energy efficency project EEP
数据中心电能使用效率PUE和EEUE分析
数据中心电能使用效率PUE和EEUE分析1. 引言数据中心是现代社会信息技术发展的重要基础设施，然而，数据中心的电能消耗量也越来越高。
为了提高数据中心的能源利用效率，PUE（Power Usage Effectiveness）和EEUE（Energy Efficiency Utilization Effectiveness）这两个指标被广泛应用于数据中心的能源管理和评估中。
本文将详细介绍PUE和EEUE的定义、计算方法以及它们在数据中心能耗分析中的应用。
2. PUE的定义和计算方法PUE是衡量数据中心能源利用效率的重要指标，它表示数据中心的总能耗与计算设备能耗之间的比值。
PUE的计算方法如下：PUE = 总能耗 / 计算设备能耗其中，总能耗包括数据中心的电力消耗以及冷却设备、照明设备等其他设备的能耗；计算设备能耗则是指数据中心中的服务器、存储设备等计算设备的能耗。
3. EEUE的定义和计算方法EEUE是衡量数据中心能源利用效率的另一个指标，它表示数据中心的总能耗与有效业务负荷能耗之间的比值。
EEUE的计算方法如下：EEUE = 总能耗 / 有效业务负荷能耗其中，有效业务负荷能耗是指数据中心中真正用于处理业务的能耗，不包括待机设备和闲置设备的能耗。
4. PUE和EEUE的应用4.1 能源管理和优化通过监测和分析PUE和EEUE的数值，数据中心管理者可以了解数据中心的能源利用情况，并针对性地制定能源管理策略。
比如，通过降低冷却设备的能耗，优化空调系统的运行效率，可以降低数据中心的总能耗，提高PUE和EEUE指标。
4.2 设备选型和优化在数据中心的设备选型和优化过程中，PUE和EEUE也起到了重要的指导作用。
通过对不同设备的PUE和EEUE数值进行比较，可以选择能耗更低、效率更高的设备，从而提高数据中心的能源利用效率。
4.3 能耗评估和认证PUE和EEUE指标也被广泛应用于数据中心的能耗评估和认证中。
合同能源管理和建筑节能EPCandEEB-REEEPToolkits
Importance and urgency of energy conservation in China
1. China faces rising constraints imposed by the shortage of energy resources supply, growing supplydemand contradictions, and serious environmental pollution.
Overview
-- Importance and urgency of energy conservation in China -- Adopt EPC concept and speed up energy efficiency upgrade in existing buildings -- Enhance international cooperation in energy conservation
Importance and urgency of energy conservation in China
2. Chinese government attaches great importance to energy conservation.
• Energy conservation: one of China’s basic national policies. • Working to reduce energy use per unit of GDP output value by some 20% within five years(2006-2010). • Worked out 1st medium- and long-term energy conservation plan. • Planned various programs and took various measures to improve energy efficiency in the 11th five-year period.
合同能源管理种类
合同能源管理种类合同能源管理（Contract Energy Management，CEM）是指企业与专业能源服务公司签订合同，由专业能源服务公司负责实施一系列节能措施，以降低能源消耗和能源成本，提高能源利用效率。
下面将介绍几种常见的合同能源管理种类。
综合能源服务合同是一种较为常见的合同能源管理形式。
根据合同约定，专业能源服务公司会实施全面的能源管理措施，包括能源测量、能源审计、节能改造、设备维护、运营管理等，以提高能源利用效率和降低能源消耗。
企业与专业能源服务公司按照约定的分成方式分享节能效益。
2.能源建设运营转让合同（Energy Performance Contract，EPC）能源建设运营转让合同是指企业将能源项目的建设、运营和维护权转让给专业能源服务公司，由专业能源服务公司负责能源项目的设计、施工、运营和维护，并通过提高能源效率降低能源消耗来获得收益。
企业与专业能源服务公司签订的合同中，约定了项目的建设期限、运营期限以及能源性能指标等。
3.能源合同采购（Energy Contract Procurement，ECP）能源合同采购是指企业委托专业能源服务公司进行能源采购，以获取更优惠的能源价格。
专业能源服务公司负责与能源供应商进行谈判、协商价格，并管理企业的能源采购合同。
能源合同采购通过竞争招标和谈判等方式，帮助企业节约能源采购成本，从而降低能源消耗和能源成本。
4.独立发电合同（Power Purchase Agreement独立发电合同是指企业与能源供应商签订的购电协议，通过购买供应商独立发电设备的电力，来降低企业的能源消耗和能源成本。
能源供应商负责独立发电设备的建设、运营和维护，企业按照约定的价格购买供应商的电力。
5.能源管理外包（Energy Management Outsourcing，EMO）能源管理外包是指企业将能源管理工作委托给专业能源服务公司进行管理。
专业能源服务公司负责企业的能源审计、节能改造、能源监测等工作，并通过实施节能措施来提高能源利用效率和降低能源消耗。
energy-efficiency
U N E S C O – E O L S S S A M P L E C H A P T E R SENERGY-EFFICIENT BUILDING DESIGN: TOWARDSCLIMATE-RESPONSIVE ARCHITECTURESteffen LehmannDirector, Research Centre for Sustainable Design and Behavior (sd+b)School of Art, Architecture and Design, University of South Australia, Adelaide,AustraliaKeywords: energy efficiency, passive design strategies, climate-responsive facades, traditional buildings, orientation, renewable energy, materials, retrofitting, adaptive re-use, pathways towards zero carbon, case studies.Contents1. Introduction2. Definitions and background3. Passive and active design principles for energy-efficient and climate-responsivebuildings3.1. Focusing on Basic, Low-tech Passive Design Principles4. Building envelopes: The important role of the facade5. Embodied energy and operating energy6. Building materials and construction systems: Reducing material consumption,optimizing material flows7. Building services and systems8. Retrofitting strategies for adaptive re-use9. Active design principles: On-site energy generation, natural and mechanical cooling10. Three case studies in three different climatic zones10.1. Case Study 110.2. Case Study 210.3. Case Study 311. Some further strategies for energy-efficient, sustainable buildings11.1 Using Local Materials with Less Embodied Energy11.2 Making the Building’s Design Specific to its Site, Climate and Context11.3. Maximizing the Use of Passive Design Principles12. Barriers to the construction of more energy-efficient buildings13. Looking ahead: Recommendations for a holistic pathway to more energy-efficient,climate-adaptive buildings14. Concluding remarks and further areas of research15. AppendixGlossaryAcknowledgementBibliographyBiographical sketchSummary Among the most significant environmental challenges of our time are global climate change, excessive fossil fuel dependency and our cities’ growing demand for energy –U NE S C O – E O L S S S A M P L E C H A P T E R S all likely to be major challenges of the twenty-first century and some of the greatest problems facing humanity. Globally, buildings account for around one third of energy use and are responsible for over half of total greenhouse gas emissions (Toepfer, 2007; Brugmann, 2009; Friedman, 2009). Studies show that the efficiency improvement capacity of buildings is significant: researchers have estimated that the current energy consumption of buildings could be cut by 30 to 35 per cent simply by using energy more efficiently. Another 25 per cent could be gained by transforming the existing building stock through retrofitting it into energy-efficient buildings (Hegger et al., 2007; Lehmann, 2008a, 2009). Such change would address both energy security and environmental challenges and help to secure social and economic development. But why are our current buildings so energy hungry? It is worthwhile reflecting on the origins of the dependency of buildings on air conditioning, which evolved with twentieth-century architecture and is related to other developments that affected buildings in the 20th century, such as the emergence of the curtain glass facade, the lack of flexibility and adaptability of most buildings and their relatively short life span. Such reflection shows that many traditional passive design principles have been forgotten or marginalized. We can, however, still find them in heritage buildings from the pre-air-conditioning era, and we see that they are based on heat avoidance, the appropriate use of local materials, the use of natural cross-ventilation and the harnessing of natural energies offered by the location. This chapter sets out to explain design approaches to energy-efficient buildings and then presents three case studies of energy-efficient buildings in three different climatic zones. It concludes with a series of recommendations for a holistic pathway to more energy-efficient, low-to-zero-carbon, climate-adaptive buildings. High performance buildings are a key feature of energy reduction. A move towards better design and building practices would ensure energy efficiency and limitations on emissions of greenhouse gases for decades to come. In fact, buildings are often described as the ‘low-hanging fruit’ in the challenge of creating a low-carbon future, because the implementation of energy efficiency in the construction sector has been long overdue and has already started to become a worldwide movement. Also, these changes are fairly inexpensive and easy to achieve (Kearns et al., 2006). An extensive glossary of terms at the end of the chapter gives the reader a wider understanding of the topic.1. Introduction The concentration of our energy supply on fossil fuels has had a continuous and drastic effect on the balance of nature, ecosystems and the overall environment, on water and soil, biodiversity and climatic stability. The use of fossil energy sources has led to a rapid rise in the emission of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. The use of energy by urban developments and buildings is of far-reaching importance. Estimates indicate that ‘at present urban agglomerations account for up to seventy per cent of all CO 2 emissions worldwide, and around forty per cent of CO 2 emissions can be attributed to housing construction and estate development’ (Scheer, 2002; see also: World Energy Council, 2004; Toepfer, 2007; IPCC, 2007, 2008). An increase in energy efficiency and a reduction of energy demand in buildings must,U N E S C O – E O L S S S A M P L E C H A P T E R Stherefore, be a basic condition for any successful climate change policy (UNEP, 2007; UN-Habitat, 2010).It is now widely accepted that human activities are contributing to accelerated climate change and that the built environment (including building design) will play a significant role in the mitigation of, and adaptation to, the impact of climate change (Brundtland, 1987). It is also increasingly understood that there is a complex interplay between various design strategies that can be applied to buildings and the opportunities for increasing their energy efficiency. Energy efficiency has become an integral part of building design.Energy efficiency is the ability to use less energy more effectively to provide the same level of output. To avoid global warming we need to take energy efficiency as far as we can and make it a priority. This requires a transformation of how we generate, distribute and consume electricity (by introducing smart grids, new electric transportation and local distribution systems), as most electricity is still produced with the technology of the mid-twentieth century. Energy efficiency in buildings means employing strategies (in the design, construction and operation of buildings) that minimize the use of energy imported from utility companies. Commonly quoted examples include insulation of external walls and the use of high-performance glazing, solar hot water heating and low-energy fluorescent, or LED, lighting. Efficient energy use is achieved by using more efficient and effective technology in all processes of an integrated building design approach that takes advantage of the local climate to provide some, or all, of the heating, cooling, ventilation and lighting needs of the occupants (a ‘harnessing nature’ approach). Energy efficiency also helps to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases.Today it is possible to build ‘zero-energy buildings’ (ZEB), which are buildings designed and constructed environmentally responsibly and which produce at least as much energy as they consume. On-site generation of renewable energy through solar power, wind power, hydro power or biomass can significantly reduce the environmental impact of the building. With on-site electricity generation, a ‘zero-energy building’ can be used autonomously from the electricity grid supply (off-the-grid), as all required energy is harvested on-site (MacKay, 2008).The design of energy-efficient buildings is a complex task for architects and engineers. Truly sustainable design can only be achieved if energy efficiency is combined with material efficiency. It requires a sound understanding of the inter-linkages between various technical, environmental, social and economic criteria, as explained in the following parts of this chapter.2. Definitions and BackgroundIn future, all buildings will have to be energy-efficient by default.The next generation of great buildings will be 100 per cent ‘green’.The starting question is: what is an energy-efficient architecture (building)? Energy-efficient buildings are an integral part of the overarching aim to achieve sustainable development. Sustainable development has been defined as ‘development which meetsU N E S C O – E O L S S S A M P L E C H A P T E R Sthe needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’ (Brundtland/UN Commission, 1987). Therefore, energy-efficient buildings have to be designed in such a way that they contribute towards the larger vision of building energy-efficient and environmentally sustainable cities. This is achieved by increasing the efficiency of resource (energy) use, but not by increasing resource throughput. This implies that energy is conserved wherever possible and energy supplies, to a large degree, come from renewable and non-polluting (non-fossil-fuels) sources. It recommends the thoughtful integration of rooftop solar power, solar thermal, wind power, biomass, geothermal or hydro, depending on the site’s potential and the kinds of resources the site can supply to harvest renewable energy needs on-site.In general, efficient-energy use – most of the time simply called ‘energy efficiency’ – is the goal of efforts to reduce the amount of energy required to provide products, services or a comfortable indoor climate. For instance, insulating a home allows a building to use less cooling and heating energy to achieve and maintain a comfortable indoor temperature, even if it is very hot or cold outside. Research shows that allowing interior spaces to be naturally ventilated means healthier interior environments and better productivity at workplaces. Importantly, energy-efficient buildings do not have to conform to a particular ‘building style’; they can be existing buildings adapted for re-use. They are buildings that effectively manage natural resources by taking all possible measures to ensure that the need for energy is minimal during their operation (applying passive and active systems to harvest renewable energy sources). In these buildings, cooling, heating, ventilating and lighting systems use methods, technologies and products that conserve non-renewable energy or eliminate energy use. Cutting energy demand requires the use of design solutions, materials and equipment that are more energy-efficient.Sustainable building design, also known as green or energy-efficient building design, is therefore the practice of creating structures and using processes that are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building’s life cycle, from concept to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation and demolition. Although new technologies are constantly being developed, the common objective is for energy-efficient buildings to be designed to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on human health and the natural environment by efficiently using energy as well as water, materials and other resources and reducing waste and pollution.An OECD report defines ‘sustainable buildings’ as buildings that are designed on the basis of holistic approaches involving the following five principles:• resource efficiency: reducing energy needs and materials during construction• energy efficiency: reducing energy in building operation• pollution prevention: minimizing pollution, environmental impact and damage to health• harmonization with environment: making the most of the site, reducing embodied energy and resource depletion• applying integrated and systemic approaches (OECD, 2003).U NE S C O – E O L S S S A M P L E C H A P T E R SThis chapter concentrates on energy use in buildings during their operation, because this is the main field of influence for the building’s designer (the architect, engineer or planner). Operational energy reduction is frequently regarded as low-hanging fruit that can easily be implemented. However, depending on the level of energy services, the operational energy consumption can be up to 80 per cent of the total energy demand of a building, along with construction, demolition and the embodied energy in the materials (WBCSD, 2009). The built heritage plays an important role in the shift towards a low-carbon society; it contains a large amount of embodied energy. It also offers a large resource of knowledge about design principles and how architects used to operate within the constraints and challenges of extreme climatic conditions, such as, for instance, in a tropical or hot and arid climate. Unfortunately, much of this knowledge has been forgotten, and has not been sufficiently discussed and researched. ‘Climate-responsive’ means that the building’s facade and systems can respond to different climatic conditions, to weather-related changes and to shifting day/night conditions. One of the fundamental principles is to design buildings ‘low tech’, where passive strategies are employed before active ones. Traditional buildings are a great educational source as they frequently achieve ‘more with less’: high comfort for building occupants, good indoor air quality combined with surprisingly low energy requirements. Following the first oil crisis in 1973, a series of architectural pioneers of a low tech approach, such as the European architects Nicholas Grimshaw, Norman Foster, Renzo Piano, Peter Huebner, Jourda & Perraudin and Thomas Herzog, just to name a few (Tzonis, 2006), proposed environmental alternatives for more energy-efficient buildings. Energy simulations on the computer can be used at the earliest design stage to assess various design options and alternative building forms, and to explore the effectiveness of different energy conservation and energy use reduction measures. Ideally, energy simulation should continue throughout the entire design process to ensure the desired reductions in energy consumption are achieved, to avoid over-heating and to minimize peak energy load. Computer simulation enables the designer to define the ideal building shape, facade envelope, size of openings and type of glazing, effective sun shading and so on, as early as during the conceptual design phase. Energy simulations are important to refine the final building design, and the use of computer-based tools to solve energy design problems has grown rapidly (Clarke, 2001).3. Passive and Active Design Principles for Energy-efficient and Climate- responsive Buildings Holistic strategies and integrated approaches: The most successful solutions are now the highly effective combination of passive design principles with some well considered active systems, for buildings that are built to last longer. Before electrical heating, cooling and illumination became common, architects used a combination of passive design principles to ensure that interiors were well lit andU N E S C O – E O L S S S A M P L E C H A P T E R Sventilated through passive means, without any use of mechanical equipment. However, since the early 1950s most architects and engineers have simply employed air-conditioning systems for cooling, as energy from fossil fuels was cheap and plentiful, and air-conditioning systems allowed for deep-plan buildings, internalized shopping mall complexes and other highly inefficient air-conditioning dependent building typologies.The biggest energy consumers in buildings are technical installations for cooling interiors and lighting. The extensive use of glass surfaces in the facades of buildings (especially in hot, tropical or subtropical climates) and materials that easily store the heat in summer frequently lead to solar overheating, which has led to the widespread use of mechanical systems (air-conditioning systems) (Aynsley, 2006). Buildings in the tropics are a particular challenge due to the high humidity and temperatures. However, the tropics are home to almost two-thirds of the world’s population, so practical and achievable solutions are of particular relevance. With more careful building design, energy-hungry air-conditioning systems could be avoided in almost any climate. Instead of the use of mechanical air-conditioning systems, substantial improvements in comfort can be achieved by the informed choice of materials appropriate to basic passive energy principles and the optimization of natural ventilation (cross-ventilation, night-flush cooling, mixed-mode systems), summer shading and winter solar heat gain. Solar and wind energy can provide heating, cooling and electric power.On the other hand, buildings from a pre-air-conditioning era frequently display a convincing application of passive design principles, such as their optimized orientation, the use of evaporative cooling, strategic use of thermal mass, trompe walls, ingenious sun-shading devices for the western facade, solar chimneys, courtyards allowing for cross-ventilation of hot air at the highest point in the room, and natural cross-ventilation adjustable to the changing directions of a breeze. Sub-slab labyrinths for fresh air intake, activating the thermal mass, have recently seen a comeback in many projects. Such underground air chambers, called thermal labyrinths, are frequently used to ventilate rooms, with air cooled naturally by traveling a long distance underground through channels in the earth. Energy savings from the use of thermal labyrinths can be significant (Daniels, 1995, 2000). In addition, the use of local materials with less embodied energy (combined with local workforce and locally available technical know-how) has recently led to regional ‘styles’ in architecture.Successful buildings of the future will increasingly rely on the critical examination of, and learning from, buildings of the past (Vale and Vale, 1991, 2000; Hyde, 2000). There is so much we can learn from such studies, e.g. which passive design principles have delivered the most energy savings? How has adequate active and passive thermal storage mass been provided? There is a good reason why passive design principles have traditionally been preferred to (and are now once again being chosen over) active systems. ‘We need solutions for buildings that can do more with less technology’, argues engineer Gerhard Hausladen, adding: ‘The optimization of the building layout and detailing of the facade system are essential for an integrated approach to the design of low-energy consuming buildings and cities’ (Hausladen et al., 2005; 41). Just optimizing buildings through the application of passive design principles can deliver energy savings of up to 80 per cent (Hausladen et al., 2005).U NE S C O – E O L S S S A M P L E C H A P T E R S A building’s location and its surroundings play a key role in regulating its indoor temperature, the illumination of space and the capacity to minimize energy use. For example, trees and landscaping can provide shade or block wind, while neighboring buildings can overshadow a building and thus increase the need for illumination during daytime. This is why the designer needs to understand the site conditions and the effective application of passive design principles fully (Hall and Pfeiffer, 2000; Gauzin-Mueller, 2002; Treberspurg, 2008).---TO ACCESS ALL THE 51 PAGES OF THIS CHAPTER, Visit: /Eolss-sampleAllChapter.aspx BibliographyBanham, Reyner (1969). The Architecture of the Well-tempered Environment. University of Chicago Press/Architectural Press, Chicago, USA. [A comprehensive study of services and their impact on buildings; a pioneer in arguing that technology, human needs and environmental concerns must be considered an integral part of architecture.] Brundtland, Gro Harlem/UN World Commission on Environment and Development (1987). The Brundtland Report. Our Common Future . Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK/New York, USA. 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Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way we Make Things . North Point Press, New York. [A well-distributed and much cited document that transformed the way we look at products and material cycles; the authors advocate that humans can have a positive ecological footprint by redesigning industrial production processes.]McHarg, Ian (1969). Design with Nature , Natural History Press/Falcon Press, Philadelphia, USA. [A comprehensive landmark study of integrating buildings in the natural context by using natural systems; this book pioneered the concept of ecological planning.]Stern, Nicholas (2007). The Stern Review: The Economics of Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, (accessed 20 Oct. 2010). [An economic evaluation of different strategies and their payback times; this is a full-fledged economic analysis of climate change and its impact.]Szokolay, Steven V. (2004). Introduction to Architectural Science, the Basis of Sustainable Design. Architectural Press/Elsevier Science, Oxford, UK. [This book explains the scientific approach and basics to energy-efficient architecture by giving an introduction to architectural science.]UN-Habitat (2010). Fifth World Urban Forum : State of the World’s Cities Report 2010/11. UN, Nairobi, Kenya. [An annual publication which gives a broad overview of urban development worldwide and the challenges caused by out-of-control, rapid urbanization.] Vale, Robert and Vale, Brenda (1975; reprint 2000). The Autonomous House . Thames & Hudson, London, UK. [This book studies the concept of autonomy in architecture and services; it is a manifesto offering down-to-earth suggestions for building homes that do not pollute the environment.] Wackernagel, Mathis and Rees, William (1996). Our Ecological Footprint . New Society Press, Philadelphia, USA. 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ICLEI; Bloomsbury Press, London, UK. Carson, Rachel (1962). Silent Spring . Houghton Mifflin Publisher, Boston, USA.Clarke, Joseph (2001). Energy Simulation in Building Design , 2nd ed. Butterworth-Heinemann /Elsevier, Oxford, UK. See also: (accessed 20 Dec. 2010). Daniels, Klaus (1995). Technologie des oekologischen Bauens. Birkhaeuser, Basel/Berlin, Germany.U NE S C O – E O L S S S A M P L E C H A P T E R SDaniels, Klaus and Hindrichs, Dirk (2007). Plus Minus 20/40 Latitude: Sustainable Building Design in Tropical and Subtropical Regions . Axel Menges Publishing, Stuttgart, Germany.Drew, Jane and Fry, Maxwell (1964). Tropical Architecture in the Dry and Humid Zones. Reinhold, New York, USA.Drew, Jane and Fry, Maxwell (1976). Architecture and the Environment. G. Allen and Unwin, London, UK.Droege, Peter (2008). ‘Urban Energy Transition: An Introduction’ in Peter Droege (ed.) Urban Energy Transition: From Fossil Fuels to Renewable Power . Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.Dunster, Bill and Simmons, Craig (2008). The ZEDbook: Solutions for a Shrinking World . Taylor & Francis, Oxford, UK.Eichholtz, Piet, Kok, Nils and Quigly, John (2009). Doing Well by Doing Good? Green Office Buildings . University of California Energy Institute, Los Angeles, USA.Friedman, Thomas L. (2009). Hot, Flat, and Crowded: Why we Need a Green Revolution – And How it can Renew America . Picador, New York, USA.Green Building Council of Australia (GBCA) (2008). Valuing Green. GBCA, Sydney, Australia, .au (accessed 02 March 2010). Grimshaw; Andrew Whalley (ed.) (2009). Blue, Issue 1: Water, Energy and Waste. Grimshaw Architects, London, UK. Gusheh, Heneghan and Lassan, Seyama (2008). Glenn Murcutt: Thinking Drawing, Working Drawing. TOTO, Japan. Harris, G. (2007). Seeking Sustainability in an Age of Complexity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Hausladen, Gerhard, de Saldanha, M., Liedl, P. and Sager, C. (2005). ClimaDesign: Lösungen für Gebäude. Callwey Publisher, Stuttgart/ Birkhaeuser, Basel/Berlin (English version), Germany. Hegger, Manfred, Fuchs, M., Stark, T. and Zeumer, M. (2007). Energy Manual – Energie Atlas. Sustainable Architecture . Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel/Berlin (Edition Detail, English version), Germany. Herzog, Thomas (ed.) (2007). The Charter for Solar Energy in Architecture and Urban Planning . Prestel, Munich. Hotten, Robert (2004). Sustainable Architecture: Twelve Things You Can Do To Build Effective Low Cost Houses and Cities . Seadog Press, Monterey, USA. Hui, Sam C.M. and BEER (2002). ‘Sustainable Architecture and Building Design’, available online at: www.arch.hku.hk/research/BEER/sustain.htm (accessed 02 March 2010). Hyde, Richard (2000). Climate-Responsive Design: A Study of Buildings in Moderate and Hot Humid Climates . E. & F.N. Spon, London, UK. Ichinose, T., Matsumoto, F. and Kataoka, K. (2008). ‘Counteracting Urban Heat Islands in Japan’ in P. Droege (ed.) Urban Energy Transition . Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2007). ‘Technical Summary’ in B. Metz, O. R. Davidson, P. R. Bosch, R. Dave and L. A. Meyer (eds) Climate Change 2007: Mitigation . Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2008). Climate Change: Synthesis Report – Summary for Policymakers . IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland: www.ipcc.ch (accessed 02 March 2010).。
欧洲热泵erp能效
欧洲热泵erp能效
摘要：
1.欧洲热泵erp 的概述
2.欧洲热泵erp 的能效标准
3.欧洲热泵erp 的能效对环境的影响
4.欧洲热泵erp 的能效对我国的启示
正文：
一、欧洲热泵erp 的概述
欧洲热泵erp 是一种利用可再生能源的环保型空调设备，它的工作原理是通过制冷剂的循环，将低温热源的热量吸收，然后通过压缩机将热量提升，再通过热交换器将热量释放到高温热源，实现热量的转移。
这种设备在欧洲得到了广泛的应用，不仅因为它的能效高，而且因为它对环境的影响小。
二、欧洲热泵erp 的能效标准
欧洲热泵erp 的能效标准是由欧洲委员会制定的，这个标准被称为Energy Efficiency Label，简称EEL。
EEL 标准规定了热泵的能效等级，能效等级越高，表示热泵的能效越高。
EEL 标准对于热泵的能效测试方法、能效等级的划分、能效标签的样式等都有详细的规定。
三、欧洲热泵erp 的能效对环境的影响
欧洲热泵erp 的能效对环境的影响主要体现在两个方面：一方面，高能效的热泵可以更有效地利用可再生能源，减少对非可再生能源的依赖，从而减少对环境的破坏；另一方面，高能效的热泵可以降低能源的消耗，减少温室气体的排放，从而减缓全球气候变暖的速度。
四、欧洲热泵erp 的能效对我国的启示
欧洲热泵erp 的能效对我国有很大的启示，我国应该学习欧洲的先进经验，制定出符合我国实际情况的热泵能效标准，推动我国热泵行业的发展。
各国能源效率要求
0.3W max 0.3W max 0.3W max 0.3W max 0.3W max 68.17% 74.74% 77.78% 80.82% 83.00%
US
OEM Every Models Energy Efficiency Requirement OEM 5W OEM 10W OEM 18W OEM27W OEM 36W 0.3W max 0.3W max 0.3W max 0.3W max 0.3W max 71.40% 78.40% 81.62% 84.87% 87.17% 0.5w max 0.5w max 0.5w max 0.5w max 0.5w max 64.50% 72.36% 76.01% 79.66% 82.25%
y 1 st, 2008) 0.5w max 0.5w max 0.5w max 0.5w max 0.5w max 64.50% 72.36% 76.01% 79.66% 82.25%
0.3W max 0.3W max 0.3W max 0.3W max 0.3W max 72.28% 77.76% 80.29% 82.83% 84.63%
各国能源效率要求 itemsoem every models energy efficiency requirement eu oem 5w oem 10w oem 18w oem27w oem 36w 0.3w max 0.3w max 0.3w max 0.3w max 0.3w max 71.40% 78.40% 81.62% 84.87% 87.17% australia high efficiency products: from 12-01-2008 0.5w max 0.5w max 0.5w max 0.5w max 0.5w max 64.50% 72.36% 76.01% 79.66% 82.25% us 0.5w max 0.5w max 0.5w max 0.5w max 0.5w max 64.50% 72.36% 76.01% 79.66% 82.25% 0.3w max 0.3w max 0.3w max 0.3w max 0.3w max 49watt72.28% 77.76% 80.29% 82.83% 84.63% over 49wart us energy star(low voltage models) 0.3w max 0.3w max 0.3w max 0.3w max 0.3w max 49watt68.17% 74.74% 77.78% 80.82% 83.00% over 49wart energy efficieny loadcondition code energyefficiency externalpower supplies: version from01-01-2009 loadpower consumption: 0.3wenergy efficiency: ))+0.585;where ratedoutput power loadpower consumption: 0.5wenergy efficiency: ))+0.5;where ratedoutput power. california appliance efficiency regulations (july loadpower consumption: 0.5wenergy efficiency: (0.09xln(nameplateoutput)+0.5 us energy sta
能效电厂的政策模式
11
Option 4 Direct Consumer Payment
模式4 由用户直接支付
• EPP cost recovery directly from participating end users • Delivery of EPP could be supervised by the Grid Company or a separate Government entity 能效电厂的成本直接向 终端用户征收 能效电厂的实施可由电 网公司或单独的政府机 构进行监管
广东节能中心/项目管理办公室对每个申请及参与者进行评价 最终获得贷款的数量取决于评价结果
300 MW EPP consisting Of selected participants 15 fen avg. cost/kwh saved
对于选择特定用户的300MW的能 效电厂而言，平均每千瓦时可节约 15分钱
ESF
Each participant pays uniform “Energy Saving Fee” 15 fen/kwh saved. ESF collected On power bill
每个参与用户按照统一标准缴 纳“节能专项资金”，和电费一 起征收，每kWh节约15分
13
Energy Saving Fee (ESF)
5
Aim to Treat EPPs and CPPs Equally
实现同等对待能效电厂与常规电厂的目标
EPPs can meet same energy needs as CPPs EPPs are far lower cost and cleaner Policies relating to EPPs and CPPs are very different leading to poor energy efficiency and environmental conditions 能效电厂能够满足与常 规电厂一样的能源需求 能效电厂的成本更低、 而且更为清洁 目前重视常规电厂建设 ，忽视能效导致了能源 效率低下，而且环境质 量恶化
CM-018-V01 在工业或区域供暖部门中通过锅炉改造或替换提 高能源效率 (第一版)
CM-018-V01 在工业或区域供暖部门中通过锅炉改造或替换提高能源效率(第一版)一、来源、定义和适用条件1.来源本方法学参考UNFCCC-EB 的CDM项目方法学AM0044：Energy efficiency improvement projects - boiler rehabilitation or replacement in industrial and district heating sectors (第2.0.0版），可在以下网址查询：http://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/DB/3HZ4USHZ2W449HMAXZN420E5PJB1Q F2.定义CDM术语中的定义适用；本方法学中，项目参与方定义为项目活动中锅炉的拥有者。
锅炉的拥有者可能是锅炉安装地点的所有者，或是项目活动期间拥有项目锅炉的第三方。
3.适用条件本方法学适用于在多个场所通过锅炉改造或替换提高能效的项目活动。
如果项目参与方是第三方，那么需要与项目活动所在场所签署合同。
下面的条件适用于本方法学:(1)项目活动是改造和/或替换一些有剩余寿命的锅炉；(2)锅炉拥有者实施项目边界内所有锅炉的改造和/或替换；(3)项目边界的地理范围须明确界定；(4)项目活动仅限于改造和/或安装锅炉以提高能效，项目边界内不包括燃料转换；(5)对项目边界内的锅炉没有强制性的关于最低效率等级的规定，这一点需要文件证据证明，比如建设规范等。
(6)基准线情景下的每个锅炉的装机容量都必须根据国际标准ASME PTC4-1998做性能测试。
11美国机械工程协会关于蒸汽发电机组的性能测试规范ASME PTC 4 - 1998(7)项目边界内每台锅炉只能使用一种燃料类型。
二、基准线方法学1.项目边界项目活动中锅炉改造/替换涉及的所有场所都应该包含在项目边界内2。
项目边界的地理范围（比如城市，乡镇等）必须在CDM项目设计文件中说明。
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造纸业
水泥行业
能源化工
其他
建筑节能
大型商用建筑
工厂厂房
民用建筑
其他
EEP-专注领域
工业及基础实施领域的重点咨询内容：
企业能源管理综合 咨询
“碳足迹”分 析及其他
优化生产及生产相 关能耗设备/系统
现行能耗系统 潜能分析
设定能效综合 评估标准 （包括需求、 目的等）
节能管理
能效改进可行 性方案及分析 报告
STEP6 持续改善
STEP6 持续改善的主要内容 • • 对能源管理活动与能源目标实现进 行检测 企业识别与处理不符合，开展内部 审核 企业采取PDCA的方法，持续改进 的能效方案建立和逐步完善依据 ISO50001的能源效率管理系统 节能技术改造方案实施目标监测 持续从环境的角度增加企业的经济 和社会附加值 定期召开评估会议以确保节能减排 成果的可持续性
最终能效改进方案及其可行性分析
节能技术改造方案和建议
其他成果输出
其他成果输出
EEP-专注领域
EEP作为一种专业能源管理工具，其在德国莱茵TUV集团强大环 境工程背景的支持下，将重点聚焦在能耗较高或环境影响较大的工业 领域以及建筑领域，作为开展节能减排的工程工艺改造的主要对象。
工业节能
冶金行业 机械制造业 电子制造业
数据展示
技术节能相关数据
EEP能源管理及节能减排技术综合团队于2010年11月对格力凯帮电器制 造有限公司进行能效盘查，针对其在生产过程中的水资源浪费情况，制定了 一套节能技术组合方案，并进行工程督导。项目成果如下：
实际日节水
节能设施费用投入（元）
现日用 水量 （吨）
3年内收益 （元） 节水量换算、 资金折算及 设备投入
* 资料来源：
5
如何提高能源效率
企业能效提升项目包含6个步骤
2 能耗分析评估 1 计划与前期准备
3 目标设定
4 方案制定与分析 6 持续改善
5 方案实施
STEP1
STEP1 计划与前期准备的主要内容 与目标企业管理层接洽 • 准备预评估咨询提案，并获批准 • 根据产业特点组织咨询团队 • 现场走访，确定重点区域 • 收集综合信息
STEP3 目标设定的主要内容 • • 企业建立具体的能源方针 根据第二阶段的具体数据，制定主 要耗能因素的节能目标 企业确定职责分配与资源管理，确 定节能项目的组织结构
50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 耗电量 3rd Qtr 耗气量 4th Qtr 耗水量
企业项目收益
企业能效提升项目(EEP)：在不需或略微增加投入的基础上，降低能源消耗潜力15％。凭借 对节能增效价值的理解和进入中国市场20多年的经验，德国莱茵TUV集团致力于帮助客户将节 能增效的工作切实转化为具体的计划、方案和管理制度。
可持续发展
•可持续发展报告 •风险评估 •社会影响评估 •战略/政策制定
通风设备变频 整合方案 能源管理培训
百叶窗控制 光能跟踪系统
案例展示
技术节能相关案例
浸漆房抽排风机改造 进气机上安装马达线，改进进气机的能耗。 更合理安排风机运行。 投资5000元 预计当年节约：120,000元 投资回报周期：当月
熔铝炉效率提升方案 经过热能分析，关闭了原先1吨的熔铝炉，改用 750公斤的熔铝炉，并且采用了集中加料， 减少开盖次数的方式。 方案的初期投资：无 预计年节约：50,000元 投资回报周期：当月
折算1年收益
降耗指标
节水量 折算现金 （吨） （1.65元650
46.2%
300
495
39,366
5,634
48,9600
163,200
•
STEP4 方案制定与分析
STEP4 方案制定与分析的主要内容 • • • • • 确定能耗发生的原因 提出不同层次能效改善方案 对各可能方案进行进行筛选并可行性分析 （经济、环境及社会效益可行性） 对可行性方案进行实施排序 与企业管理层协商以确定最终可行方案
STEP5 方案实施
STEP5 方案实施的主要内容 • 提供资源，人力资源以及资金、技术资源 等以进入实施阶段 • 节能降耗项目规划执行,监测计划 • 能源管理师培训 • 建立有效能源管理机制 • 编制企业能源管理文件以及作业指导文件 • 与企业高层召开定期评估会议
绿色解决方案
绿色能源
利用自然，开发绿色能源
绿色生活
让环保融入您生活的每个方面
绿色产品
更低的环境影响， 带来更高的市场份额
绿色建筑
打造环保生态建筑
德国莱茵TÜV集团 绿色解决方案
绿色循环
负责的循环再利用理念 始于产品设计
绿色咨询
分享可持续发展的知识 与经验
绿色体系
平衡的环保流程
绿色交通
绿色交通，环保之路
社会收益
•社会责任管理体系 •树立品牌绿色形象 • 更好地开展节能减排实例宣传 • 影响企业相关产业链 • 体现企业环境保护的责任与意识
环境收益
•环境管理体系 •能源管理体系 •温室气体管理体系 •碳足迹 •获得政府财政支持
经济收益
•赢得高端客户 •高效利用生产能源以及其它资源 •提高生产效率 •降低单位产品的生产成本 •优化工艺和生产管理 •提升企业竞争力
案例展示
技术节能相关案例
冲压车间准备引进“无极灯”400瓦代替165 瓦照明灯，安装600个灯泡。 回收方案的初期投资：80,000元 预计年节约：60,000元 投资回报周期：16月 空压机余热回收方案 对于GA型喷油螺杆压缩机，大约75%的能源消耗在 热油回路，建议安装的热能回收装置正是为了在 对压缩机性能不产生任何负面影响的前提下，以 热水或温水的形式回收以上绝大部分的热能，回 收率可达实际输入轴功率的65%~75%。 回收方案的初期投资：94,000元 预计年节约：40,000元 投资回报周期：28月
EEP-简介框架
项目背景 企业项目收益 EEP — 步骤
EEP —成果输出 EEP —关注领域 EEP —案例展示 EEP目标
在略增或不 增加设备投资的 基础上，期待减少 15%的当前能耗。
EEP —团队竞争力
加入EEP！
* 资料来源：
项目背景
中国成功的快速经济发展令世界瞩目。然而，在中国可持续发展的经济 增长中，面对的巨大挑战是，由于中国企业在生产过程中的能源低效率和对 节能潜力意识的局限性而造成的高耗能。众所周知，中国企业能效意识的提 高不仅可以使环境得以改善和带来一定的经济效益，更能增强企业全球经济 竞争能力,也是应对全球气候变化的迫切需要，是我们应该承担的责任。
计划与前期准备
STEP2 能耗评估与分析
STEP2 能耗评估主要内容
• 对第一阶段的能耗数量进行工艺流
程分析与设备能耗分析
• 企业主要能源利用系统配置和运行情况的评估 • 建立各部门或设备的能源数据体系 • 确定主要的耗能环节与耗能设备 • 企业能源的管理状况及能源消费状况的分析评价
STEP3 目标设定
•
• • •
企业能效提升项目(EEP) – 成果输出
企业通过能效提升项目(Energy Efficiency Project, EEP)所获得的成果主要是管 理与技术两个方面
管理节能输出
技术节能输出
能源管理体系建立
节能量化分析可行性方案
能效评估报告
节能减排潜力分析方案
能源管理培训
生产过程系统和控制节能
过程控制技术 改进
技术节能
流程及工艺处 理改善方案和 其他
能源管理体系 建立
节能量考核及 相关培训
电力供应系统 整合方案
水及废水处理 方案
EEP-专注领域
建筑领域的重点咨询内容：
HVAC优化能效咨询 内部水循环管 理及其他
暖通空调自动化控 制
能源检测及其 他
照明系统改善 方案
管理节能
智能灯光控制 楼宇能耗认证 与评估分析 技术节能 绿色房屋设计