现代英语词汇学复习

第一章词的概述；1．识记：词的定义2．声音与意义识记：声音与意义的关系3．声音与拼写识记：读音与拼写不一致的原因4．词汇识记词汇的含义5．词汇的分类识记：词汇的分类原则；基本词汇的特点；四类外来语词的特点。

领会：基本词汇及本族语词在英语中的地位和重要性What is word ?词具有哪些特点？词的特点也就是对词的名词解释。

1) A word is a minimal free form of a language;2) A sound unity or a given sound ;3) a unit of meaning;4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类（classification of a word）词根据发音可以分为哪两种词？或者说词根据拼写可以分为哪两类词？1) simple words 2) complex words单音节词例子：e.g. Man and fine are simple多音节词例子：e.g. Management, misfortune, blackmailmanagement 可以次划分为manage 和-mentmisfortune 可以次划分为mis- 和fortuneblackmail 次划分为black 和mailWhat is the relationship between sound and meaning?1)There is ‘no logical relationship between the s ound and actual thing.e.g. dog. cat2)The relationship between them is conventional.3) In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds. What is relationship between sound and form?1)The written form of a natural language is the written record of the oral form. Naturally the written form should agree with the oral form, such as English language.2)This is fairly true of English in its earliest stage i.e. Old English3)With the development of the language, more and more differences occur between the two.What are the great changes that causes illogical relationship or irregularity between sound and form?1) The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, which does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language so that some letters must do double duty or work together in combination.2) Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have drawn far apart.3) A third reason is that some of the differences were created by the early scribes.4) Finally comes the borrowing, which is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary.要记住以上四句话中的关键词：1) influenced by Romans2) Pronunciation changed3) early scribes4) borrowing你能不能举出外来语对英语发音,拼写造成不一致的例子有哪些？e.g. stimulus (L) ,fiesta (Sp) ,eureka (Gr), kimono (Jap)外来语对英语造成的最大的影响就是‘sound and form ’不一致。

What is vocabulary?V ocabulary refers to the total number of the words in a language, butit can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period.V ocabulary also refers to all the words of a given dialect, given book,a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person.Classification of Words (本课的一个重点)What is the classification of words? How to classify words in linguistics?Three criteria :1) By use of frequency 2) By notion 3) By originBy use of frequency 可划分为：1) The basic word stock 2) Nonbasic word vocabularyBy notion 可划分为：1）Content word 2) Functional wordContent words are also known as notional words . (Content words 的别称) Functional words are also known as empty words, or form words. ( Functional words 的别称)Functional words possesses a characteristic of basic word stock, i.e. stability According to Stuart Robertson ,et al (1957),* the nine functional words , namely ,and , be , have , it , of , the , to , will ,youWhat are the characteristics of basic word stock?1) All national character2) Stability3) Productivity4) Polysemy5) Collocability要把握住‘All national character’的词,就是和我们日常生活息息相关的，最普通的词稳定性是基本词的一个很大特点，请你举例说明？e.g. man, woman , fire, water …e.g. machine, video, telephone …e.g. bow, chariot , knightStability is relative, not absolute.根据词的use frequency 划分出的基本词之外，还有一类词叫作None basicvocabulary, 非基本词有几大特点？或者是几大分类？1) Terminology e.g. sonata, algebra2) Jargon e.g. Bottom line ( Jargon )3) Slang e.g. smoky, bear ( Slang )4) Argot e.g. persuader5) Dialectal words e.g. station ( AusE = ranch ) bluid ( ScotE= blood)6) Archaisms e.g. wilt (will)7) Neologisms e.g. email ( Neologisms )beaver 是girl 的slang 表达方式，但是二者之间存在着Stylistic difference Which constitutes the larger number among English vocabulary, contentwords or functional words ?Answer : Content wordsWhat is native words?Answer : (1) By origin, English words can be classified into nativewords and borrowed words.(2) Native words are words brought to Britain in the fifth century bythe German tribes: the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes, thus know asAnglo-Saxon words.(3) Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are small in number ,amounting to roughly 50,000 to 60,000, but they form the mainstream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the language什么叫borrowed words? Answer: (1) words taken over from foreign languages are know as borrowed words or loan words or borrowings in simple terms.(2) It is estimated that English borrowings constitute 80 percent of the modern English vocabulary(3) The English language has vast debts .In any dictionary some 80% of the entries are borrowed.什么叫Denizens?Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language. In other words they have come to conform to the English way of pronunciation and spelling, such as port from portus (L).‘Denizens’的例子都要记：Port from portus (L), cup from cuppa (L),shift from skipta (ON), shirt from skyrta (ON), change from changier(F), pork from porc (F).什么叫Translation-loans ?Translation-loans are words and expressions formed form the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language, such as ‘ long time no see from haojiumeijian (Ch)什么叫Semantic-loans ?words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form ,But their meaning are borrowed , in other words, English has borrowed a new meaning for an existing word in the language ,such as the word dream ,which originally meant ’joy’ and ‘music ’, and its modern meaning was borrowed later from the Norse.6．英语词汇的形成与发展1)印欧语系的谱系关系a)识记：印欧语系的主要分支以及分支的主要现代语言。