关，外文原文附在后面。
3、指导教师应将此外文翻译格式文件电子版拷给所指导的学生，统一按照此排版格式进行填写，完成后打印出来。
4、请将封面、译文与外文原文装订成册。
5、此环节在开题后毕业设计完成前完成。
6、指导教师应从查阅的外文文献与课题紧密相关性、翻译的准确性、是否通顺以及格式是否规范等方面去进行评价。
注塑成型过程的能效基准提姆斯拜因，史提芬克里蒂兹，克里斯托夫赫尔曼摘要能源和资源效率已成为制造业的一个重要战略。
在汽车工业中，一个产品在使用阶段的环境影响的评估是常见的做法。
相比之下，制造阶段往往缺乏详细的数据，潜在的改善变得失去了。
生产要素能源在制造业中应用的分析和比较评价，可以是一种对能源、材料和加工时间效率的并行改进的一种动力。
本文提出了一种系统的方法，以能源效率基准注塑成型，特别是解决的影响模具。
知识库作为数据采集和评估过程的基线。
此外，能源效率基准的单一流程洞察改善措施的有效性，并允许以确定最佳的实践过程和产品设计。
这个概念可以扩展到预测生产厂的能源消耗。
介绍了模具的能量标签。
关键词：制造业能源效率，能源基准，能源预测，产品和工艺设计注塑，能源效率标识1. 介绍能源和资源效率提升为创造一个对环境危害较小的经济[ 13 ]的主要驱动版本。
作为双方，欧盟建议减少二氧化碳排放量在使用阶段，例如，汽车行业，是针对在发动机，动力总成和部分相关技术的生态创新。
公司越来越意识到，一个细分市场，大大有利于环保的产品，正在快速增长。
理想情况下，一个环境友好的产品不仅应该考虑使用阶段，而且还制造阶段。
目前，缺乏有关制造阶段的能源效率的信息可以在许多生产过程的断言。
特别是在时间的枯萎资源，随之而来的生产过程分析，也在能源效率方面，是一个重要的基础改善。
生产过程中的能源消耗和资源消耗是降低成本的一个重要机会。
在过去，特别是输入因子的能量大多被看作是一种无形的资源和开销成本。
由此产生的赤字在透明度对能源消耗的生产过程是现象称为效率差距的一个主要原因。
效率差距描述了实际的差异在生产效率和技术效率水平[19,26,41,43 ]工具和方法是必要的，允许特定的产品或过程的资源消耗的监测和基准。
于是，最佳实践的例子可以识别和措施以促进效率可以评估经济和生态逻辑。
促进可持续发展的变化，这样的方法或手段，需要高效的自己。
这意味着，新的仪器和方法整合到现有的流程作为支撑元素在这样一种方式，这将有助于优化过程没有增加总成本。
在本文中，我们提出一个方法来显著提高相对于生产的注塑成型塑料零件在汽车工业能源消费的知识。
该方法是基于需求驱动的监测能源消耗的单位过程和技术水平。
它是反映生产环境的限制，特别是避免干扰，考虑到时间的关系。
知识库作为评估和评估特定产品的能源消耗的方法的基础。
该方法使厂商的基准流程设计和确定产品对能源消耗的影响最大。
我们特别处理注塑模具的过程中，重点是模具。
特别是关于注塑模具，模具的能量标签的概念被引入。
该方法包括一个概念，建立一个长期的基准，专注于注塑成型过程的能量效率。
此外，基准的单位处理水平的能源效率的基准扩展的方法，可用于评估整个成本中心的能源效率和预测总能量消耗。
这有利于经济和生态可持续的生产战略的发展。
2. 理论背景2.1 高效节能注塑成型为了实现更环保的生产，基本上有2个选项可供选择：技术和/或工艺可以优化。
第一次选择主要是为了减少能量或物质的平均需求，其次通常是减少处理时间。
在注射成型中，这是最相关的制造工艺对汽车塑料部件，电能是最重要的能源。
可以很容易地提供电能，并允许快速的生产周期。
注塑机、冷却系统、物料干燥器、取出系统（如机器人或搬运系统）的主要驱动因素是注塑机的能量消耗。
其他能源，如压缩空气进行系统，在大多数情况下，利用电能最初提供的。
图1显示了前emplary 如何能耗分布过程的不同组件之间。
因此，把电能作为注塑成型的参数，是合理的。
由于过程的预期结果是塑料件，一个好的关键绩效指标（KPI）对注射成型过程的能源效率是“电能利用好的部分”。
因此，重要的是强调“确定的一部分”。
特别是在寻找高质量的过程中，废品率不可忽视。
废料通常意味着能量和再来源的损失（包括预处理）。
它是一个能源消耗的主要驱动力。
在计算每“确定零件”时，计算所用的能量时，必须将其集成的废料相关的能量消耗量。
于是，它可以确保KPI是比较价值创造理想的结果与整个能源使用量。
显然，对注塑模具机用于生产的技术水平有显着影响工艺性能和能源效率。
除了技术方面，机器操作员仍然是一个有效的成型工艺的关键因素。
操作者的目标是建立一个稳定的和有效的过程，一个特定的组合的模具和机器。
考虑机器和模具现有的设备，一种高效节能的生产过程的关键是结合元件（注塑机、注塑模具）的一种方式，最大限度地减少目标函数的“能源使用生产计划”。
2.2 高效节能注塑模具在注塑成型中，塑料材料的使用对所需的能源总量有很大的影响。
材料使用的是塑料件的设计主要是相关的，但它也受注塑模具。
如上所述，废品率是不必要的材料使用的主要因素。
一般是由材料、工艺、模具和零件要求所驱动的。
考虑到定义部分的要求和塑料材料，其余参数的影响材料使用每个“好的部分”：过程。
当零件与特定的注塑模具产生时，镜头的重量就已经被定义了。
在生产水平、材料的使用只能通过降低废品率和–影响如果可能的塑料材料的加工–废料的再利用。
注塑模具。
模具的设计对材料的使用有着直接的影响。
根据型腔数和喷射系统的设计，镜头的重量可以高于部分重量由于盖茨和冷流道，从而只需转移的熔料进入型腔。
使用热流道和–如果可能的话–直接浇注帮助节省材料等相关要素设计模具浇口。
塑料零件壁厚公差可导致附加材料使用，这种公差与模具几何。
装饰塑料件与标称的3毫米壁厚公差0.2毫米，þ通常是允许的。
如果模具充分利用允许的公差，每部分的材料使用量将增加6%以上。
此外，废品率是直接链接到参数的“尺寸精度在给定的公差”，“机械性能的塑料零件”和“所需的表面外观”。
这些参数中的每一个都直接连接到模具本身。
模具的特点是满足质量目标，以避免废料（当然，材料和工艺保持足够的先决条件）。
对于尺寸精度、高效率的模具设计应与“调整”的方式，所有功能的措施，部分质量相关调整到给定的公差带的中间。
这样，任何过程相关的偏差进行补偿，如调整模具允许更大的过程相关的公差相对于模具不被调整。
废品率因尺寸问题可以最小化。
从模具热平衡的去除是避免不必要的翘曲的重要部分。
模具的冷却系统，因此对均匀收缩的关键因素，为避免翘曲。
结晶性塑料材料的机械性能是高度依赖于冷却过程，因此，在模具内的温度分布和传热能力。
冷却系统和模具用的材料是主要的模具相关因素。
零件表面的视觉外观受模具表面温度的强烈影响。
局部不适当的温度下的空腔表面可能会导致废料，由于局部视觉缺陷，如一个（局部）错误的光泽度水平。
3. 注塑模具能效标识关于一个能源效率标签，在注塑成型的产品和能源消耗之间的强烈依赖过程进行了分类，同样为家电、难[ 8 ]。
使用的方法中所描述的先例部分，它是可以客观地比较给定的工艺，可比原材料使用。
相对于欧洲60标准，不仅注塑机但整个过程评价。
通过对注射成型机的分类，通过这种方法的评估，一个注塑机因此可以证明如果他如使用节能机在高效节能的方式。
这也意味着，该方法允许的“秒机”的过程中，注塑模具的能量效率的评估。
更有效的注塑模具可以大大提高效率的一个过程。
例如，更有效的冷却系统可以提高能源效率的一个过程，但往往会导致更高的模具成本。
类似的关系也通常适用于在第2.2节所提到的效率技术。
这些效率措施的有效性往往是相关的专业设计。
作为一个注塑机，这是不容易估计的效率技术应包括在一个特定的产品由于缺少经验，一个缺乏系统分析模。
的注塑机是依靠模具生产厂家，建立一个高效的模具。
然而，如果一个更高效的模具不能效率的潜力是OB的模具制造商客观相通，很可能会失去一个有效的模具价格竞争对效率较低的能源。
在模具和零件设计的早期阶段，效率的潜在损失，其中大部分的成本和环境的影响，由于生产过程中被定义。
注射机和模具制造商将因此从方法的好处，它允许评估注塑模具的质量特性。
注塑模具通常是独特的对象，这意味着一个模具通常足以产生终身的产品需要。
注塑模具的能量效率标签因此需要至少部分适用于模具制造前。
否则会对注射机的购买决策没有影响。
这将降低模具制造商的动机，以提供更高的价格提供更有效的模具。
为此，根据注塑模具的生命周期，将注塑模具的标签概念分为三个不同的阶段：报价阶段（模具采购决定）。
制造阶段。
使用期（塑料件生产）。
在每个阶段中，预测或测量的注塑模具的能量效率。
标签之间的比较将允许评估，如果效率技术是有效的，并正在使用有效。
4.应用及结论4.1 价值创造的直接能耗预测在基准个体过程和整个成本中心的方法，证实了来自能量测量真实地反映直接消耗能源的生产厂的曲线。
双可比注塑成本中心安装的能量测量装置，以监测的能源消耗的间接消费者可以用来作为一个参考，这一目的。
在这个数据的基础上，评价值能耗照明、冷却装置、集中的原料烘干机，集会场所和办公区域可以得出我们的用例。
为了得到一个评估值的能量消耗，由于机器在空闲或待机状态，我们进行了额外的测量和合并这些数据从操作数据记录的机器状态信息。
在考虑成本中心，通风和一个小的油漆店，剩余的能源消费者，直接测量。
我们将所有这些值来获得一个已经完成的业务今年预计总能源消耗的成本中心。
在今年的实测值比较，偏差低1%。
与此相关的，可以先证明该方法是能够获得一个非常精确的估计，由于一个特定的生产组合的直接能源消耗。
在即将到来的6年，它的成本中心来评估其关于改进能源效率的监测指标的总结，也可以向管理委员会的发展现在是可能的。
与基准年相比，该指标应降低至少25%，以满足公司的目标。
5.2 确定过程的弱点和效率的措施，通过基准处理基准个别过程的方法，使识别效率更高的过程，并有利于节能产品和工艺设计。
在用聚丙烯与玻璃纤维部件的注塑成型工艺（PPþGF）显示。