研二上学期 语篇分析论文 语调

The Role of Intonation in Daily Conversation摘要：日常生活中，我们讲出的每一话都在试图传递一项信息，要达到其确切表达意思的目的，则必须包含多种信息要素。

这些信息要素主要有：语调，节奏，音的轻重强弱，语速的变化及停顿和音韵要素(prosodic feature);讲话者本身音色的变化和语气变化等。

只有当这些将这些要素恰当的结合起来才能准确地表达意思。

而在这所有这些信息要素中，语调是最重要的要素，在表情达意上扮演着极其重要的作用。

本文从语义功能，表达功能，语法功能，重音功能四个方面对语调在日常用语乃至书面用语方面的作用进行了一些阐释，深度探讨了语调在日常用语中的作用。

并总结了语调在教学，交流，文化研究方面的应用。

关键词：语调功能日常用语应用Abstract：In daily life the words we speak out are trying to send a massage. In order to express our massage exactly, there must include various information elements, such as intonation, rhythm, sounds intensity, the change of speech speed, the pause and the prosodic feature. The speaker itself tones and mood changes also can affect the transition process. However, in the above elements, the intonation plays a most important role. From Semantic function, the Attitudinal function, Grammatical function and Accentual function of intonation, the paper discussed the use of intonation in oral language and written language. Besides, deeply discussed the role of intonation in daily conversation, finally, making a concluding about the meaning of researching intonation in education, communication and cultural study.Key word: Intonation, Function, Daily Conversation, Application IntroductionThere is no language is spoken with a single tone, in English, for example, there are five basic English intonations: rising tone (↗), the falling tone (↙), lifting tone (∧), the fall-rise tone (∨) and flat tone(→). In addition to vocabulary word meaning (lexical meaning) and intonation significance (intonation meaning), the so-called lexical meaning is the meaning of the words, and intonation meaning is expr essed by the speaker‟s attitude or tone. Sentence intonation plus lexical meaning is entirely considered meaningful sense. Same sentence, the tone is different meaning will be different. For example: Be careful∨（Patient and kind warning. Means “Don't hurt yourself”）Be careful↙(Blame. Means “Otherwise I will be angry”)There is a sentence that it is not just what you said; it is how you say it, which counts, so it is important to understand what intonation is and what kind of role of it.Intonation is the rise and fall of the pitch of the voice during speech. It is bring about by the vibration of the vocal cords. The vocal cords vibration within a certain amount of time, the more the higher the sound. Less vibration frequency by changing, noise is reduced, the vibration frequency change from few to voice rising. The vibration of the vocal cords state affected by the speaker‟s feelings and emotional state. When a person is in highly concentrated attention, in high spirit, or in the emotional state, relaxed and happy mental state, his or her voice is easy to ascend. When a person is distracted, tired depressed, or feel depressed, depressed or unhappy, his or her voice is low. That is say; intonation is a kind of physiological and psychological activity.Starting from the physiological basis , intonation including three basic elements, that is pitch height(音高）, pitch movement(音变）and pitch range（音幅）.technically say, the concept of the three elements are relative. Through the change of this three elements, the intonation has four function—attitudinal function、Semantic Function、Grammatical function and Accentual function .The follows are some detail discussion about the four function.Chapter1 Attitudinal FunctionThe tone we use can tell people a lot about our feeling, our circumstances or surroundings, transcending the words we actually employ; it can indicate our attitude to other people, whether we are being polite, considerate, concerned, sympathetic, indifferent, etc. Such as the sentence …Water boils at 100 degrees centigrade’ ,although there is any special emotion in it, it has reflect aattitude―objective or fact oriented. The sentence like that can through the intonation express the speaker‟s attitude reflects intonation‟s attitude function. There are more example to show the attitude function of intonation:1）↓Go and ↘ask him express an order2) ↓Go and ↗ask him express more moderate tone3) ↘Go and ↗ask him express beg or persuadeChapter2 Semantic FunctionBy the semantic function of intonation we mean that intonation may differentiate the meaning of an utterance. The semantic function is different with the attitude function. The attitude function exists generally in each tone unit. Mainly by rising and falling intonation to affect the sentence meaning. For example:1.Different intonation lead to different meaning.A:↓Can I go and see her ↗today?B: a.↘Yes,you ↘can. Affirmative Responseb.↘Yes,you∨can. Has the information that she may not be in2.Different method to divide tone unit lead to different meaning.a.↓ Philip and↓ Jean are ↓getting married. (=to each other)b.↗Philip |and ↗George| are ↓getting ↘married. (=both of them) Chapter3 Grammatical FunctionA British linguist JR. Firth once said that in the spoken language no phonetics is impossible to have the lexical, without intonation there would be no syntax.Intonation is closely related to grammar or a part of grammar, in much the same way as punctuation is in the written language. It is similar with the Semantic Function, which has two ways to distinguish the sentence‟s meaning, that is the intonation and the place where the intonation change. Example:The intonation change :1.a.↓Is not it ↘nice! (exclamatory sentence)b.↓Is not it ↗nice? (interrogative sentence）2.a.↓Jean‟s in the ↘language↓lab.(declarative sentence)b.↓Jean‟s in the↗language lab?(Statement sentence pattern question)Caused by tone position change the sentence‟s meaning change is very rare. Example:a.I live↗in the city. (Said I just “live” in the city, the implied meaning is I work out of town or other)b.I live in↗the city. (Said I am not live outside the city)Chapter4 Accentual FunctionIntonation helps to produce the effect of prominence on syllables that need to be perceived as stressed, and in particular the placing of tonic stress on a particular syllable marks out the word to which it belongs as the most important in the tone-unit.Through pause, increasing the voice means such as length and stress, stressing the sentence or a certain words to express the speaker‟s thoughts and feelings. In a word, the accentual function is referring that the intonation decides the stress place. So in a sense intonation determines the location of the nuclear, adjust the position of the different nuclear the information center can be converted.1.Tom broke the window.Tom broke the window2.He also translated the announcement.He also translated the announcement3.What kind of cheese?What kind of cheese?The above sentences show that the stress can be placed in different position of one sentence and there will be a different meaning once the positing changed.Chapter5 How to improve intonationIntonation is different from pronunciation, and is an important part of learning to speak like a native speaker. But it's also quite difficult to learn. So here are some tips to help you.1) Syllable stressEvery word in English has a natural stress which falls on one of its syllables. For example, the word 'intonation' has four: in-ton-a-tion.The stress falls on the third syllable in this word: in-ton-A-tion.It's a good idea to look up a dictionary to find out where the stressfalls whenever you learn a new word.2) Words of degreeIn a sentence, wor ds which indicate degree, like …extremely‟, …absolutely‟and …especially‟, are often stressed in a sentence, for example:Intonation is extremely important when communicating in English. 3) EmotionOne other time words are stressed is for emotional effect, for example the word …tired‟would often be stressed in the following sentence, and because it is the word which lets us know how the speaker is feeling:I‟m tired of talking in English, can we speak Chinese please?4) Asking questionsWhen asking questions, we often use a rising or falling intonation at the end of the sentence.5) EmphasisSometimes we want to emphasize one piece of information in a sentence. For instance, compare the following two sentences and work out what is being emphasized:I want to eat chocolate cake every day.I want to eat chocolate cake every day.In the first sentence, what's being emphasized is that the person wants to eat chocolate cake every day, not another kind of cake.In the second sentence, the speaker wants to emphasize that he wants to eat chocolate cake every day, not every week or month.6) Record and listen to yourselfThis is a good way to find out how you actually sound when you speak English, and can help you identify areas where you need to improve your pronunciation and intonation.7) Listen to native speakers as much as possibleListen and imitate! It's the best way to learn the rhythms of English.ConclusionAll of the analysis of the function of the tone, it can be seen that tone of voice in daily communication with the extremely important role. In linguistic, researchers can through the analysis of thedifferent language of tone change, sums up the methods and techniques of some kind of learning the language. As a language learner, without the need of the target language and source language have a clear understanding of pronunciation and intonation, in the deep understanding and mastering skillfully, can more easily to learn the language.In daily communication, people often use intonation to realize the meaning of words, to express their emotion judgment and evaluation. Through the intonation, we can judge the purpose or the attitude of the speaker, which is useful for people especially some special person, A police can judge whether the suspect has lied; A psychologist can judge what the mental patient is thinking about. In daily life we should pay attention to others intonations when we are communicate with them. Only in this way, can we understand each other well. 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